Form 2 Chapter 5 Water and Solution 2

FORM 2
Science
Chapter 5
Water and solution
izik.blogspot.com 1
Learning area
5.1 Physical characteristics of water
5.2 Solution and rate of solubility
5.3 Water purification and water supply
http://fizik-fizik.blogspot.com 2
5.1
The Physical Properties of Water
The Physical Properties of Water
□ Water is colourless, tasteless and odorless liquid.
□ Water exists in three states, which are solid,
liquid and gas.
□ Boiling point = 100 ˚C freezing point = 0 ˚C
□ The density of water is 1 g/cm3.
4
Change of state of water
SUBLIMATION
CONDENSATION FREEZING
4
1. Water has a high surface tension.
2. The cohesive force is defined as the force of attraction
between molecules of the same substance.
3. The adhesive force is defined as the force of attraction
between different substances, such as glass and water
Composition of Water
Water is a chemical compound that made up of two
atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. (The ratio of
hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1)
Water can be break up into hydrogen and oxygen

through the process of electrolysis.
http://fizik-fi ik.blogspot.com 13
z
Electrolysis
In the process of electrolysis, oxygen is discharged at
the anode (positive electrode) and hydrogen is
discharged at the cathode (negative electrode)
Confirmation test of water composition
✓ Oxygen is tested with a glowing wooden splint. The
wooden splint lights up when oxygen is present.
✓ Hydrogen is tested with a lighted wooden splint. ‘Pop’

sound is produced when hydrogen is present
Effect of impurities on the melting and boiling
point of water.
ACTIVITY 5.3
QUESTION.
1. . Particles of ice absorbed heat from surrounding and started to
vibrates faster. The attractive force between particles become loose.
Then the ice (solid) turns to water (liquid).
2. The boiling point L higher than boiling point K. the presence of salt
effect the boiling point of distilled water.
3. The impurities (salt) increase the boiling point of water and lower the
melting point of water.
Kinetic theory of freezing point of water
The temperature of steam is taken as the boiling point of water.
Kinetic theory of boiling point of water
5.3
The Process of Water Evaporation
Evaporation of water
• Water evaporation is a process where
water molecules are released as vapour
into the air below boiling point of water.
FACTORS RATE OF
EVAPORATION
HUMMIDITY DECREASE INCREASE
SURROUNDING INCREASE INCREASE

TEMPERATURE
EXPOSED SURFACE INCREASE INCREASE
AREA OF WATER
MOVEMENT OF AIR INCREASE INCREASE
Application of evaporation of water in daily life
18
Factors that influence the rate of water evaporation
Factors Description
Surrounding The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of the
water evaporation.
temperature
Air movement Moving air (wind) quicken the evaporation process

(wind) by blow away the water particles from the water surface
into the atmosphere.
Air humidity Water particles can escape easily when the

atmosphere is dry. Therefore, evaporation process
occurs faster
Surface area The wider the surface area, the faster the rate of the
water evaporation. 19
How to increase evaporation rate in daily life
• Drying hair using hair- • Spread out the

dryer ( the blower clothes to increase
increase air surface area.
movement ) • Wet clothes dry under
hot sun.
Differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation Boiling
Takes place at any Takes place at boiling point
temperature below only, that is 100 oC
boiling point
Slower process Vigorous process
Occurs only at water surface Occurs throughout the water
Influenced by the temperature Does not influenced by the

surrounding, air movement, air temperature surrounding, air
humidity and surface area movement, air humidity and
http://fizik-fizi
surface area
blogspot.com 21
k.
5.4
Solutions and Solubility of

Substances
5.2 Solution and solubility
Solute: Solvent:
Dissolves in
A substance that soluble or A liquid that dissolve a
dissolve in a solvent substance (solute)
to form
Solution:
. dt.issolved in solvent
A mixture of one or more solutes tlhat 23
5.4 Solution and Solubility
1. What is a solution?
A solution is produced when a substance
dissolved in another substance.
• A solute is the
substance that dissolves.
• A solvent is the
substance that the solute
dissolves in.
Dilute solution, concentrated solution and saturated solution
2. Depending on the amount of solutes in

solutions, there are three types of solutions.
Solution
Dilute solution Concentrated solution Saturated solution

Contains a little Contains a lot of Contains the maximum
dissolved solute dissolved solute amount of dissolved
solute
Can dissolve a lot Can dissolve a little bit Cannot dissolve any more
more solute more solute solute
All these solutions have a clear appearance

