Paper No. 26 Control Schemes For Multi-Terminal Medium Voltage DC Distribution Network

B4 International Colloquium
1st – 4th October 2019

Johannesburg, South Africa
Paper No. 26
Control Schemes for Multi-terminal Medium Voltage DC Distribution Network
Patrobers Simiyu1, Ai Xin1, Vedaste Ndayishimiye1, Izael Pereira Da Silva2, Lawrence

Bibaya1, Girmaw T. Bitew 3, Salman Salman1
North China Electric Power University1, Strathmore University2, Debre Markos

University3
China , Kenya2, Ethiopia3,
1
SUMMARY
The multi-terminal voltage source converter (VSC) medium voltage DC (MVDC)

distribution network is an upcoming power system platform for market-based solutions
such as reinforcing AC distribution network, integrating renewable energy sources
(RES) etc. The MVDC distribution network concept is relatively new with no current
commercial terrestrial installation in the world. However, the feasibility of the MVDC
network has been demonstrated through a number of demonstration projects that
serve as reference for research and application in the MVDC technologies. The MVDC
projects at Shenzhen City; China and RWTH University Aachen; Germany are the
most outstanding ones. The DC voltage control is one key research area that require
urgent attention. A review of the master-slave, voltage margin and droop-based control
methods for MVDC network operation control was undertaken. This study further
explored key DC voltage coordination control features for the DC voltage control
strategies using a 10kV multi-terminal MVDC distribution network dynamic models.
The scenarios investigated in the study for each case include DC and severe 3-phase
faults, converter loss as well as wind power variations. The results showed that the DC
voltage droop with dead-band control has the lowest steady-state error and has
superior transient response desirable for multi-terminal MVDC operational control.
Future study will enhance the DC voltage droop with dead-band primary control and
incorporate an optimal DC power flow-based secondary control hierarchical scheme
for RES integration.
KEYWORDS
multi-terminal VSC MVDC distribution network; droop-based DC voltage control

methods; conventional droop control; dead-band droop control; undead droop control.
1
1. Introduction
Considerable developments in voltage source converter (VSC) and cable technologies
is making the DC systems to be very significant in the modern power system [1]. At the
distribution level, several studies prove the feasibility of VSC low voltage (LVDC)
systems in residential premises [2]; commercial facilities[3] amongst other applications.
At the transmission level, the VSC High voltage DC (HVDC) systems have
demonstrated great importance for off-shore wind farm (OWF) and solar PV farm grid-
integration, long-distance high-power transmission and asynchronous network
interconnections [4],[5]. Unlike the classical HVDC, the VSC HVDC system is
characterized by faster control response, bidirectional power capability, independent
active and reactive power control, ability to connect a weak AC system, black-start
capability, smaller footprint and capability to form multi-terminal DC (MTDC) grids
hence anticipated to continue offering proven power solutions[5].
Apparently to achieve a universal DC system, the VSC medium voltage DC (MVDC)

distribution network rated 1.5-30kV is the missing link between the transmission and
distribution systems. It is the new conceptual platform that guarantees greater network
capacity, stable and high-quality supply hence perceived as the future alternative for
the conventional medium voltage AC (MVAC) distribution [1],[6]. The MVDC network
which can be designed in radial or mesh topology like the MVAC system with end-user
flexibility can interface AC and DC systems with fewer power conversion stages [7].
Thus, the MVDC distribution network offer a number of market-based solutions such
as AC distribution network reinforcement, grid-integration of RES, railway distribution
systems etc [7], [8]. The feasibility of the MVDC network concept has been
demonstrated through successful collaborative MVDC researches involving academia,
industry and government on theoretical and practical projects in the US [9], Europe
[8],[10] and China [11],[12]. From these studies, dynamic DC voltage control, MVDC
stability analysis, system protection investigations and assessment of RE integration
are largely unexplored and require urgent research [1],[6],[8],[10],[13].
In any MTDC network, DC voltage control is the universal indicator in DC network

