Mary van Kleeck

Mary Abby van Kleeck (June 26, 1883 – June 8, 1972) was an
American social scientist and social feminist of the 20th century. She
Mary van Kleeck
was a notable figure in the American labor movement as well as a
proponent of scientific management and a planned economy.

A Dutch American, van Kleeck was a lifelong New Yorker, with the
exception of her undergraduate studies at Smith College in
Massachusetts. She began her career as part of the settlement
movement, investigating women's labor in New York City. Van
Kleeck rose to prominence as director of the Russell Sage
Foundation's Department of Industrial Studies, which she led for
over 30 years, beginning in 1916. During World War I, van Kleeck
was appointed by US President Woodrow Wilson to lead the
development of workplace standards for women entering the
workforce, becoming the first woman appointed to a position of
authority in the American federal government during the war.

After the war, she led the creation of a federal agency to advocate for Born Mary Abby Van
women in the workforce (the Women's Bureau), before returning to Kleeck
the Sage Foundation and continuing her determined research into June 26, 1883
labor issues. By the 1930s, van Kleeck had become a socialist, Glenham, New York,
arguing that central planning of economies was the most effective U.S.
way to protect labor rights. During the Great Depression, she
became a prominent left-wing critic of the New Deal and American Died June 8, 1972
capitalism, advocating a radical agenda for social reformers and (aged 88)
workers. Retiring from the Sage Foundation in 1948, van Kleeck ran Kingston, New York
for New York State Senate as a member of the far-left American Nationality American
Labor Party, but lost the election and turned her focus to peace
activism and nuclear disarmament. As a long-time advocate of Alma mater Smith College
planned economies, she became a defender of Soviet-American Occupation Social scientist, labor
friendship, leading to suspicion from the powerful anti-communist activist
movement. She died aged 88 in 1972.
Employer Russell Sage
Foundation (1910–
1948)
Contents
Early life and career
Russell Sage Foundation and World War I
World War I
Later career
Socialism and opposition to the New Deal
Retirement
References
Sources
External links

Early life and career

Born June 26, 1883 in Glenham, New York,[1] van Kleeck was the child of Eliza Mayer of Baltimore[2] and
Robert Boyd van Kleeck, an Episcopal minister of Dutch origin.[1][3] She was the youngest of five siblings,
including a brother who died in infancy.[2] Her grandfather was Charles F. Mayer, a prominent Baltimore
lawyer and politician.[4] She was close with her mother, but had a distant relationship with her father, who
was often sick when she was young and died in 1892, when she was only nine.[5][6] Van Kleeck was the
valedictorian of her class at Flushing High School in New York City,[1] where she was also a student leader
and debater. Van Kleeck had a strong reputation for intelligence and force of personality among her
classmates.[6] She wrote in her valedictory address:[5]

We are living in an age of disputes, and by no means the least among them is the question of
woman and her rights... [those who defend women] make one great mistake—they bravely
defend woman, but they forget that she needs no defense, they eloquently plead her release
from the bonds of slavery, but they forget that she is not a slave.

— Mary van Kleeck

Van Kleeck studied at Smith College from 1900 to 1904, where she flourished—studying calculus, writing
poetry, and enjoying popularity among her fellow students.[6] She became involved in the Smith College
Association for Christian Work (SCACW), the main student organization on campus.[7] She served as
president of the SCACW in 1903. Through this organization, she encountered the YWCA, which she
remained affiliated with for the remainder of her life.[7] At a YWCA summer retreat in Silver Bay, New
York, van Kleeck was drawn to the ideas of Florence Simms, the YWCA's industrial secretary. Van Kleeck
became determined to dedicate her career to public service, an ideal to which she dedicated a poem in
Smith's yearbook.[5]

After graduating from Smith, van Kleeck received a joint

postgraduate fellowship from the College Settlement Association
and the Smith College Alumnae Association which enabled her to
perform research in New York City.[8] As part of this work, van
Kleeck carried out investigations of the enforcement of the labor law
governing the workweek, which was limited to 60 hours at the time,
though this provision was frequently ignored by employers.[9][10]

