Physiology B: Motor System – Part 2 │ March 11, 2014 Trans by: JIMENO, Bernard

Bernard J.A., RN

Physiology
FINALS
Physiology B
B MEDICINE 1 │ SECTION C │ BATCH 2017

MOTOR SYSTEM - PART 2

LECTURER: LEANDRO D. VILA, MD, FPSA, MSc

c. Interneuron
◦ aka association neurons
◦ may or may not be present
◦ may be stimulatory or inhibitory
d. Center
e. Motor Neuron
◦ innervates the skeletal muscle

f. Effector
◦ Skeletal muscle

◦ ANTERIOR HORN CELLS

▪ can be grouped into:
a. Alpha Motor Neurons
Diagram 1: Spinal Cord showing the Reflex Arc ◦ stimulates the entire muscle
b. Gamma Motor Neurons
◦ MOTOR NEURON ◦ stimulates a receptor inside a muscle
▪ responsible for innervating the skeletal muscle ◦ serves as the motor innervation of intrafusal
NOTE: Neuromuscular junction is the area between the fibers
motor neuron and skeletal muscle ◦ found on the plate-endings
c. Interneurons (Beta Motor Neurons)
Remember the different descending fiber tracts that will NOTE: The actual motor neurons would only be
descend on the lateral or on the anterior portion of the white alpha and gamma motor neurons
matter

◦ DESCENDING FIBER TRACTS STRETCH RECEPTORS

▪ innervate the motor neuron that supplies the skeletal
muscle ◦ has 2 types:
▪ modifies the activity of the interneuron and the anterior a. Muscle Spindle
horn cell b. Golgi Tendon

command from the higher center (cerebrum) MUSCLE SPINDLE

↓ ◦ aka intrafusal fiber
goes to the brainstem ◦ found inside the muscle belly
↓ NOTE: This is why they are called intrafusal
↓ ↓ The entire muscle is called extrafusal
Will contract the muscles ◦ Reaction of muscle: Contract
goes to the spinal cord
◦ has both sensory and motor innervation
↓ of the face
Contracts the different ▪ for phonation
skeletal muscles of the ▪ for deglutition
body ▪ for mastication MOTOR INNERVATION OF MUSCLE SPINDLE
◦ Muscle spindle is the only receptor that has a motor
▪ basically, the descending fiber tracts will influence the innervation
skeletal muscles ▪ Do receptors need motor innervation? NO
NOTE: Other receptors such as pacinian and
◦ REFLEXES meissner's corpuscle do not need motor innervation.
▪ has 5 components: All the receptors do not need motor innervation
a. Receptor EXCEPT for muscle spindle
◦ innervated by a sensory neuron
▪ Muscle spindle has a motor innervation because the
b. Sensory Neuron intrafusal fibers is made up of the following:
◦ forms synapse either directly or indirectly with a. Nuclear Bag
the anterior horn cells ◦ monitors the dynamic length of the muscle
◦ direct synapse if it will immediately synapse
with the anterior horn cells b. Nuclear Chain
◦ indirect synapse if it will synapse with an ◦ monitors the static length of the muscle
interneuron or association neuron
e.g. When you are carrying your bag