loading like frequency in AC systems. A well-regulated voltage in a DC grid guarantees
effective power flow and balance between all the network nodes. Otherwise, a large
DC voltage drop causes non-linearity that incapacitates the controllers while excess
DC voltage increase may activate system protection equipment [14]. Although DC
voltage is related to power balance and power flow, the DC voltage varies greatly at
different terminals in a DC network unlike frequency in AC systems increasing the
complexity of controlling DC voltage and power flow [15]. However, there are various
DC voltage control schemes that have successfully worked in the VSC HVDC systems
namely; master-slave, voltage margin and droop-based control methods [15],[16].
These control strategies can be used as the basis for exploring appropriate DC voltage
control in the MVDC networks as the development of these control concepts is yet to
be adequately addressed [12]. In [17], a review of several DC voltage coordinated
control strategies for MVDC network operation control was undertaken. This study
further explores key DC voltage coordination control features for the DC voltage control
strategies using the multi-terminal MVDC distribution network dynamic models in
PSCAD/EMTDC.
2
The operation of the VSC-based DC network depends on the proportional-integral (PI)

parameters of the control system. The PI parameters should be well selected to realize
rapid response, high dynamic performance and good stability of the VSC-based
system [18]. Tuning PI control parameters has been traditionally done using trial and
error based on the designer experience but the method is very difficult for MTDC
systems. The optimization approaches such as simplex and genetic algorithms that
are increasingly being applied effectively tackles this controller tuning problem. The
parameters optimization based on simplex algorithm and multi-objective function can
be used to obtain suitable PI control parameters for any MTDC system [19],[20].
In this paper, the master-slave, voltage margin, DC voltage droop and DC voltage
droop with dead-band control schemes are investigated on a multi-terminal MVDC
distribution network. Some MVDC distribution network modelling aspects can be
referred to [21] as is not the focus of this paper. The simplex algorithm and objective
function applied in [18] was adopted in deriving the PI controller parameters for the
MVDC network. The paper is organized as follows; Section II outlines the DC voltage
control schemes for exploration. Section III shows the case-study results and
discussion. Section IV concludes the study.
2. DC Voltage Control Schemes

2.1 Master-Slave Control
In this control strategy, one converter terminal i.e. master regulates the DC voltage in
constant DC voltage mode while the others; slaves operate in constant power or AC
voltage mode in the DC network. The master regulates the DC voltage in the grid at
the same time coordinates and sends current/power references to the slaves via a
communication channel. Fig. 1 shows a master-slave control scheme. The master-
slave control scheme is the simplest in design and implementation; has high dynamic
response as well as possess little risk of undesirable interactions between various
voltage regulators. However, the control scheme requires a sufficiently high capacity
master terminal, adequately strong host AC grid and high speed communication
system. Additionally, any breakdown in the master converter results in voltage
instability and subsequent collapse of the entire network [15],[22].
+ +
Vdc_ref PI Id_ref P_ref PI Id_ref Rectifier Vdc Inverter
- -
Vdc P I_refn Vs_ref + PI Id_ref
+ + - V*dc
Vdc_ref Q_ref PI Iq_ref I_ref1 Q_ref PI Iq_ref
- -
Vs
Q Q
VSC-1 VSC-2 VSC-n