She also worked for the New York Child Labor Committee and the
Consumers League.[8] Van Kleeck's work with the College
Van Kleeck studied at Smith College
Settlement Association, along with her role as industrial secretary of before beginning her career in New
the Alliance Employment Bureau (AEB), led to the beginning of her York City.
research on women in industry and child labor. For the AEB, she
conducted a study on the irregular working conditions of milliners
and makers of artificial flowers, both major sources of employment for women at the time.[11] Van Kleeck
also undertook graduate work in social economy at Columbia University during this time. She studied under
the experienced labor economist Henry Rogers Seager[1][8] as well as Franklin Giddings and Samuel
McCune Lindsay, but never completed a doctoral degree.[5]

Russell Sage Foundation and World War I

Van Kleeck gained support from the Russell Sage Foundation in 1907, shortly after its establishment, the
start of a professional relationship which would last for forty years.[12] The organization had been founded
by Margaret Olivia Sage to support social activism and progressive reforms through dedicated scientific
research.[13] Mentored and trained by Florence Kelley and Lilian Brandt,[14] prominent older labor activists
and social reformers, van Kleeck was hired directly by the Foundation in 1910 to lead its Committee on
Women's Work.[1] She was instrumental in the passage of New York laws prohibiting long working hours in
1910 and 1915.[5] Van Kleeck and the Sage Foundation published a series of books based on her research:
Artificial Flower Makers (1913), Women in the Bookbinding Trade (1913), and Wages in the Millinery Trade
(1914).[5][15]

In 1916, van Kleeck persuaded the Foundation to create the Division of Industrial Studies with her as its
head.[5] As director of the division, soon renamed and expanded to become the Department of Industrial
Studies, she became a well-known figure in the study of industrial labor conditions and women's
employment in industry.[16] Van Kleeck's department became an organization known for expertise on
industry and labor, and for training graduate students and developing new methods of investigation. Its work
was characterized by "careful empiricism, collegial review, and cooperation with state and private agencies,"
according to the historian Guy Alchon.[5]

Van Kleeck's department frequently recommended labor reforms,

such as the establishment of cooperative wage boards. More than
once, the Sage Foundation was required to protect the Department of
Industrial Studies from reprisals from aggrieved corporations which
had been investigated by the department.[17] The Remington Arms
manufacturing company, criticized by van Kleeck's department in
1916 for providing substandard conditions for its workers, attempted
to suppress the resulting report, but was rebuffed by Robert
DeForest, the foundation's vice president.[5]
Van Kleeck at work with the Russell
Alongside Eleanor Roosevelt, van Kleeck was also co-vice president Sage Foundation before World War I
of the Women's City Club of New York, which was founded in
1915.[18] During this period, van Kleeck's output of labor studies
and other articles was prodigious, and she often worked closely with the Women's Trade Union League
(WTUL).[7][19] For instance, she authored an article in the Journal of Political Economy arguing that
working girls should be able to access evening school courses without financial barriers, published in May
1915.[20] She also taught a series of courses on industrial issues at Columbia University's New York School
of Philanthropy from 1914 to 1917.[21] At Columbia, Van Kleeck encountered the ideas of Taylorism (also
known as scientific management) and rapidly became a proponent,[21] viewing it as a "social science of
utopian potential." She was a prominent member of the Taylor Society for several decades.[12]

