Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science &

Technology University, Gopalgonj-8100

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Course title: Computer Peripherals and interfacing Lab

Course code: CSE456

Submitted to Submitted by

Tumpa Rani Shaha Bisnu chandra sarkar

Assistant Professor 16CSE039
Department of Computer Department of Computer
Science & Engineering Science & Engineering
Date of Submission: 25.08.2021
1. To study the construction and working of different kinds of printer and
display devices.

Printers:

Printer is the most important output device, which is used to print data on paper. While most output is human-
readable, bar code printers are an example of an expanded use for printers.

There are several types of printers. They are:

(i) Dot matrix printer

(ii) Daisy wheel printers
(iii) Drum printers
(iv) Chain printers
(v) Inkjet printers
(vi) Laser printers

(i) Dot matrix printers: Dot matrix has printed in the form of dots. A printer has a head which contains nine
pins. The nine pins are arranged one below other. Each pin can be activated independently. All or only the same
needles are activated at a time. When needless is not activated, and then the tip of needle stay in the head. When
pin work, it comes out of the print head. In nine pin printer, pins are arranged in 5 * 7 matrixes.

(ii) Daisy wheel printers: Head is lying on a wheel and Pins corresponding to characters are like petals of
Daisy, that's why called Daisy wheel printer.

(iii) Drum printers: These are line printers, which prints one line at a time. It consists of a drum. The shape of
the drum is cylindrical. The drum is solid and has characters embossed on it in the form of vertical bands. The
characters are in circular form. Each band consists of some characters. Each line on drum consists of 132
characters. Because there are 96 lines so total characters are (132 * 95) = 12, 672.

(iv) Chain printers: These are called as line printers. These are used to print one line at a line. Basically,
chain consists of links. Each link contains one character. Printers can follow any character set style, i.e., 48, 64
or 96 characters. Printer consists of a number of hammers also.
(v) Inkjet printers: These printers use a special link called electrostatic ink. The printer head has a special
nozzle. Nozzle drops ink on paper. Head contains up to 64 nozzles. The ink dropped is deflected by the
electrostatic plate. The plate is fixed outside the nozzle. The deflected ink settles on paper.

(vi) Laser printers: These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produces the dots needed to
form the characters to be printed on a page & hence the name laser printers.

Liquid Crystal Display:

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is an flat display screen used in electronic devices such as laptop,
computer, TV, cellphones and portable video games. As the name says liquid crystal is a material which
flows like a liquid and shows some properties of solid. These LCD are vey thin displays and it consumes
less power than LEDs.
Molecular arrangement of Liquid Crystal:

Figure: Molecular arrangement of liquid crystal

As the name says the molecular structure of liquid crystal is in between solid crystal and liquid isotropic.
In Liquid crystal display (LCD) nematic type of liquid cyrstal molecular arrangement is used in which
molecules are oriented in some degree of alignment. For example when we increase the temperature the
ice cube melts and liquid crystal is like the state in between ice cube and water
Construction of Liquid Crystal Display:

Figure: Construction of LCD

Construction of LCD consists of two polarized glass pieces. Two electrodes are used, one is positive and
the other one is negative. External potential is applied to LCD through this electrodes and it is made up of
indium-tin-oxide. Liquid crystal layer of about 10µm- 20µm is placed between two glass sheets. The light
is passed or blocked by changing the polarization.

Working of Liquid Crystal Display:

The basic working principle of LCD is blocking of light. It does not produce light on its own. So external
light source is used. When the external light passes from one polarizer to the next polarizer, external
supply is given to the liquid crystal ,the polarized light aligns itself so that the image is produced in the
screen.

Figure: Working of LCD

The indium oxide conducting surface is a transparent layer which is placed on both the sides of the sealed
thick layer of liquid crystal . When no external bias is applied the molecular arrangement is not disturbed.
 Figure: Working of LCD

When the external bias is applied the molecular arrangement is disturbed and it and that area looks dark
and the other area looks clear.

Figure: LCD Display

In the segment arrangement, the conducting segment looks dark and the other segment looks clear. To
display number 2 , the segments A,B,G,E,D are energized.
2. To study the components, operations and internal parts of keyboard,
mouse, scanner and touch screen.

Input device: - The input device Data may enter an information system in a variety of different ways that is most
appropriate will usually depend on the type of data being entered into the system

However, all of the input devices described in this chapter have at least one thing in common: the ability to
translate non-digital data types such as text, sound or graphics into digital format for processing by a computer.

