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Essential Questions
Kingdom Plantae
Walang gutom sa kaharian namin 
• What unique characteristics do plants possess?
• How did plants colonize the land?
• How systematics classify plants?
• What are the characteristics of each plant
classification?

What are plants? How did they exist?

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Autotrophic
• Photosynthetic
• Most live in terrestrial
environments
• More than 290,000
species known
• Fossil records indicate that land plants first evolved
about 400 million years ago.

Plants
Important Structural Adaptation
for Land Plants
Non-vascular Vascular

Non-seed Seed plants

Gymnosperms Angiosperms
• Deriving raw materials for photosynthesis
• Prevention of rapid water loss over land
• The presence of the root and shoot systems
Monocots Dicots

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Vascular Tissues in Plants Alternation of Generations

• Distinct characteristic of plant’s life cycle

• The haploid generation produces the gametophyte.
• The diploid generation produces the sporophyte.

Plants Non-vascular Plants

Non-vascular
Mosses (Bryophyta)
Liverworts (Hepatophyta)
Hornworts (Anthocerophyta)
• Like algae, they undergo alternation of generations
Vascular • Thrive in wet areas or in areas where rainfall is
plenty
They lack • Vary in appearance
conducting tissues, • Don’t have true leaves and stems
hence they are
called non-
• There are thin branches from the base of the shoot
vascular plants. called rhizoids (for absorption and anchorage).

Physical Characteristics of Non-

Non-vascular Plants
vascular Plants
• They are well adapted to life in wet habitats.
• They lack water-conducting tubes. (Water transport
is through osmosis between cells)
• They lack protective surface covering to keep water
from evaporating from the cells.
• They lack true roots. Instead, they have rhizoids.
• They have sperm cells that must swim through
water to fertilize the eggs.

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Non-vascular Plants Bryophyte Anatomy

Liverworts Hornworts
• Refer to liver-shaped • Refer to long,
gametophytes of its tapered shape of the
members sporophyte
• Their shape was • The sporophyte lacks
thought to be a sign seta and consists
that the plants could only of a sporangium
help treat liver
diseases

Life Cycle of Mosses (Summary)

• The haploid gametophyte is the dominant, obvious
stage.
• Standing water is needed for sperm to swim to and
fertilize eggs.
• The diploid sporophyte is small and can grow only
with nourishment provided by the gametophyte.

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Ecological and Economic

Importance of Non-vascular Plants
• They help retain nitrogen in the soil (Pleurozium).
• Phenolic compounds found in moss cell walls
absorb damaging levels of UV radiation present in
deserts or at high altitudes.
• Peat moss as soil conditioners and medium for
archaeological preservation
Vascular Plants
• Plants with specialized conducting tissues called
vascular tissues
• These tissues transport water and products of
photosynthesis throughout the plant.
• Xylem conducts water (one-way conducting tissue).
• Phloem conducts nutrients and products of
photosynthesis.

Plants
Club mosses (Lycophyta)
Non-vascular Vascular • Grow on tropical trees
as epiphytes
• Some species grow on
temperate forest floors
Non-seed Seed plants
• Sporophytes have
upright stems with
Club mosses (Lycophyta) many leaves and
ground-hugging stems
Horsetails (Sphenophyta) that produce
dichotomously
branching roots.
Ferns (Pterophyta)

Horsetails (Sphenophyta) Ferns (Pterophyta)

• Refers to brushy • Probably evolved about
appearance of stems 400 million years ago
which have a gritty • About more than 11,000
texture species known
• Historically useful as • Abundant in wet, or at
scouring rushes for pots least seasonally wet
and pans habitats around the
world

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Fern Structure

Plants
Summary of a Fern Life Cycle
• Ferns employ alternation of generations, but in Non-vascular Vascular
ferns the diploid sporophyte is the dominant,
obvious stage. The gametophyte is tiny and lives
only for a short time.
• The sporophyte is a well-developed land plant with Non-seed Seed plants
true vascular tissues. The gametophyte lacks
vascular tissues, is very tiny and delicate, and can
grow only in moist areas.
• Sexual reproduction in ferns still requires water Gymnosperms Angiosperms
because sperm from the antheridia must swim to
the archegonia to fertilize the eggs.
Monocots Dicots

Heterospory
• Major feature of seed plants
• Seed plants are heterosporous – they produce two
kinds of spore
• Megasporangia produce megaspores that give rise
to female gametophytes
• Microsporangia produce microspores that give rise
to male gametophytes

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Plants

Non-vascular Vascular

Non-seed Seed plants

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Conifers (Coniferophyta)
Cycads (Cycadophyta)
Ginkgo (Gingkgophyta)
Gnetophytes (Gnetophyta)

Gymnosperms Conifers (Coniferophyta)

• Means naked seeds • Cone-bearing plants
• Seed plants with seeds • Largest gymnosperm division
exposed on modified • Consists of about 600 species
leaves called sporophylls
and cones called • Have needle-like (pine) or scale-like leaves (spruce)
strobilus • Most are redwood, large trees
• Includes four major • Most are evergreen
groups: conifers, cycads, • Examples are pine, spruce, juniper, sequoia, fir, and
gnetophytes, and others.
ginkgoes

Cycads (Cycadophyta)
• 300 species
• Have large cones and
palmlike leaves
• However, they are the most
endangered among the plant
groups
• 75% of the species are
threatened by habitat
destruction and other human
actions
• Thrived during the Mesozoic
Era

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Ginkgo (Ginkgophyta) Gnetophytes (Gnetophyta)

• Has only one existing
species (Ginkgo biloba)
• Have flagellated sperm like
cycads
• Has deciduous fanlike
leaves that turn gold during
autumn
• Common ornamental plant • Includes plants in three genera
known to have anti-air • Some species are tropical while others live in the
pollution properties deserts

Plants

Non-vascular Vascular

Non-seed Seed plants

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Monocots Dicots

Angiosperms
• Commonly known as the
flowering plants
• Classified as a single
division (Anthophyta)
• Most diverse and
widespread among plant
groups
• More than 250,000
species known
• Flowers and fruits

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Comparison between monocots

and dicots