Report 138

Health and Safety

in the Rubber
Industry

N. Chaiear

Volume 12, Number 6, 2001

 RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS
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Item 1
Source of
Macromolecules
original article
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83
Title EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES
Authors and
Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han affiliation
Akron,University
The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and
ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714
from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection
moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the
variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time
observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated
that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing Abstract
very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time
during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments
indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the
heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase
separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could
not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment.
The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied
with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. Companies or
GOODRICH B.F. organisations
Location USA mentioned
Accession no.771897

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 Previous Titles Still Available
Volume 1 Volume 4
Report 3 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough. Report 37 Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright,
Report 4 Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton. University of Surrey.
Report 5 CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandland Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications,
and M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology. D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.
Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant. Report 41 Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.
Report 11 Communications Applications of Polymers, Report 42 Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, Bayer
R. Spratling, British Telecom. AG.
Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry, Report 43 Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources,
R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries. J.M. Methven, UMIST.
Report 44 Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics,
Volume 2 J. Green, FMC Corp.
Report 13 Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics, Report 45 Composites - Tooling and Component Processing,
A.F. Whelan, London School of Polymer Technology. N.G. Brain, Tooltex.
Report 14 Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and Leisure Report 46 Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson,
Industries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, Rapra J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.
Technology Ltd. Report 47 Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, Leicester
Report 15 Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Applications, Polytechnic.
G. Woods, Consultant.
Report 16 Polyetheretherketone, D.J. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton. Volume 5
Report 17 Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 49 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics,
Report 18 Agricultural and Horticultural Applications of H.T. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.
Polymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee for
Plastics in Agriculture. Report 50 Automotive Applications of Polymers II,
A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.
Report 19 Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging,
R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd. Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein,
Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.
Report 20 Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.
Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge,
Report 21 Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry,
University of Manchester.
H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.
Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Building
Report 22 Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey,
Research Establishment.
Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd.
Report 23 Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, Report 54 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt,
Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd. Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.
Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for Food Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing,
Packaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division. E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for
Industriforskning, Norway.
Volume 3 Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications,
J. Maxwell, Consultant.
Report 25 Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom Report 57 Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University.
Technology Associates.
Report 58 Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra
Report 26 Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil
Technology Ltd.
Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.
Report 59 Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications,
Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans,
A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.
Consultant.
Report 28 Adhesives for Structural and Engineering Report 60 Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley,
Applications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd. Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton,
Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy. Volume 6
Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds, Report 61 Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell,
National NDT Centre, Harwell. Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan, Report 62 Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.
Dow Corning Ltd.
Report 63 Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of
Report 32 Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications, Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.
D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and
3M Belgium SA. Report 64 Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.
Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels, Report 65 Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson,
T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd. International Automotive Design.
Report 34 Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova Report 66 Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processing
Petrochemicals Inc. and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer
Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology.
Report 35 Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey,
Hotpoint Ltd. Report 67 Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation,
Report 36 Developments in Additives to Meet Health and V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy.
Environmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Report 68 Cure Assessment by Physical and Chemical
Technology Ltd. Techniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 69 Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell,
Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.
Report 70 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers,
M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. England
and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research
and Development Center.
Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s
University of Belfast.
Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier,
Econology Ltd.
Volume 7
Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown,
P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science
and Technology, University of Bradford.
Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.
Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead
Consulting Ltd.
Report 76 Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials,
R.C.P. Cubbon.
Report 77 Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves,
Goodyear Technical Center.
Report 78 PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications,
J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.
Report 79 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory
and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems,
Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General
Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.
Report 80 Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other
Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.
Report 81 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications,
J.A. Brydson.
Report 82 Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization,
Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute,
National Research Council Canada.
Report 83 Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic
Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra
Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd.
Report 84 Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing,
P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.
Volume 8
Report 85 Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université
Pierre et Marie Curie.
Report 86 High Performance Engineering Plastics,
D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.
Report 94 Compressive Behaviour of Composites,
C. Soutis, Imperial College of Science, Technology
and Medicine.
Report 95 Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten &
Masch Manufacturing Co.
Report 96 Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman,
St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.
Volume 9
Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory
and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire
Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.
Report 98 Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore &
S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 99 Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes,
Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.
Report 100 Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory and
Applications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure
de Chimie, Mulhouse.
Report 101 Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller
Company.
Report 102 Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, Rapra
Technology Ltd.
Report 103 Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.
Report 104 Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram
Technology Ltd.
Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development,
B.G. Crowther.
Report 106 Properties and Applications of Elastomeric
Polysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.
Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis,
The Open University.
Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes,
M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Volume 10
Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide,
J.A. Lindsay.
Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers,
R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet,
Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis,
The Open University.
Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications,
J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.
Report 113 Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula,
University of Texas at Austin.

Report 87 Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene,
Technology Ltd. V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Report 88 Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications, Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky,
A.S. Wilson. University of Hamburg.
Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders,
Report 89 Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and
Y. Wang, Tunghai University.
Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The Smart
Chemical Company. Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing,
R.J.M. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward Mackenzie
Report 90 Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood. Consulting.
Report 91 Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton, Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and
University of Surrey. Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.
Report 92 Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles, Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and
A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke. J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 93 Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey,
Technologies Inc. Shipley Ronal.
Volume 11
Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials,
I.B. Page, BIP Ltd.
Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and
Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.
Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research
Council Canada.
Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe,
University of Exeter.
Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR,
H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated.
Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd,
University of Nottingham.
Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and
F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant.
Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau,
Lucent Technologies.
Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation,
D.C. Wright.
Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack,
D.C. Wright.
Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation,
D.C. Wright.
Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner,
Clariant Huningue SA.

Titles Available in the Current Volume

Volume 12
Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection
Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc.
Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers,
J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University.
Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.
Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.
Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker Chemie
GmbH.
Health and Safety in the
Rubber Industry

Naesinee Chaiear
(Khon Kaen University)

ISBN: 1-85957-301-0
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Contents

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5

2 The Law Affecting Health and Safety ........................................................................................... 5

2.1 The Law Affecting Health and Safety in the United States ................................................................. 5
2.1.1 Federal Regulation of Occupational Health and Safety in the Workplace ............................. 5
2.1.2 Workers’ Compensation ......................................................................................................... 8
2.2 The Law Affecting Health and Safety in the United Kingdom and other European Countries ........... 8
2.2.1 Common Law ......................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1.1 Standard of Care of Occupational Health Specialist .............................................. 8
2.2.1.2 Duty to Inform and Warn of Risks to Health and Safety ........................................ 8
2.2.1.3 Balancing the Risk .................................................................................................. 8
2.2.1.4 Constructive Knowledge ........................................................................................ 8
2.2.1.5 The State of the Art ................................................................................................. 8
2.2.1.6 Employer’s Responsibility ..................................................................................... 8
2.2.1.7 Duty Owed for Mental Breakdown ........................................................................ 9
2.2.1.8 Stress and Other Mental Disorders ......................................................................... 9
2.2.1.9 Employees’ Duties .................................................................................................. 9
2.2.2 Statutes ................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2.1 UK Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 ................................................................ 9
2.2.2.2 Employer’s Statutory Duties................................................................................... 9
2.2.2.3 Employees’ Statutory Duties .................................................................................. 9
2.2.2.4 The Institutions ....................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2.5 UK Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) ............. 10
2.2.2.6 UK Regulations 1992 ........................................................................................... 10
2.2.3 European Law ...................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.3.1 General .................................................................................................................. 10
2.2.3.2 Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) ........................................................................ 10
2.2.3.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 10
2.2.3.4 Working Time Directive ........................................................................................11
2.2.4 Other Codes and Regulations on Health and Safety .............................................................11
2.2.4.1 BRMA Code of Practice ........................................................................................11

3 Industrial Safety: Equipment ...................................................................................................... 11

3.1 Industrial Statistics ..............................................................................................................................11

1
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

3.2 Mill and Calender Safety ....................................................................................................................11

3.2.1 Mill Safety ............................................................................................................................11
3.2.2 Calender Safety .................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.3 Machine Lockout ................................................................................................................. 14

4 Fire and Explosions ...................................................................................................................... 15

5 Solvents .......................................................................................................................................... 15
5.1 Health Effects .................................................................................................................................... 15
5.1.1 Benzene: C6H6 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
5.1.2 Toluene: C6H5CH3 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
5.1.3 Xylene: C6H4(CH3)2 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
5.1.4 Methylene Chloride (dichloromethane): CH2Cl2 ................................................................................................................. 16
5.1.5 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methylchloroform): CH3CCl3 ................................................................................................... 16

6 Epidemiology ................................................................................................................................. 17

7 Natural Rubber Latex Allergy ..................................................................................................... 17

8 Skin Irritation and Dermatitis .................................................................................................... 19

9 Dust and Fume .............................................................................................................................. 19

9.1 Dust .................................................................................................................................................... 19
9.1.1 Carbon Black ....................................................................................................................... 20
9.1.2 Crystalline Silica .................................................................................................................. 21
9.1.2.1 Silicosis ................................................................................................................. 21
9.1.2.2 Cancer ................................................................................................................... 21
9.1.2.3 Autoimmune Diseases .......................................................................................... 21
9.1.2.4 Tuberculosis .......................................................................................................... 21
9.1.2.5 Kidney Disease ..................................................................................................... 22
9.1.2.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection ........................................................... 22
9.2 Rubber Fumes .................................................................................................................................... 22
9.2.1 Visible Fumes ....................................................................................................................... 22
9.2.2 Gases and Vapours ............................................................................................................... 22
9.3 A Strategy for Dust and Fume Control .............................................................................................. 23
9.3.1 Assessing the Risks to Health from Dust and Fume ............................................................ 23
9.3.2 Selection of Control Methods .............................................................................................. 23
9.3.2.1 Elimination and Substitution ................................................................................ 23

2
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

9.3.2.2 Containment.......................................................................................................... 23
9.3.2.3 Process Control ..................................................................................................... 24
9.3.2.4 Handling and Working Methods ........................................................................... 24
9.3.2.5 Ventilation Control ............................................................................................... 24
9.3.2.6 Segregation ........................................................................................................... 24
9.3.2.7 Housekeeping and Cleanliness ............................................................................. 24
9.3.2.8 Respirators ............................................................................................................ 24

10 Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders ................................................................................ 24

10.1 Prevention ........................................................................................................................................ 25

11 Nitrosamines ................................................................................................................................ 25

12 1,3-Butadiene .............................................................................................................................. 25
12.1 Health Effects .................................................................................................................................. 26
12.1.1 Animal Studies ................................................................................................................... 26
12.1.2 Human Studies ................................................................................................................... 26
12.2 Industrial Exposure and Control ...................................................................................................... 26

13 General Recommendations for Handling Rubber Chemicals ................................................ 27

13.1 Personal Hygiene ............................................................................................................................. 27
13.2 Handling........................................................................................................................................... 27
13.3 General and Local Exhaust Ventilation ........................................................................................... 27
13.4 Skin Protection and Protective Clothing .......................................................................................... 27

14 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 28

Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................ 28

References......................................................................................................................................... 29

References and Abstracts ................................................................................................................ 31

Subject Index ................................................................................................................................. 121

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those of
Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or
liability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with any
utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

3
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

4
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
1 Introduction
The rubber industry uses both natural and synthetic
rubber. Southeast Asia produces most of the world’s
natural rubber, while synthetic rubber is a product of
industrialised countries like the United States, Japan
and Europe. Brazil is the one developing nation with
a significant synthetic rubber industry. Tyres and tyre
products account for approximately 60% of the
synthetic rubber and 75% of the natural rubber used,
and this industry employs about half a million workers
worldwide. Important non-tyre uses of rubber include
automotive belts and hoses, gloves, condoms and
rubber footwear. Table 1 indicates the variety of
rubber products made from rubber polymers (a.1).
Occupational health and safety in the rubber industry are
major concerns. Of the many scientific studies performed
on workers in the industry, some have identified a
disproportionate mortality from bladder, stomach, lung,
haematopoietic and other cancers – deaths correlated to a
workplace where long-term exposure to many chemical
combinations occurred. Often such long-term exposure
injuries, where ill effects are not detected for years, are
overlooked so that prevention of dramatic injuries
occupies safety agendas instead.
In previous guides to health and safety in the rubber
industry, the focus was upon the synthetic rubber
industry. This guide follows a similar format but with
expanded sections on the natural rubber industry.
The first section outlines the laws affecting health
and safety in the industry whilst the remainder of the
guide presents specific health and safety issues of
interest to employers and employees.
2 The Law Affecting Health and Safety
Occupational health and safety requirements vary
around the world. In mainland Europe, occupational
health and safety regulations are based on civil law
and requirements tend to be more specific than those
in the United States.
2.1 The Law Affecting Health and Safety in the
United States
In the United States, toxic substances in the
workplace are primarily controlled through three
federal laws: the Mine Safety and Health Act of
1969, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH
Act) of 1970, and the Toxic Substances Control Act
(TSCA) of 1976. The OSH Act established the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) in the Department of Labor to enforce
compliance, and the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the
Department of Health and Human Services (under
the Center for Disease Control) to perform research
and conduct health hazard evaluations. The Office
of Toxic Substances in the Environment Protection
Agency (EPA) administers the TSCA. Regulatory
laws under the OSH Act have clearly influenced
other environmental legislation and will probably
affect the implementation of the TSCA (a.2).
2.1.1 Federal Regulation of Occupational Health
and Safety in the Workplace
The OSH Act requires the OSHA: (1) to encourage
employers and employees to reduce hazards in the
workplace and to implement new or improved safety
and health programs; (2) to develop mandatory job
safety and health standards and enforce them
effectively; (3) to establish separate but dependent
responsibilities and rights for employers’ safety and
health conditions; (4) to establish reporting and record
keeping procedures to monitor job related injuries and
illnesses; and, (5) to encourage states to assume the
fullest responsibility for establishing and
administering their own occupational safety and
health programs (a.2).
The OSHA thus: inspects workplaces for violations of
existing health and safety standards; establishes
advisory committees; holds hearings; sets new or
revised standards for control of specific substances,
conditions, or use of equipment; enforces standards by
assessing fines or by other legal means; and, provides
constructive services, training and education for both
employers and employees. From the development of
standards through to their implementation and
enforcement, the OSHA upholds the right of employers
and employees to be fully informed, to actively
participate, and to appeal its decisions (a.2).
The coverage of the OSH Act initially extended to all
employers and their employees, except self-employed
people, family-owned and -operated farms, and
workplaces already protected by other federal agencies
or other federal statutes. In 1979, however, Congress
exempted approximately 1.5 million businesses (with
5
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Table 1 Some important rubber polymers

Type of Production Properties Common uses
rubber/elastomer (1000s of tonnes in 1993)
Natural rubber Thailand 1,501 General purpose; not oil- Tyres, shock mounts, seals,
Indonesia 1,353 resistant, swollen by couplings, bridge and
Malaysia India 923 solvents; deteriorates building bearing, footwear,
426 when exposed to oxygen, hoses, conveyor belts,
ozone, UV light moulded products, linings,
rolls, gloves, condoms,
medical devices, adhesives,
carpet backing, thread, foam
Polyisoprene (IR) US 47 General purpose; Same as natural rubber
Western Europe 15 synthetic natural rubber, above
Japan 52 similar properties
Styrene-butadiene US 920 General purpose: Second Tyres (75%), conveyor
Western Europe 1,117 World War natural rubber belts, sponges, moulded
Japan 620 substitute; poor goods, footwear, hoses, roll
oil/solvent resistance coverings, adhesives,
waterproofing, latex carpet
backing, foam products
Polybutadiene (BR) US 465 Poor oil/solvent Tyres, shoes, conveyor
Western Europe 297 resistance; subject to belts, transmission belts, toy
Japan 215 weathering; high superballs
Eastern Europe 62 (1996) resilience, abrasion
resistance and low-
temperature flexibility
Butyl (IIR) US 130 Low gas permeability: Inner tubes, tyre curing
Western Europe 168 resistant to heat, acid, bladders, caulking and
Eastern Europe 90 polar liquids; not resistant sealants, cable insulation,
Japan 83 to oil, solvents; moderate vibration isolators, pond
weathering liners and roofing
membranes, high
temperature conveyor belts
and hoses
Ethylene-propylene/- US 261 Low-temperature Wire and cable jackets;
Ethylene-Propylene-- Western Europe 201 flexibility; resistant to extruded weather stripping
Diene Japan 124 weathering and heat but and seals; moulded
not oil, solvents; products; isolation mounts;
excellent electrical liner sheeting for grain
properties storage, roofing, ponds,
ditches, landfill
Polychloroprene US 105 Resistant to oil, flame, Wire and cable jackets,
(CR) (neoprene) Western Europe 102 heat and weather hoses, belts, conveyor belts,
Japan 74 footwear, wet suits, coated
fabrics and inflatable
products, extrusions,
adhesives, bridge and rail
mounts, sheeting, sponge
gaskets, latex foam products

6
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Table 1 Continued
Type of Production Properties Common uses
rubber/elastomer (1000s of tonnes in 1993)
Nitrile (NBR) US 64 Resistant to oil, solvents, Sealants, fuel-resistant hose
Western Europe 108 vegetable oil; swollen by linings and gaskets, roll
Japan 70 polar solvents such as coverings, conveyor belts,
Eastern Europe 30 ketones shoe soles, gloves,
adhesives; oil drilling
equipment
Silicone (MQ) US 95 Stable at high/low Wire and cable insulation,
Western Europe 107 temperatures; resistant to seals, adhesives, gaskets,
Japan 59 (1990) oil, solvents, weathering; specialty moulded and
physiologically and extruded goods, gas masks
chemically inert and respirators, food and
medical tubing, surgical
implants
Polysulfide (OT) US 20 Resistant to oil, solvents, Roller covering, hose liner,
Western Europe 0 low temperature, gaskets, moulded goods,
Japan 3 weathering; low gas sealants, gas meter
permeability diaphragms, glass sealants,
solid rocket propellant
binder
Reclaimed rubber Shorter polymer chains; Tyres, inner tubes, floor
easier processing; less mats, mechanical goods,
mixing time and power adhesives, rubberised
consumption; lower asphalt
tensile strength and low
cost
Source: Reproduced with permission from ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th edition,
1998, Volume 3, p 80.2, Copyright © International Labour Organization, 1998 (a.1)

10 or fewer employees) from routine OSHA safety
inspections. Since federal agencies, such as the US
Postal Service, are not subject to OSHA regulations
and enforcement provisions, each agency is required
to establish and maintain its own effective and
comprehensive job safety and health programme. The
OSHA provision does not apply to state and local
governments in their role as employers, but does require
any state desiring to gain OSHA support or funding
for its own occupational safety and health programme
to provide a programme to cover its state and local
government workers that is as effective as the OSHA
programme is for private employees.
The OSHA can set standards either on its own or when
petitioned to do so by other parties, including: the
Secretary of Health and Human Services, NIOSH, state
and local governments and nationally recognised
standards-producing organisation, employers or labour
representatives, or any other interested person. The
standard setting process involves input from advisory
committees and from NIOSH. When the OSHA develops
plans to propose, amend, or delete a standard, these
intentions must be published in the Federal Register.
Interested parties can then present arguments and
pertinent evidence in writing (or at public hearings) in
support of or against the changes. The OSHA is
authorised to set emergency temporary standards, which
take immediate effect but expire within six months. But
in order to do this, the OSHA must first determine that
workers are in grave danger from exposure to toxic
substances or new hazards and are not adequately
protected by existing standards. Standards can be
appealed through the federal courts, but filing an appeals
petition will not delay the enforcement of the standard
unless a court of appeals specifically orders it. Employers
may make application to the OSHA for variance from a
standard or regulation if they lack the means to comply,
or if they can prove that their facilities or methods of
operation provide effective employee protection.