Keyboard: The keyboard is means by a lot of input still happens. Usually, the information that is entered by
means of a keyboard is displayed on the monitor. The layout of most keyboards is similar to that of the original
typewriter on which it was modeled. This “QWERTY” keyboard layout was originally designed to slow the
operator down, so that the keys of the typewriter would not get stuck against each other. This layout now works
counter-productively since a computer can process keyboard input many times faster than even the fastest typist
can manage. A number of attempts have been made to design alternative layouts by rearranging the keys by
reducing the number of keys. None of these alternative designs has really caught on. Special keyboards have also
been designed for countries that use a non-Roman alphabet, and also for disabled people.

CRT Scanner
• Scanners take an image and automatically transform it into a digital map. The scanner senses the intensity and
possibly, color at each of many points in a rectangular grid.
• The image on paper is placed on a glass screen and then the whole page is scanned
• The image is scanned row by row and each row is divided into a number of pixels.
• The intensity of the reflected light is measured as each pixel in turn is illuminated.
Line Scanner
• This scanner illuminates the whole image and then focuses the light reflected at each pixel onto a photodetector.
• One whole row or line is scanned at a time and this requires a row of photodetectors – one for each pixel in a
row.
• This row of photodetectors is then used on each row in turn by adjusting the optical system.

Scanner Quality
• Quality of the scanning depends on resolution which is measured in dpi and range of intensities.
• Higher the resolution better the detail information can be stored. The range of intensities that can be
distinguished dictates whether subtle changes in intensity are detected.
• The intensity is recorded as a digital value and the number of different values used determines this aspect of
the scanner’s quality.
• An 8-bit scanner can distinguish 256 different levels of intensity – referred to as a grey scale.
Hand Scanner
• Underside of the hand scanner is shown in the figure.
• The unit is placed on an image and then moved along it.
• The width of the image that can be scanned is restricted to the width of the scanner.
• There is a row of photo-detectors at the head of the unit and an internal light which illuminates the image.
• Each photo-detector measures a separate pixel on the current row.
• This can be achieved either with an optical arrangement or by placing each
detector at the end of short tube.
• The row of detectors is a roller and this rotates as the scanner is drawn along the image.
• Each small unit of rotation is corresponding to a row of the image and the photodetectors are quickly sampled.

Screen Input---Light Pen

• The pen contains a photo detector at its tip and detects the light emitted from the screen.
•The circuitry which controls a light pen is connected to the scanning circuitry of the screen.
•A screen is scanned 50 or 60 times a second and each pixel is refreshed once on each scan.The refreshing of a
pixel causes a brief change in intensity which the light pen circuitry detects. As it is synchronized to the screen’s
scanning circuit, the pixel which was just refreshed can be identified and the screen coordinates of the pen is
produced.
• A problem arises if the area pointed at has no information displayed there. Some solutions
• Firstly, valid areas will always be illuminated when pointed at.
• Secondly, a cursor will follow the pen.Since the cursor is always illuminated, the pen will work properly.
• After using the pen the whole screen will be illuminated for a while. Touch Screen
• A touch screen is a display screen which has something attached so that when a finger touches the screen, the
X and Y coordinates on the screen can be detected.
• The transmitters are continuously sending a signal to their receivers.
•When the finger touches the screen , one or more receivers fail to receive the signal and the row-column touched
are identified.
3. To study the components and internal parts, working of hard disk controller.

Hard Disk:
The hard disk is a type of magnetic disk. It is also called a fixed disk because it is fixed in the system unit. A
hard disk consists of several circular disks called platters sealed inside a container. The container contains a
motor to rotate the disk. It also contains an access arm and a read and write head to read and write data to the
disk. The platters are used to store the data. A platter in a hard disk is coated with magnetic material.

Platters

The platters are the circular discs inside the hard drive where the 1s and 0s that make up your files are stored.
Platters are made out of aluminum, glass or ceramic and have a magnetic surface in order to permanently
store data. On larger hard drives, several platters are used to increase the overall capacity of the drive. Data is
stored on the the platters in tracks, sectors and cylinders to keep it organized and easier to find.