I1 (Slave) I2 (Slave) In
(Master)
+
Vdc DC Bus
- Pdc
(a) -P_Max +P_Max
(b)
Fig. 1: Master-Slave Control Scheme; a). Master-Slave Controller b). Control Characteristics
3
2.2 Voltage Margin Control
In voltage margin control, the constant DC voltage and constant power/current modes
are combined in each converter terminal in a DC grid. The DC voltage set-point for
each converter differ by a certain voltage margin. The voltage control priority is given
to the converter with the lowest voltage set-point and the DC voltage control in the grid
is conveyed from one converter to the other in a cascading way. There are one-stage
and two-stage voltage margin controllers where ‘stage’ implies the zero slope in the
voltage-active power (V-P) curve. The two-stage voltage margin controller is more
robust and versatile with lower communication requirements hence prefered for MTDC
operation control [16],[22]. Fig. 2 shows a two-stage voltage margin control strategy.
The Vdc_refL, Vdc_refH, are the lowest and highest DC voltage values respectively in the
set voltage margin. When the grid voltage operate within the normal margin, the
converter works in constant power mode. However, when the voltage deviates from
the set voltage margin, the converter switches to constant DC voltage mode clamping
the voltage at the voltage margin limit to prevent further deviation. Voltage margin is
highly reliable as the DC voltage working point is fixed and it’s possible to precisely
control the active power flow in the DC grid. However, since it is an advanced master-
slave strategy where one converter controls DC voltage at a time, it’s prone to
unsatisfactory transient performance particularly in a large network. When the number
of converters increases, it is very challenging to configure their voltage margins
besides the sluggish dynamic response[15],[16],[22],[23].
V
+ Rectifier Inverter
Vdc_refL PI Min Max Id_ref
- 2-Stage
Vdc_refH
Vdc
Vdc
+ 1-Stage
P_ref PI Vdc_refL
-
P +
Vdc_refH PI
-
Vdc
(a) P_Min P_ref (b) P_Max P
Fig. 2 : Voltage Margin Control Scheme : (a) Two-Stage controller (b) Control Characteristics
2.3 DC Voltage Droop Control
In this control scheme, all or some of the MTDC nodes participate in DC voltage control
as well as share power imbalance in the DC grid rather than attempting to follow their
active power set-points. Fig. 3 shows DC voltage droop control strategy. When the DC
voltage in the network begins to drop, there is a short-fall of active power in the system
and the control node(s) increase rectification without any fast communication system
between the nodes. On the other hand, when the DC voltage starts to increase, there
is a surplus of active power in the grid and the regulating node(s) increase inversion
[12],[16]. The unbalanced active power sharing of each node is governed by a droop
constant, Rdroop/droop gain. When the VSC nodes have identical droop constants,
active power is equally shared amongst the converters in the DC grid. However, when
the nodes have unequal droop constants, the one with a smaller droop constant (large
droop gain) takes a larger share of the unbalanced active power. In contrast, a large
droop constant (smaller droop gain) guarantees greater DC voltage regulation. The
DC voltage regulation and active power sharing are inherently a trade-off in droop
4
control. This control is more reliable than the first two as the network can’t collapse
when one voltage regulating converter fails after a severe contingency as the
remaining converters share the voltage control responsibility. Additionally, many
droop-control based converters can be included in a large MTDC grid without the need
for a fast communication system. Moreover, it’s easy to design a droop control scheme
without rigorous modification on the control system of the other converters. The main
challenge in the DC voltage droop control strategy is the precise control of active power
flow since the DC voltage working point is not fixed[5],[15],[22],[23],[24].
Rectifier Vdc Inverter
+ + +
Vdc_ref Kdroop Limit PI Id_ref Rdroop =Vdc
P
- + - P V*dc
Vdc Kdroop= P
Vdc Vdc
P_ref
P
Pdc
-P_Max P_ref +P_Max
(a) (b)
Fig. 3 : DC Voltage Droop Control Scheme ; a). Droop Controller b). Droop Characteristics
2.4 DC Voltage Droop Control with Dead-Band
In this droop control scheme, the voltage margin and DC voltage droop strategies are
combined in each converter terminal. When the droop scheme is in normal operation
dead-band, it operates in active power control like in voltage margin. If the DC voltage
deviates the dead-band limits, the controller switches to droop control mode [14]. Fig.
4 shows the DC voltage droop control with dead-band scheme. In each converter
terminal, the dead-band is configured for DC voltage and active power control. Hence,
the active power controlling terminals regulate active power to a given reference value
within a defined dead-band for DC voltage. On the other hand, the DC voltage
controlling terminals regulate the DC voltage to a given set-point within a defined dead-
band for active power during steady-state and transient/fault operation. The converter
dead-band may also integrate power oscillation damping function to improve system’s
stability and damping [15]. The main advantage of this droop control scheme is its
ability to maintain the DC voltage profile that overcomes the active power flow
variations experienced in the DC voltage droop control. The controller accurately tracks
the new converter operation schedule with less sensitivity to measurement errors and
with no need for fast communication system. The main challenge in this droop control
scheme is determining unique dead-band for each converter within a narrow voltage
range of about ±10%. Besides, there is need for re-tuning each dead-band whenever
the number of converters in the DC grid change due to failure or expansion[17].
P_Max
P_ref Rectifier Vdc Inverter
+ + +
Vdc_refH Kdroop1 Limit PI Id_ref
- + - Kdroop1
Vdc_refH
Vdc P_ref P
Vdc_refL
P_ref
+ + Kdroop2
Vdc_refL Kdroop2 Limit
- +
Vdc P_ref P_Min
-PMin Pref +PMax
(a) (b)
Fig. 4 : DC Voltage Droop Control with Dead-Band : a). Droop Controller b). Droop Characteristics
5
3. Case Study Results and Discussion