7
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

OSHA requires employers of more than 10 employees
to maintain records of occupational injuries and
illnesses. Irrespective of company size, the following
must be recorded: all occupational injuries and
diseases resulting in death, and injuries resulting in
one or more lost work days, restriction of work or
motion, loss of consciousness, transfer to another job,
or medical treatment (other than first aid) (a.2).
2.2.1.1 Standard of Care of Occupational Health
Specialist
The standard of care expected of a professional
person, an occupational health specialist, is that he/
she performs well and up to the legislated industry
standard.

2.2.1.2 Duty to Inform and Warn of Risks to Health

2.1.2 Workers’ Compensation
and Safety
Workers’ compensation is a legal system designed to
Employers, with assistance from medical advisers, are
shift some of the costs of occupational injuries and
obliged to inform and warn their workers, including
illness from workers to employers. Workers’
prospective employees, of the potential dangers and
compensation is a no fault system with a wider
inherent risks of the job.
coverage than common law. Workplace injuries and
illnesses are compensatable even if they are only in
part work related and injured workers do not need to
prove that their injuries were caused by employer 2.2.1.3 Balancing the Risk
negligence. Workers’ compensation laws generally
require employers or their insurance companies to The courts have determined that the greater the risk to
reimburse part of injured workers’ lost wages and their health and safety, the greater the time and expense an
entire medical and rehabilitation expenses. employer must expend to lessen the risk(s) to
employees.
Workers’ compensation provides income benefits
medical payments and rehabilitation payments to
workers injured on the job and benefits to survivors of
2.2.1.4 Constructive Knowledge
fatally injured workers. There are 50 state and three
federal workers’ compensation jurisdictions, each with
its own statute and regulations. The law prescribes the The courts consider the knowledge base in the industry
benefit formulas. Some large employers pay the benefits at the time of an alleged negligence when judging
themselves, but most pay yearly premiums to an whether an employer acted responsibly or not.
insurance company, which then processes all claims and
pays compensation to injured workers.
2.2.1.5 The State of the Art

2.2 The Law Affecting Health and Safety in the
United Kingdom and other European Countries
Common law, statutes, and European Directives and
Recommendations can affect the employment of people
with health problems, and the services available to them
(a.3).
2.2.1 Common Law
Common law covers both criminal and civil law. For
centuries, common law courts have held employers
liable for negligence if they have not taken reasonable
care of the health and safety of their workers.
Employers should grow in their knowledge of health
and safety and take advice and information offered to
them by occupational health experts.
2.2.1.6 Employer’s Responsibility
Employers have a greater responsibility toward
employees with known medical conditions. It is vital
that employers take informed advice regarding
employee fitness for work. In addition, employers are
responsible for any special arrangements, precautions
or restrictions for employees with disabilities, which
might affect the work or the health and safety of the
workers and others.

8
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
2.2.1.7 Duty Owed for Mental Breakdown
The courts have extended the principle of the
employer’s common law duty to include psychiatric
injury and the mental well being of employees.
2.2.1.8 Stress and Other Mental Disorders
The employer must be mindful of the strain and trauma
of the job and take steps to compensate employees
accordingly. The courts have now recognised that an
employer must care for both the physical and mental
well being of employees.
2.2.1.9 Employees’ Duties
In common law, employees have implied duties,
including the duty to work with reasonable care and
competence and to loyally and faithfully serve their
employer.
2.2.2 Statutes
2.2.2.1 UK Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
The 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act (HASWA)
defines the statutory duties UK employers must carry
out for the reasonable care of their employees (a.4).
The HASWA currently imposes only criminal liability.
Companies and individual managers and employees
can be prosecuted for breaches of their statutory duties.
A provision in the HASWA – Section 47 – extends the
jurisdiction of the Act permitting employees injured at
work to sue in civil court.
The Act covers everyone at work, including
independent contractors and their employees, the self-
employed and visitors, but excludes domestic servants
in private households.
Under Section 6 of the HASW Act the manufacturers
and suppliers of industrial chemicals have the
responsibility to furnish appropriate information
relating to the toxic potential of their products.
The employer has a duty to provide such information
as is necessary to ensure the health and safety at work
of his employees. That is, he/she should obtain
information not only from the manufacturers and
suppliers but, where necessary, from other sources.
2.2.2.2 Employer’s Statutory Duties
The HASWA imposes general duties on employers, in
Section 2, to take reasonable care of the health, safety
and welfare of their employees at work, and to provide:
• A safe system and place of work;
• Information, instruction and training on matters of
health and safety and adequate supervision;
• A safe system for the handling, storage and
transport of substances and materials;
• A safe working environment.
2.2.2.3 Employees’ Statutory Duties
Employees’ duties are outlined in Sections 7 and 8.
They are to take reasonable care to ensure their own
health and safety and that of others, to co-operate on
any matter of health and safety and to avoid behaviour
or actions, which would endanger their own health and
safety or that of others. This includes the duty to inform
employers, when a medical history is requested.
2.2.2.4 The Institutions
The Health and Safety Commission (HSC) – set up
under HASWA as a tripartite body (Government,
Confederation of British Industry (CBI) and Trades
Union Congress (TUC)) – is responsible for policy.
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is
responsible for enforcing the Act. There are several
divisions, the largest of which is the Factory
Inspectorate (HMF). The Employment Medical
Advisory Service (EMAS) is the field force of the
medical division of HSE.
Environmental Health Officers – employed by local
authorities – carry out enforcement of the Act. Their
powers are the same as the Factory Inspectors.
Employment protection legislation includes sections on:
9
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
1) Standards of evidence of ill health
2) Standards of medical evidence and medical reports
3) Guidance for conflicting medical advice
4) Guidance for disclosure of medical notes
5) Interpreting contracts vis-à-vis health and safety
6) Recommended check-lists
7) Strategies for dealing with misrepresented medical
condition(s).
2.2.2.5 UK Control of Substances Hazardous to
Health Regulations (COSHH)
COSHH imposes duties on employers to protect
employees and other persons who may be exposed to
substances hazardous to health, and also responsibilities
on employees. Employers are required to prevent or,
where this is not practicable, to control the exposure
to hazardous substances. To help protect workers
against ill-health HSE sets occupational exposure
limits. There are two types of limit. Maximum
Exposure Limits (MELs) and Occupational Exposure
Standards (OESs). A MEL is set for substances which
may cause the most serious health effect, such as cancer
and occupational asthma; these are substances for
which no threshold level of exposure for the key health
effect can be determined, or for which exposure
thresholds may be identified but at a concentration that
is not yet routinely achievable in the workplace.
COSHH requires that exposure should be reduced as
far below the MEL as possible. An OES is set at a level
at which (based on current scientific knowledge) there
is no indication of risk to the health of workers who
breathe it in day after day. If exposure to a substance
that has an OES is reduced at least to that level, then
adequate control has been achieved. It is recommended
that exposure to all airborne contaminants is kept as
low as possible (a.5).
2.2.2.6 UK Regulations 1992
In January 1992, the UK introduced the ‘Six Pack’
• The Management of Health and Safety at Work
Regulations 1992;
10
• Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment)
Regulations 1992;
• Personal Protective Equipment at Work
Regulations 1992;
• Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations
1992;
• Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992;
• Workplace (Health and Safety Welfare)
Regulations 1992.
These Regulations require that employers do risk
assessments where ‘significant and substantial risks to
health or safety’ exist and to appoint ‘competent’
persons to assist in this task. Employers are required
to do these risk assessments regularly and to keep
records of them.
Other related health and safety regulations that affect
employment of people in the UK are ‘Pre-employment
Medical Examinations’ and the ‘Disability
Discrimination Act 1995’ (a.3).
2.2.3 European Law
2.2.3.1 General
In principle, when the European Union Council of
Ministers adopts Directives, the 15 European Member
member states are bound to uphold them. This means
that employees may sue an employer for breach of the
Directives. Since private sector employers are not
directly bound by Directives, it is recommended that
member states adopt the Directives into national
legislation within a predetermined schedule.
2.2.3.2 Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)
The matters which involve workers’ health and safety
and product safety, require only QMV, 62 out of the
possible 87 votes.
2.2.3.3 Recommendations
The Council of Ministers can make Recommendations
although these are not legally binding. European Union
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
(EU) resolutions and Recommendations have the effect
of law only once national provisions or supplements
to existing Community measures are adopted.
2.2.3.4 Working Time Directive
The Working Time Directive, under the QMV system,
requires member states to limit working hours to 48 in
any 7-day period. Scheduled rest breaks and restrictions
on the number of night shifts are set out in detail.
Organisation of work patterns must take into account
health and safety requirements and the adaptation of
work to the worker.
2.2.4 Other Codes and Regulations on Health
and Safety
2.2.4.1 BRMA Code of Practice
The British Rubber Manufacturers’ Association
(BRMA) has prepared a Code of Practice on Rubber
Chemicals (38) to help to secure the health and safety
of people at work in the rubber industry. The practical
points which are made are ‘based on the basic principles
of occupational hygiene:
(1) An assessment of the risk to health and of the
precautions needed.
(2) The introduction of appropriate measures to control
the risk.
(3) Ensuring that control measures are used, that
equipment is properly maintained and procedures
observed.
(4) The monitoring, where necessary, of exposure of
workers and the provision of appropriate health
surveillance.
(5) The information, instruction and training of
employees about the risks and the precautions to
be taken.
The Code defines the recommended working
procedures for handling compounding ingredients and
other chemicals. If these recommended procedures are
carefully followed, a high standard of industrial hygiene
will be ensured without introducing unnecessary
restrictions into the manufacturing operation.’
3 Industrial Safety: Equipment
3.1 Industrial Statistics
Injuries in the American rubber industry are one-quarter
of those in other manufacturing industries. According
to a 1999 US Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of
Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, the annual injury
and illness rate was 269.4 per 10,000 full-time workers
in the rubber and plastics industries.
The UK rubber industry has had accident rates well
above the ‘all manufacturing’ average in the 1990s and
the main reason is the high number of handling
accidents, according to the British Rubber
Manufacturers’ Association. In 1997/1998 manual
handling was responsible for over 40% of accidents
reported to the HSE in the new tyres sector, retreading,
and general rubber goods (67).
In the UK, injuries in the rubber and plastic industries
reported to the HSE were the primary cause of ‘over
three-day sick leaves’. Major injuries have been
increasing since 1997 (Table 2). The fatal and major
injury rates in 1999/2000 and 1998/1999 were 280.4
per 100,000 employees and 276.3 per 100,000
employees respectively (a.6).
3.2 Mill and Calender Safety
This section is reproduced with permission from the
ILO: J.R. Townhills, in Encyclopaedia of Occupational
Health and Safety, 4th Edition, 1998, Volume 3, 80.11-
80.13, copyright © International Labour Organization,
1998.
3.2.1 Mill Safety
Mills and calenders are used extensively throughout
the rubber industry. Running nip accidents (getting
caught in the rotating rolls) are major safety hazards
during operation of these machines. In addition, there
is a potential for accidents during repair and
maintenance of these and other machines used in the
rubber industry. This article discussed these safety
hazards.
In 1973 in the United States, the National Joint
Industrial Council for the Rubber Manufacturing
11
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Table 2 Numbers of injuries in the rubber industry in the UK reported to the HSE 1994-2000
Non-fatal but major Over three days sick
Year Fatalities
injuries leave
1994-1995 1 329 3186
1995-1996 0 391 3133
1996-1997 3 606 3256
1997-1998 2 673 3608
1998-1999 5 635 3379
1999-2000 2 640 3438
Source: Health and Safety Executive in the UK

Industry concluded that for in-running nip points, a
safety device that depended on action of the operator
could not be regarded as an effective method of
preventing running nip accidents. This is especially true
of mills in the rubber industry. Unfortunately, little has
been done to force code changes. Currently there is
only one safety device that does not require operator
action to activate. The body bar is the only widely
accepted automatic device that is an effective means
of preventing mill accidents. However, even the body
bar has limitations and cannot be used in all cases unless
modifications are made to the equipment and work
practice.
The problem of mill safety is not a simple one; there
are several major issues involved:
• mill height,
• the size of the operator,
Operators come in many different sizes, and often must
operate the same mill. The majority of the time on
adjustment is made to the mill safety devices.
Auxiliary equipment such as conveyors or loaders can
often conflict with safety cables and ropes. Despite
codes to the contrary, often the safety rope or cable is
moved to allow for the operation of the auxiliary
equipment. This can result in the operator working the
mill with the safety cable behind the operator’s head.
While the height of the mill and the auxiliary equipment
have a part in the way a mill is worked, there are other
factors which enter into the picture. If there is no mixing
roll below the mixer to distribute the rubber evenly on
the mill, the operator will have to physically move the
rubber from one side of the mill to the other by hand.
The mixing and moving of the rubber exposes the
operator to increased risk of strain or sprain injuries in
addition to the hazard of the mill nip.

• auxiliary equipment, The tack or stickiness of the stock poses an additional

• the way the mill is worked,
• the tack or stickiness of the stock,
• stopping distance.
hazard. If the rubber sticks to the mill roll and the
operator has to pull it off the roll, a body bar becomes
a safety hazard. Operators of mills with hot rubber have
to wear gloves. Mill operators use knives. Tacky stock
can grab a knife, glove or bare hand and pull it toward
the running nip of the mill.

Mill height makes a difference as to where the operator
works the mill. For mills less than 1.27 m high, where
the height of the operator is greater than 1.68 m, there
is a tendency to work too high on the mill or too close
to the nip. This allows for a very short reaction time
for the automatic safety to stop the mill.
The size of the operator also dictates how close the
operator needs to get to the mill face to work the mill.
Even an automatic safety device will not be effective
unless the mill can be stopped before the operator
reaches the running nip of the mill. Stopping distances
must be checked at least weekly and the brakes tested
at the beginning of each shift. Dynamic electrical brakes
must be checked on a regular basis. If the zero switch
is not adjusted properly, the mill will move back and
forth and damage to the mill will result. For some
situations, disc brakes are preferred. With electrical