PHYSIOLOGY B: MOTOR SYSTEM – PART 2 FINALS │ 2nd Semester │ A.Y. 2013 – 2014 1
Physiology B: Motor System – Part 2 │ March 11, 2014
Kapag binubihat mo lang without movement,
you have a certain length of the muscle. This is
monitored by the nuclear chain.
Pero kapag mejo binubuhat-buhat mo yung
bag mo pataas at pababa, it is monitored by
Nuclear bag because there is a change in the
length of the muscle. Nag-sshorten at nag-
lelengthen yung muscle
Diagram 2: Nuclear Bag and Nuclear chain of the intrafusal
muscle fiber
◦ Gamma Motor Neuron
▪ serves as the motor innervation of intrafusal fibers
▪ found on the plate-endings
What is the purpose of the motor innervation of the muscle
spindle? This is because the muscle spindle has actin and
myosin filaments on both of its ends. So it has the capability to
somehow contract.
NOTE: Muscle spindle is capable of contracting slightly
because of the actin and myosin filaments
SENSORY INNERVATION OF MUSCLE SPINDLE
◦ innervated by Dorsal Root Ganglion Group Ia and II
NOTE: Muscle spindle is a receptor. You know that a
receptor should be innervated by a sensory neuron
What type of sensory nerve is the dorsal root ganglion
supplying the muscle spindle? Group Ia and II
NOTE:
The sensory nerve fiber innervating the
skeletal muscle should be myelinated in order to have
a fast response
It is responsible for the position sense so
that it will continuously send impulses. Dahil kung
mabagal ito, hindi mo alam na natumba ka na pala or
hindi mo alam na nagcontract na pala yung muscles
mo.
Remember, we classify nerve fibers into I,II,III,IV and
A,B,C. Then we classify them into alpha, beta, and
gamma
◦ if A, B, C classification
▪ these are classifications based on the diameter
and myelination
◦ if I, II, III, IV classification
▪ these are classifications of sensory neurons
◦ if alpha, beta, gamma classification
▪ these are classifications of motor neurons
▪ if beta, it can be sensory or motor
PHYSIOLOGY B: MOTOR SYSTEM – PART 2
Trans by: JIMENO, Bernard
Bernard J.A., RN
◦ specific innervation of muscle spindle: Group Ia and II
▪ Group Ia Sensory Nerve
◦ aka Primary Afferent Nerve
◦ aka “annulospiral nerve ending”
◦ specifically innervates the:
a. nuclear bag
b. nuclear chain
◦ carries sensory impulses form the nuclear bag and
nuclear chain towards the center
▪ Group II Sensory Nerve
◦ aka Secondary Afferent Nerve
◦ specifically innervates the nuclear chain only
◦aka “Flower Spray Nerve Ending”
NOTE:
Group Ia and II will send impulses from the static length
of the muscle
Group Ia will send impulses from the dynamic length of
the muscle
GOLGI TENDON
◦ found in the insertion of the muscle
◦ monitors the tension of the contraction of the entire muscle
◦ Reaction of muscle: Relax
◦ sensory innervation: Ib
◦ e.g.
Knee Jerk Reflex (Myotatic Reflex)
▪ when eliciting knee jerk, the stretch receptor
involved is the muscle spindle because you will be
able to stretch the entire muscle
▪ When stretching an entire muscle, you are
stretching with it the muscle spindle
Inverse Myotatic Reflex
▪ you know that the muscle spindle would usually be
stimulated when they are stretched and the reaction
of the muscle will be contraction. Basta kapag na-
stretch ang muscle spindle, the reaction will be
contraction
▪ When the muscle contracts, it should relax.
▪ Upon contraction of a muscle, the golgi tendon will
be stimulated because it will be the stretched during
muscle contraction. So the reaction of the muscle will
be to relax.
Myotatic Reflex: You stretch then contract
Inverse Myotatic Reflex: You have contracted so you will relax
Diagram 3: Stretch Receptors
FINALS │ 2nd Semester │ A.Y. 2013 – 2014 2
 Physiology B: Motor System – Part 2 │ March 11, 2014 Trans by: JIMENO, Bernard
Bernard J.A., RN
NOTE: Kapag isang beses lang nastimulate, edi isang
COMPARISON OF THE STRETCH RECEPTORS beses lang ang movement generated
CATEGORY MUSCLE SPINDLE GOLGI TENDON ◦ Least affected by a stimulus

Location Muscle Belly Junction of Muscle and b. Voluntary

Tendon ◦ purposeful (goal-directed)
Shape Fusiform / Spindle; Slender and Elongated; ◦ largely learned (execution improves with practice)
Encapsulated Encapsulated ◦ voluntary moving of the skeletal muscle

Arrangement Parallel Series c. Rhythmic Motor Patterns

Sensory Ia – large myelinated Ib – small myelinated ◦ Stereotyped movement
innervation II – small myelinated ◦ are voluntary movements
◦ Repetitive movements that occur in reflex-like fashion after
Function Monitors stretch Monitors tension voluntarily initiated (fast repetitive and eventually stops)
◦ are commonly pathologic reflexes
Muscle Contraction Relaxation
◦ common in Upper Motor Neuron lesion
Reaction
◦ e.g. Clonus
FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCED ▪ for example nakahiga ang patient, you dorsiflex the
foot of the patient for 20-30sec.
Stimulus Stretch Contraction / Shortening ▪ In a normal individual, after 20-30sec at tinaggal mo
Function Detects muscle stretch Detects muscle tension na yung kamay mo, magpoposition na ulit agad yung
foot ng patient
Response Contraction Muscle Relaxation ▪ In a patient with UMN lesion, nagkakaron ng
Muscle Shortening rhythmic contraction yung foot ng patient.

TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

Diagram 4:
Names Fast Twitch Fast Twitch Slow Twitch Clonus in a patient with Upper
motor neuron lesion
Other name Type IIb Type IIa Type I
White Muscle Red Muscle Red Muscle
Size Bigger Intermediate Small
Strength Stronger Intermediate Weak
Release of ATP Rapid Rapid Slow
Metabolism Anaerobic Aerobic Aerobic
Glycolytic Fast oxidative Slow SPINAL REFLEXES
oxidative
No. of mitochondria Few Many Many ◦ involves the following:
a. Receptors
Myoglobin Lesser Greater Greater ▪ Muscle Spindle
▪ Golgi Tendon
Vascularity Lesser Greater Greater
▪ Pain and Touch receptors may also be involved
Glycogen content Greater Intermediate Lesser b. Sensory Neuron
▪ may form synapse with an association neuron or it
Fatigability Prone Intermediate Resistant
may form synapse directly to a motor neuron
Size of motor unit Bigger Intermediate Smaller c. Association Neuron
▪ may or may not be involved
Endurance Lesser Intermediate Greater d. Center
Size of motor Bigger Intermediate Smaller e. Motor Neuron
neurons ▪ innervates an effector
f. Effector
Twitch duration Shorter Shorter Longer ▪ effector for motor system is the skeletal muscle
Hypertrophy Positive Positive Negative
Activation Usually last Intermediate Usually first MYOTATIC / STRETCH REFLEX
Threshold Higher Intermediate ◦ aka MONOSYNAPTIC REFLEX
Lower
▪ it is a monosynaptic reflex as long as the reciprocal
inhibition is not involved
► SIZE PRINCIPLE
NOTE: Reciprocal Inhibition
◦ small muscle fibers are activated first before the large muscle ◦ When you stimulate one muscle, you
fibers
inhibit the other group of muscle.
◦ So when you stimulate the extensor,
►TYPES OF MOVEMENT GENERATED BY MOTOR SYSTEM
you inhibit the flexor
a. Reflexes ◦ Hindi pwedeng sabay silang inhibited or
◦ rapid, stereotyped, involuntary movements
sabay silang stimulated.
◦ are not repetitive ◦ e.g. Knee-Jerk Reflex