The solubility of solutes
➢ The solubility is the maximum amount of the

solute that can dissolve in 100 ml of
solvent at a specific temperature.
Experiment 5.2: To study the factors
affecting the rate of solubility.
How to prepare a Milo drink at
home?
i. Temperature
The higher the temperature of the solvent, the higher the
rate of dissolving.
Example:
We use hot water to make
tea. One reason for this is
that hot water increases
the rate of dissolving of
certain substances in the
tea leaves.
ii. Rate of stirring

The higher the rate of stirring, the higher the rate of
dissolving.
Example:
The faster you stir the
soup, the faster the salt
dissolves in it.
iii. Size of solute particles

The smaller the size of the solute particles, the higher the
rate of dissolving.
Example:
Smaller pieces of palm
sugar can dissolve in water
faster than a big piece of
it.
The factors that influence the solubility rate
of substances
Factor Description
Temperature The higher the temperature, the faster
of solvent the solute can dissolve in the solvent
Size of the The smaller the size of the solute, the

solutes faster it can dissolve in the solvent
Rate of Stirring Solutes dissolve more easily if stirred
27
3. how to make a cup of coffee quickly:
a) use hot water
b) use fine sugar
c) then, the mixture is stirred fast
all these actions increases the rate of
solubility
SUSPENSION
1. What is a suspension?
A suspension is a mixture containing insoluble
substances.
2. A suspension can be separated by filtration.
Examples : Muddy water, fruit juices, chocolate drink,

blood
Filtration
1. Colloid
A colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes
dispersed evenly in a solvent.
2. Examples:
Emulsion milk, yogurt an mayonnaise

Mixture separation techniques
Residue
Water
+
Sand
+ salt
Filtrate
Filtration
(salt, water and sand)
Separation a mixture of salt, soil and
water.
Mixture separation techniques
Evaporating
dish
Tripod
stand
Bunsen
burner
Evaporation
(water and salt)
E. WATER AS A SOLVENT
Water is known as universal solvent due to its ability to

dissolve almost all substances.
Water acts as a medium in many chemical reactions in

our body.
Water dissolves and transports many substances in our

body such as digested food and waste products.
Water dissolves cleaning agents such as soap powder,

dishwasher liquid and toilet cleaner.
Organic solvent
• There are also substances that do not
dissolves in water but dissolve in organic
solvent such as ether, benzene and
alcohol
Organic solvent
Organic Substances that
can be Uses
solvent dissolves
Ether Oils, fats, grease to make cosmetics such as
lipstick and nail polish
Turpentine Grease, paint, tar to dilute paint to make it

easier to use
Chloroform Plastic to stick plastic

substances
Benzene Rubber, grease to stick rubber sheets
http://fizik-fizi blogspot.com 31
k.
Chapter 6: Acid and alkali
Acid and alkaline
Acid and alkali will show their properties in the
presence of water
In the presence of water
a) acid will change the colour of

litmus paper from blue to red
b) alkali will change the colour of

litmus paper from red to blue
Acid
Acid exists in three states, which are solid,
liquid and gas.
Acid are chemical substances that contain

hydrogen atom.
Weak acids usually found in food.

Examples are lactic acid, tannic acid,
acetic acid, formic acid .
34
Sources of acids
The properties of acid
1. Taste sour
2. Corrosive
3. Have pH value smaller than 7.
4. Change the colour of litmus paper from
blue to red
5. React with carbonates to form salt and
water and release carbon dioxide.
6. React with metals to produce
hydrogen gas. 36
The properties of acid
6. React with reactive metal
(magnesium/aluminium) to form salt and
release hydrogen
7. React with alkali to form salt and water
(neutralisation process).
Alkaline
• Alkali is a hydroxide or metal oxide that

dissolves in water.
• Examples of alkali:
The properties of alkali
1. Taste bitter
2. Corrosive
3. Have pH value greater than 7
4. Feel slippery like soap when touched
5. Change the colour of litmus paper from
red to blue.
6. Does not react with metal.
39
The properties of alkali
6. React with ammonium salts to give off ammonia gas
when heated.
Examples:
sodium hydroxide + ammonium chloride €
sodium chloride + water + ammonia gas
7. React with acids to form salt and water (neutralisation