12
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
brakes a problem can arise if the operator has activated
the mill stop button and then tried an emergency mill
stop. On some mills the emergency stop will not work
after the mill stop button has been activated.
There have been some adjustments made that have
improved mill safety. The following steps have greatly
reduced exposure to running nip injuries on the mills:
• A body bar should be used on the working face of
each mill, but only if the bar is adjustable for the
height and reach of the operator.
• Mill brakes can be either mechanical or electrical,
but they must be checked each shift and the distance
checked weekly. The stopping distances should
comply with the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) stopping distance
recommendations.
• Where mixer mills have hot, tacky stock, a two-
mill system has replaced the single-mill system.
This has reduced operator exposure and improved
the mixing of the stock.
• Where operators are required to move stock across
a mill, a mixing roll should be added to reduce
operator exposure.
• Current mill work practices have been reviewed
to ensure that the operator is not working too close
to the running nip on the mill. This includes small
lab mills, especially where a sample may require
numerous passes through the running nip.
• Mill loaders have been added on mills to load stock.
This has eliminated the practice of trying to load a
mill using a fork truck, and has eliminated any
conflict with the use of a body bar as a safety
device.
Currently technology exists to improve mill safety. In
Canada, for example, a rubber mill cannot be operated
without a body bar on the working face or front of the
mill. Countries receiving older equipment from other
countries need to adjust the equipment to fit their
workforce.
3.2.2 Calender Safety
Calenders have many configurations of machines and
auxiliary equipment, making it difficult to be specific
on calender safety. For a more in-depth study in
calender safety, see the two publications by the National
Joint Industrial Council for the Rubber Manufacturing
Industry (Running Nip Accidents, 1959 and Safe
Working of Calenders, 1967).
Unfortunately, when a calender or any other piece of
equipment has been transferred from one company to
another or one country to another, often the accident
history is not included. This had resulted in the removal
of guards and in dangerous work practices that had been
changed because of a prior incident. This has led to
history repeating itself, with accidents that have
occurred in the past reoccurring. Another problem is
language. Machines with the controls and instructions
in a different language from the user country makes
safe operation more difficult.
Calenders have increased in speed. The braking ability
of these machines has not always kept pace with the
equipment. This is especially true around the calender
rolls. If these rolls cannot be stopped in the
recommended stopping distance, an additional method
must be used to protect employees. If necessary, the
calender should be equipped with a sensing device that
will slow the machine when the rolls are approached
during operation. This has proven very effective in
keeping employees from getting too close to the rolls
during the operation of the machine.
Some of the other major areas identified by the National
Joint Industrial Council are still a source of injuries
today:
• clearing jams and adjusting material,
• running nip injuries, especially at wind-ups,
• threading up,
• communications.
An effective, well understood lockout programme (see
below) will do much to reduce or eliminate injuries
from the clearing of jams or the adjusting of material
while the machine is in operation. Proximity devices
that slow the rolls when they are approached may help
deter an adjustment attempt.
Running nip injuries remain a problem, especially at
wind-ups. Speeds at the wind-up must be adjustable to
allow for a slow start-up at the beginning of the roll.
Safeties must be available in the event of a problem. A
device that slows the roll when it is approached will
tend to discourage an attempt to adjust a liner or fabric
13
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
during the wind-up. Telescoping rolls are a special
temptation for even experienced operators.
The problem of threading-up incidents has increased
with the speed and complexity of the calender train
and the amount of auxiliary equipment. Here the
existence of a single line control and good
communications are essential. The operator may not
be able to see all of the crew. Everyone must be
accounted for and communications must be clear and
easily understood.
The need for good communications is essential to safe
operation when a crew is involved. Critical times are
when adjustments are being made or when the machine
is started at the beginning of a run or started after a
shut-down which had been caused by a system that
audits both.
The answer to these problems is a well-trained crew
that understands the problems of calender operation, a
maintenance system that maintains all safety devices
in working condition and a system that audits both.
3.2.3 Machine Lockout
The concept of machine lockout is not new. While
lockout has been generally accepted in maintenance
programmes, very little has been done to gain
acceptance in the operating area. Part of the problem
is the recognition of the hazard. A typical lockout
standard requires that “if the unexpected movement of
equipment or release of energy could cause injury to
an employee then that equipment should be locked out”.
Lockout is not limited to electrical energy, and not all
energy can be locked out; some things must be blocked
in position, pipes must be disconnected and blanked,
stored pressure must be relieved. While the lockout
concept is viewed in some industries as a way of life,
other industries have not accepted it due to the fear of
the cost of locking out.
Central to the concept of lockout is control. Where a
person is at risk of injury as the result of movement,
the power source(s) must be disabled and the person
or persons at risk should have control. All situations
requiring lockout are not easy to identify. Even when
they are identified, it is not easy to change work
practices.
Another key to a lockout programme which is often
overlooked is the ease with which a machine or line
can be locked out or the power isolated. Older
14
equipment was not designed or installed with a single
breaker for several machines. Other machines have
multiple power sources, making lockout more
complicated. To add to this problem, motor control
room breakers are often changed or feed additional
equipment, and the documentation of the changes is
not always kept current.
The rubber industry has seen general acceptance of
lockout in maintenance. While the concept of protecting
one’s self from the dangers of unexpected movement
is not new, the uniform use of lockout is. In the past,
maintenance personnel used different means to protect
themselves. This protection was not always consistent
due to other pressures such as production, and not
always effective. For some of the equipment in the
industry, the lockout answer is complex and not easily
understood.
The tyre press is an example of a piece of equipment
for which there is little consensus on the exact time
and method for lockout. While the complete lockout
of a press for an extensive repair is straightforward,
there is no consensus about lockout in such operations
as mould and bladder changes, mould cleaning and
unjamming equipment.
The tyre machine is another example of difficulty in
lockout compliance. Many of the injuries in this area
have not been to maintenance personnel, but rather to
operators to operators and tyre technicians making
adjustments, changing drums loading or unloading
stock or unjamming equipment and to janitorial
employees cleaning the equipment.
It is difficult to have a successful lockout programme
if the lockout is time consuming and difficult. Where
possible, the means to disconnect should be available
at the equipment, which helps with ease of
identification and can eliminate or reduce the possibility
of someone being in the danger zone when the energy
is returned to the equipment. Even with changes that
make identification easier, no lockout can ever be
considered complete unless a test is made to be sure
the correct power isolation devices were used. In the
case of work with electrical wiring, a test should be
made after the disconnect is pulled to ensure that all
power has been disconnected.
An effective lockout programme must include the
following:
• The equipment should be designed to facilitate a
lockout for all energy sources.
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
• Lockout sources must be identified correctly.
• Work practices requiring lockout must be
identified.
• All employees affected by lockout should have
some training in lockout.
• Employees who are required to lockout should be
trained and advised that lockout is expected and
that anything less is unacceptable under any
circumstances.
• The programme needs to be audited on a regular
basis to make sure that it is effective.
4 Fire and Explosions
In the rubber industry, the risk of fires and explosions
is high, and not only during the manufacturing process
involving flammable solvents, but also during storage
(of raw materials and finished products) and disposal
(of flammable wastes).
Some liquids such as solvents can give off large
volumes of flammable vapours at room temperature.
When mixed with air at room temperature, these
vapours can ignite, often violently. Therefore, spills
on clothing represent a serious risk of injury. To
mitigate these risks contaminated materials should be
disposed of safely or disposal experts called in, and
flammables should be:
• stored in a separate storage area, or a specially
designed bin or closet;
• dispensed and used in a safe place where there is
good ventilation and no sparking;
• kept in closed containers when not in use. If
possible, use safety containers which have self-
closing lids;
• dispensed over a tray with non flammable,
absorbent material handy for mopping up spills.
Some solid finished products, like rubber, are also
flammable. When ignited they give off plumes of dense
black smoke. Consequently:
• keep these materials away from heaters or electrical
equipment,
• keep gangways and exits to and from storage and
working areas clear of flammable packaging
materials and finished products.
More extensive treatment of this subject can be found
in the HSE publication, ‘Safe Working with Flammable
Substances’ (a.7).
5 Solvents
Solvents are used extensively in the rubber industry
during the manufacturing process to prevent tackiness.
Solvents are also used to degrease and clean workshops.
Users must recognise where particular solvents are
likely to occur, namely: that aliphatic hydrocarbons are
used for the freshening of rubber surfaces; aromatic
hydrocarbons (like toluene and xylene) are likely to be
found in rubber solutions; carbon disulfide is used in
the traditional cold cure process; and, chlorinated
hydrocarbons (like methylene chloride) are used in the
production of non-flammable adhesives (a.8, a.9).
5.1 Health Effects
The main effects of solvents are irritation to the skin,
eyes and lungs, headache, nausea, dizziness and light-
headedness. Exposure can impair coordination making
workers prone to falling-type accidents. A person may
lose concentration or have a reduced reaction time thus
affecting judgment of important or difficult tasks. These
effects will vary and can be exacerbated by drinking
alcohol. Very high exposure, especially where
adhesives are used in unventilated, confined spaces,
may cause unconsciousness and even death. A person
who has been exposed to solvents and feels their health
has been adversely affected should seek medical advice.
Other effects vary according to the solvent, several are
reviewed here.
5.1.1 Benzene: C6H6
Benzene is a volatile, colorless, clear, flammable liquid
used to test the swelling property of rubber (i.e., the
swelling index). It has also been used as a solvent in
the rubber and shoe industries and in adhesives and
paint removers. Benzene is absorbed systemically by
inhalation and skin absorption. Acute effects on the
nervous system include headache, tiredness, nausea,
dizziness, narcosis and loss of consciousness. These
15
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
acute symptoms occur at high exposures (i.e., air
concentrations of 7,500 ppm for more than 30 minutes
cause narcosis leading to death), but there is considerable
individual variability in response to benzene.
Chronic effects include depression of bone marrow
function and an increased risk of aplastic anaemia and
leukaemia. It is also suspected of causing multiple
myeloma. Haematotoxic effects have also been
documented at chronic exposures of more than 50 ppm.
Chronic benzene poisoning affecting the nervous system
may even result in behavioural and psychomotor
changes.
Exposure limits for benzene in air vary according to
different agencies. The US Occupational Health and
Safety Administration (OSHA) has a permissible
exposure level (PEL) of 1 ppm; the US National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has a
threshold limit value (time-weight average; TWA) of 0.1
ppm. The Health and Safety Executive in the UK set the
2000 maximum exposure limit (MEL) for benzene at 3
ppm (TWA) and this current limit will be reduced to 1
ppm in 2003 (a.10).
Preventive measures have focused on the elimination
or substitution of benzene, and on reduction of exposure.
According to the UK Injuries, Disease, and Dangerous
Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR), 1985, cases of
poisoning by benzene must be reported by employers.
5.1.2 Toluene: C6H5CH3
Toluene or methylbenzene is a monomethyl derivative
of benzene. Toluene is used to indicate the swelling index
of rubber. Acute exposure to concentrations >200 ppm
may result in headache, dizziness, irritation of the eyes,
nose and throat, paresthesia, incoordination, confusion
and narcosis. Chronic exposure may give rise to muscle
weakness, abdominal pain, impairment of gait/balance,
ataxia, peripheral neuropathy and altered mental state.
Enlargement of the liver and neurobehavioural effects
have been documented. Effects on the blood system
similar to benzene have been attributed to benzene being
present as a contaminant in some commercial batches
of toluene. The 2000 UK occupational exposure limit
for toluene was 50 ppm (8-hour TWA reference period)
with a short-term exposure limit of 150 ppm (a.10).
5.1.3 Xylene: C6H4(CH3)2
Xylene, or dimethyl benzene, is a volatile flammable
liquid. Xylene is used to test the swelling property of
16
rubber, just as benzene and toluene are, and for
cleaning rubber surfaces. Acute exposure to xylene
irritates the skin, mucous membranes and respiratory
tract. Systemic effects are similar to those described
for other organic solvents acting on the central
nervous system (CNS) including headache, nausea,
vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion and coma.
CNS symptoms have been reported at inhalation
exposure levels of ~700 ppm (a.11).
In rodent experiments, delayed fetal development was
related to inhalation of xylene, and increased
malformations after ingestion of high doses. In a study
of university laboratory employees exposed in the first
trimester of pregnancy to a variety of solvents including
xylene, miscarriage rates were slightly increased but
not significantly different from pregnancies where no
solvent exposure occurred. There are no adequate
epidemiological data confirming xylene as a
reproductive hazard to humans (a.11).
5.1.4 Methylene Chloride (dichloromethane):
CH2Cl2
Methylene chloride is a solvent used for surface
cleaning before applying an adhesive. It is also used as
a blowing agent in foam. Prolonged skin contact with
the liquid may produce chemical burns (a.12). The
principal action is on the CNS as a narcotic causing
headache, giddiness, irritability, and numbness and
tingling in the limbs. Higher concentrations may cause
light-headedness, drowsiness, unconsciousness and
sometimes death. However, it is less toxic to the liver
than other chlorinated hydrocarbons.
5.1.5 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methylchloroform):
CH3CCl3
Methylchloroform is a colourless volatile liquid with
a heavy chloroform-like, sweetish smell – the odour
threshold being ~100 ppm. It is non-flammable but
decomposes to hydrochloric acid and phosgene on
heating over 360 ºC. In the rubber industry, it is used
for degreasing and cleaning workshops.
Acute inhalation at high concentrations has a depressant
action on the CNS and may produce narcosis. Early
effects are dizziness, lassitude and headaches but very
high concentrations may cause a loss of consciousness,
even death. Fatalities have occurred among victims in
confined spaces where concentrations were between
5,000 and 50,000 ppm (a.13).
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
6 Epidemiology
In the 1920s and 1930s, reports from the United Kingdom
indicated that rubber workers had higher death rates than
the general population and that the excess deaths were
from cancer. In the late 1940s, British rubber workers had
an increased risk of bladder cancer due to exposure to an
antioxidant that contained 1-naphthylamine (alpha-
naphthylamine) and 2-naphthylamine (beta-
naphthylamine) (a.1).
In the United States, early investigations by Mancuso and
co-workers (1968) revealed excess cancer deaths among
a cohort of Ohio rubber products workers employed in
1938 and 1939. By 1970, the United Rubber, Cork,
Linoleum, and Plastic Workers of America (URW) joined
with six major American rubber companies to establish a
joint occupational health programme. They negotiated a
contract with the Schools of Public Health at Harvard
and North Carolina Universities to conduct
epidemiological studies of rubber workers. The research
focused on cancer incidence and mortality (467). The
programme was discontinued in 1980.
In 1982, the International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC) published a rubber industry monograph evaluating
the available epidemiological, toxicological and industrial
hygiene data (467). The principal adverse health effects
reported were cancer and respiratory effects (e.g.,
reductions in pulmonary function, chest tightness,
shortness of breath and other respiratory symptoms. The
conclusion was that sufficient evidence existed to associate
leukaemia with occupational solvent exposure in the
rubber industry. No clear evidence indicated the cause of
excess bladder cancers in British or American rubber
workers. Limited evidence associated stomach, lung and
skin cancers with occupational exposures in the rubber
industry. There was inadequate evidence to link
lymphoma, colon, prostate, brain, thyroid, pancreatic and
oesophageal cancers with industry-related exposures.
The current risk for cancer and other chronic diseases in
rubber product workers are unknown because of the dearth
of epidemiological and industrial hygiene research in the
past decade. Toxicity data are also lacking for many
chemical formulations found in tyre and non-tyre
manufacturing. Categories of rubber compounding
additives include (467):
Accelerators Organic vulcanisers
Antioxidants Pigment blends
Antiozonants Plasticisers
Antitack agents Reinforcing agents
Extenders Resins
Fillers Solvents.
Oils (process and extender)
Workers in the rubber industry are also exposed to
chemical by-products and curing fumes.
In 1990 NIOSH recommended measures to reduce
worker exposures to o-toluidine and aniline (chemicals
used as intermediates in the manufacture of rubber
antioxidants and accelerators) to the lowest feasible
concentrations (a.14). The epidemiological evidence
reported by NIOSH (a.15) showed an increased risk of
bladder cancer among workers at a plant that
manufactured rubber antioxidants and accelerators –
an association of occupational exposure to o-toluidine
and aniline. However, it is not known whether a similar
risk exists for workers involved in the manufacture of
rubber products.
Most studies of cancer among rubber product workers
were conducted as retrospective cohorts, or case control
mortality studies, of workers employed in the tyre and
non-tyre industries between 1940 and 1975 including
those summarised in Table 3.
Kogevinas and co-workers reviewed the literature and
found an excess risk (1.5 times other studies) of bladder
cancer, lung cancer, and leukaemia in 12 cohort studies
in nine countries (a.30). By contrast, Straughan and
Sorahan and co-workers completed an incidence survey
of recent entrants (1982-91) to the UK rubber industry
and found no excess deaths from lung and stomach
cancer in the workers compared with the national rate.
The only statistically significant excess was for cancer
of the testis (observed 3, expected 0.51, SMR 589, 95%
confidence interval 122 to 1,722) (a.29).
Occupational exposure data do not exist for most of these
studies so these have had to be estimated. The uncertainty
of these exposure estimates is exacerbated by chemical
formulations that differ with each plant or process.
7 Natural Rubber Latex Allergy
Table 4 lists the uses of natural rubber latex, which is
found in a variety of applications. Dipped products
account for 75% of latex use. There are three main
methods of dipping: (1) straight for thin items such as
condoms, (2) coagulant for thicker products such as
medical, household, and industrial gloves; balloons,
bladders and catheters, and (3) heat sensitive for the
thickest products such as baby bottle nipples (20).
NRL is the milky sap of the tree Hevea brasiliensis.
The protein contained in NRL products is the cause of
17
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Table 3 Epidemiological studies of cancer in the rubber industry

Epidemiological studies Type of cancer
Fox and Collier (1976) (473) Bladder cancer
Monson and Nakano (1976) (a.16) (P < 0.05)
Bovet and Lob (1980) (a.17)
Checkoway and co-workers (1981) (470)
Negri and co-workers (1989) (365)
Strauss and co-workers (1993) (a.18)
McMichael and co-workers (1975) (474) Lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers
Wolf and co-workers (1981) (471)
Arp and co-workers (1983) (466)
Checkoway and co-workers (1984) (a.19)
Santos Burgoa and co-workers (1992) (a.20)
Fox and co-workers (1974) (475) Lung and pleural cancer
Monson and Fine (1978) (a.21)
Parkes and co-workers (1982) (468)
Delzell and co-workers (1982) (a.22)
Delzell and Monson (1985) (a.23)
Andjelkovich and co-workers (1988) (a.24)
Zhang and co-workers (1989) (366)
Weiland and co-workers (1996) (a.25)
McMichael and co-workers (1974) (a.26) Stomach cancer
Andjelkovich and co-workers (1976) (a.27)
Blum and co-workers (1979) (a.28)
Parkes and co-workers (1982) (468)
Sorahan and co-workers (1986) (445)
Sorahan and co-workers (1989) (367)
Delzell and Monson (1981) (469) Colon cancer
Goldsmith and co-workers (1980) (472) Prostate cancer
Delzell and Monson (1981) (469) Liver and biliary cancer
Parkes and co-workers (1982) (468) Oesophageal cancer
Straughan and Sorahan (2000) (a.29) Testicular cancer

Table 4 Natural rubber latex products (a.31)

Dipped products Condoms, balloons, gloves, bladders, catheters, bottle nipples, other medical
devices
Elastic thread Garment industry
Foam Moulded mattresses and cushions
Adhesives Tape, packaging, envelopes and footwear
Carpet industry Binder for backing compounds
Miscellaneous Rubberised coir or hair for upholstery; cast products (toys); latex sheeting
(e.g., dental dams)

18
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
NRL allergies experienced by glove users. Additionally,
some rubber industry workers such as tappers and glove
manufacturers suffer NRL allergies. The main routes
of exposure to the proteins are direct skin contact and
inhalation. The spectrum of clinical signs ranges from
contact urticaria (nettle-like rash), generalised urticaria,
allergic rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa),
allergic contact dermatitis (itchy eyes and skin),
angioedema (severe swelling) and asthma (wheezing)
to anaphylaxis (a severe, life-threatening allergic
reaction, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
reports that around 27 deaths annually are caused this
way). Predisposing factors include: hand eczema,
allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis or asthma (among
individuals frequently wearing gloves), mucosal
exposure and multiple surgical procedures.
Latex allergy is confirmed by a positive wear or use test
with NRL gloves, a correct positive skin prick test to
NRL or a positive RAST (radioallergosorbent test) blood
test. Severe allergic reactions have occurred from the
prick and wear tests. Therefore, epinephrine (adrenaline)
and resuscitation equipment free of NRL must be
available during these procedures (20).
NRL allergy may be associated with allergic reactions
to fruit, especially bananas, chestnuts and avocados.
Hyposensitisation to NRL is not yet possible so NRL
avoidance and substitution is imperative for sensitive
persons. Prevention and control of NRL allergy includes
NRL avoidance in healthcare settings and rubber
industries for affected workers. Synthetic non-NRL
gloves should be made available for the affected workers
and their co-workers. A proper dust mask should be
donned to reduce inhalation of NRL aerosols. Local
exhaust ventilation should be installed where NRL
allergens are emitted. Monitoring of NRL allergens in
the workplace is not readily available, however, accurate
methods of measuring NRL allergens in the air exist. In
NRL glove factories, rubber plantations and hospitals,
respectively, the geometric means of NRL allergens in
the air were 7.3, 2.36 and 0.46 μg/m3 (32).
8 Skin Irritation and Dermatitis
Adverse skin reactions have been frequently reported
among workers who have direct contact with rubber and
with the hundreds of chemicals used in the rubber
industry.
Contact dermatitis is relatively common among rubber
workers but less so among rubber users. Prevalence rates
from industrial studies were 3.1, 3.7 and 5.6 cases per
1,000 workers in the United Kingdom, Australia and
Finland, respectively. California has a rate of 7 cases
per 1,000 workers but this includes plastic workers (20).
In the UK, dermatologists and occupational physicians
reported that 16-17% of occupational cases of contact
dermatitis were caused by rubber chemicals (a.6).
Skin reactions among rubber product users have become
more frequent and include irritant contact dermatitis,
allergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria (hives),
aggravation of pre-existing skin diseases and other less
common skin disorders such as oil folliculitis, xerosis
(dry skin), miliaria (heat rash) and depigmentation from
certain phenol derivatives.
Irritant contact dermatitis is the most frequent reaction
and is caused by either acute exposure to strong
chemicals or cumulative exposure to weaker irritants
such as those found in wet work and in repeated use of
solvents. In a Finnish study, 56% of all cases of contact
dermatitis had irritant dermatitis, mostly from solvents
and bulk rubber (a.32).
Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed type of allergic
reaction from the accelerators, vulcanisers, antioxidants
and antiozonants, which are added during rubber
production. These chemicals are often present in the final
product and may cause contact dermatitis in both the
end users and rubber workers, especially in those
working with Banbury, calender, extruder and
assembling operations.
Some workers acquire contact dermatitis while doing tasks
that do not permit the use of protective clothing. Some
workers have even developed allergies to the protective
clothing itself, most commonly rubber gloves. The key
medical test to the suspected allergen is a valid positive
patch test. The patch test is performed using the various
common allergens to distinguish allergic contact dermatitis
from irritant contact dermatitis. However, allergic contact
dermatitis (Table 5) may coexist with irritant contact
dermatitis as well as with other skin disorders (20). Table 5
shows some of the rubber chemicals associated with
allergic contact dermatitis.
9 Dust and Fume
9.1 Dust
Working with, and handling raw materials used in, the
rubber industry exposes workers to high levels of dust.
19
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Table 5 Agents causing contact dermatitis in rubber product workers (a.33)

Chemical Process Product
2(2´-4´ Dinitrophenylthio)
benzothiazole, which was contaminated All areas Tyres
with dinitrochlorbenzene
4,4´-Dithiodimorpholine Not specified Tyres
n-Isopropyl- Assembly, maintenance,
Tyres
n´phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD) compounding
n-Dimethyl-1,3-butyl-n´- Assembly, maintenance
Tyres
phenylparaphenylenediamine compounding
para-Phenylenediamine compounds Not specified Tyres, footwear
Ethylene thiourea (ETU) Sewing Non-tyre products
Resorcinal Not specified Tyres
Thiuram mix Vulcanising Rubber gloves
Mercapto mix Vulcanising Rubber gloves

Rubber process dust arises during rubber manufacture been assigned official exposure limits. Silica is used
where ingredients are handled, weighed, added to (or in rubber as a filler and has a carcinogen rating.
mixed with) uncured material or synthetic elastomers.
For all such mixed dust, the aggregated occupational
exposure limit (OEL) in the UK is 6 mg/m3 (maximum 9.1.1 Carbon Black
exposure limit (MEL), a.10) except where a specific
Carbon black is a substance of world importance in
limit exists for a given chemical. In such cases, where
terms of both tonnage produced and its special ability
the chemical is present in a concentrated form, the
to strengthen rubber. Carbon black is a very fine
specific limit applies. The most common dust types in
powdery form of elemental carbon manufactured by
the rubber industry are carbon black and talc, otherwise
controlled vapour phase pyrolysis of, mainly liquid,
only a small proportion of rubber chemicals have yet
hydrocarbons (Table 6). Its carbonaceous nature and