PHYSIOLOGY B: MOTOR SYSTEM – PART 2 FINALS │ 2nd Semester │ A.Y. 2013 – 2014 3
 Physiology B: Motor System – Part 2 │ March 11, 2014 Trans by: JIMENO, Bernard
Bernard J.A., RN

Stimulus Stretch
Receptor Muscle Spindle
Afferent Nerve Group Ia and II
Diagram 5:
Center Spinal Cord Renshaw Cell
Efferent Nerve Alpha motor neuron (Extrafusal Musle Fiber)
Gamma motor neuron (Intrafusal muscle fiber)
Effector Skeletal Muscle
◦ Efferent Nerves:
▪Alpha Motor Neuron
◦ innervates the entire skeletal muscle
▪ Gamma Motor Neuron
◦ innervates the receptor inside the skeletal
muscle
DYNAMIC STRETCH REFLEX
NOTE:
The 2 efferent nerves are involved because ◦ monitors velocity of changes in length
the muscle spindle itself is involved in the ◦ Sensory Neuron: Primary Afferent Neuron
contraction. Kasi kinontract mo din yung muscle
spindle. ◦ NUCLEAR BAG
Kapag na-stretch ang muscle, hindi lang ▪ part of the muscle spindle that monitors dynamic length
naman yung muscle ang na-stretch pati yung STATIC STRETCH REFLEX
intrafusal (muscle spindle).
So kapag nag-contract na yung muscle, ◦ weak reflex activity
nagcocontract din kahit papano yun intrafusal ◦ elicited by continuous static signals transmitted by both
(muscle spindle). primary and secondary sensory endings
◦ causes continuous muscular contractions
INVERSE MYOTATIC REFLEX
WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
◦ aka DISYNAPTIC REFLEX
◦ it has 2 synapses. ◦ is a Flexor reflex
◦ it involves the interneurons ◦ involves flexion of the upper and lower extremities
◦ moving away from the noxious stimulus
◦ a polysynaptic reflex
Stimulus Stretch
◦ e.g.
Receptor Golgi Tendon Kapag may natapakan kang masakit, nagfflex ka ng feet
mo to move away from the stimulus
Afferent Nerve Group Ib
Center Spinal Cord Kapag nagugulat ka, ang initial reaction mo ay mag-flex.
Sa iba, ang reaction is to cross-extensor parang sa
Efferent Nerve Alpha motor neuron (Extrafusal Musle Fiber) lower extremities
Effector Skeletal Muscle
◦ Flexor-Extensor Reflex
▪ You Flex the involved extremity but you extend the
The muscle is contracted so the golgi tendon is
uninvolved extremity.
stretched. So the involved receptor is the golgi tendon.
▪ observed in the lower extremities
Therefore, the muscle is relaxed.
▪ purpose: to support the body
▪ e.g. Kapag nakatapak ka ng thumb tax
If the muscle is relaxed, the intrafusal muscle fiber is no
longer involved. Ang involved nalang ay yung entire muscle.
◦ Withdrawal reflex in the upper extremities is commonly flexion
of both upper extremities
The relaxation of the intrafusal muscle fiber will not
▪ Yung iba, kung saan galing injurious agent, yun yung side
happen spontaneously with the relaxation of the extrafusal
ng extremity na naka extend tapos naka-flex na yung
muscle fiber. May sarili siyang activity.
kabila. The purpose of this is for balance.

NOTE: Walang Gamma Motor Neuron na involved kapag hindi Stimulus Fast Pain
involved ang muscle spindle. So everything will be alpha motor Receptor Free Nerve Endings
neuron
Afferent Nerve Type A-delta fibers
Center Spinal Cord
► RENSHAW CELLS
◦ functions: Efferent Nerve Alpha motor neuron (Extrafusal Musle Fiber)
▪ inhibits the stimulator
Effector Skeletal Muscle (Flexors)
▪ inhibits the inhibitor
NOTE: So it doesn't necessarily mean that when you

Ad Astra Per Aspera

have renshaw cells, it will cause inhibition. It can also
cause stimulation

PHYSIOLOGY B: MOTOR SYSTEM – PART 2 FINALS │ 2nd Semester │ A.Y. 2013 – 2014 4