process)
pH values
Click here to watch video
Neutralisation
• Neutralisation is a chemical reaction in
which an acid and an alkali react to form
salt and water.
acid + alkali € salt + water
Titration
• Titration is a method used for
neutralisation.
• At the neutralisation point, all the acid
completely reacts with the alkali and the
solution has a pH value of 7
5.3
WATER PURIFICATION AND WATER SUPPLY
5.6 Natural source of water
• Water cover 75 % of the Earth’s
surface.
• Natural water contains impurities and
microorganisms that needs to be
treated before it is safe for drinking.
45
Why water needs to be treated before
it is used
Removes
Removes
Avoid disease impurities, odour,
microorganisms
and colour
Methods of water purification
1. Boiling
2. Chlorination
3. Filtration
4. Distillation
Boiling
• Use heat to kills the
microorganisms in the
water.
• Advantages
Water is free from
dangerous
microorganisms
• Disadvantages
Dissolved impurities and
suspended impurities still
exists in water
Chlorination
• Chlorine is added to
water to kill
microorganisms
• Advantages
Water is free from
dangerous
microorganism
• Disadvantages
suspended impurities still
exists in water
Filtration
• To remove suspended
impurities from the water
• Advantages
Water is clear and free
from suspended particles
• Disadvantages
microorganisms still
exists in water
Distillation
• To remove suspended impurities and dissolved

impurities from the water
• Advantages
Water is free from all microorganisms, suspended and
dissolved impurities
• Disadvantages
50
does not contain any mineral salts needed by the body
The application of water purification
methods in our daily life
(a) Boiling
– Piped water is boiled before drinking
(b) Filtration
– River water is filtered before being supplied to consumers house
(c) Distillation
– Clinics and hospitals use distilled water to prepared medicines
(d) Chlorination
– Chlorine is added to the water in the swimming pool to kill
microorganisms
5.7 Water Supply System
Water used
• River water and rain water is our main source of water
• The water will then be pump to water purification plants

to be purified before it is supplied to consumers home.
• There are several ways to save water

(a) Make use of recycled water
(b) Beware of pipe leakage
(c) Turn off the tap immediately when not in use
(d) Do not turn on the tap full
(e) Wash cloths in big quantities
5.8
Preserving Water Quality
Water pollution
• Water pollution occurs when water is
contaminate with waste product.
• Polluted water is not suitable for living
organisms.
Domestic waste
• Effect of water pollutants

Contains dangerous microorganisms that causes diseases such as
cholera.
• Ways to control water pollution

i. Dispose the rubbish in a proper way
ii . Make use of recycle materials instead of using plastic
materials
Agricultural waste

Poison the aquatic organisms and affect human’s health
when eaten.

Reduce the used of fertilisers and pesticides
Industrial waste

Radioactive wastes and chemical residues will destroy
body cells and causes skin cancer

Enforce the law strictly to prevent the factories from
letting harmful chemical residues into the open drain
Oil spills

Kills marine life thus affecting the income of fisherman .

Impose heavy penalties and fines to the ships which
found to pollute the sea
Waste water today
- Live in a desert tomorrow.

Form 2 Chapter 5 Water and Solution 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Form 2 Chapter 5 Water and Solution 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FORM 2

The Physical Properties of Water

Water can be break up into hydrogen and oxygen

✓ Hydrogen is tested with a lighted wooden splint. ‘Pop’

The Process of Water Evaporation

SURROUNDING INCREASE INCREASE

Air movement Moving air (wind) quicken the evaporation process

Air humidity Water particles can escape easily when the

• Drying hair using hair- • Spread out the

Slower process Vigorous process

Occurs only at water surface Occurs throughout the water

Influenced by the temperature Does not influenced by the

Solutions and Solubility of

2. Depending on the amount of solutes in

Dilute solution Concentrated solution Saturated solution

All these solutions have a clear appearance

➢ The solubility is the maximum amount of the

ii. Rate of stirring

iii. Size of solute particles

Size of the The smaller the size of the solute, the

Rate of Stirring Solutes dissolve more easily if stirred

Examples : Muddy water, fruit juices, chocolate drink,

Emulsion milk, yogurt an mayonnaise

Water is known as universal solvent due to its ability to

Water acts as a medium in many chemical reactions in

Water dissolves and transports many substances in our

Water dissolves cleaning agents such as soap powder,

Turpentine Grease, paint, tar to dilute paint to make it

Chloroform Plastic to stick plastic

Benzene Rubber, grease to stick rubber sheets

In the presence of water

a) acid will change the colour of

b) alkali will change the colour of

Acid are chemical substances that contain

Weak acids usually found in food.

• Alkali is a hydroxide or metal oxide that

7. React with acids to form salt and water (neutralisation

WATER PURIFICATION AND WATER SUPPLY

• To remove suspended impurities and dissolved

• The water will then be pump to water purification plants

• There are several ways to save water

Preserving Water Quality

• Effect of water pollutants

• Ways to control water pollution

• Effect of water pollutants

• Ways to control water pollution

• Effect of water pollutants

• Ways to control water pollution

• Effect of water pollutants

• Ways to control water pollution

You might also like