Table 6 Physical and chemical properties of carbon black by the four methods of manufacture
Property Furnace Thermal Channel Lamp black
Particle diameter (nm) 13-80 150-500 9-29 30-200
Surface area (m2/g) 20-250 5-15 100-1000 15-95
Volatile material (%) 0.3-5.0 0.1-0.5 3.5-16 0.5-15
pH 3.5-9 7-9 3-6 3-7
Inorganic impurities (%) 0.3-1.0 0.05-0.4 ≤0.3 0.01-0.15
Organic impurities (%) 0.01-0.3 0.02-1.7 ≤0.1 0.01-1.5
Sulfur (%) 0.1-1.5 ≤0.3 ≤0.2 0.01-10
Composition (%)
- carbon 97.9 99.3 98 98
- hydrogen 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4
- oxygen 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.4
Redrawn with permission from K. Gardiner, The Health Effects of Carbon Black, in Hazards in the European
Rubber Industry Conference, 1999 (53)

20
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
respirable size causes respiratory morbidity to those
involved in its manufacture and use (53).
Carbon black is a respirable dust when particle
diameters are <7 μm. The first published report (1951)
found pneumoconiosis in the German furnace and lamp
black workers more often than in an unexposed group.
Following this report, other studies confirmed the link
between carbon black and pneumoconiosis and other
chest morbidities such as bronchitis and lung fibrosis.
In 1992, Gardiner had similar results except the
prevalence of respiratory signs – measured by chest
radiographs, spirometry and questionnaires – had
decreased slightly since the first study (53). However,
in recent years Gardiner and co-workers found both
current and cumulative exposure to carbon black have
a deleterious effect on respiratory morbidity (a.34).
In 1995, IARC rated carbon black as IARC
classification 2B – possibly carcinogenic to humans
and definitely carcinogenic to animals. Toxicology
studies are needed to confirm the human health risk.
Such studies should involve the mechanism of action
for tumour development in all types of rodents; mice,
hamsters and rats, because only rats were used in the
previous studies where tumors developed. The carbon
black industry is sponsoring its own toxicology study
to investigate the mechanisms of lung cancer in these
three species of laboratory rodents (52). Two grades of
carbon black (with low and high surface area) are being
used (not yet published).
9.1.2 Crystalline Silica
Crystalline silica or free silica is a naturally occurring
mineral that is white or colourless and found in the
earth’s crust. It is a core component of quartz, sand,
flint, agate, granite, and many other mineral rocks. The
three most common forms of crystalline silica found
in industry are quartz, tridymite and cristobalite. Silica
is used in the rubber industry as filler.
It has potential health effects:
9.1.2.1 Silicosis
Silicosis is a respiratory disease of the lungs that results
from the inhalation of airborne crystalline silica dust.
The dust contains silica particles that can, over time,
cause fibrosis (scar tissue formation) in the lungs.
Silicosis may be progressive; it may lead to disability
and death.
Early symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath following physical exertion
• Cough
• More fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Occasional chest pains
• Bluish skin - at edges of extremities.
Silicosis can also make an individual susceptible to
bacterial or fungal infections. The lung cells are
overwhelmed by silica dust and are unable to fight off
these diseases that can lead to other respiratory diseases
such as lung cancer and tuberculosis.
9.1.2.2 Cancer
IARC concluded that there was ‘sufficient evidence
in humans for the carcinogenicity of crystalline silica
in the forms of quartz or cristobalite from occupational
sources’, and that ‘there is sufficient evidence in
experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of quartz
and cristobalite’. The overall IARC evaluation was
that ‘crystalline silica inhaled in the form of quartz
or cristobalite from occupational sources is
carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).’ The IARC
evaluation noted that ‘carcinogenicity was not
detected in all industrial circumstances studied’.
Carcinogenicity may be dependent on inherent
characteristics of the crystalline silica or on external
factors affecting its biological activity or distribution
of its polymorphs (a.35).
9.1.2.3 Autoimmune Diseases
There are some studies that show excess numbers of
cases of scleroderma and other connective tissue
disorders in workers exposed to respirable crystalline
silica.
9.1.2.4 Tuberculosis
Individuals with silicosis are at increased risk of
developing pulmonary tuberculosis, if exposed to
persons with tuberculosis.
21
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
9.1.2.5 Kidney Disease
There is evidence that exposure to respirable crystalline
silica (without silicosis) or that the disease silicosis is
associated with an increased incidence of kidney
diseases, including end stage renal disease.
9.1.2.6 Exposure Control and Personal Protection
Use sufficient local exhaust to reduce the level of
respirable crystalline silica to below the permitted
exposure limit. The 2000 UK exposure limit for
respirable crystalline silica is 0.3 mg/m3 MEL (a.10).
9.2 Rubber Fumes
The fumes given off from hot or previously heated
rubber are complex mixtures of components, the
associated hazards of which are unknown (211, 461).
Epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to rubber
fumes may be a significant factor in the increased
incidence of certain types of cancer and in the cause of
some other diseases. The BRMA recommends that all
fume exposures should be kept to a minimum.
Airborne contamination from rubber fumes is described
as either visible or invisible. The invisible pollutants
are gases and vapours of low molecular weight organic
(e.g., carbon disulfide and amines) or inorganic (e.g.,
hydrogen sulfide) compounds. The visible pollutants
arise from the formation of aerosols.
The aerosol (or visible) fraction constitutes ‘rubber
fumes’, as defined by the UK HSE. These aerosols are
evolved during the mixing, milling and blending of
natural rubber and synthetic rubber elastomers, or of
natural rubber and synthetic polymers combined with
chemicals in processes which convert the resultant
blends into finished products (a.10). Fumes may even
be evolved during inspection procedures. The OEL of
0.6 mg/m 3 (MEL, a.10) relates to material as
determined by the HSE method MDHS 47 (49, a.36,
a.37).
9.2.1 Visible Fumes
The aerosol fraction of rubber fumes is complex and
the composition is not defined. The toxic hazards are
also unknown even for many of the species identified
in these aerosols. The analytical difficulties and the
lack of exposure limit data make it impractical to adopt
22
control procedures based on compositional analyses.
Notwithstanding, the control of visible fumes is
necessary, so it is recommended that total burden be
monitored. The 1974/75 BRMA/Rapra environmental
survey reported that the solvent-soluble portion of
airborne particulate provides an effective measure of
visible fumes from hot rubber.
An official method for the measurement of rubber fume
now exists. This is the HSE method MDHS 47: rubber
fumes in air are measured as total particulate and
cyclohexane-soluble material. However, the method is
confounded in areas contaminated by cyclohexane-
soluble organic dust, which comprise rubber chemicals
and processing aids such as stearic acid.
9.2.2 Gases and Vapours
The airborne concentrations of gases and vapours in
the workplace should be determined by approved
trapping and detection procedures. Atmospheric
pollution should be maintained below the official
exposure limits. In view of the complexity of rubber
production mixtures, more than one component may
have to be taken into account when assessing the
pollution hazard. The major components of invisible
fumes depend largely on the curing system used. Thus
the major volatile components of a tetramethyl thiuram
disulfide (TMTD) or zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate
(ZDMC) accelerated cure will include carbon disulfide,
dimethylamine and sometimes hydrogen sulfide. In the
UK, EH40/2000 (a.10) imposes a maximum exposure
limit of 10 ppm TWA for carbon disulfide, while the
occupational exposure standards (OES) for
dimethylamine and hydrogen sulfide are also 10 ppm
TWA. Many of the common peroxide cures give off
fumes which are principally tert.-butanol (TWA 100
ppm, short-term exposure limit (STEL) 150 ppm,
EH40/2000 (a.10), OES) and acetone (8h TWA 750
ppm, STEL 1,500 ppm, EH40/2000 (a.10), OES).
Sulphenamide cures yield free amines, e.g., CBS yields
cyclohexylamines (TWA 10 ppm, EH40/2000 (a.10),
OES). With mixtures of accelerators or curing agents,
these different by-products may interact with one
another so the composition of vapours will have a
marked dependence on temperature and/or time. The
composition of the visible fumes may also change after
moulding.
Residues of the polymerisation system (e.g.,
monomers) may also be volatile, but current
indications suggest that species such as monomers
are unlikely to provide significant contamination
unless particularly low control limits are involved
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
(e.g., acrylonitrile, MEL 2 ppm TWA, EH40/2000
(a.10)). It is certain that monomers are not the only
residues of polymerisation and that the particular
grade of polymers chosen may have a significant
influence on the type and quantity of vapours
evolved.
Additionally, what might be thought of as a monomer
may well have its origins elsewhere: 2-methylstyrene
(TWA 100 ppm, STEL 150 ppm, EH40/2000 (a.10)
OES) can be a significant component of some rubber
fumes, when it is a by-product of a Dicup cure.
HSE Guidance Note EH40/2000 (a.10) gives a
procedure for the estimation of OEL values for mixtures
of hydrocarbon solvents:-
1 FRa FRb FRn
= + + •
OELsol OELa OELb OELn
OELsol = occupational exposure limit of the
hydrocarbon solvent mixture (mg/m3)
OELa = occupational exposure limit or guidance value
of the component ‘a’ (mg/m3)
FRa = fraction (w/w) of component a in the solvent
mixture
It must be recognised that compliance with control
or recommended limits does not necessarily ensure
freedom from toxic hazards because the hazards for
many of the species identified in rubber production
vapours and fumes are not fully known. Furthermore,
the multiplicity of formulations and process
conditions used by the industry make it even more
difficult to know the chemical composition of
process fumes. The watchword is to limit exposures
(51).
9.3 A Strategy for Dust and Fume Control
A systematic approach to the control of dust and fumes
is essential so that individual approaches or solutions
do not conflict.
In the UK COSHH regulations require employers to:
• Assess the risks to health caused by exposure to
dust and fumes in rubber processes;
• Prevent or adequately control exposure.
Further guidance on complying with COSHH has been
produced by the HSE and the Rubber Industry Advisory
Committee (RUBIAC).
9.3.1 Assessing the Risks to Health from Dust
and Fume
To assess the risks of exposure to dust and fumes
determine:
• Who is exposed and to what?
• How much are they exposed to and for how long?
• Where are they exposed?
How are dust and fumes controlled?
Even if dust and fumes are not visible under normal
(and sometimes murky) lighting of the factory, they
can still be harmful. Therefore assessing the extent of
exposure to dust and fumes is important.
Personal samplers worn on the lapel, together with
static samplers placed around the workrooms, give the
most complete picture of dust and fume emissions and
exposures. Dust releases can be detected using bright
light or smoke tubes to follow air currents. The results
of air sampling must be compared with relevant
exposure limits to identify areas where improvements
to dust and fume control are needed.
9.3.2 Selection of Control Methods
9.3.2.1 Elimination and Substitution
Elimination is the best control method but it is not
always practicable. Substitution means to substitute a
particular chemical with a less hazardous one, or use
the same substance in a less hazardous form. Anti-tack
powders can be substituted in many applications by
water-based dispersions.
9.3.2.2 Containment
Use of enclosed and automated bag and powder
handling plants with direct feeds to processing
machines, where practical, is cleaner than handling
paper sacks and bins. Proprietary enclosed bag
23
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
openings and disposal units fitted with local exhaust
are available.
Internal mixers and bulk powder handling plants have
seals and joints, which need regular inspection and
routine maintenance.
9.3.2.3 Process Control
Significant reductions in fume levels may be achieved
by avoiding compound temperatures in excess of
process requirements. Fuming products should be
cooled as soon as they have finished processing; for
example, using water, air or passing cured items over
chilled surfaces.
9.3.2.4 Handling and Working Methods
Methods of work can significantly reduce dust and
fume exposure.
9.3.2.5 Ventilation Control
Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is used widely to
control dust and fumes. The effectiveness of LEV
should be checked. Faulty and careless maintenance is
a major cause of failure of ventilation systems. The
LEV plant should be examined and tested at least once
every 14 months.
9.3.2.6 Segregation
By segregating dusty processes, the number of workers
at risk should be reduced, but this is only a partial
solution and should be used in conjunction with other
operational and engineering controls. Personal
exposure can also be reduced by limiting the time spent
close to dust and fumes (e.g., by using automatic feeds
and take-off devices at two-roll mills).
9.3.2.7 Housekeeping and Cleanliness
A regular and efficient cleaning program on every shift
to remove the deposits of dust on floors, ledges and
machine casings is essential. Using a vacuum cleaner
rather than brushes or brooms, prevents dust from being
airborne.
24
9.3.2.8 Respirators
Respirators should not be necessary if effective dust
and fume control measures have been instituted and
should only be considered as a last resort. They may
be needed, however, for short-term exposures, (e.g.,
while changing filter bags, general maintenance or
when urgent action is required due to plant failure).
Worker training in the correct use and maintenance of
respirators is essential.
10 Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
Jobs in the rubber industry have been identified with
an increased risk of specific types of musculoskeletal
disorders, namely: back injuries and upper limb
disorders. A sample of material handling jobs in the
rubber industry indicated that the high-risk jobs had
rates of lower back injury about 50% higher than in
general industry. Typically, these problems arise while
carrying rubber products, in jobs such as:
• rubber processing (Banbury) operation
• tyre builders
• tyre finishers and
• tyre transporters both in the factory and warehouse
environment.
In addition, jobs involving repetitive hand and arm
movements (exerting force on a tool or other
equipment) result in upper limb disorders, including:
• Tenosynovitis – an inflammation of the tendon or
surrounding tissue particularly the tendon sheath.
• Carpal tunnel syndrome – affecting the peripheral
nerves serving the hands and arms.
The main symptoms of these conditions are pain,
restriction of joint movement and swelling of soft
tissues. In some cases, the sense of touch and manual
dexterity are affected.
These work-related wrist problems frequently occur
in tyre construction where low back pain predominates.
However, shoulder injuries are also a problem but
under-reported.
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
Various workplace-related risk factors are responsible
for these musculoskeletal problems, specifically: static,
awkward or asymmetric postures of the back, heavy
weights handled, and strong forces applied to the trunk.
Rubber workplaces are often warm, dirty and dusty. The
heat tends to increase the workers’ caloric demand. The
resin and dust increase the likelihood of workers’ wearing
gloves while performing their tasks. When workers wear
gloves, they must increase their grip force since they
cannot perceive when an object is about to slip out of
their hands, so the use of gloves increases the tension
required in the forearm to control the fingers.
10.1 Prevention
To prevent musculoskeletal problems in the workplace,
reduction of potential risk factors is crucial, such as:
• The simple rearrangement of the workplace (e.g.,
raising or lowering the work or moving the
workstations) in order to eliminate large twisting
or lateral bending motions of the trunk; the latter
can often be accomplished by re-orienting origins
and destinations of the lifting tasks from a 180º
twist to a 90º turn.
• Incorporating adjustable workstations such as
scissor jacks or lift tables, lifting assistance devices
such as lifts and cranes, or even fully automating
the workstation.
For further guidance on these topics the Health and
Safety Executive have produced a Guidance Note, HS
(G) 60 Work-related upper limb disorders – a guide to
prevention.
11 Nitrosamines
Many nitrosamines have known carcinogenic effects
in animals, particularly low molecular weight
nitrosamines such as diethylnitrosamine, whose general
structure is:
R – N– R
|
NO
N-Nitrosamines (NAs) are suspected human
carcinogens. In many countries, regulatory guidelines
already exist to reduce worker and consumer exposures
to them. During the vulcanisation process in the rubber
industry, the decomposition of certain vulcanisation
accelerators generates nitrosamines – these escape into
the factory and some slowly escape from rubber
products (41, 86, 113, 461). The formation of NAs in
rubber occurs principally during vulcanisation when
temperatures are high and amines from the vulcanised
agents are released.
A high concentration source of NAs is salt baths
containing nitrite and nitrate. Higher levels of NAs have
also been identified near ultrahigh frequency (UHF)
equipment, extruders, calenders, and in the final control
and product storage areas. A further possible source in
black rubber compounds is the carbon black itself.
Nitrosamines belong to a small group of major
carcinogens, which, over a broad dosage range, almost
always induce tumours in test animals. The German
MAK Commission used animals to classify the NAs
usually found in workplaces. (This is the Commission
within the German Research Association (DFG)
responsible for testing hazardous materials.) The twelve
‘very hazardous’ NAs are shown in Table 7.
In the United States, both the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) and the NIOSH consider
NDMA an occupational carcinogen, but have not
established exposure limits. In Germany, strict regulations
for occupational exposure to nitrosamines are in place. In
general industry, the total NA exposure may not exceed
1μg/m3. For certain processes, such as rubber vulcanisation,
total NA exposure may not exceed 2.5 μg/m3.
Eliminating nitrosamine formation from curing
vulcanisation operations can be done by reformulating
the rubber compounds or using a curing vulcanisation
process such as hot air with glass beads or microwave
curing, rather than a salt bath. Both changes will require
research and development to ensure that the final
product has the same desirable properties.
Another option to reduce exposure is to improve local
exhaust ventilation. Not only do salt baths need to be
enclosed and properly ventilated, so too do other areas
along the line, where the product is cut or drilled (41, 74).
12 1,3-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene is a colourless gas, produced as a by-
product in the manufacture of ethylene, used largely
25
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry

Table 7
Nitrosamine type Target organ
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Liver, kidney, lung, blood vessels
N-nitrosodiethylamine Liver, oesophagus, blood vessels, nostrils, bile duct, haemopoietic
tissue
N-nitrosodiethylamine Liver, kidney, oesophagus, respiratory tract, glandular stomach
N-nitrosodi-p-propylamine Liver, kidney, oesophagus, respiratory tract, upper digestive tract,
brain, haemopoietic tissues
N-nitrosodi-I-propylamine Liver, respiratory tract
N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine Liver, oesophagus, urinary bladder, digestive tract, respiratory tract
N-nitrosoethylphenylamine Not studied
N-nitrosomorpholine Liver, kidney, respiratory tract, blood tissue
N-nitrosopiperidine Liver, kidney, oesophagus, respiratory tract, upper digestive tract
N-nitrosopyrrolidine Liver, bile ducts, nostrils

as a starting material in the manufacture of synthetic
rubber (e.g., styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and
polybutadiene rubber) and thermoplastic resins.
12.1 Health Effects
12.1.1 Animal Studies
Inhaled butadiene is carcinogenic at multiple organ sites
in rats and mice. Rats exposed to 0, 1,000 or 8,000
ppm butadiene for 2 years had an increased tumour
incidence and/or dose-response trends, in the pancreas,
testis and brains of males and in the mammary gland,
thyroid gland, uterus and Zymbal gland of females.
Inhalation studies of butadiene in mice were conducted
at exposures ranging from 6.25 to 1,250 ppm. The
induction of malignant lymphomas and uncommon
haemangiosarcomas of the heart were reported.
However, malignant lung tumours were induced at all
exposure concentrations. The liver, forestomach,
Harderian gland, ovary, mammary gland and prepubial
gland of mice were the other sites of tumour induction.
with occupational exposure to butadiene. In the
butadiene production industry, increases in
lymphosarcomas in production workers were
concentrated among men who were first employed
before 1946. A case-control study of lymphatic and
haematopoietic cancers in eight SBR facilities
identified a strong association between leukaemia
mortality and exposure to butadiene. The IARC (1999)
classified 1,3 butadiene as probably carcinogenic to
humans (a.38).
Delzell and co-workers (1996) confirmed excess
leukaemia mortalities among SBR workers exposed to
butadiene (a.39). The site correspondence between
lymphomas induced in mice exposed to butadiene, and
lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers associated with
occupational exposure to butadiene are especially
noteworthy. Furthermore, estimates of the human
cancer risk derived from data of butadiene-induced
lymphomas in mice are similar to estimates of
leukaemia risk determined from new epidemiological
data.

