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What are fungi?

 Usually associated with
unpleasant experiences
or encounters
Kingdom Fungi  Eukaryotic
 Heterotrophic
Death Becomes Them
 Absorption (means of
nutrition)
 About 1.5 million
species known
 Believed to have evolved
from an ancestral protist

Fungi Structure Septum

Hyphae
• Tiny filaments that
make up a fungus
• Cell wall is composed
of chitin – a nitrogen-
containing
polysaccharide

Mycelium
• A network of
interwoven hyphae
• The typical body of a
fungus • Cells by cross-walls that divide a hypha
• Have pores large enough to allow ribosomes,
mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell.

Haustoria Fungal Reproduction

• Fungi reproduce sexually
or asexually.
• Sexual reproduction:
spores
• Asexual reproduction:
fragmentation and
budding
• Basis for classification
• Specialized hyphae used by a fungus to extract
nutrients from the host plant cell (mycorrhizae)

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Sexual Reproduction in Fungi Asexual Reproduction in Fungi

• Mitotic division of spores
• Hyphae fragmentation
• Budding

Classes of Fungi Phylum Zygomycota

• Zygomycota (Common molds) • Common molds (zygomycetes)
• Ascomycota (Sac fungi) • Terrestrial organisms
• Basidiomycota (Club fungi) • Approximately 1,000 known
species
• Deuteromycota (Imperfect fungi)
• During sexual reproduction,
they form a thick-walled
zygote known as the
zygospore.
• Reproduce sexually and
asexually

Typical bread mold structure Reproduction in bread molds

A structure that contains the Stemlike hypha that grows parallel
spores for reproduction to a fungus’ growth medium

Small branching hypha growing

downward from the stolons that
anchors the fungus

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Reproduction in bread molds Black bread mold

Rhizopus stolonifer

Dung fungus Phylum Ascomycota

Pilobolus sporangiophores
• Sac fungi
• Largest phylum of the
Kingdom Fungi
• Around 30,000 species
known
• Marine, freshwater, and
terrestrial dwellers
• Produce sexual spores in
saclike ascus (pl. asci)
• Bear sexual stages in fruiting
bodies (ascocarps)

Life Cycle of an Ascomycete

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Orange peel fungus Morels

Aleuria aurantia Morchella sp.

Yeast Vaginal yeast

Saccharomyces sp. Candida albicans

Budding in yeast cells Phylum Basidiomycota

• Club fungi
• Mushrooms, puffballs,
and shelf fungi
• Named after the
basidium (club-shaped
structure that holds the
spores)
• Sexual reproduction
through basidiospores
• Has most elaborate life
cycle among the fungi

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Typical mushroom structure Life cycle of a basidiomycete

Meadow mushroom Fly agaric mushroom

Agaricus campestris Amanita muscaria

Destroying angel Tengang daga

Amanita virosa Auricularia auricular

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Puffballs Shelf fungus

Lycoperdon sp.

Phylum Deuteromycota Tinea pedis

• Imperfect fungi
• Does not reproduce sexually unlike other phyla
• Most reproduce by means of conidia
• Majority cause animal and plant infections

Tinea versicolor Penicillum notatum

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Aspergillus oryzae Importance of Fungi

ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC
• Decomposers • Cheese production
• Chemical cycling (blue cheese)
• Regulate population • Baking
• Brewery (beer
production)
• Fermentation processes
• Food source