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MSE 209: Introduction To The Science and Engineering of Materials
MSE 209: Introduction To The Science and Engineering of Materials
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 1 MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 2
Group Web
MSE 2090: Site: http://faculty.virginia.edu/CompMat/
Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 3 MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 4
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Grading: Syllabus:
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 5 MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 6
Historical Perspective
Chapter 1: Introduction
• Beginning of the Material Science - People began to
• Historical Perspective make tools from stone – Start of the Stone Age about
Stone → Bronze → Iron → Advanced materials two million years ago.
Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc.
• What is Materials Science and Engineering ? • The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with
Processing → Structure → Properties → Performance introduction of Bronze in the Far East. Bronze is an
alloy (a metal made up of more than one element),
• Classification of Materials copper + < 25% of tin + other elements.
Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Semiconductors Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of
shapes, can be made harder by alloying, corrode only
• Advanced Materials slowly after a surface oxide film forms.
Electronic materials, superconductors, etc.
• The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues
today. Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper
• Modern Material's Needs, Material of Future material changed drastically daily life of a common
Biodegradable materials, Nanomaterials, “Smart” materials
person.
• Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age
many new types of materials have been introduced
(ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites…).
Understanding of the relationship among structure,
properties, processing, and performance of materials.
Intelligent design of new materials.
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 7 MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 8
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A better understanding of structure-composition-
properties relations has lead to a remarkable progress What is Materials Science and Engineering ?
in properties of materials. Example is the dramatic
progress in the strength to density ratio of materials, that
resulted in a wide variety of new products, from dental Processing
materials to tennis racquets. Materials
Optimization Loop
Structure Properties
Observational
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 9 MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 10
Structure
Length-scales
• Subatomic level (Chapter 2)
Electronic structure of individual
atoms that defines interaction among Angstrom = 1Å = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m
atoms (interatomic bonding).
Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 m
Micrometer = 1µm = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 m
• Atomic level (Chapters 2 & 3)
Arrangement of atoms in materials Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 m
(for the same atoms can have
different properties, e.g. two forms of
carbon: graphite and diamond) Interatomic distance ~ a few Å
A human hair is ~ 50 µm
Elongated bumps that make up the data track on a CD are
• Microscopic structure (Ch. 4) ~ 0.5 µm wide, minimum 0.83 µm long, and 125 nm high
Arrangement of small grains of
material that can be identified by
microscopy.
• Macroscopic structure
Structural elements that may be
viewed with the naked eye. Monarch butterfly
~ 0.1 m
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The Scale of Things (DOE) Length and Time Scales in Materials Modeling
Things Natural Things Manmade
100 m 1 meter (m) by Greg Odegard, NASA
0.1 m
Progress in miniaturization
10-1 m
100 mm
The 21st century challenge -- Fashion materials at the nanoscale with desired properties and functionality
Objects fashioned from
metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers ...
10-3 m Microelectronics
Bee 1 millimeter (mm)
~ 15 mm
MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) Devices
Dust mite 10 -100 μm wide
300 μm
0.1 mm
10-4 m
100 μm
The Microworld
Human hair
~ 50 μm wide
Fly ash
~ 10-20 μm
10-5 m 0.01 mm
10 μm
Red blood cells
Pollen grain
Magnetic domains
garnet film Red blood cells
10-6 m 1 micrometer (μm)
11 μm wide stripes with white cell
spectrum
Visible
~ 2-5 μm
Indium arsenide Quantum dot array --
quantum dot germanium dots on silicon
Schematic, central core ATP synthase
Progress in atomic-level understanding
0.1 μm
10-7 m
100 nm
The Nanoworld
10-8 m 0.01 μm
10 nm 10 nm
Biomotor using ATP Self-assembled
“mushroom”
Cell membrane
DNA
~2 nm wide
10-10 m 0.1 nm
Atoms of silicon Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface
spacing ~tenths of nm positioned one at a time with an STM tip
Corral diameter 14 nm
meter m 100 1m
centimeter cm 10-2 0.01 m
millimeter mm 10-3 0.001 m Chart from http://www.sc.doe.gov/production/bes/scale_of_things.html
micrometer μm 10-6 0.000001 m
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science
nanometer nm 10-9 0.000000001 m Chapter 1, Introduction 13 MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 14
Mesoscopic
ia
,S
a nd e if polished.
olm actur del
H fr o
eth lar ts m Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are
zab anu ot
Dislocation Dynamics Eli tergr arlo P
Nature, 12 February, 1998 In te C shared between atoms). Their electrical properties depend
n
Mo
strongly on minute proportions of contaminants. Examples:
Microscopic
10-7
109
10-9
106
Nanoscopic
Leonid Zhigilei, UVA decompose at moderate temperatures (100 – 400 C), and
Phase transformation on are lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber.
diamond surfaces
10-9
10-12
103
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 15 MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 16
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Material Selection
Properties
Different materials exhibit different crystal structures
Properties are the way the material responds to the (Chapter 3) and resultant properties
environment and external forces.
(a) (b)
force
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 17 MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 18
metals
ceramics
Superplastic deformation involves low-stress sliding along
grain boundaries, a complex process of which material
scientists have limited knowledge and that is a subject of
current investigations. polymers
semiconductors
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 19 MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 1, Introduction 20
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Composition, Bonding, Crystal Structure Future of materials science
and Microstructure DEFINE Materials Properties Design of materials having specific desired characteristics
directly from our knowledge of atomic structure.
Composition • Miniaturization: “Nanostructured" materials, with
microstructure that has length scales between 1 and 100
nanometers with unusual properties. Electronic
components, materials for quantum computing.
Bonding Crystal Structure • Smart materials: airplane wings that adjust to the air
flow conditions, buildings that stabilize themselves in
earthquakes…
• Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or
photodegradable plastics, advances in nuclear waste
Thermomechanical processing, etc.
Processing • Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard tissue
can be as strong as the most advanced laboratory-produced
ceramics, mollusces produce biocompatible adhesives that
we do not know how to reproduce…
Microstructure • Materials for lightweight batteries with high storage
densities, for turbine blades that can operate at 2500°C,
room-temperature superconductors? chemical sensors
(artificial nose) of extremely high sensitivity, cotton shirts
that never require ironing…
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