CESTODES

SPECIE INFECTI DIAGNOS MORPHOLOGY PATHOGEN DIAGNOSIS TREATM LIFE

VE TIC ESIS ENT CYCLE
STAGE STAGE OVA LARVA ADULT
RHABDITIF FILARIF MAL FEMAL
ORM ORM E E
Taenia saginata Cysticercu Eggs Size: Larva : Cysticercus bovis Scolex -T. saginata -Stool exam -Praziquantel 1. Eggs or
s bovis Gravid range 28-40 μm by Number of causes mild (DFS, Kato-Katz, -Niclosamide gravid
COMMON (unarmed) proglattids 18-30 μm Suckers: irritation at the site FECT) to look for -Surgery proglottids are
NAME: -Also called Four of attachment. eggs (Cysticercosis) passed with
beef Bladder Hooklets: Patients with (Indistinguishable feces
tapeworm Worm Three pairs; Rostellum: Absent taeniasis may ) o 2. Cattle (T.
hexacanth embryo experience -Proglottids: Praziquantel saginata) and
Hooks: Absent nonspecific Number of and pigs (T. solium)
Other features: symptoms, such as uterine branch Albendazole become
Radial striations on Gravid Proglottid epigastric pain, o Double o infected by
yellowbrown vague discomfort, Slide Corticosteroid ingesting
embryophore Appearance, hunger pangs, Compression s vegetation
Shape: weakness, Technique o contaminated
Longer than wide; weight loss, loss of o Use of Avoid with eggs or
average, 17.5 appetite, and India Ink or Niclosamide
by 5.5 μm pruritus ani Carmine to gravid
and
(perianal itching). visualize proglottids
Dichlorhen
Number of lateral Rarely, entangled o Carbol 3. In the
(disintegration
branches on proglottids. xylol: clearing of segments) animal’s
each side of - may result in agent to make intestine, the
uterus: intestinal segment oncospheres
15-30 obstruction. transparent hatch, invade
Individual o India ink the intestinal
T. saginata or carmine wall, and
proglottids are injected into migrate to the
actively motile genital pore striated
and they have been (connected to muscles, where
documented to uterine branches) they develop
cause -Scolex into cysticerci.
obstruction in the recovered after
4. Humans
bile and pancreatic treatment/recover
become
ducts, y (indicates you
as well as the are cured) infected by
appendix. The -Can also use ingesting raw
or undercooked
 sight of actively scotch tape swab infected meat
motile proglottids *eggs irregularly 5-6. The adult
in the perianal area passed out with tapeworms
and in stool, FECT attach to the
the undergarments increases small intestine
may result in chances of by their scolex
anxiety and demonstrating and reside in
distress. eggs
the small
intestine

Taenia solium Cysticercus Eggs Size: Scolex A. Intestinal Identification of A. Taeniasis: 1. Eggs or
cellulosae Gravid range 28-40 μm by Number of infection the characteristic praziquantel gravid
COMMON proglattids 18-30 μm Suckers: T. solium intestinal proglottids, eggs, and proglottids are
NAME: Four infection results in or scolex as niclosamide passed with
Pork tapeworm Hooklets: mild described in the T. feces
Three pairs; Rostellum: Present non-specific saginata B. 2. Cattle (T.
hexacanth embryo abdominal subsection; Stool Cysticercosis: saginata) and
Hooks: Present; complaints. exams for eggs or praziquantel pigs (T. solium)
Other features: double proglottids at a dose of 50 become
Radial striations on crown B. Cysticercosis to 75 mg/kg infected by
yellowbrown The cysticerci are -Cysticercosis divided into ingesting
Embryophore Gravid Proglottid often multiple and three doses for vegetation
can o surgery 30 days or
contaminated
Appearance, develop in any o CSF albendazole at
with eggs or
Shape: organ or tissue. analysis (will not a dose of 400
Somewhat square they are located in recover parasite, mg twice daily gravid
Number of lateral striated muscle and only see increase for 8 to 30 days proglottids
branches on in the of WBCs and - 3. In the
each side of brain, but the other proteins) Corticosteroids animal’s
uterus: subcutaneous o X-ray, intestine, the
7-15 tissues, eye, heart, CT, MRI oncospheres
lung, and o hatch, invade
peritoneum may be Detected the intestinal
involved. primarily by wall, and
 -The serologic tests migrate to the
living cyst may o Basis: striated
produce Neurologic muscles, where
inflammation disorders, they develop
- Cysts neuroimaging, into cysticerci.
may survive up to travel history 4. Humans
5 years. Upon o Gold become
death, cystic standard:
infected by
fluid increases and Immunoblot
ingesting raw
there is a using purified
pronounced Glycoproteins or undercooked
tissue response to (Western Blot) infected meat
the parasite. The -Antibodies 5-6. The adult
parasite is against tapeworms
eventually cysticercal attach to the
calcified. antigens (IgG small intestine
and IgM) by their scolex
-CDC and reside in
recommendation the small
intestine

