Chapter 29

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Origins of Plants
Origins of Plants
Like some algal ancestors, Synapomorphies of plants and
charophytes:
plants are:
• Rings of cellulose-synthesis proteins (arranged in rings instead of length-wise)

• multicellular eukaryotes
• Flagellated sperm (very distinct from the algal plants)

• photosynthetic autotrophs • Phragmoplast

• A structure that direct the formation of the cell plate, and it gives the rise
• Use light energy for energy instead of chemical energy of cell walls of the daughter cells.

• Sporopollenin
• cellulose in cell wall
• The substance that gives the outer cover of the spore that gives its
toughest
• chloroplasts with chlorophyll A/B (pigment
that absorbs light to excite the cycle) • It surrounds the zygote or in the spores or covings of spores
Derived Traits: Alternation of Generations
Derived Traits: Multicellular, Dependent Embryos
• The embryo is developing when attached
to the parent plant.
Derived Traits: Walled Spores in Sporangia
• Sporangia
• Reproductive organ containing sporocytes that makes
spores
Derived Traits: Multicellular Gametangia
• Gametangia is the reproductive organ where gametes are
form.
• Archegonia
• Produces eggs
• Antheridia
• Produces sperm
Derived Traits: Apical Meristems
• Apical Meristem
• Consists a cluster of cell that contains
embryotic properties
• This is where cell division happens
• Development happens at the end of
the leaves instead at the base of the
plant
Additional Terrestrial Adaptations
• Cuticle
• A cellular layer that gives the plants its
waxing cover

• It helps plants retain water and limits

evaporation on plants, so plants won’t be
dehydrated

• Stomata
• Plants need to exchange gases to
continue to make ATP

• To overcome the cuticle, the stromata is

used.

• Formed by two cells that bowed out so

an opening is made for gases can go in
and out.

• Opening can be closed or open by guard

cells.
 Additional Terrestrial Adaptations
• Symbiotic association between a fungus
• Mycorrhizae and a plant
• These are fungal filaments that
Epidermis Cortex Mantle (fungal sheath)

Epidermal
cell
(Colorized SEM)

Endodermis

Fungal
hyphae
between
1.5 mm cortical
Mantle cells (LM)
(fungal sheath) 50 μm

(a) Ectomycorrhizae
• Nonvascular plants
• Bryophytes
• Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts
• Vascular Plants
• Seedless plants
• Lycophytes
• Moss-like seedless plants
• Club mosses, spike
mosses, quillworts
• Monilophyte
• Ferns horsetails, whisk
ferns
• Seed plants
• Gymnosperms
• Cone-bearing plants
• Angiosperms
• Dominant group of plants
living today
• Any plants that doesn’t
contain any cones
Life Cycle of a
Moss