The Spindle

The spindle keeps the platters in position and rotates them as required. The revolutions-per-minute rating
determines how fast data can be written to and read from the hard drive. A typical internal desktop drive runs
at 7,200 RPM, though faster and slower speeds are available. The spindle keeps the platters at a fixe d distance
apart from each other to enable the read/write arm to gain access. (ref 1+3)

The Read/Write Arm

The read/write arm controls the movement of the read/write heads, which do the actual reading and writing on
the disk platters by converting the magnetic surface into an electric current. The arm makes sure the heads are
in the right position based on the data that needs to be accessed or written; it's also known as the head arm or
actuator arm. There is typically one read/write head for every platter side, which floats 3 to 20 millionths of
an inch above the platter surface.

Actuator

The actuator or head actuator is a small motor that takes instructions from the drive's circuit board to control
the movement of the read/write arm and supervise the transfer of data to and from the platters. It's responsible
for ensuring the read/write heads are in exactly the right place at all times.

Other Components

As well as the casing on the outside of the hard disk that holds all of the components together, the fron t-end
circuit board controls input and output signals in tandem with the ports at the end of the drive. No matter
what the type of drive, it has one port for a power supply and one port for transferring data and instructions to
and from the rest of the system.

Hard Disk Controller: A hard disk controller (HDC) is an electrical component within a computer hard
disk that enables the processor or CPU to access, read, write, delete and modify data to and from the hard
disk. Essentially, an HDC allows the computer or its processor to control the hard disk.

How its work: A hard disk controller's primary function is to translate the instructions received from the
computer into something that can be understood by the hard disk and vice versa. It consists of an
expansion board and its related circuitry, which is usually attached directly to the backside of the hard
disk. The instructions from a computer flow through the hard disk adapter, into the hard disk interface and
then onto the HDC, which sends commands to the hard disk for perfo rming that particular operation.

Typically, the type and functions of a hard disk controller depend on the type of interface being used by
the computer to access the hard disk. For example, an IDE hard disk controller is used for IDE interface
based hard disks.
Internal parts of Hard disk:
4. Study the operation of Barcode reader; Sound card.

Barcode reader: A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an optical scanner that can read printed barcodes,
decode the data contained in the barcode and send the data to a computer. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a
light source, a lens and a light sensor translating for optical impulses into electrical signals. A barcode scanner,
also called a point-of-sale (POS) scanner or a price scanner, is a device used to capture and read information
contained in a barcode. The scanner consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor that translates optical
impulses into electrical ones. They also contain decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode’s image data provided by
the sensor and sending that content to a computer.

Operation of Barcode reader:

1. Scanning head shines LED or laser light onto barcode.

2. Light reflects back off barcode into a light-detecting electronic component called a photoelectric cell.
White areas of the barcode reflect most light; black areas reflect least.
3. As the scanner moves past the barcode, the cell generates a pattern of on-off pulses that correspond to
the black and white stripes. So for the code shown here ("black black black white black white black
black"), the cell would be "off off off on off on off off."
4. An electronic circuit attached to the scanner converts these on-off pulses into binary digits (zeros and
ones).
5. The binary digits are sent to a computer attached to the scanner, which detects the code as 11101011.

Sound Card: Most of your music collection is probably in digital format, either on CDs or as files on your
computer. In order to be able to listen to your music, a sound card converts digital data to analog sound waves
you can hear. The output signal is then connected to a headphone or set of speakers. You can also use a sound
card to record audio with a microphone.

Operation of Sound Card:

Most sound cards have four major components:

 A Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)

 An Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
 A PCIe interface
 Input and output connections

Some cards use a coder/decoder chip, called a CODEC, which performs both the DAC and the ADC
functions.

When your computer plays audio, it sends a signal to the sound card via the PCIe interface. That signal
passes through the DAC before being pumped out of the output connection.
 Recording audio on your computer follows the same process but in reverse. Your sound card receives
signals via the input connection. It's then converted in 1s and 0s via the ADC. Afterward, the card sends
the signal through the PCIe into your CPU for processing.

Furthermore, other sound cards have a digital signal processor (DSP) and an amp. A DSP is a
microprocessor specifically designed to process audio. It provides the processing power required by the
DAC/ADC/CODEC to convert signals. If your sound card doesn't have a DSP, it uses your CPU for this
conversion.

The amp or amplifier, on the other hand, is used for strengthening the output signal. If the converted signal
is weak, the amp uses electric power to increase its amplitude. This increases the output volume of the
audio.