In Fig. 5, a multi-terminal MVDC distribution network for studying its operational control
performance in PSCAD/EMTDC is shown. The PV system is operated on incremental
conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, the permanent magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine is regulated under active-reactive power
control whereas the AC and DC loads are driven on constant voltage control. Table
1.0 displays the main parameters of the MVDC distribution network.
AC
AC Load
VSC3 DC Load
AC
DC
AC DC
DC DC
VSC1 1kM 2kM 1kM VSC2
AC 1kM 1kM 1kM 1kM DC

DC B C AC
A
AC AC
10kV M VDC Bus
1kM 1kM
DC DC
AC DC
PV Syst em
PM SG
Fig. 5 : Multi-terminal VSC MVDC Distribution Network Sub-station
Table 1.0 : Key Parameters of the MVDC Network

No. Parameters Nominal Value
1. Utility AC Voltage/Frequency 10kV/50Hz
2. Reactor Resistance/Inductance 0.003Ω/0.002H
3. AC Transformer Ratings 50MVA;10/5kV
4. VSC 1;2&3 Active Power Rating 9.2/9.3/10MW
5. MVDC Link Capacitance 10000μF
6. MVDC Grid Voltage 10kV
7. PMSG rated Voltage/Power 0.69kV/5MVA
8. PMSG Side Transformer Rating 0.69/5kV
9. PV Array Power 3.34MW
10. PV Array Output Voltage/Vmpp 5kV
11. Boost Converter Inductance 0.05H
12. PV-side Capacitance 1000μF
13. Buck Converter Inductance 1H
14. Buck-side Capacitance 1000μF
14. DC Load Voltage/Power 4kV/8.0MW
15. AC load Power 2.0kV/8.0MW
16. π-DC Cable Resistance/ Inductance/ Capacitance per kM 139mΩ/15.9mH/23.1μF
The V-P characteristics of the VSCs in each of the control schemes are shown in Fig.
6. The DC voltage and active power set-points; voltage margin as well as droop
constants are clearly shown. The master-slave, voltage margin, DC voltage droop and
DC voltage droop with dead-band primary DC voltage control schemes are
respectively investigated. The scenarios under investigations include DC and severe
3-phase faults as well as converter loss at t=4s, t=6s and t=8s respectively lasting 0.2s
each. An increase in PMSG power generation at t=4s and a sudden fall in wind power
output at t=8s are also considered. The response in active power and DC voltage in
the MVDC network is analysed in each case with respect to the base case.
6
Vdc Vdc Vdc
Rectifier (pu) Inverter Rectifier (pu) Inverter Rectifier (pu) Inverter
1.0
-1.1 1.1 P(pu) -1.1 0.93 1.1 P(pu) -1.1 -1.0 1.1 P(pu)
VSC1 VSC2 VSC3
(a) Master-Slave
Vdc Vdc Vdc

1.02
0.99
1.04 0.98
0.97
-1.1 -0.92 1.1 P(pu) -1.1 0.93 1.1 P(pu) -1.1 1.1 P(pu)
VSC1 VSC2 VSC3
(b) Voltage Margin
Vdc Vdc Vdc