World War I

In 1917, amidst World War I, van Kleeck undertook an investigation of the possibility of the employment of
women in U.S. Army warehouses at the behest of the War Industries Board.[9] She recommended the
creation of a Women's Bureau in the War Department, and as a result President Woodrow Wilson
appointed[14] van Kleeck to lead a new Women in Industry Service group, a sub-agency of the Department
of Labor.[22] As such, she became the first woman in the United States appointed to a position of authority
in the federal government since the beginning of the country's involvement in World War I.[9] Van Kleeck
wrote that the great numbers of women brought into the workforce by the war represented a "new freedom"
for women: "freedom to serve their country through their industry not as women but as workers judged by
the same standards and rewarded by the same recompense as men".[23]
The Women in Industry Service group produced a series of reports
documenting wage disparities, unsafe working conditions, and
discrimination against female workers, conducting investigations in
31 states.[23][24] Their recommendations were often ignored, and at
an October 1918 conference to discuss women's labor organized by
van Kleeck, Secretary of Labor William Wilson declined to take
action to address wage inequality.[25] Van Kleeck made it a priority
to appoint a black woman to the staff of the Women in Industry
Service group, working with George Haynes to find a suitable
candidate. Eventually, an experienced researcher named Helen Irvin, Van Kleeck investigated labor
a graduate of Howard University, was hired from the Red conditions for women in the
Cross.[26][27] workforce during World War I, such
as these ordnance manufacturers in
In December 1918, the group published a wide-ranging report Pennsylvania.
entitled Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. The
report was later used as the basis for the groundbreaking Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938, which applied standards to workplaces throughout the country.[23][28] After the war,
van Kleeck's group became the United States Women's Bureau. Van Kleeck wrote the law enabling this
transition in June 1920.[21] On July 14, van Kleeck was appointed as the head of the new agency within the
Department of Labor.[5] Although she was expected to lead the Bureau permanently, van Kleeck was called
away to help care for her dying mother and resigned after a few weeks. Mary Anderson, her close friend and
colleague, became its first long-term director instead.[7][23]

Later career
Van Kleeck resumed her work and research with the Russell Sage Foundation after World War I, once more
becoming director of the Department of Industrial Studies.[10] The foundation continued to perform in-depth
studies of conditions for workers at workplaces such as the Rockefeller coal and steel works, the Dutchess
Bleachery, and Filene's Department Store. These studies collectively represented "one of the decade's most
searching examinations of the dramatic changes underway in the relationship between capital, labor,
stockholders, and management," according to the economic historian Mark Hendrickson.[8] During the
1920s, van Kleeck also served on several government committees in Harding's, Coolidge's, and Hoover's
administrations,[1][16] including the President's Conference on Unemployment in 1921. Chaired by Hoover,
who was then Secretary of Commerce, the unemployment committee developed a plan for the uniform
calculation of employment statistics across the United States, work in which van Kleeck played a key
role.[29]

From 1928, she was also active in the International Industrial Relations Institute, which she co-led with
Mary (Mikie) Fleddérus.[3] Prominent members of the Institute included Adelaide Anderson and Lillian
Moller Gilbreth.[10] Fleddérus, a Dutch social reformer, became van Kleeck's lifelong partner and the two
women lived together for most of their later life, splitting their time evenly between Holland and New York
City each year and exchanging daily letters when apart.[30] In 1932, as a longtime advocate of social-
economic planning, van Kleeck visited the Soviet Union, which she viewed as being at the forefront of
scientific management and labor rights.[30] The next year, she was elected as a fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science.[31][32] Van Kleeck also led the organization of the American
Association of Social Workers, which later merged into the National Association of Social Workers.[21]

Socialism and opposition to the New Deal

Although several fellow social scientists and activists advocated for
van Kleeck to receive a cabinet position in the new Roosevelt
administration in 1933, her increasingly radical views made this
unlikely. By the early 1930s, van Kleeck had become a socialist, and
she opposed the Roosevelt administration's New Deal initiatives,
instead favoring Soviet-style economic planning, which she was
convinced would be effective in solving the USA's continuing
economic issues.[12][33] Although appointed to the Federal Advisory
Council of the New Deal U.S. Employment Service, she resigned in
protest after one day due to her belief that the National Recovery
Administration was not sufficiently supportive of unions.[19][34] Van
Kleeck continued to conduct labor studies and write in favor of
socialist policies. Her book Miners and Management, published in
1934, was based on a study of the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company,
and argued that all industry should be socialized. Her next book,
Creative America, was published in 1936 and opposed continued
private control of the means of production.[19]
Van Kleeck resigned from an
During the early years of the New Deal, van Kleeck was considered advisory position with the U.S.
a leading figure of the American left, with considerable influence Employment Service due to her
over the national social work movement, which advocated for opposition to New Deal policies.
progressive improvements in society.[14] Her influence was
showcased by a rapturous[35] reception at the National Conference
of Social Work (NCSW) meeting in 1934.[33] There, she presented her paper "Our Illusions Regarding
Government", arguing that social reformers must not allow themselves to be corrupted by a government
controlled by capital and big business, which would "tend to protect property rights rather than human
rights".[33][36]