Uses of a sound card

The primary use of a sound card is to provide sound that you hear from playing music with varying formats and
degrees of control. The source of the sound may be in the form of streamed audio, a file, CD or DVD, etc. There
are many applications of a computer where a sound card can be used, which areas are as follows:

o Games.
o Voice recognition.
o Watch movies.
o Creating and playing MIDI.
o Educational software.
o Audio and video conference
5.Study the operation of MIDI interface; Printer interface; ISA, PCI, AGP, PS/2
and USB interfaces.
MIDI: MIDI is a remote-control language lots of music gear, such as keyboards and virtual instruments, use. By
modern standards, MIDI is remarkably simple, yet it allows you to do amazing things. You can play a keyboard
and tell a sound module what notes to play, how loud each note should be, and more. It also lets you turn a knob
on a control surface and cause a virtual knob to move on your screen.

What is a MIDI interface?

A MIDI interface is a device that provides MIDI In/Out to and from a computer or MIDI-equipped hardware via
standard 5-pin MIDI jacks. There are standalone MIDI interfaces, virtually all of which connect to a computer
via USB. MIDI interfaces can also be integrated into keyboards, pad controllers, control surfaces, and audio
interfaces. This provides a wide range of options for configuring your studio or live rig.

MIDI ports: MIDI interfaces commonly come in 2-, 4-, and 8-port configurations (e.g., 8 in x 8 out). Since each
port can transmit 16 channels of MIDI data, an 8-port interface can handle a total of 128 MIDI channels. An 8-
port MIDI interface is useful for those who have a number of external sound modules, control surfaces, and
keyboards to connect. Channels can be used to control individual sounds on a multitimbral synth, or the transport
section of DAWs, providing a lot of flexibility.

Printer Interfaces:

Printers are connected to computers using a variety of different interfaces such as parallel, serial, SCSI, USB, or
IEEE 1394. Network capable printers also have a built-in network interface and are connected directly to a port
on the network so they can be shared across many computers..

Parallel
A parallel printer interface is called (IEEE 1284). This port works by sending an 8-bit information stream to the
printer. It uses a standard parallel printer cable, which has a DB-25 connector to connect to the computer and
also a 36-pin Centronics connector for the connection to the printer. The maximum length of the parallel cable
is usually limited to 10 feet. The reason for this is that the data integrity decreases, and you can have loss of data
to the printer over a larger length.

Serial
The serial printer interface sends the data to the printer one bit at a time. This interface needs to be configured to
the serial communication parameters including baud rate, parity bit, or start and stop bits. Serial printers are
very rarely used these days, however sometimes dot matrix printers use this interface.

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

The USB port is the most common type of port available on most pc’s today. This is why it makes a great
printer interface used on small and medium sized printers and desktop printers and scanners combo’s. (and
many other peripherals). USB is much faster than most of the other types of printer interfaces. A USB printer
comes with Plug and play compatibility and can be automatically detected and configured by your operating
system.

IEEE 1394
The IEEE 1394, which is also called Firewire, due the super fast speed that it boasted at when it was first
released. The firewire interface is not built in though on many printers or pc’s. It is available for for high end
printers, and is popular on laptops.

Network
Today most high end printers, and even some of the more basic ones, come with a built-in network adapter or
can also have one fitted into them. Network printers are directly attached to one of the free network ports on a
hub, or a router, and are assigned a network identification such as an IP address. The printer uses a standard
network cable with an RJ-45 connector. Sometimes in a larger company, they will use a pc that is directly
connected to the printer as a printer queue manger.

Wireless
Today, one of the more popular interfaces for connections of printers is the wireless connections that support
802.11, Bluetooth, or Infrared standards. The main advantage of a wireless connections is that both the
computer and the printer can be moved around, and obviously there are no wires. The disadvantage is that there
is a limit to the range of the network coverage. They can also be prone to interfaces from other electrical
sources, and the reason that most wireless printers are slow, is that the data is usually error checked vigorously.

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

There are very few printers which have a SCSI interface. These types printers are becoming obsolete due to the
faster printer interfaces

ISA: - ISA, stands for “Industry Standard Architecture”, ISA was introduced by IBM and headed by Mark Dean.
ISA was originally an 8-bit computer bus that was later expanded to a 16-bit bus in 1984. When this bus was
originally released, it was a proprietary bus, which allowed only IBM to create peripherals and the actual interface.
However, in the early 1980s, other manufacturers were creating the bus. In 1993, Intel and Microsoft introduced
a PnP ISA bus that allowed the computer to automatically detect and setup computer ISA peripherals, such as a
modem or sound card. Using the PnP technology, an end-user would have the capability of connecting a device
and not having to configure the device using jumpers or dip switches. All modern computers no longer have ISA
slots and instead utilizing PCI slots. Below is an example of an ISA expansion card and ISA slot it connects into
on the motherboard.