20% 15%
30% 0.996 0.990
1.0
-1.1 -0.92 P(pu) -1.1 0.93 P(pu) -1.1 1.0 1.1 P(pu)
+1.1 1.1
VSC1 VSC2 VSC3
(c) DC Voltage Droop
Vdc Vdc Vdc
15%
0.990
30% 20%
1.02 1.02
0.98 0.98
30%
20%
-1.1 -0.92 1.1 P(pu) -1.1 0.93 1.1 P(pu) -1.1 1.0 1.1 P(pu)
VSC1 VSC2 VSC3
VSC3
(d) DC Voltage Droop with Dead-Band
Fig. 6 : V-P Characteristics of the VSCs in the DC Voltage Control Schemes
Fig. 7 shows the simulation results for the base case, contingencies and wind power
variations for each control scheme. Table 2.0 depicts the DC voltage rise and settling
time obtained from Fig. 7. When a severe 3-phase fault was imposed on VSC1 at t=4s
for 0.2s, its active power share dropped to a very low value under each control strategy.
The power output of the PMSG was slightly disturbed due to its proximity to the fault
point. The VSC 2 and 3 shared the active power shortfall in which the lowest DC
voltage rise was observed when the network was under the DC voltage droop and DC
voltage droop with dead band. However, the DC voltage in the droop with dead band
scheme took the shortest time possible to settle down when the fault cleared.
When a DC fault was applied on VSC2 at t=6s for 0.2s, the active power dropped at
all the network terminals causing a drastic fall in DC voltage to zero under each control
method. This is because the DC fault completely impaired the active power transfer
capabilities of the VSCs. However, when the fault cleared, it caused the lowest
overshoot in the DC voltage when under the DC voltage droop with dead band control.
This control scheme recorded the closest settling time after the master slave control
that had the highest overshoot.
When the VSC3 was temporarily disconnected at t=8s for 2s, VSC1 and 2 adjusted to
take up the VSC3 power in all the control schemes. Additionally, some increasing wind
and PV power arose resulting in DC voltage rise. The least rise was observed when
the grid was under the droop control with dead band. However, the master slave control
showed the shortest settling time when the converter was reconnected closely followed
7
by the droop with the dead band scheme. When the wind power was doubled at t=4s
to 8s, VSC1 and VSC2 shared the increased power. However, the increase caused a
DC voltage to rise. The master slave control recorded the least voltage rise closely
followed by the droop with dead band whereas the droop control with dead band gave
the shortest settling time when wind power output was dropped to the rated value.
The contingencies and changes in wind power output prompted active power
imbalances in the MVDC distribution network under all the control schemes.
Consequently, power sharing amongst the converters occurred to restore stability in
the grid. It can be observed that the grid under the DC voltage droop with dead band
control displayed the best power sharing with the least voltage rise due its lowest
steady-state error. In this way, the dead-band controller reduced the steady-state error
in the active power which was accurately regulated to its reference value. During
transients, it was noted that the DC fault showed the most severe disturbance as
observed in the magnitude of the DC voltage rise in the MVDC grid. However, the DC
voltage droop with dead band control allowed the lowest overshoot hence the most
secure and stable control scheme. The recovery of the DC voltage after the
contingencies and increasing wind power cleared fastest and the DC voltage
recovered quickly in the master slave and droop with dead band scheme due to their
superior transient response. On the whole, this study shows that DC voltage droop
with dead band has the lowest steady-state error, is secure and has superior transient
response desirable for multi-terminal MVDC operational control.
VSC1 VSC2 VSC3 PV PMSG DC Load AC Load VSC1 VSC2 VSC3 PV PMSG DC Load AC Load
4.0 1.40
1.20
3.0
1.00
2.0
Active Power (pu)
0.80
DC Voltage (pu)
1.0 0.60
0.40
0.0
0.20
-1.0
0.00
-2.0 -0.20
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Time(s) Time(s)
(a). Base-Case Scenario
4.0 1.40
1.20
3.0
1.00
Active Power (pu)
2.0
DC Voltage (pu)
0.80
1.0 0.60
0.40
0.0
0.20
-1.0
0.00
-2.0 -0.20
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Time(s) Time(s)
(b). Contingency Scenario
4.0 1.40
1.20
3.0
1.00
Active Power (pu)
2.0
0.80
DC Voltage (pu)
1.0 0.60
0.40
0.0
0.20
-1.0
0.00
-2.0 -0.20
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Time(s) Time(s)
(c). Wind Power Increase
(i). Master-Slave Control
(continued in the next pages)
8
4.0 1.20
3.0 1.00
2.0 0.80
DC Voltage (pu)
Active Power (pu)
1.0 0.60
0.0 0.40
-1.0 0.20
-2.0 0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Time(s) Time(s)
(a). Base-Case Scenario
4.0 1.40
1.20
3.0
1.00
2.0
0.80
Active Power (pu)
DC Voltage (pu)
1.0 0.60
0.40
0.0
0.20
-1.0
0.00
-2.0 -0.20
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Time(s) Time(s)
(b). Contingency Scenario
4.0 1.20
3.0 1.00
2.0 0.80
DC Voltage (pu)
Active Power (pu)
1.0 0.60
0.0 0.40
-1.0 0.20
-2.0 0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Time(s) Time(s)
(ii). Voltage Margin Control
1.20
4.0
1.00
3.0
Active Power (pu)
DC Voltage (pu)
0.80
2.0
0.60
1.0
0.40
0.0
0.20
-1.0
0.00
-2.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 Time(s)
Time(s) (a). Base-Case Scenario
4.0 1.40
1.20
3.0
1.00
2.0
0.80
Active Power (pu)
DC Voltage (pu)
1.0 0.60
0.40
0.0
0.20
-1.0
0.00
-2.0 -0.20
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Time(s) (b). Contingency Scenario Time(s)
4.0 1.20
3.0 1.00
2.0 0.80
DC Voltage (pu)
Active Power (pu)
1.0 0.60
0.0 0.40
-1.0 0.20
-2.0 0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Time(s) Time(s)
(iii). DC Voltage Droop Control
9
4.0 1.40
1.20
DC Voltage (pu)
3.0
Active Power (pu)
1.00
2.0
0.80
1.0
0.60
0.0
0.40
-1.0 0.20
-2.0 0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Time(s) (a). Base-Case Scenario Time(s)
4.0 1.40
1.20
3.0
DC Voltage (pu)
Active Power (pu)
1.00
2.0
0.80
1.0 0.60
0.40
0.0
0.20
-1.0
0.00
-2.0 -0.20
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Time(s) (b). Contingency Scenario Time(s)
4.0 1.40
Active Power (pu)
3.0 1.20
DC Voltage (pu)
1.00
2.0
0.80
1.0
0.60
0.0
0.40
-1.0 0.20
-2.0 0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Time(s) Time(s)
(iv). DC Voltage Droop with Dead-Band
Fig. 7 : Base-Case, Contingences and Wind Power Variations for : i). Master-Slave ii). Voltage Margin
iii). DC Voltage Droop iv). DC Voltage with Dead-Band
Table 2.0 : DC Voltage Control Characteristics