Van Kleeck's speech, delivered to a packed crowd, was so well-received that she received the conference's
top award for an outstanding paper, and was asked to present it again to meet the high demand from
attendees to hear her work.[14][37] This reaction alarmed more conservative members of the NCSW and led
its president, William Hodson, to criticize van Kleeck's radicalism and opposition to the New Deal at the
organization's annual banquet.[37] In response, nearly 1,000 conference attendees organized to unofficially
censure Hodson.[14]

Van Kleeck was also a member of the board of directors of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU),
heading up the Subcommittee on Labor Policy.[38] She was affiliated with the ACLU from 1935 until 1940,
when she resigned in protest after the ACLU expelled Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, one of its own founders, for
belonging to the Communist Party.[1][38]

Van Kleeck was initially opposed to American entry into World War II, viewing it as an imperialist
misadventure. During the war, she continued to argue for the inclusion of women in government and the
labor force.[1] In 1944, van Kleeck co-wrote a book with Mary Fleddérus, entitled Technology and
Livelihood. The book argued that increased technological innovation and efficiency inevitably lead to
increased unemployment and underemployment, and suggested a strong welfare state and labor movement
as the necessary remedy to this problem.[10][30] Known for her prewar contributions to labor statistics, van
Kleeck became a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 1945.[1][39]

Retirement
Van Kleeck retired from the Sage Foundation at the age of 63 in 1948. She ran for New York State Senate
the same year as a member of the far-left American Labor Party. She lost the election and turned her focus
to anti-nuclear activism and disarmament work.[1][16] She assisted in the founding of the Congress of
American Women, an important organization in the post-war peace movement. Van Kleeck argued that the
organization should focus on women not just as homemakers but as workers, and invited Mary McLeod
Bethune to present to the organization on discrimination against African-American women.[40]

Although she never publicly joined the Communist Party, van Kleeck became a defender of the Soviet
Union, believing it to represent the world's only viable alternative to capitalism. As a result, she came under
government suspicion and sustained FBI surveillance as a 'fellow traveler' and possible secret member of the
Communist Party, although no evidence of this was ever presented.[12][41] Several times, van Kleeck was
denied a visa to travel abroad.[12][30] As an openly dedicated socialist, van Kleeck was called before Joseph
McCarthy's Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in 1953, where she was represented by civil
rights lawyer Leonard Boudin and questioned by Roy Cohn.[42] An excerpt from that questioning follows:

Mr. COHN: Are you a believer in our form of government today?

Miss VAN KLEECK: Emphatically. I am an American with a long family background going
back to the early days, and my whole work is devoted to the United States of America.

Mr. COHN: My question was: You are a believer in the capitalist form of government?

Miss VAN KLEECK: Is the United States essentially and forever capitalist? It has changed its
form of organization through the years. I am a believer in political democracy, which is the
essence of the United States of America.

— Transcript from US Senate hearing, March 25, 1953[42]

In retirement, she lived with her longtime partner Mikie Fleddérus in Woodstock, New York.[43] A lifelong
Christian socialist, she was a member of the Episcopal League for Social Action and the Society of the
Companions of the Holy Cross.[19][21] Van Kleeck died of heart failure on June 8, 1972, in Kingston, New
York. She was 88.[10]

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External links
Mary van Kleeck papers (https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/501) at the
Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections

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