In mice, butadiene is toxic to both genes and bone
marrow cells. Butadiene is also identified as having a
mutagenic (heredity-altering) activity.
12.1.2 Human Studies
Epidemiological studies have found excess mortality
from lymphatic and haemopoietic cancers associated
12.2 Industrial Exposure and Control
NIOSH in the US conducted a survey of exposure in
butadiene producing industries. Exposures were greater
than 10 ppm in 4% of the samples and less than 1 ppm
in 81% of samples. Exposures were not homogeneous
within specific job categories. Limited sampling from
rubber tyre and hose manufacturing plants showed that
levels were below the limit of detection (0.005).

26
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
Exposure to butadiene can be reduced by ensuring the
fittings on closed-loop systems are not worn or
incorrectly connected. Further means of controlling
potential exposures include the use of: (1) closed-loop
systems for cylinder sampling, (2) dual mechanical
seals to control release from leaking pumps, (3)
magnetic gauges to monitor railcar filling operations,
and (4) using a laboratory hood for cylinder voiding.
13 General Recommendations for Handling
Rubber Chemicals
13.1 Personal Hygiene
Good personal hygiene at work is dependent on:
• An appreciation of the potential sources of
industrial health hazards
• The careful application of recommended
procedures
• A planned, clean and well organised working
routine
• The provision of appropriate facilities, including
adequate washing, showering and changing rooms,
clean and dirty clothes storage lockers.
• Special attention to the placement of vending
machine and/or drinking fountains so that food and
drink are not taken into, stored, or consumed in
work areas.
• Smoking should be limited to ventilated smoking
booths.
13.2 Handling
Since chemicals can only enter the body by being
inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin, they
should always be handled in ways which minimise
these types of exposure. Direct skin contact with
chemicals should be avoided, and appropriate
protective clothing should be worn when required.
Care should be taken to transfer materials in ways
which do not cause dust clouds or vapour
concentrations. Operators must receive adequate
training and instruction and be provided with proper
utensils, e.g., single purpose scoops, ladles, buckets
and knives.
When hazardous materials are being handled only the
minimum quantity required should be kept in the
workshop. Properly labelled containers must be
provided and these should be kept closed when not in
use. Bags, cartons and drums should be clean on the
outside, clearly labelled and protected from damage.
There must be strict observance of filling levels for
liquids. Direct skin contact with hazardous materials
must be prevented by use of suitable protective
clothing. Transfer of these chemicals must only be
carried out at a location where any dust or vapour
generated is removed by suitably designed local
exhaust ventilation. Dustless forms and masterbatches
should be employed, as this is one of the most practical
and efficient ways of controlling dust at source.
13.3 General and Local Exhaust Ventilation
Inhalation of chemical products in the form of mists,
fine dusts, powder, or fumes should always be
minimised by good general ventilation. At specific
operating points, there may be additional need of local
exhaust ventilation to control the level of fumes,
vapours or airborne dust at the source of emission.
Respirators provided for use at work should conform
to standards. In the UK, British Standard BS 4275
provides recommendations for the selection, use and
maintenance of respiratory protective equipment.
Additional information relating to the suitability for
specific protection against dust or fumes can be
obtained from the manufacturers. The provision of a
reference guide for use of the correct type of approved
respirators is recommended. Respirators should only
be used as a temporary expedient pending adequate
dust or fume control at the source.
13.4 Skin Protection and Protective Clothing
Prolonged or repeated contact of rubber chemicals with
the skin should be avoided. Accidental splashes with
liquids or contamination with excess dust should be
washed off with plenty of soap and water, or special skin
washing solutions, which may be provided in first aid
boxes. The provision and use of protective clothing (e.g.,
gloves, aprons, hats, overalls with long sleeves)
appropriate to the relevant conditions of handling should
be standard practice. Supervision should ensure that
operators make full use of any necessary protective
clothing.
27
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
14 Conclusion
Injurious health effects to rubber industry workers have
been suspected for decades, but links to industry
exposure are not always clear. Certainly, chronic
exposure to solvents, dust and fumes has a cumulative
negative health effect. Acute health effects such as
allergic rhinitis, urticaria, asthma and dermatitis, occur
because of exposure to natural rubber latex,
accelerators, vulcanisers and other toxic chemicals.
Musculo-skeletal injuries, such as low back pain, occur
because of heavy work. It is vital that employers and
employees in the industry pay heed to pertinent
legislation and work together to implement and
improve safety practices and equipment.
RUBIAC publications from the UK HSE, contain
information that has proven helpful to both employees
and employers. Publications have also been produced
by various other organisations and most
28
recommendations are being implemented, so that a
decline in the incidence of accidents and injuries has
been reported. Notwithstanding, health and safety in
the rubber industry needs further improvements. The
most pressing current issue is the allergic reaction to
natural rubber latex and epidemiological research to
find any links between working in the rubber industry
and cancer.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks the UK HSE for providing
information and statistics used in this review, Mr Bryan
Roderick Hamman for assistance with the English
language presentation of the manuscript and Dr. M van
Tongeren, Institute of Occupational Health, the
University of Birmingham for help in the final
preparation of manuscript.
 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry
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 References and Abstracts

References from the Rapra Abstracts Database

Item 1 rubber processing. A description of the gas chromatography/

Plastics and Rubber Weekly chemiluminescent thermal energy detector is given. Results
25th May 2001, p.18 of the determination of N-nitrosamines in some rubber
HEALTHY WORK IN SAFE HANDS articles are discussed. 8 refs.
Dost A EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
BRMA Accession no.817273
The performance of the rubber industry with regard to
accident prevention is discussed and the role of BRMA Item 4
in improving accident prevention strategies is highlighted. Elastomery
It is considered that efforts being made by the rubber 5, No.1, 2001, p.29-34
industry and by the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee Polish
are improving the accident rate within the industry but CARCINOGEN SUBSTANCES IN THE RUBBER
there is much to be done over the next ten years to improve INDUSTRY
the rubber industry’s health and safety record. Domanski W
RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Warsaw,Central Institute of Labour Protection
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE Details are given about possible health hazardous
Accession no.818542 substances and processes for employees in the rubber
industry. Concentrations of N-nitrosamines, benzene and
benzopyrene were investigated in several industrial plants.
Item 2 14 refs.
Plastics and Rubber Weekly EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
25th May 2001, p.6
Accession no.817272
RUBBER FIRMS SET FOR ACCIDENT TARGET
Hague C
Item 5
The Health & Safety Executive is expecting a drop of
Elastomery
15% in the overall accident rate in the period 1st April
5, No.1, 2001, p.17-28
2000 to 31st March 2001 but these figures do not meet
Polish
the target set by the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee
ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN THE
(Rubiac) of the Health & Safety Commission, which
RUBBER MANUFACTURING PROCESS
requires a drop of 30% between April 1998 and 2002. At
Parasiewicz W
the end of 3 years, a reduction in the accident rate of 24%
Stomil Rubber Research Institute
has been achieved. Problems in the reduction of manual
handling accidents are being experienced but Rubiac is An overview is given about possible health hazardous
expecting the target of 500 manual handling accidents substances and processes for employees in the rubber
for every 100,000 to be reached by May 2002. industry. Measures of prevention are outlined. A lack of
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE; RUBBER comparable results of epidemiological tests is indicated.
INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Monitoring the concentration of hazardous substances in
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; air is discussed. 24 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.818539 Accession no.817271

Item 3 Item 6
Elastomery Rubber and Plastics News 2
5, No.1, 2001, p.35-9 22, No.11, 12th March 2001, p.8
Polish ERGONOMICS RULE’S DEATH PLEASES
TECHNIQUE OF SELECTIVE INDUSTRY OFFICIALS
DETERMINATION AND CONTROL OF N- Moore M
NITROSAMINES COMPLYING WITH
Tyre and rubber industry representatives are reported to
REQUIREMENTS OF EUROPEAN STANDARDS
have applauded Congress’ overthrow of an ergonomics
Kleps T; Parys T; Piaskiewicz M
standard, March 7th, which they claim, would have ruined
Stomil Rubber Research Institute
them financially if implemented. Labour unions are said
Details are given of the development of a technique for the to have fought hard for the standard which was designed
determination of vestigial amounts of N-nitrosamines in to protect US workers from musculoskeletal and repeated

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 31

 References and Abstracts
stress disorders. However, groups such as the US Chamber
of Commerce and the National Association of
Manufacturers claimed the regulation would cost US
business as much as 100 billion US dollars to implement
annually. Comments from the Tire Association of North
America, the International Tire & Rubber Association and
the Rubber Manufacturers’ Association are reported.
USA
Accession no.812545
Item 7
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
77, No.786, May 2000, p.52-8
French
VULCANISATION: IDENTIFICATION AND
MECHANISMS OF REACTION
Plessier L; Lemaitre T; Triquenaux O; Gomez E
Ifoca; LRCCP
Results are presented of a study in which the sulphur
vulcanisation of polyisoprene was carried out at 150C
and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and HPLC
were used to determine the chemical nature of
intermediates and accelerator residues formed during the
vulcanisation reaction. 15 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.803898
Item 8
Fire Retardancy of Polymers.
Cambridge, UK, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998,
54F, p.437-47
IDENTIFICATION OF CYANIDE IN GASEOUS
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS EVOLVING FROM
INTUMESCENT STYRENE-BUTADIENE
COPOLYMER FORMULATIONS
Claire Y; Gaudin E; Rossi C; Perichaud A; Kaloustian
J; El Watik L; Zineddine H
Provence,University; Marseille,Universite la
Mediterranee; Moulay Ismail,Universite
Edited by: Le Bras M; Camino G; Bourbigot S; Delobel
R
(Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Lille;
Torino,Universita; CREPIM)
The most heavily used fire retardants for polymers have
been halogenated agents. Today, these products can be
criticised on account of their high toxicity during fire
(release of halogenated acids). The replacement of these
additives by intumescent systems seems to be a good
choice. These systems are generally composed of a
polyacid, a polyalcohol and a nitrogenated compound. A
mixture of ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and
melamine is applied to the fireproofing of SBR. However,
cyanide can be obtained in the gaseous combustion
products at high temperature. A polarographic method
with super-imposed potential of constant amplitude is
32
used for the detection and determination of such cyanide
during the combustion of the SBR intumescent mixture.
8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
MOROCCO; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.795764
Item 9
Rubber and Plastics News 2
21, No.22, 31st July 2000, p.4
ATTORNEY SUGGESTS UNIFIED APPROACH
TO NR RULES
Worley L B
This article presents views expressed during a presentation
made at the recent Third Annual International Latex
Conference, held in Ohio, on the subject of stringent
natural rubber latex regulations in the USA. There is a
fear that over-zealous regulation of latex products is
threatening the entire US latex industry.
CARDINAL HEALTH INC.; MALAYSIAN RUBBER
PRODUCERS’ COUNCIL; ALLEGIANCE CORP.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
MALAYSIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.795327
Item 10
Rubber Asia
14, No.6, Nov./Dec.2000, p.28-9
IS LATEX A HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE?
Vance P
Crusader Chemical Co.
As only 1% of the US population is estimated to be latex
sensitised, a possible and controllable risk for a few does
not justify classification of NR latex as a hazardous
substance for all, it is claimed. NR latex use in the food,
drug and cosmetic industry is already an area of scrutiny
and regulation under the authority of the FDA. Further
regulation of the same area by other groups is neither
appropriate nor warranted.
USA
Accession no.795119
Item 11
158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000.
Conference preprints.
Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 73
DISPELLING THE MYTHS AND LEGENDS
SURROUNDING ORGANIC PEROXIDES
Eilo G W
Hercules Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Common myths and legends surrounding the use of
organic peroxides as crosslinking agents in the rubber
industry are discussed. An overview of regulatory
requirements is included, as well as fundamental
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

precautions for safe storage and handling. Aspects RHODE ISLAND OFFICIALS TARGET LATEX
considered include shipping, fire hazards, health hazards, ALLERGIES
decomposition, storage and handling. The chemicals are Rasinski M
claimed to be predictably reactive, and safe to use if they
After failing to regulate the use of latex products in the
are not overheated, are stored in approved packages, kept
state, the Department of Health in Rhode Island (USA) is
away from incompatible materials, and spillages are
to develop regulations, protocols and management
cleaned up. 6 refs.
strategies to promote public education and awareness of
USA
latex allergies, so that people will minimise their use of
Accession no.794174 this potentially-hazardous material.
RHODE ISLAND,DEPT.OF HEALTH; US,FOOD &
Item 12 DRUG ADMINISTRATION; ALLEGIANCE
Rubber and Plastics News HEALTHCARE CORP.
30, No.6, 13th Oct.2000, p.30 USA
GOVERNMENT SAYS CURING AGENT UNSAFE Accession no.791525
Dawson B
A May 1973 government standard restricting the handling Item 15
of a curing agent used in PU processing set off long-term Chemical Marketing Reporter
opposition by the industry, a set of conflicts known as 258, No.14, 2nd Oct.2000, p.45
the MOCA Wars. There has never been hard evidence CHEMICAL PROFILE - METHYL CHLORIDE
connecting MOCA, methylenebis(2-chloroaniline), with
cancer in humans and the industry considered the standard This article provides a detailed profile of information on
unwarranted and debilitating. The standard threatened the methyl chloride. It first lists key US producers and their
PU industry’s existence because there was no substitute capacities in millions of pounds per year. It then looks at
for MOCA and compliance costs were high. The PU demand, market growth, price, applications, and strengths
industry, on the shoulders of the Polyurethane and weaknesses. A market forecast is also included.
Manufacturers Association, fought back. Today, the only DOW; DOW CORNING; GE PLASTICS; VULCAN
US state with a MOCA exposure standard is California, USA
which requires controlled access to workplaces using Accession no.791501
MOCA and urinalysis testing for workers exposed to it.
US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH Item 16
ADMINISTRATION Industria della Gomma
USA
44, No.4, May 2000, p.16-8
Accession no.792778 Italian
1999/45/CE DIRECTIVE AND THE RUBBER
Item 13 INDUSTRY
Rubber Asia Garlanda B
14, No.5, Sept./Oct.2000, p.113-5 The 1999/45/CE European Union directive relating to
NEW, BETTER PRESERVATIVE FOR NATURAL substances hazardous to the health or the environment is
LATEX examined. Its implications for chemicals used in the
Petri C; Pendle T D rubber industry are briefly discussed, and classifications
Schill & Seilacher GmbH are presented for a number of accelerators.
This detailed article describes tests on a new preservative EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
for natural latex, known as Struktol LB219, which is free WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
of nitrogen and therefore enables the production of latex Accession no.790897
concentrate which is free of all nitrosamines and
nitrosatable amines.
Item 17
RUBBER CONSULTANTS ANALYTICAL
Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri
LABORATORY
65, No.5, May 2000, p.390-4
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE- Italian
GENERAL; WORLD SAFETY VALVE IN POWDER STORAGE
Accession no.791685 SYSTEMS
Bortolamasi M; Montorsi S
WAM SpA
Item 14
Rubber and Plastics News The use of safety valves to protect against overpressure
29, No.26, 24th July 2000, p.14 and underpressure in powder and granule storage systems

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 33

 References and Abstracts
is discussed. German, Italian and European Union
standards relating to safety devices are reviewed. 14 refs.
UNI; INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
ORGANISATION; DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER
NORMUNG
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
GENERAL; WORLD
Accession no.790883
Item 18
Rubber India
52, No.7, July 2000, p.11-5
PROTEIN ALLERGY IN LATEX PRODUCTS
Paul J
Midland Latex Products Ltd.
Latex has long been the material of choice for protective
gloves in health care settings, providing the wearer the
flexibility, a barrier against exposure to infectious agents,
and durability. Unfortunately, for a substantial number of
healthcare workers and other regular wearers of latex
gloves, latex glove wearing also leads to a permanent
allergic sensitivity to latex, which can be life threatening.
So life threatening, in fact, that once the allergic sensitivity
to latex has fully developed its most intense form through
repeated exposure to latex, the victim may no longer be
able to tolerate latex products, without risking his or her
life. The root cause of this problem is attributed to the
residual extractable protein present in the latex product.
The problem becomes all the more serious with hundreds
of latex products being used regularly by medical
practitioners. The products range from gloves to dental
dams to enema cuffs. The residual proteins in latex products
being the root cause of allergic reactions have to be reduced
to the level considered ‘safe’. Many alternatives have been
tried but none could fully replace the latex glove, until now.
The quest for better alternatives is going on. Soon some
product free from latex and with similar functional
properties may be developed. This is a serious threat to the
latex glove. To survive the onslaught of alternatives to latex
gloves it is imperative that a low protein glove is developed
which is very low in residual proteins. 4 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.790131
Item 19
Rubber Bonding 2000. Conference proceedings.
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 15th-16th May 2000, paper 3
ASSESSING AND CONTROLLING EXPOSURE
TO SOLVENTS; THE UK’S GUIDANCE AND
LIMIT SETTING SYSTEM AND COMPARISON
WITH THE REST OF EUROPE
Topping M
UK,Health & Safety Executive
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
Hydrocarbon based solvents have a valuable role in many
industrial processes. However, a well-known hazard of
34
many hydrocarbon solvents is their flammability, but they
can also have damaging effects on the environment and
harm human health. Emphasis is placed on the latter. Some
of the ill health effects are described together with how
solvents users can get information on these; the UK
approach to control, including the role of occupational
exposure limits; a comparison of UK limits with those in
other EU Member States; and finally a new approach
taken by the UK Health & Safety Executive to help
companies control health risks. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.790029
Item 20
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
73, No.3, July/Aug.2000, p.427-85
CUTANEOUS REACTIONS TO RUBBER
Taylor J S; Yung-Hian Leow
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
A detailed review is presented of the literature on
cutaneous reactions to rubber, the aspects covered
including latex allergy, irritant contact dermatitis and
allergic contact dermatitis. The adverse cutaneous
reactions to rubber occurring following industrial and
occupational or consumer exposure to rubber chemicals
or products or to natural rubber latex proteins are
discussed. 261 refs.
USA
Accession no.789319
Item 21
Progress in Organic Coatings
38, Nos.3-4, June 2000, p.199-206
ALKALISING AND NEUTRALISING EFFECTS
OF ANTICORROSIVE PIGMENTS CONTAINING
ZN, MG, CA AND SR CATIONS
Kalendova A
Pardubice,University
The possibility of replacing toxic anticorrosive pigments
with pigments acceptable from the viewpoint of
environmental protection was examined. Spinel pigments
containing Zn(II), Ca(II), Mg(II), Sr(II), Fe(III), Al(III)
and Ti(IV) cations were synthesised. Combination of these
elements gave five assorted oxide groups, which were
applied to alkyd, styrene-acrylate, epoxy resin and
chlorinated rubber binders. The binder containing acid
groups gave an aqueous extract with better inhibitive
properties than the non-reactive binders. Using spinel
pigments allowed the corrosion reaction to be significantly
inhibited in comparison with the corrosion running in pure
water. The chemical composition of the synthesised
pigments clearly showed that the compounds were
ecologically harmless. 21 refs.
CZECH REPUBLIC
Accession no.785957
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 22
Paper Film & Foil Converter
74, No.7, July 2000, p.16
PETITION BY NATURAL RUBBER LATEX
COULD IMPACT CONVERTERS
Millar S A
Keller & Heckman
A petition has been filed before the Consumer Product
Safety Commission asking it to declare natural rubber
latex a ‘strong sensitiser’ under the Federal Hazardous
Substances Act. The petition alleges that individuals have
developed latex allergies or suffer allergic responses
through exposures to NR latex in consumer products. In
addition, the petition asked the Commission to declare
NR latex in toys and other products intended for use by
children a ‘banned hazardous substance’. Implications of
such a petition are discussed.
USA
Accession no.785621
Item 23
European Rubber Journal
182, No.9, Sept.2000, p.26
LATEX ALLERGY LAWYER CLAIMS
LANDMARK VICTORY
Raleigh P; Moore M
A court in California has ordered Baxter Healthcare to
pay 800,000 US dollars to a healthcare worker, after
finding the glove maker 70% liable for causing the
worker’s latex allergy reactions. The ruling was based on
Baxter’s failure to introduce washing to remove the
proteins that cause latex allergy until 1996, years later
than other makers. There are currently around 40 latex
allergy cases being processed in California.
BAXTER HEALTHCARE CORP.
USA
Accession no.785115
Item 24
Fire & Materials
24, No.2, March/April 2000, p.113-9
FIRE SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS IN THE
COMBUSTION TOXICITY AREA: IS THERE A
ROLE FOR LC 50 TESTS?
Babrauskas V
Fire Science & Technology Inc.
It is well known that the bulk of fire fatalities can be
attributed to the inhalation of toxic combustion gases. This
single fact has led regulators in Europe, the US and other
industrialised countries to consider (and in some cases to
adopt) requirements for testing of products with various
tests for toxic potency, commonly expressed as LC50.
The regulators have more recently been joined by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
which has been developing standards for LC50 and related
variables. All of the standards considered so far have been
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
limited to using only bench-scale test results. Engineers,
however, have known for quite some time that the actual
toxic effect from combustion gases must be viewed as a
product of two factors: the product’s real-scale mass loss
rate; and its real-scale LC50. Thus, two issues can be seen
to arise: are real-scale values of LC50 adequately similar
to the bench-scale ones; and is the range of mass loss
rates exhibited by various products small enough so that
differences could he ignored and products ranked/rated
solely by their LC50 values? These questions are
examined by the use of a database of experimental results
covering a wide range of building products. The analysis
shows that far from being the dominant factor in the fire
toxicity picture, LC50 is a minor constituent. For real
products, LC50 values simply do not vary much. Mass
loss rates, however, vary tremendously. Thus, it is
demonstrated that the proper strategy for controlling fire
toxicity hazard is by reducing the burning rate, not by
attempting to make the effluent less toxic. These findings
directly indicate that regulations based on controlling the
LC50 cannot hope to address the proper concern of
reducing fire fatalities. 20 refs.
USA
Accession no.784097
Item 25
Rubber Asia
July-Aug.2000, p.41-6
NR WILL OCCUPY STRATEGIC POSITION IN
THE FUTURE
Loyen G; Dereinda R
INRO
The natural rubber industry’s current situation and future
prospects are considered, with reference to technological,
environmental and economic trends affecting its progress.
Developments in the tyre, automotive and non-tyre end-
use industries are examined, and statistics are included
for production of vehicles by region, and consumption of
NR by end-use industry. Production and consumption
patterns are identified and growth trends are forecasted
for supply and demand.
WORLD
Accession no.782801
Item 26
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
77, No.783, Feb.2000, p.46/53
French
DOSING OF N-NITROSAMINES
Khalfoune H; Aubin C; Gomez E
LRCCP; IFOCA
Consideration is given to the toxicity of nitrosamines
formed during rubber vulcanisation in the presence of
certain accelerators, the mechanisms by which they are
formed, and French, German and European Union
regulations relating to nitrosamines in the workplace
35
 References and Abstracts