DC Voltage Rise (pu) Settling Time (s)
After Wind After
After After After
No. Control Scheme 3Phase DC Converter Power Wind
3Phase DC Converter
Fault Fault Loss Increase Power
Fault Fault Loss
Fall
1 Master-Slave -0.1093 0.2058 0.0636 0.0311 0.1821 0.0454 0.1682 0.0818
2 Voltage Margin 0.0382 0.1721 -0.1360 0.0387 0.2013 0.0675 0.2279 0.2506
3 DC Voltage Droop -0.0376 0.1615 0.0384 0.0605 0.1910 0.0312 0.2044 0.1019
4 DC Voltage Droop -0.0376 0.1596 0.0323 0.0603 0.1818 0.0214 0.1777 0.1012
with Dead band
4. Conclusion
In this paper, a multi-terminal MVDC distribution network was proposed and its
performance during contingencies and wind power increase investigated under
master-slave, voltage margin, DC voltage droop and DC voltage droop with dead-band
control schemes investigated. The results show that the DC voltage droop with dead-
band control has the lowest steady-state error and has superior transient response
desirable for multi-terminal MVDC operational control.
5. Acknowledgments
This work was supported by 2016 National Key Research & Development Program of
China to support Low-Carbon Winter Olympics of Integrated Smart-grid Demonstration
Project (2016YFB0900500) and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (3182037).
10
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11

Paper No. 26 Control Schemes For Multi-Terminal Medium Voltage DC Distribution Network

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Paper No. 26 Control Schemes For Multi-Terminal Medium Voltage DC Distribution Network

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B4 International Colloquium

1st – 4th October 2019

Patrobers Simiyu1, Ai Xin1, Vedaste Ndayishimiye1, Izael Pereira Da Silva2, Lawrence

North China Electric Power University1, Strathmore University2, Debre Markos

The multi-terminal voltage source converter (VSC) medium voltage DC (MVDC)

multi-terminal VSC MVDC distribution network; droop-based DC voltage control

Apparently to achieve a universal DC system, the VSC medium voltage DC (MVDC)

In any MTDC network, DC voltage control is the universal indicator in DC network

The operation of the VSC-based DC network depends on the proportional-integral (PI)

2. DC Voltage Control Schemes

VSC-1 VSC-2 VSC-n

2.2 Voltage Margin Control

2.3 DC Voltage Droop Control

2.4 DC Voltage Droop Control with Dead-Band

3. Case Study Results and Discussion

VSC1 1kM 2kM 1kM VSC2

AC 1kM 1kM 1kM 1kM DC

Fig. 5 : Multi-terminal VSC MVDC Distribution Network Sub-station

Table 1.0 : Key Parameters of the MVDC Network

Vdc Vdc Vdc

Vdc Vdc Vdc

Fig. 6 : V-P Characteristics of the VSCs in the DC Voltage Control Schemes

(continued in the next pages)

Table 2.0 : DC Voltage Control Characteristics

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