Hymenolepis 2 infective Embryonated Average size: Ova: Scolex - Symptoms are -Embryonated eggs Praziquantel 1. Embryonated
nana stages : Eggs 45 by 38 μm spherical w/inner embryo has generally produced in feces given egg in feces
COMMON - 3 pair of lancets and Number of because as a 25 mg/kg 2. Egg ingested
NAME: Cysticercoid Hooklets : intermembranous spaces suckers: of the patient’s -Demonstration of single dose. by insect
Dwarf (indirect) Three pairs; Four immunological characteristic ova 3. Humans and
tapeworm. - hexacanth embryo Rostellum: response to in the stool rodents are
Embryonate Present; short the parasite. infected when
d egg Polar thickenings: Hooks - Light worm they ingest
(direct) Present Present; one row burden is generally cysticercoid-
Gravid Proglottid asymptomatic. infected
Polar filaments: Size: - Some infected
arthropods.
Present Twice as wide as children are
Embryophore : long 4. Embryonated
restless, irritable,
Present; colorless Appearance: egg ingested by
and exhibit sleep
Saclike uterus filled humans from
disturbances.
with eggs contaminated
food, water, or
-Rarely,
hands.
convulsions occur.
Heavy 5. Oncosphere
infections may hatches
result in enteritis cysticercoid
due to necrosis develops in
and desquamation intestinal villus.
of the intestinal 6. Upon
epithelial rupture of the
cells. With time, villus, the
regulatory cysticercoids
immunity may return to the
limit or eventually intestinal
clear the H. nana lumen,
population evaginate their
spontaneously. scoleces.
7.Adult in ileal
-Infections in portion of small
children resolve intestine
spontaneously in 8. Eggs can be
adolescence. released
through the
genital atrium
of the gravid
proglottids.
Gravid
proglottids can
also
disintegrate
releasing eggs
that are passed
in stools.
9.
Autoinfection
can occur if
eggs remain in
the intestine.
The eggs then
release the
hexacanth
embryo, which
penetrates the
 intestinal villus
continuing the
cycle.