atmosphere and in rubber products. Methods used in the UK HSE SETS NEW OCCUPATIONAL
sampling and analysis of nitrosamines are also described. EXPOSURE STANDARDS
6 refs.
This small article reports that the UK Health & Safety
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
Executive has published its latest (and restructured) list
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-
GENERAL of new occupational exposure standards. Some of the
Accession no.780260 polymer additives which are mentioned in the list are
highlighted.
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE
Item 27 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
Rubber India WESTERN EUROPE
52, No.5, May 2000, p.11-6 Accession no.777909
LATEX PROTEIN ALLERGY
Sebastian M S
India,Rubber Board Item 30
Industria della Gomma
Allergic reactions to proteins in natural latex are
43, No.10, Dec.1999, p.22-8
discussed, and methods are described for reducing
Italian
extractable protein in latex products, together with the
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE LIGHT OF
availability of low protein level films. Methods currently
THE 1999/45/CE DIRECTIVE
available for reducing extractable protein content from
Garlanda B
latex products are leaching and chlorination. Enzyme
treatment and radiation vulcanisation methods are newer An examination is made of the requirements of a European
techniques which are described. LOPROL low protein Union directive (1999/45/CE) relating to the classification,
latex is produced by enzyme deproteinisation of natural packaging and labelling of chemical substances considered
rubber latex. harmful to the health or the environment.
INDIA EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.779987
Accession no.776766

Item 28
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Item 31
Medicine Rubber and Plastics News
42, No.6, 1st June 2000, p.613-20 29, No.21, 15th May 2000, p.10
NATURAL RUBBER LATEX GLOVE: GLOVE WORKING ON THE EDGE
USE, SENSITISATION, AND AIRBORNE AND Moore M
LATENT DUST CONCENTRATIONS AT A No group of workers is in greater need of barrier
DENVER HOSPITAL protection than the 2.2 million nurses in the US, yet no
Page E H; Esswein E J; Petersen M R; Lewis D M; group of workers is more prone to developing debilitating,
Bledsoe T A occasionally deadly latex allergies. To protect its
US,National Inst.for Occupational Safety & Health members, the American Nurses Association is preparing
The results are reported of a study carried out to determine its own Glove Selection Guide. Among other things, the
the prevalence of sensitisation (immunoglobulin E ANA already has recommended a total ban on powdered
antibodies to latex proteins) among two groups of hospital gloves.
workers, namely those regularly using latex gloves and AMERICAN NURSES ASSN.
those not regularly using latex gloves, in a Denver USA
hospital. Testing procedures included a single assay and Accession no.775766
protocol, determination of risk factors for sensitisation
and determination whether work-related symptoms were
associated with latex sensitisation or latex glove use. Air, Item 32
surface and air-filter dust samples for NR latex were Annals of Occupational Hygiene
collected and analysed for latex proteins by radioallergo- 44, No.2, March 2000, p.79-88
sorbent inhibition assay. 51 refs. NATURAL RUBBER LATEX AEROALLERGEN
EXPOSURE IN RUBBER PLANTATION
USA
WORKERS AND GLOVE MANUFACTURERS IN
Accession no.779805 THAILAND AND HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN
A UK HOSPITAL
Item 29 Sri-Akajunt N; Sadhra S; Jones M; Burge P S
Additives for Polymers Birmingham,University; London,National Heart &
May 2000, p.12 Lung Institute; Birmingham,Heartlands Hospital