PCI: - PCI, Stands for “Peripheral Component Interconnect.” PCI is a hardware bus used for adding internal
components to a desktop computer. For example, a PCI card can be inserted into a PCI slot on a motherboard,
providing additional I/O ports on the back of a computer.

AGP: - AGP, stands for “Accelerated Graphics Port”, AGP is an advanced port designed for video cards and 3D
accelerators. Developed by Intel and introduced in August 1997, AGP introduces a dedicated point-to-point
channel that allows the graphics controller direct access to the system memory. Below is an illustration of what
the AGP slot may look like on your motherboard. The AGP channel is 32-bits wide and runs at 66 MHz, which
is a total bandwidth of 266 MBps and much greater than the PCI bandwidth of up to 133 MBps. AGP also supports
two optional faster modes, with a throughput of 533 MBps and 1.07 GBps. It also allows 3-D textures to be stored
in the main memory rather than video memory. AGP is available in three different versions, the original AGP
version mentioned above, AGP 2.0 that was introduced in May 1998, and AGP 3.0 (AGP 8x) that was introduced
in November 2000. AGP 2.0 added 4x signaling and was capable of operating at 1.5V, and AGP 3.0 was capable
of double the transfer speeds.
USB: - USB is an interface that connects a device to a computer. With this connection, the computer sends or
retrieves data from the device. USB gives developers a standard interface to use in many different types of
applications. A USB device is easy to connect and use because of a systematic design process. This application
note is intended to help make that process simpler.

USB Interface: - A Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a common interface that enables communication between
devices and a host controller such as a personal computer (PC) or smartphone. It connects peripheral devices such
as digital cameras, mice, keyboards, printers, scanners, media devices, external hard drives and flash drives.
Because of its wide variety of uses, including support for electrical power, the USB has replaced a wide range of
interfaces like the parallel and serial port.

A Universal Serial Bus (USB) is basically a newer port that is used as a common interface to connect several
different types of devices such as:

 Keyboards.
 Printers.
 Media devices.
 Cameras.
 Scanners.
 Mice.

It is designed for easy installation, faster transfer rates, higher quality cabling and hot-swapping. It has
conclusively replaced the bulkier and slower serial and parallel ports.

The USB was co-invented and established by Ajay Bhatt, a computer architect who had been working for Intel.
In 1994 seven companies that included Intel, Compaq, Microsoft, IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC),
Nortel and NEC Corporation started the development of the USB.

There are several types of USB connectors. In the past the majority of USB cables were one of two types, type A
and type B. The USB 2.0 standard is type A; it has a flat rectangle interface that inserts into a hub or USB host
which transmits data and supplies power. A keyboard or mouse are common examples of a type A USB connector.
A type B USB connector is square with slanted exterior corners.

Rebooting allowed the device to be reconfigured and prevented electrostatic discharge (ESD), an unwanted
electrical current capable of causing serious damage to sensitive electronic equipment such as integrated circuits.

USB Version 1 allowed for two speeds: 1.5 Mb/s (megabits per second) and 12 Mb/s, which work well for slow
I/O devices. USB Version 2 allows up to 480 Mb/s and is backward compatible with slower USB devices. The
first USB version 3 (USB 3.0 or SuperSpeed USB) was released in 2008, and allowed for a speed of 500 Mb/s.
In 2013 and 2017, two new USB version 3 were released: USB 3.1 and USB 3.2, which allowed for 1.21 Gb/s
and 2.42 Gb/s, respectively.

Printers were initially based on typewriter technology. A character shaped piece of metal was moved into contact
with an inked ribbon in contact with the paper so that ink is transferred. Development of this technology
culminated in the daisy wheel printer, a relatively low cost yet high-quality device. Each character is placed on
the end of a flexible arm and a complete set arranged around a central hub. This collection spins around and a
hammer behind the wheel is triggered at the correct time to force the required character into contact with the
ribbon. The flexible arm allows the character to stop momentarily to prevent smearing.