Hymenolepis Cysticercoid Eggs Average size: Larva: cysticercoid Scolex -The worm burden Identification Praziquantel is 1. Eggs passed
diminuta larva 55 by 85 μm Number of in rodents is of eggs from the given as a 25 in feces
suckers: Four relatively stoo mg/kg single 2. Ingested by
COMMON Hooklets: low. dose an aethropod
NAME: Three pairs; Rostellum : intermediate
rat tapeworm hexacanth embryo Present -In man, the host
highest number 3. Oncosphere
Polar thickenings: Hooks: Absent recorded is 19 hatch and
Present worms. penetrate
Polar filaments: Gravid Proglottid
intestinal wall.
Absent Size: Twice as -Clinical
4. Cysticerci in
Embryophore: wide as long manifestations are
Present; colorless Appearance: minimal and body cavity of
Saclike uterus filled non-specific. insect ingested
with -The life span of by rodent or
eggs H. diminuta in human.
humans is short, 5. Eversion of
which possibly the scoleces
explains why occurs shortly
human infections after the
are usually light. cysticercoid
larvae are
released.
6. Using the
four suckers on
the scolex, the
parasite
attaches to the
small intestine
wall.
7. Eggs are
released in the
small intestine
from gravid
proglottids that
disintegrate
after breaking
 off from the
adult worms.
The eggs are
expelled to the
environment in
the mammalian
host’s feces
Dipylidium Cysticercoid Eggs Number of eggs in Scolex -Infection is rarely -Stool exam not Praziquantel 5 1. Gravid
caninum larva enclosed packet: Number of heavy and performed to 10 proglottids are
5-30 suckers: symptoms (because it is mg/kg given as passed intact in
COMMON Four are minimal. found in the vital a single dose. the feces or
NAME: Diameter range per Rostellum: -Slight intestinal organs) -Surgical emerge from
Dog or cat egg: Present; club- discomfort, -X-ray resection (be perianal region
tapeworm, 30-60 μm shaped, with epigastric pain, -Ultrasound, CT careful kasi of either animal
pumpkin Individual egg one to seven diarrhea, anal Scan when it or human hosts.
seed tapeworm. features: circlets of pruritus, and -Surgery ruptures, can 2. The
Six-hooked spines allergic reactions -Serology disseminate proglottids
oncosphere have been o to other disintegrate
Hooks: reported. Bentonite organs) and release the
Absent -While Flocculation Test -Albendazole egg packet.
most patients are o Casoni -PAIR 3. Larvae of the
Gravid Proglottid asymptomatic, Intradermal Test (Puncture, typical flea
Shape: moderate (skin test) Aspirate,
intermediate
Pumpkin seed eosinophilia has -Positive: wheal Inject,
host ingests egg
been reported. and flare reaction Reaspirate)
Appearance: -Antigen from packets.
Full of eggs in hydatid fluid Oncosheres
enclosed injected to skin hatch and
embryonic -Then you develop into
membrane develop an cysticercoids.
immune reaction 4. Flea larvae
-Detects mature into
previous adult fleas,
exposure to which continue
parasite to harbor
o ELISA infective
cyticerticoids.
5. Definitive
host is infected
by ingesting
fleas containing
 cysticerticoids.
6. The adult
tapeworms
(measuring up
to 60 cm in
length and 3
mm in width)
reside in the
small intestine
of the host,
where they
each attach by
their scolex.
7. Cats and
Dogs can
harbor fleas
infectious to
humans.
Raillietina Cysticercoid Proglottids Size: It is probable that Finding the Praziquantel 1.Motile
garrisoni larva • Enclosed in egg 60 most cases are characteristic proglottids
capsule cm in length with a asymptomatic; the proglottids or ova containing
COMMON • Spindle-shaped in minute, subglobular presence of white, in stools. numerous egg
NAME: appearance scolex motile proglottids capsules are
Raillietina with four acetabula. in the stool shed in the
madagascariens Rostellum: typically prompts definitive host’s
is is armed clinical attention.
feces
with two However, among
2. Arthropod
alternating circular published case
rows of 90 to reports, intermediate
140 hammer- gastrointestinal hosts ingest
shaped hooks. disturbances and proglottids or
other vague free egg
The fully gravid complaints (e.g. capsules
proglottids are irritability, nausea) released as the
about 2 mm in have been proglottid
length containing described. Nearly breaks down in
200 to 400 all known cases the
egg capsules with have been from environment
young children. 3. Within the
one to four
spindle-shaped intermediate
host,
 eggs. oncospheres
are released
Scolex from the eggs
and develop
o into
Subglobular cysticercoids
o Armed 4. The
rostellum definitive host
o2
becomes
alternating rows
infected after
of hammer
shaped hooklets ingesting
o Several intermediate
rows of spines hosts
also surround containing
rostellum cysticercoids
5. he scolex,
armed with two
rows of
hammer-
shaped hooks,
everts and
anchors to the
small intestinal
wall, where
maturation to
the adult stage
occurs
6. Aberrant
human
infections may
occur when
infected
arthropod
intermediate
hosts are
ingested
Diphyllobotriu Plerocercoid Operculated Size range: Larval stages: Scolex - Infections are Microscopic exam -DOC: 1. Eggs are
m latum larva eggs 55-75 μm long, 40- coracidium procorcoid (IH- Number of usually limited to of feces for Praziquantel passed
Gravid 55 μm wide cyclops) sucking grooves: one worm, operculated eggs or -Niclosamide: unembryonated
COMMON proglattids Shape: plerocorcoid (IH- fresh water Two although there vommited may be used, in feces.
NAME: Broad Somewhat oblong fish) have been reports proglottids but side effects 2. Eggs
fish tapeworm. Shape of sucking of mechanical may be seen embronate in
Embryo: groove: obstruction due to -Cook fish water.
Undeveloped, termed Almond a large number of thoroughly 3. Coracidia
coracidium worms. - Store fish hatch from
Gravid Proglottid - Infected properly (Can eggs and are
Shell: Shape: individuals may kill it at a very ingested by the
Smooth; yellow- Wider than long show no signs of high and very first
brown in color disease. Some, low intermediate
Other features: Location and however, may
Operculum on one appearance of temperature, host,
experience -18C kills crustaceans.
end; terminal uterine structure: nervous
knob on opposite end Central; rosette plerocercoid 4.Procercoid
disturbances, larva) larvae develop
digestive -Environmental in body cavity
disorders, sanitation and of crusteceans.
abdominal Health 5.Infected
discomfort, weight Education crusteacan
loss, weakness, ingested by
and anemia. second
-Symptoms may be intermediate
due to absorbed host, usually
toxins or small fish.
by-products of Procercoid
degenerating larva released
proglottids, or due from
to mucosal crustacean
irritation. develops into
- D. latum i n f e c t plerocercoid
i o n re s u l t s i n larva.
hyperchromic, 6. Predator
megaloblastic fish(paratenic
anemia with host) eats small
thrombocytopenia fisg;
and leukopenia. plerocercoid
invades tissue.
7. Definitive
host ingests
plerocercoids in
infected fish.
8. dult
 diphyllobothriid
s attach to the
intestinal
mucosa by
means of two
bilateral groves
(bothria) of
their scolex.