36 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
Personal airborne NR latex concentrations were estimated
for the above occupational exposure groups and the data
used to classify the populations into appropriate exposure
groups for exposure-response analysis in an
epidemiological study of latex allergy. Exposure to the
aeroallergens was found to be highest in the glove
manufacturing factory, moderate in the plantation and low
for health care workers. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; THAILAND;
UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.768233
Item 33
Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine
41, No.12, 1st Dec.1999, p.1079-84
META-ANALYSIS OF RISK ESTIMATES FOR
PROSTATE CANCER RELATED TO TYRE AND
RUBBER MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
Stewart R E; Dennis L K; Dawson D V; Resnick M I
Case Western Reserve University
Studies investigating the association between prostate
cancer and exposure to the tyre and rubber manufacturing
environment have reported weak and inconsistent results.
A meta-analysis of nine cohort studies that used standard
mortality ratios and three case control studies that use
odds ratios is conducted. The pooled results from the nine
cohort studies show a standard mortality ratio of 101 (95%
confidence interval (CI) = 93, 110), whereas the pooled
results from the three case control studies show an odds
ratio of 1.10 (95% CI = 0.94, 1.29). The standard mortality
ratios are converted to odds ratios by dividing by 100.
The overall pooled risk estimate from all 12 studies is
1.03 (95% CI = 0.96, 1.11). The conclusion of this meta-
analysis is that work exposure in a rubber and tyre
manufacturing environment does not result in an increased
risk of prostate cancer. 46 refs.
USA
Accession no.765136
Item 34
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
44, No.1, 2000, p.67-74
IN VITRO AND VIVO TESTS FOR
DETERMINATION OF THE PATHOGENICITY
OF QUARTZ, DIATOMACEOUS EARTH,
MORDENITE AND CLINOPTILOLITE
Adamis Z; Tatrai E; Honma K; Six E; Ungvary G
Hungary,National Institute of Chemical Safety; Joszef
Fodor,National Center of Public Health; Dokkyo,
University
The effects of samples of crystalline quartz, diatomaceous
earth, mordenite and clinoptilolite are investigated in vitro
(as concerns erythrocyte haemolysis and lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) release from peritoneal
macrophages) and in vivo (on LDH, protein and
phospholipids in rat bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
phospholipids in rat lung tissue). The respirable mineral
samples are instilled intratracheally. Determinations in the
BAL are carried out after 15, 60 and 180 days, and in the
lung tissue after 90, 180 and 360 days. Quartz DQ and
quartz FQ induce acute, subacute and chronic inflammation
and progressive fibrosis. However, due to the Al2O3
contamination on the surface of the particles, quartz FQ
causes a delayed response in vivo. Diatomaceous earth
produces acute/subacute inflammation that gradually
becomes more moderate after 60 days. Clinoptilolite is
inert, whereas the other zeolite sample, mordenite, is
cytotoxic in vivo. The reason for this is presumably the
needle and rod-shaped particles in the mordenite samples.
The investigation reveals that different in vitro and in vivo
methods can provide valuable data concerning the
pulmonary toxicity of minerals. 27 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY; JAPAN
Accession no.765049
Item 35
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
44, No.1, Jan.2000, p.3-14
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ON THE
CARCINOGENICITY OF SILICA: FACTORS IN
SCIENTIFIC JUDGEMENT
Soutar C A; Robertson A; Miller B G; Searl A; Bignon J
Edinburgh,Institute of Occupational Medicine;
Paris,Val de Marne University
In view of the extended debate and differing opinions on
whether crystalline silica is a human carcinogen, a
selection of epidemiological reports is reviewed to
identify areas of uncertainty and disagreement. The papers
which in a recent review were considered to provide the
least confounded examinations of an association between
silica exposure and cancer risk are selected. A study of
the mortality of coalminers very recently reported is also
discussed. It is found that parts of the evidence are
coherent but there are contradictions. On examination this
resolves mostly into differences between types of studies.
The three types of epidemiological study included are:
exposure-response studies, the most powerful for the
confirmation of a relationship between a specific exposure
and a health effect; (descriptive studies in which incidence
of disease in an exposed population is compared with that
in a reference population; and studies of incidence of
disease in subjects on silicosis case-registers. 69 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.765048
Item 36
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
44, No.1, Jan.2000, p.1-2
SILICA AND LUNG CANCER: HAZARD OR
RISK
McDonald C
UK,National Heart & Lung Institute
37
 References and Abstracts
When the IARC Working Group met in Lyon in October
1996 to assess the carcinogenicity of crystalline silica, a
seemingly interminable debate ensued, only curtailed by a
reminder from the Secretariat that the IARC was concerned
with the identification of carcinogenic hazards and not the
evaluation of risks. The important distinction between the
potential to cause disease in certain circumstances, as
opposed to the probability of doing so, and in what
circumstances, is not always appreciated. Scientific
agencies such as the IARC are primarily concerned with
the former, whereas national bodies responsible for
regulation have to consider the magnitude of the risks and
practical aspects of control. Even so, the debate in Lyon
continued for some time, finally ending in a narrow vote,
reflecting the majority view of the experts present at that
particular time. Details are given. 5 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.765047
Item 37
ENDS Report
No.300, Jan.2000, p.44-5
EC ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR INITIATIVE
ATTACKED BY INDUSTRY, NGO’S
This article describes the strategy on endocrine-disrupting
substances issued by the European Commission last
December, and details why its short-term goal to compile
a priority list of chemicals for research and testing has
been attacked by industry, environmentalists and scientists
alike.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.763303
Item 38
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1999, pp.459. 921
TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING OF RUBBER
CHEMICALS. BRMA CODE OF PRACTICE.
FOURTH EDITION
British Rubber Manufacturers Assn.; Rapra Technology
Ltd.
This reference book provides an essential guide to health
and safety in the rubber processing industry. The British
Rubber Manufacturers’ Association and Rapra
Technology Limited have combined forces to update the
information on hundreds of different rubber chemicals.
New data has been compiled from reputable
manufacturers and suppliers, and from standard sources
of health and safety data. The book includes an
introduction to the regulations governing the labelling
and use of chemicals, together with definitions of
toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and effects on
reproduction. Specific hazard, risk and safety labels are
explained. The issue of health surveillance in the
38
industry is dealt with in detail. Many rubber chemicals
are examined individually in the form of abbreviated
safety data sheets. They are listed under categories of
use: reinforcing agents and fillers, accelerators and
retarders, vulcanising agents, antidegradants, organic
peroxides, peptisers and processing aids, ester
plasticisers, blowing agents, bonding agents, latex
auxiliaries, pigments and miscellaneous. Each chemical
has a data sheet including trade names, suppliers,
physical data, fire hazards (including explosion risk),
regulatory labelling, health hazards, emergency first aid
and food contact listings (FDA and BgVV). New to this
edition is the addition of CAS and EINECS numbers to
aid identification of materials.
Accession no.762158
Item 39
Rubber and Plastics News 2
21, No.6, 20th Dec.1999, p.5
HYPOALLERGENICITY OF GUAYULE
QUESTIONED
Moore M
Questions have been raised by a top official of condom
manufacturer Custom Service International Inc. about the
possible long-term hypoallergenicity of latex from the
guayule shrub. In this article guayule researchers defend
the substance and give information on testing and
manufacturing processes.
CUSTOM SERVICE INTERNATIONAL INC.;
YULEX CORP.
USA
Accession no.761836
Item 40
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 18
SO, YOU THINK YOU ARE PROTECTED?
Howie R
Howie R.,Associates
The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the
rubber industry is common, with equipment such as
respiratory protective devices, personal hearing
protectors and protective clothing being widely used.
In setting up a PPE programme, it is essential that the
role and reality of PPE performance in the workplace
and any hazards specifically created or exacerbated by
PPE are appreciated. In practice, the necessary
requirements can be addressed by answering the
following questions: when may PPE be used, how well
does PPE perform in the real world and what hazard(s)
can be created by PPE. 15 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760323
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 41
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 17
NITROSAMINE CONTROL AT SOURCE
Scott K; Willoughby B G
Rapra Technology Ltd.
Some N-nitrosamines have been classified as possible
human carcinogens by the International Agency for
Research on Cancer and are recognised potential by-
products of rubber vulcanisation. For this reason the
rubber industry has faced increasingly stringent
requirements for the control of N-nitrosamines. Much
work has been carried out on the possibilities of
reformulation; however the factors influencing N-
nitrosamine formation have remained obscure. N-
nitrosamine-free formulations are now in use, but for
many rubber compounders there are no easy options for
the replacement of basic ingredients such as carbon black
and tetramethylthiuram disulphide (TMTD). This has led
to a study with the primary objective of investigating the
key influences controlling N-nitrosamine formation when
these two components are present in a rubber vulcanisate.
Some of the published information about N-nitrosamine
formation in rubber vulcanisates and its prevention is
reviewed. The findings of a Rapra study on nitrosamine
formation in TMTD/carbon black-containing vulcanisates
are reviewed. 49 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760322
Item 42
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 16
STRATEGY FOR THE CONTROL OF HEALTH
HAZARDS IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY
Hammond C
Michelin Tyre plc
A strategy for achieving the control of health hazards is
described. It is based on a systematic approach that uses
a whole package of actions taken step-by-step that
ultimately leads to the implementation of worthwhile
plans. It is based on well-tried and tested quality system
concepts that are designed to guarantee success.
Successful companies are those that have such quality
standards as ISO 9000 and ISO 14001 in place, properly
implemented and regularly audited and maintained. Such
companies will engender a culture which promotes good
health, safety and environmental management. A review
of standards for substances that the rubber fume and
rubber process dust exposure limits fail to address is called
for. 4 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760321
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 43
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 14
EFFECT OF CONTROL MEASURES IN THE
RUBBER INDUSTRY; THE RESULTS OF A NINE-
YEAR FOLLOW-UP
Vermeulen R; Kromhout H; Swuste P; de Hartog J
Wageningen,University; Nijmegen,University;
Delft,University of Technology
Epidemiological studies among workers employed in the
rubber manufacturing industry have indicated a significant
excess cancer risk in a variety of sites. Although several
associations between exposures and observed cancer risks
have been hypothesised, it has in general not been possible
to identify specific agents for the observed cancer risks.
As a result, it is unknown whether the findings in the
epidemiological surveys represent the consequences of
exposures from the past or that those cancer risks are still
present. In 1988 a large project for workplace
improvement in the rubber manufacturing industry in The
Netherlands was carried out. Based on empirical
modelling of the inhalable and dermal exposure,
exposure-affecting factors were identified on which
working conditions could be improved. These results were
consequently used in a covenant for improvement of
working conditions in the rubber manufacturing industry
entered into by the Ministry of Social affairs and the social
partners. A study is performed to evaluate current
exposure to inhalable particulates and dermal exposure
to cyclohexane soluble matter (CSM). Seven out of ten
companies originally surveyed are re-studied. Exposure
to inhalable particulates and dermal exposure to CSM is
monitored and an inventory of implemented control
measures made. Exposure trends are consequently studied
to quantify the effectiveness of the control measures taken
in the last decade. Extended abstract only. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760319
Item 44
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 13
RESULTS OF THE RETROSPECTIVE COHORT
STUDY IN THE GERMAN RUBBER INDUSTRY
Straif K; Weiland S K; Holthenrich D; Taeger D;
Sun Y; Keil U
Munster,University
There is sufficient evidence for excess occurrence of
several cancer sites among workers in the rubber industry.
However, with the exception of bladder cancer and
leukaemia, there is only limited evidence for causal
associations of excess cancer risks with specific agents
or working conditions. In 1991, a retrospective cohort
study was launched in the German rubber industry. Results
39
 References and Abstracts
for the cohorts of male and female rubber workers, by
time-related variables and by work areas, have been
published for specific cancer sites and liver cirrhosis. The
main findings of these earlier analyses are briefly
summarised, together with recent investigations on
associations between exposure to nitrosamines, asbestos,
talc and carbon black and mortality from specific cancer
sites. 13 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760318
Item 45
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 12
EPIDEMIOLOGY IN THE UK RUBBER
INDUSTRY
Sorahan T
Birmingham,University
The epidemiological evidence of a carcinogenic risk in
the rubber industry was last reviewed in detail by the
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in
1982. This evaluation included eight reports from four
studies from the UK; early work identifying a bladder
cancer excess in rubber workers, work which examined
bladder incidence in different groups of workers from the
Michelin, tyre factory at Stoke-on-Trent, and reports from
two large cohort studies set up to establish whether the
removal of an antioxidant contaminated with b-
naphthylamine had eliminated the bladder cancer
problem. Further reports from one of these two large
cohort studies were published after the IARC evaluation;
it was clear that the cause of the early bladder cancer
problem had been eliminated. All recently published
epidemiological studies concerning the rubber industry
have been reviewed and their likely relevance to the
current UK industry commented upon. In 1994,
arrangements were made to organise a new UK
epidemiological study. This was initiated for two main
reasons: to determine whether or not the improvements
in working conditions introduced in the UK industry in
recent decades have been accompanied by the elimination
of concerns relating to occupational lung and stomach
cancers in the UK rubber industry, and to provide an early
warning of any new serious health problems. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760317
Item 46
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 11
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING: NEW
DEVELOPMENTS
40
Cocker J
UK,Health & Safety Laboratory
Some of the new developments in biological monitoring
are presented. Aspects covered include a brief overview
of biological monitoring, some recent developments
interpreting in biological monitoring guidance values,
new developments in breath sampling and analysis and
some recent practical applications of biological
monitoring.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760316
Item 47
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 9
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS IN
THE RUBBER INDUSTRY
Giese U
Germany,Institute for Rubber Technology
During the manufacture and storage of rubber products
various gases, vapours and aerosols are emitted due to
the complex compound compositions and the
concurrent vulcanisation that occurs at high
temperatures. These emissions consist of volatile
components of original compound ingredients such as
plasticisers, antioxidants and residual monomers or
polymer oligomers, as well as primary and secondary
reaction products from the crosslinking systems.
Individual substances as well as their origin have been
identified in numerous examinations. Using these
results as a basis, well over a hundred substances are
to be expected in the air at the workplace in the rubber
industry. These substances are amines, amides,
aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons, highly volatile
sulphur compounds, aldehydes and ketones, phenols
and esters. Solvents may also be present depending
upon the manufacturing process, as these are used for
assembly and cleaning. Furthermore, water may be
expected in addition to aerosols dependant upon the
weather conditions and manufacturing processes.
Measurement monitoring of the air at the workplace
requires implementation of a measurement method able
to cope with the extremely complex situation in the
rubber industry and can also satisfy the following
requirements: sampling period must represent; a shift
mean value; selectivity for individual hazardous
substances; measurement range 1/10 up to 3x limit
value; and high precision. The sampling and analysis
procedure is developed from a base of approximately
30 relevant substances that can be expected as
emissions and which also have limit values or
toxicological ratings. 35 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760315
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 48
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 8
VISUALISATION USING REAL-TIME
MONITORING AND VIDEO TECHNIQUES FOR
UNDERSTANDING AND CONTROLLING
EXPOSURE TO RUBBER FUME
Walsh P; Piney M; Clark R D R; Flaherty S P
UK,Health & Safety Executive
A visualisation technique is used to investigate various
tasks in the rubber industry, particularly autoclaving
in order to better understand how exposure to rubber
fume occurs. The system, based on a combination of
video and direct-reading (real-time) monitoring,
comprises a hand-held camcorder, portable video
cassette recorder, radio-telemetry transmitter/receiver
and handheld or notebook computers for remote
datalogging and data analysis, and a personal aerosol
monitor for monitoring rubber fume. The video output
shows the normal image of the work activity onto which
is dubbed a window showing the response from the
personal monitor. The use of the system’s video mixing
and data analysis tools allows the work activities to be
analysed in detail, leading to recommendations for
improved control measures. Autoclaving of
weatherseal, hoses and tyres is investigated with the
visualisation technique. The technique highlights the
need to control exposure to rubber fume as weatherseals
are unloaded from formers and to reduce high peak
exposures of operators as they unload the trolleys of
freshly cured rubber strip from the autoclave. For
hoses, as with weatherseal autoclaving, jig unloading
operations caused the greatest exposure to rubber fume.
Differences in exposure were found when tyres of
different sizes were removed from the autoclave.
Recommendations are made for improved control based
on modified work practice (timing and order of
activities) and installation of exhaust ventilation. The
effectiveness of the recommended measures after their
implementation will be further investigated. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760314
Item 49
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 7
RATIONALISATION AND PREDICTION OF THE
COMPONENTS OF RUBBER FUME
Willoughby B G
Rapra Technology Ltd.
The analysis of the fumes from a co-ordinated series of
vulcanisations has enabled ingredient/emission
relationships to be unravelled so that the origins of the
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
individual components of vulcanisation fume can be
recognised. As a result, three distinct sources of volatile
emission have now been distinguished, namely: the
volatile components of ingredients, the volatile impurities
of ingredients and the volatile by-products of chemical
reaction. Many of the reaction sequences leading to these
products have also been resolved, so it becomes possible
to predict the components of rubber fume from a
knowledge of the ingredients and the thermal history of
the mix. It is shown how this is done, illustrating the
performance of the predictive model in computerised
form. 19 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760313
Item 50
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 4
SILICA DUSTS
Bomal Y; Sartre A; Cornillon G; Hendrickx B; Leplay A
Rhodia SA; Rhone-Poulenc SA
Precipitated silicas are traditionally used as reinforcement
fillers in rubber applications. A new-generation Rhodia
silica has, due to its excellent dispersion capacity, made
it possible to develop ‘green tyres’ which have low rolling
resistance, while maintaining or improving their longevity
and adherence. Any person who handles silicas may
legitimately enquire about the risks entailed. However,
confusion between the various classes of finely divided
silicas needs to be avoided, as they differ greatly with
respect to their biological properties after inhalation. The
issue is particularly acute when they are handled in powder
form, to be incorporated into elastomers. Some precaution
is thus necessary when handling them, even though
precipitated silicas do not cause silicosis or cancer. An
attempt is made to clearly distinguish between the known
health effects caused by the inhalation of the different
forms of silicas and to recommend safety practices when
handling solid powders such as precipitated silica. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760311
Item 51
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 3
CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARD-SETTING
ISSUES IN THE UK, EU AND ELSEWHERE FOR
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
Levy L S
Leicester,University
Some of the solid particulate substances used in both the rubber
and plastic industries make excellent examples of how
41
 References and Abstracts
substances which have traditionally been considered to be
biologically inert are now being re-evaluated as new data
becomes available. One problem that emerges is that if they
all have similar toxicological and health risk profiles due to
their physical form, then a more generic approach may still
be appropriate for standard-setting rather than dealing with
each ‘dust’ on a one-off basis. Some of these ‘dusty’ chemicals
used in the rubber and plastics industries are used to illustrate
some of the current systems used for their classification.
Particularly important have been the more recent concerns
regarding possible cancer risks - not based on human findings,
but rat studies in which lung tumours have been induced
following lifetime exposures. Examples selected are carbon
black, amorphous silica and titanium dioxide.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD
Accession no.760310
Item 52
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 2
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH IN THE
CARBON BLACK INDUSTRY
McCunney R J
Massachusetts,Institute of Technology
Details are given of the occupational health related
research sponsored and overseen by the International
Carbon Black Association (ICBA), an organisation
consisting of carbon black manufacturers in North
America and Europe. Aspects covered include not only
the occupational health research sponsored by the ICBA,
but also an overview of the major health perspectives
associated with carbon black and their corresponding
regulatory implications. 19 refs.
USA
Accession no.760309
Item 53
Hazards in the European Rubber Industry. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 28th-29th Sept.1999, paper 1
HEALTH EFFECTS OF CARBON BLACK
Gardiner K
Birmingham,University
Carbon black is a substance of world importance both in
terms of tonnage production and its special ability to
strengthen rubber. Its carbonaceous nature and respirable
size give rise to concern regarding its effect on respiratory
morbidity for those involved in its manufacture and use.
A number of studies have used chest radiographs,
spirometry and respiratory symptoms as means of
assessing the various populations, but almost all of the
studies have either methodological shortcomings or fail
to report the necessary detail. However, exposure-related
effects are evident in those populations studied in terms
42
of small opacities, reduction in FEV1 and FEF 25-75%
and symptoms of chronic bronchitis. 31 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760308
Item 54
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
43, No.7, Oct.1999, p.435-7
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS AND
HUMAN REPRODUCTION: FACT OR FICTION?
Burdorf A; Nieuwenhuijsen M J
Rotterdam,Erasmus University;
London,University,Imperial College
A brief review is presented of the literature on the effects
of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on human
reproduction. The dangers of occupational exposure to
compounds such as phthalates in the plastics and paint
manufacturing industries are mentioned. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.759785
Item 55
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 80
REMOVING NATURAL LATEX PROTEINS
FROM DIPPED RUBBER GOODS WITH FUMED
SILICA ADDITIVES
Amdur S
Polymerim Corp.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Natural proteins are the main reason for latex irritation
suffered by sensitive people and about 10% of medical
field employees dealing with an extensive use of dipped
rubber goods. This problem has surfaced in the last several
years with the increase in production of rubber gloves
for protection from infectious diseases. Although NR latex
is the best product available for price and performance,
bad reputation and litigation potential has caused
customers to shy away from it and look for more
expensive and mostly inferior substitutes. Obviously
many efforts have been made to dispose of the proteins,
however protein traces may still remain and cause
irritation in sensitive people. A way of eliminating the
proteins with a simple, elegant and inexpensive method
using fumed silica additives is described. The fumed silica
attaches itself to the rubber particle and substitutes the
proteins, which are then easily removed. All this can be
performed on line, eliminating chlorination and/or
extensive washing and handling of the products off line.
10 refs.
USA
Accession no.759675
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 56
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 35
SAFER OILS FOR THE TYRE INDUSTRY
Taylor P W H; Pocklington P W H
Equilon Enterprises LLC; Deutsche Shell AG
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Legislation and public pressure in Europe is changing the
nature of process oils in the European market. This has
caused the rubber industry to evaluate new tyre and rubber
formulations without the use of potentially carcinogenic
aromatic oils. This situation is reviewed and the possible
dynamics in the US market are examined, given the
different product demands and the changing face of
lubricant base and process oil manufacture in North
America. Methods of producing this new generation of
process oils for tyre compounds and comparative data on
competing oil types are presented. 10 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.758332
Item 57
New Scientist
164, No.2216, 11th Dec.1999, p.9
RUBBER TROUBLE
Walker M
This article gives brief details of a new virus resistant,
hypoallergenic alternative to latex. The guayule plant
(Parthenium argentatum) found in the deserts of Mexico
and south-western Texas was found to be stronger, have
a longer shelf life and when tested with a solution
containing viruses such as phix174, Hepatitis B and
Herpes simplex passed standard tests with flying colours.
Plans are now being made to reproduce products such as
surgical gloves, catheters and condoms currently made
from Hevea sourced rubber.
YULEX; US,DEPT.OF AGRICULTURE
USA
Accession no.756905
Item 58
Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine
41, No.9, 1st Sept.1999, p.807-12
OCCUPATIONAL COHORT MORTALITY
STUDY OF WOMEN IN THE GERMAN RUBBER
INDUSTRY: 1976 TO 1991
Mundt K A; Weiland S K; Bucher A M; Straif K;
Werner B; Chambless L; Keil U
Muenster,University; Massachusetts,University; North
Carolina,University
The results are reported of a historical cohort mortality
study among 2871 German women employed as blue-
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
collar workers for at least one year in 5 factories owned
by 3 different companies using computerised data
maintained by the companies’ health insurance
companies. Causes of all mortalities were close to those
expected and death from cancer was decreased, except in
the case of stomach, lung and lymphatic system cancers.
Stronger associations were observed among sub-cohorts
defined by time period hired. 36 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.755968
Item 59
Tyretech ’99. Conference proceedings.
Prague, 27th-28th Sept.1999, paper 6
NEW UNLABELLED PROCESS OILS FOR THE
TYRE AND RUBBER INDUSTRY
Wadie J
Mobil Oil Co.Ltd.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
To date, the tyre and rubber industry has predominantly
used distillate aromatic extracts (DAE) for the oil
extension of synthetic rubbers and plasticising rubber
compounds in tyre manufacture. However, several studies
have been conducted that found certain DAEs cause skin
tumours in mouse skin painting assays. Mobil is well
established as the leading supplier of process oils to the
European tyre and rubber industries and has a long
relationship of working closely with the industry on health
and safety issues. To meet the technical, labelling and
supply criteria set by BLIC (Bureau de Liaison des
Industries du Caoutchouc de l’U.E.), Mobil is unique in
offering both a Treated Distillate Aromatic Extract
(TDAE) and a Mild Extraction Solvate (MES) product to
address individual customer needs. Mobil Tyrex 20 is the
most aromatic unlabelled and readily available process
oil. It is a TDAE product demonstrating performance
benefits over other types of unlabelled oils. It balances
the benefits of higher aromaticity to give good rubber
compatibility and performance, with low polycyclic
aromatics (PCA) content. Mobil Prorex 15 is a MES
product. It exhibits lower aromaticity than Mobil Tyrex
20 but meets specific customer requirements. 7 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.755776
Item 60
European Rubber Journal
181, No.11, Nov.1999, p.32-3
RUBBER RISKS AND HOW TO AVOID THEM
White E
An outline of opinions presented at a meeting on hazards
in the rubber industry, organised by Rapra Technology, is
presented. There is no consensus in different countries
on which health problems may be associated with working
43
 References and Abstracts
in the sector, and many of the long-term epidemiological
studies on which conclusions are based are now rather
dated, specialists at the meeting said. Rubber companies
need to focus, as they have been doing for some time, on
practical ways to control exposure to hazardous materials