Echinococcus Embryonated Hydatid cyst The eggs of The hydatid cyst larval stage Protective -Pathology of -Stool exam not -Surgical 1.The adult
granulosus eggs Echinococcus of E. granulosus, found in coverings: Cyst human cystic performed resection (be Echinococcus
COMMON - Hydatid granulosus human tissue, consists wall; multiple echinococcosis is (because it is careful kasi granulosus
NAME: Dog cyst are identical to, and of several structures. These caused by the
laminated germinal found in the vital when it (sensu lato) (2
tapeworm, thus structures overlap somewhat tissue layers developing larval organs) ruptures, can —7 mm long)
hydatid indistinguishable in their definitions, cyst in the tissues
Basic cyst makeup: -X-ray disseminate image resides in
tapeworm. from those of Taenia resulting in a confusion of the of the intermediate
Fluid-filled bladder -Ultrasound, CT to other the small
spp. Fortunately, terms and host. Scan organs) intestine of the
Structures that
the diagnostic stage making a clear and concise -The most -Surgery -Albendazole definitive host.
arise
of E. granulosus is description of them common -Serology -Praziquantel 2.Emvrayonate
that of a challenge. from inner and most important -PAIR
o d egg in feces.
the larval stage germinal layer: site of involvement (Puncture,
Bentonite 3. Oncosphere
Daughter cysts is the Aspirate,
Flocculation Test released.
Brood capsules liver, which is seen o Casoni Inject, 4.Hydatid cyst
in 70% of the Intradermal Test Reaspirate) in various
Other possible cases, 85% (skin test) organs.
structures of which is located o ELISA o
5.Protoscolex
Present: in the right lobe. Inject
from cyst.
Hydatid sand - The cysts scolicidal
agent (95% 6. Scolex
of E. granulosus
Ethanol, attaches to
• SCOLEX are called
o hypertonic intestine.
unilocular hydatid
Pyriform cysts solutions,
o Armed - Recent studies in Hibitane)
rostellum mice have
o 4
shown that
suckers
infection with E.
• granulosus leads
_Proglottid: to
composed of 3 down-regulation
proglottids only of inflammatory
cytokines,
 (immature, resulting in local
mature, and immunosuppressio
gravid) n

Spirometra spp. Plerocercoid Unembryonate Spirometra eggs are The larvae may be found in Shorter than -Humans may be Recovery of -Surgical 1.
COMMON larva d eggs operculated and any part of Diphyllobothrium infected through: plerocercoid larvae removal of the Unemvryonated
NAME: immature, the body. Most commonly, latum (a) from infected larvae from the eggs passed in
similar to those of they are found in drinking water tissues infected feces
Diphyllobothrium, and about the eyes, in the containing Cyclops tissues. 2. Eggs
although subcutaneous and or copepods embryonate in
smaller. muscular tissues of the infected with -Praziquantel water.
pirometra eggs are thorax, abdomen, thighs, procercoid larvae; 3. Coracidia
passed out with the inguinal region, and in the (b) eating hatch from
feces viscera. infected second eggs and are
of the definitive hosts intermediate hosts ingested by
and become like frogs,
crustaceans.
embryonated toads, or snakes
4.. Prpcercoid
in water containing the
plerocercoid larvae in the
larvae; body cavity of
(c) applying crustaceans.
plerocercoid 5. Infected
infected flesh crustacean
of frogs and snakes ingested by
as poultices on second
sores on the intermediate
eye, vagina, and host(fish,
skin resulting in reptiles,
subsequent amphibians).
penetration into Procercoid
cutaneous tissues; larva released
and from
(d)
crustacean,
consumption of
develops into
infected flesh of
paratenic hosts plerocercoid
like wild pigs. The larva.
resulting condition 6. Predator cats
is called infected second
sparganosis. intermediate
host.