and hence reduce risks to their staff.
RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD.; MICHELIN GROUP
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.754441
Item 61
Rubber Asia
July-August,1999, p.177-9
FDA PROPOSES NEW GLOVE REGULATIONS
Yellin A K
Proposed new regulations relating to natural rubber latex
gloves are discussed. The FDA has put forward new
regulations covering protein levels, powder levels,
expiration date, and reclassification of medical gloves. A
working party from the Center for Devices and Radiological
Health concluded that evidence was sufficient to
demonstrate that at least some natural rubber latex proteins
are allergenic and that these proteins can also bind to
cornstarch. It was also found that existing evidence supports
a causal relationship between airborne powder from natural
rubber latex medical gloves and respiratory allergic
reactions in sensitive individuals. Recommendations from
the CDRH working group are reported which have formed
the basis of the FDA’s proposed regulations.
US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION
USA
Accession no.748841
Item 62
Rubber and Plastics News 2
20, No.19, 21st June 1999, p.3
OSHA BULLETIN HIGHLIGHTS LATEX
ALLERGIES IN WORKPLACE
Moore M
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has
issued a technical information bulletin outlining problems
with NR latex allergies in the workplace. The bulletin is
intended to alert OSHA field personnel to the potential
for allergic reactions in some individuals using NR latex
products, particularly gloves, in the workplace setting.
The document outlines all the possible allergic reactions
and also suggests strategies for avoiding latex
sensitisation.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
ADMINISTRATION
USA
Accession no.747140
Item 63
European Rubber Journal
44
181, No.7-8, July/Aug.1999, p.14
EX-NURSE SUES GLOVE MAKERS
Moore M
A former nurse from Florida is seeking 20m US dollars
from 13 companies or their subsidiaries that make NR
latex gloves, claiming their negligence caused her severe
latex allergies. The case will soon be transferred to
Philadelphia to join a multi-district litigation organised
in the federal district court there.
USA
Accession no.743014
Item 64
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
60, No.3, 1st May 1999, p.396-402
ISSUES AND CONTROVERSY: THE
MEASUREMENT OF CRYSTALLINE SILICA;
REVIEW PAPERS ON ANALYTICAL METHODS
Miles W J
Bentonite Performance Materials
The analytical methods for crystalline silica polymorphs
are reviewed and promising techniques for compliance
with health-related regulations are summarised. X-ray
diffraction analysis appears to be the most promising
method of determining quartz and cristobalite content at
this threshold in many bulk mineral and chemical systems.
Other analytical techniques can be used in some mineral
and chemical assemblages, but usually lack polymorph
specificity or sensitivity. All analytical methods benefit
from concentration techniques that do not alter crystalline
properties of silicas. National Institute of Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) Analytical Method 7601, as
written, suffers from destruction of the mineral residue
containing crystalline silica polymorphs after dissolution
of many silicate minerals in phosphoric acid and may also
include digestion-resistant minerals, but it is a promising
concentration method for other analytical methods such
as NIOSH Analytical Method 7500 (X-ray diffraction).
48 refs.
USA
Accession no.742010
Item 65
Toxic Substances Bulletin
No.39, May 1999, p.5
ORGANIC SOLVENTS AND NEUROTOXICITY
Dyne D
UK,Health & Safety Executive
Organic solvents are regularly used by around two million
workers across a range of industries, including degreasing
operations, in paints, printing, chemicals, adhesives,
pesticides, toiletries and dry-cleaning. However, there is
no doubt that solvents can produce effects on the nervous
system. A single exposure to a sufficiently high level of
any organic solvent can cause headache, nausea, dizziness,
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
lightheadedness and impaired co-ordination. Very high
levels can cause unconsciousness and death. It is also
known that repeated exposure to sufficiently high levels
of some organic solvents can cause specific forms of
nervous system damage. This is well understood and is
related to the chemical structure of those particular
solvents. However, the contention that long-term
occupational exposure to low levels of organic solvents
in general can cause a debilitating effect on the central
nervous system, sometimes referred to as ‘chronic toxic
encephalopathy’ (CTE), is more controversial. The UK
Health & Safety Executive has a number of projects to
explore the scientific uncertainties surrounding the health
consequences of exposure to organic solvents. Details are
given.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.741653
Item 66
Toxic Substances Bulletin
No.39, May 1999, p.4
WHAT GOES IN MUST COME OUT
Solvents are widely used in industry and many can enter
the body through the skin as well as by inhalation.
Controlling exposure to these substances depends not just
on reducing air levels, but also on preventing skin contact.
The substances are easily recognised because they have
Sk notations in the HSE publication ‘Occupational
exposure limits EH40/99’; assessment as to whether
exposure is being properly controlled is carried out by
biological monitoring - working on the principle that what
goes in must come out. Biological monitoring is done by
collecting blood, urine or breath samples. Blood sampling
is less common these days; it is not popular with workers
and is being replaced wherever possible by urine and
breath samples. These are much easier to collect and can
give similar information. Some new developments in
biological monitoring are outlined.
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.741652
Item 67
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1793, 2nd July 1999, p.1
RUBBER ACCIDENT RATES APPALLING
The rubber industry has had accident rates well above
the ‘all manufacturing’ average in the 1990s, and one of
the main reasons is the high number of handling accidents,
according to the British Rubber Manufacturers’
Association. In 1997/98 manual handling was responsible
for over 40% of accidents reported to the HSE in three
sectors: 40% of reported accidents in new tyres, 43% in
retreading, and 35% in general rubber goods (GRG). The
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
Health and Safety Commission (HSC) has launched a
comprehensive package of safety guidance for the
industry. The new guidance booklet describes the costs
associated with manual handling injuries both in financial
and human terms, and includes ten case histories. Brief
details are noted.
BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.739444
Item 68
Polymer Degradation and Stability
64, No.3, 1999, p.545-56
REGULATORY STATUS AND
ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES OF
BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS
UNDERGOING RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE EU:
DBDPO, OBDPO, PEBDPE AND HBCD
Hardy M L
Albemarle Corp.
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a structurally
diverse group of compounds; their major point in common
is not their chemical structure but rather that of their use
as flame retardants. BFRs undergoing risk assessment in
the EU under the existing chemicals regulation are
polybrominated diphenyl oxides (ethers; PEDPO),
decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO), octabromodiphenyl
oxide (OBDPO) and pentabromodiphenyl oxide
(PeBDPO), and the cyclic aliphatic, hexabromo-
cyclododecane (HBCD). The toxicology and
environmental properties of these flame retardants are
addressed, as are research and regulatory activities
affecting them. The physicochemical properties of BFRs
minimise their potential to move into and in the
environment irrespective of their lack of ready
biodegradability. In addition, DBDPO, which has been
extensively studied, hag been found to have a short half
life in rats, minimal absorption from the gastrointestinal
tract, rapid elimination and to lack bioaccumulation
potential in fish. These properties, coupled with the
minimal effects on mammalian species on repeated dosing
of DBDPO and HBCD, and their lack of mutagenicity
and skin sensitisation, indicate these brominated flame
retardants can be used by society to provide needed
protection from the hazard of fire. 15 refs.
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.739434
Item 69
Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine
41, No.6, 1st June 1999, p.500-9
ABSENCE OF POLYNEUROPATHY AMONG
WORKERS PREVIOUSLY DIAGNOSED WITH
45
 References and Abstracts
SOLVENT-INDUCED TOXIC
ENCEPHALOPATHY
Albers J W; Wald J J; Werner R A; Franzblau A; Berent S
Michigan,University
An association between polyneuropathy and occupational
exposure to trichloroethylene, trichloroethane,
perchloroethylene or similar solvents alone or in
combination is controversial. An attempt is made to
determine whether workers previously diagnosed with
solvent-induced toxic encephalopathy had objective
evidence of polyneuropathy. 30 railroad workers
previously diagnosed with toxic encephalopathy are
examined in the context of litigation against their
employers. All describe long-term occupational solvent
exposure averaging 20 years in duration (range, 10-29
years) and producing acute intoxication on a regular basis.
The diagnosis of subclinical or clinical polyneuropathy
is established using a combination of symptoms, signs
and nerve conduction study (NCS) measures, consistent
with standard clinical practice. Potential confounders are
identified. NGS results are compared with historical
controls, including unexposed workers matched by
gender, age and body mass index. Dose-response
relationships are evaluated using simple linear and
stepwise regression models. Three workers fulfil clinical
polyneuropathy criteria. The only worker fulfilling NCS
criteria for confirmed clinical polyneuropathy has diabetes
mellitus. Mean NGS values for most measures are similar
to control values, and existing differences in sensory
amplitudes disappear when compared with the matched
control group. NGS measures are not significantly
influenced by exposure duration or job title. Separation
in exposure into groups on the basis of the presence or
absence of polyneuropathy symptoms, previous diagnosis
of polyneuropathy disability status, and severity or type
of encephalopathy does not demonstrate significant NCS
differences. The complaints of these workers claiming
neurotoxic injury from occupational solvent exposure are
not explained by peripheral nervous system dysfunction.
43 refs.
USA
Accession no.739292
Item 70
Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine
41, No.6, 1st June 1999, p.480-5
ACCELERATED SILICOSIS WITH MIXED-
DUST PNEUMOCONIOSIS IN A HARD-METAL
GRINDER
Cohen C; Fireman E; Ganor E; Man A; Ribak J;
Lerman Y
Ra’annana,Occupational Health & Rehabilitation
Institute; Tel Aviv,Medical Center; Tel Aviv,University
A fatal case of accelerated silicosis with a component of
mixed-dust pneumoconiosis in a young hard-metal grinder
is described, that is believed to be the first case of its
46
kind in Israel and one of the rare cases reported worldwide.
The patient’s diagnosis is based on typical features:
restrictive lung function, abnormal chest roentgenogram
lung fibrosis, a history of exposure to silica and hard
metals, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid findings and
mineralogical studies. BAL cells show an abundance of
giant multinucleated macrophages. The CD4/CD8 ratio
of T lymphocytes is 1.1, with a high percentage of CD8
and CD8/38 positive cells (37% suppressor/cytotoxic and
12% cytotoxic T lymphocytes, respectively). mRNA
transcripts isolated from BAL cells are positive for
interleukin-1 (IL-1) and transforming growth factor (TGF)
IL-5, IL-2 and IL-10 but not for IL-6, IL-4 and interferon.
Polarising light microscopic studies of BAL and induced
sputum cells show polarising particles, which are typical
for silica. Mineralogical studies of electron microscopy
performed on BAL fluid and on dust collected at the
patient’s workstation reveal silica particles as well as
aluminum-titanium and other particles. The latter might
have contributed to the patient’s lung disease. 14 refs.
ISRAEL
Accession no.739291
Item 71
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
No.773, Dec.1998, p.75-7
French
STRENGTHENING LEGISLATION ON
POLLUTION IN THE WORKPLACE
Aubin C
LRCCP
A survey is made of French and European Union
legislation relating to hazardous chemicals in the
workplace, and particular attention is paid to regulations
concerning exposure to chemicals in the rubber industry.
The carcinogenicity of nitrosamines formed during
vulcanisation processes is examined, and methods used
in their detection are discussed. 2 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.736308
Item 72
International Rubber Exhibition and Conference 1999.
Conference proceedings.
Manchester, 7th-10th June 1999, Environment paper 5.
EXPOSURE TO RUBBER FUME AND RUBBER
PROCESS DUST IN THE GENERAL RUBBER
GOODS, TYRE MANUFACTURING AND
RETREAD INDUSTRIES
Dost A A; Redman D; Cox G
UK,Health & Safety Executive
(Crain Communications Ltd.)
The aim of this study is to assess the current patterns and
levels of exposure to rubber fume and rubber process dust
in the British rubber industry and compare and contrast
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
the data obtained from the general rubber goods, retread
tyre and new tyre sectors. A total of 179 companies
manufacturing rubber products are visited during the
survey. These included 117 general rubber goods, 53
retread tyre and 9 new tyre manufacturers. The survey is
conducted using a questionnaire and includes a walk-
through inspection of the workplace to assess the extent
of use of control measures and the nature of work practices
being employed. The most recent exposure monitoring
data for rubber fume and rubber process dust is obtained
from these companies, no additional sampling is
conducted. 31 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734449
Item 73
International Rubber Exhibition and Conference 1999.
Conference proceedings.
Manchester, 7th-10th June 1999, Environment paper 4.
NITROSAMINE FREE CURING SYSTEMS FOR
MODERN RUBBER COMPOUNDS
Schuch A; Fruh T
Rhein Chemie GmbH
(Crain Communications Ltd.)
The international discussion about carcinogenic N-
nitrosamines generated during or after vulcanisation of
rubber products started in the late 1970s. It reached its
climax in 1994 when the German government passed a
law limiting nitrosamines to a maximum concentration
of 2,5 mug per cubic meter of air. International discussion
lost momentum because other countries did not follow
the German initiative. The topic was more an intellectual
than a real problem until recently, when the automotive
industry demanded nitrosamine-free products. With
increasing sensibility regarding environmental aspects,
there is a growing list of curing agents (and additives)
that may no longer be used in the new future. It is shown
that the substitution of curing agents with a high
toxicological potential does not necessarily mean that
compounding is getting more difficult or that the products
show a reduced performance. 2 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734448
Item 74
International Rubber Exhibition and Conference 1999.
Conference proceedings.
Manchester, 7th-10th June 1999, Environment paper 3.
NITROSAMINES: A REGULATORY UPDATE
AND AN ANALYST’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE
INDUSTRY’S RESPONSE
Stephens S
Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre
(Crain Communications Ltd.)
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
When the issue of nitrosamines and their possible harmful
effects was first raised in the late 1970s, it was thought
that the problem for the rubber industry would be solved
quite quickly and go away. That proved to be far from the
truth, and twenty years on it is still a significant source of
concern for suppliers of raw materials, manufacturers,
toxicologists, QC staff, end-users and environmentalists
in general. The ability to detect nitrosamines at the low
ppb level coincided with an escalation in Health and
Safety legislation. Industry has responded at considerable
cost by producing goods which comply with the
legislation and accelerators which do not conflict with it,
but the possibility of new areas becoming subject to
control is ever present. Recent changes in legislation and
law, together with how industry is meeting the challenge,
are reviewed. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734447
Item 75
International Rubber Exhibition and Conference 1999.
Conference proceedings.
Manchester, 7th-10th June 1999, Environment paper 1.
NATURAL RUBBER LATEX ALLERGY - A
PROBLEM IN PERSPECTIVE
Williams H
London International Group plc
(Crain Communications Ltd.)
The problem of allergic responses to NR-containing
medical devices amongst users and patients is a topic that
has attracted much attention over the last decade. The
nature of these responses and the possible causes for their
appearance and increase are summarised. Published
prevalence data is briefly reviewed and the regulatory
response of authorities across the world are described.
The methods available for estimation of allergenic
potential of devices are summarised and the steps
available to device manufacturers to reduce these are
discussed. Finally some published data is presented which
indicates some trends in allergen levels in medical gloves
over the years. 29 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734446
Item 76
Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position.
Conference proceedings.
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.61-7.
LEGISLATIVE APPROACH TO LATEX
PRODUCTS
Potter W
London International Group plc
(European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants)
Manufacturers and users of latex goods have for many
years been aware of the possibility of allergic skin
47
 References and Abstracts
reactions to vulcanising chemicals, but where problems
have arisen they have more often than not been resolved
by careful selection of product to avoid specific
ingredients. Provision of products shown to be
hypoallergenic on the basis of skin patch tests has aided
this selection and so-called atopic individuals have
avoided the risks of sensitisation by using such products
only. There is no good reason why such tests should not
continue to be used to indicate products least likely to
cause allergic sensitisation. Simple listing of ingredients
on the label would not be of much benefit. The more
recent increase in allergic reactions to water-soluble
proteins in NR is potentially more serious in that the
ultimate consequences of such reactions can be fatal.
On current research evidence the level of protein capable
of causing a reaction in a sensitised individual is
extremely low. Such individuals must therefore avoid
contact with NR latex. While there is no clearly
established preferred and problem-free method for
quantifying extractable protein levels, there is fairly
good agreement that levels can be greatly reduced by
washing procedures in manufacture. It is premature to
set a maximum level for extractable protein. Ultimately
progress in research on production processes and
identification of specific allergenic proteins might
eventually lead to the claim of free from allergenic
protein. 17 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734437
Item 77
Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position.
Conference proceedings.
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.59-60.
MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LATEX
PROTEIN ALLERGY
Leynadier F; Autegard J-E; Levy D A
Paris,Hopital Rothschild
(European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants)
Immediate allergy to latex from Hevea brasiliensis
(LHB) has become a real public health problem with
increasing frequency of sensitivity in populations
using LHB in gloves, condoms etc, with more and
more side effects, some of which are life threatening.
The classical aspects of allergy to latex, such as
contact urticaria and anaphylactic shock, are more
easily prevented by better knowledge of the clinical
aspects among health workers and the general
population. It is more difficult to prevent and to treat
occupational rhinitis and asthma, because these
symptoms can appear anywhere that gloves are used
or stocked, since the cornstarch powder, which
adsorbs the proteins of LHB, represents a dangerous
source of airborne allergenic particles. The
management of patients with LHB allergy may be
48
described under three headings: prediction and
diagnosis, avoidance and treatment. 7 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734436
Item 78
Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position.
Conference proceedings.
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.43-5.
MANUFACTURE OF HYPOALLERGENIC
RUBBER PRODUCTS
Bodycoat I
Ansell GmbH
(European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants)
The topic ‘manufacture of hypoallergenic rubber products’
is wide and all encompassing. Emphasis is placed here
only on the manufacture of rubber gloves.
Hypoallergenicity can be defined as a significant reduction
in the propensity to cause an allergenic effect to a glove
user, be it caused by proteins the polymer or compounding
ingredients in the rubber. Before examining the
manufacturing process, the reasons behind current
concerns relating to latex allergies are reviewed. There
are currently two theories, after almost a hundred years
of glove use, why there is suddenly the experience with
protein allergies: downstream effects and increased
exposure.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734434
Item 79
Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position.
Conference proceedings.
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.41-2.
RELATION BETWEEN PROTEIN LEVEL AND
ALLERGIC RESPONSE
Lovell C R
Bath,Royal United Hospital
(European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants)
Type I allergy to rubber latex appears to have been
relatively rare in the UK despite report of numerous cases
in Scandinavia and in the USA. However, there has been
an opportunity to study four patients with a typical history
of latex-induced urticaria and/or anaphylaxis. Of the four
patients, three were female, one male. All except one
female were health care workers who were sensitised by
wearing latex rubber gloves. The remaining female patient
exhibited anaphylaxis after examination by her
gynaecologist. All individuals exhibited a positive prick
test with ammoniated rubber latex. 3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734433
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 80
Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position.
Conference proceedings.
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.33-9.
DIAGNOSIS OF ALLERGY TO LATEX
PROTEINS
Levy D A
Paris,Hopital Rothschild
(European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants)
Natural rubber latex proteins are allergenic, i.e. they can
induce allergic reactions. Allergy to these proteins is a
prototype immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Immediate
hypersensitivity is a subset of antibody-mediated
pathophysiological responses that are mediated by
antibodies of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) class. While
in the vast majority of cases it is not difficult to establish
a diagnosis of allergy to latex, there is still concern
regarding the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value
of the currently available diagnostic reagents and methods.
In the absence of standardised reagents, some patients
may be at unnecessary risk when skin tested. 13 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734432
Item 81
Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position.
Conference proceedings.
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.25-31.
MEASUREMENT OF LATEX PROTEINS BY
CHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL
METHODS
Beezhold D H
Guthrie Foundation for Medical Research
(European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants)
Latex proteins have been shown to be potent allergens
capable of inducing anaphylaxis that in some cases has
been fatal. Accurate measurement of the proteins in latex
medical products has proved to be difficult. While protein
can be isolated from the end-use products, the extract
solutions are difficult to study by standard laboratory
techniques used to study proteins. Routine protein assays
often are not sensitive enough to measure protein levels
in extracts from end-use latex products. Chemical
additives to the latex interfere in the colourimetric protein
assays, producing false positive reactions. An
immunological approach is employed to develop an assay
with increased sensitivity and specificity for latex
proteins. Present knowledge of latex proteins is reviewed
and methods to measure them are described. 22 refs.
Accession no.734431
Item 82
Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position.
Conference proceedings.
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.21-4.
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
ORIGIN AND SOURCE OF LATEX PROTEIN
ALLERGY
Kekwick R G O
Birmingham,University
(European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants)
Potential protein allergens causing an immediate or Type
I allergic response on contact with dipped NR latex goods
arise either from the endogenous proteins of latex or, in
less usual circumstances, from protein added in the course
of fabrication. The principal protein additive used by a
few manufacturers is bovine milk casein. Although I have
not been able to obtain clear evidence for the elution of
this protein from glove extracts, a recent report 1 has
shown that casein was the cause of a Type 1 immune
response when an atopic individual came into contact with
latex gloves from which the protein could be extracted.
However by far the greatest number of reported Type I
allergies to latex goods have been traced to the
endogenous proteins. The proteins of raw latex are
associated with each of the three principal phases
separable by ultracentrifugation. Latex is normally
preserved by the addition of 0.7% ammonia (high
ammonia HA latex) or by the addition of 0.2% ammonia
and other anticoagulants (low ammonia LA latex). The
protein composition of the three principal phases of raw
latex obtained by centrifugation, the changes which occur
on preservation with ammonia and the detection and
characterisation of the component polypeptides of these
proteins in eluates from rubber films obtained from latex
are discussed. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734430
Item 83
Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position.
Conference proceedings.
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.17-9.
EUROPEAN MEDICAL EXPERIENCES
Turjanmaa K
Tampere University Hospital
(European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants)
The history of immediate allergy to NR latex (NRL) has
mostly been connected with articles by Nutter and
Forstrom, although some isolated reports date back to the
1920s. Nutter and Forstrom describe the experience of
immediate symptoms by a housewife in the UK using
latex gloves and a nurse in Finland using surgical gloves.
These two groups of housewives and nurses still represent
the most important prototypes of NRL allergy. Hundreds
of new cases have since been published, with Finland,
France, Germany, Spain and Sweden being the leading
countries in NRL research. A review of European research
is presented. 34 refs.
FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734429
49
 References and Abstracts
Item 84
Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position.
Conference proceedings.
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.7-16.
LATEX ALLERGY - THE US MEDICAL
EXPERIENCE
Slater J E
Washington,Children’s National Medical Center
(European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants)
Type I or immediate hypersensitivity reactions to latex
were first reported in Germany in 1927. The next
published case appeared 52 years later, and the earliest
North American reports were published simultaneously
in 1989. Over the next four years, the US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) received over 1,100 reports of
injury, and 15 of deaths associated with latex allergy. The
pathophysiology of latex-induced Type I reactions, and
the clinical experience with these reactions in the USA
and Canada are discussed. 108 refs.
USA
Accession no.734428
Item 85
Latex Protein Allergy: The Present Position.
Conference proceedings.
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6th Dec.1993, p.3-6.
INTRODUCTORY PAPER
Russell-Fell R
(European Rubber Journal; Rubber Consultants)
It has been recognised that skin contact with rubber latex
articles may, for some people, produce adverse reactions.
To help understand this the nature of this versatile material
and its origin are outlined. Aspects covered include NR,
allergenic sensitisation, irritant contact dermatitis, Type
I contact dermatitis, anaphylactoid reactions, effects of
process temperature, differences with latex, increased
exposure and threshold levels.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734427
Item 86
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
71, No.4, Sept-Oct. 1998, p.766-77
NITROSAMINE FORMATION IN RUBBER. II.
INFLUENCE OF CURE
Willoughby B G; Scott K W
Rapra Technology Ltd.
Details are given of nitrosamine formation in twenty-nine
different EPDM cures. Both ingredient and process-
related effects were investigated. Two different levels of
tetramethylthiuram disulphide and carbon black were
variables in this study, as was the type of carbon black
used. Batch effects with respect to both polymer and
carbon black were also studied as was the presence or
absence of mercaptobenzothiazole. 14 refs.
50
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.730170
Item 87
International Polymer Science and Technology
25, No.7, 1998, p.67-70
WAYS OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF
NITROSOAMINES IN THE PRODUCTION OF
TYRES AND MECHANICAL RUBBER GOODS
Novopol’tseva O M; Novakov I A; Krakshin M A
Volgograd,State Technical University
The carcinogenicity of nitrosamines, compounds which
are formed during vulcanisation by the reaction of amines
produced during the thermal decomposition of certain
vulcanisation accelerators with nitrosing agents, is
discussed. Methods of eliminating conditions where
nitrosamines may be formed and enter the human body
are considered. Particular attention is paid to the
elimination of the possibility of formation of nitrosamines
and/or the creation of conditions for reactions of
nitrosamines with certain reactants with the formation of
non-toxic compounds and to the replacement of
vulcanisation accelerators and other rubber mix
ingredients that are capable of forming nitrosamines with
amine-free compounds or with compounds containing
primary amines instead of secondary amines. 30 refs. (Full
translation of Kauch.i Rezina, No.2, 1998, p.5)
RUSSIA
Accession no.727056
Item 88
Industria della Gomma
42, No.6, July/Aug.1998, p.19-25
Italian
NOISE? NO, THANK YOU
Garlanda B
A survey is made of Italian legislation relating to noise in
the environment, including noise generated by industrial
activities.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.726277
Item 89
Rubber Bonding Conference. Conference proceedings.
Frankfurt, 7th-8th Dec.1998, paper 12. 012
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING FOR SOLVENTS:
NEW DEVELOPMENTS
Cocker J
UK,Health & Safety Executive
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
Some of new developments in biological monitoring are
described. Aspects covered include a definition of
biological monitoring, some recent developments in
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
interpreting biological monitoring guidance values, new
developments in breath sampling and analysis and some
recent practical applications of biological monitoring.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.725090
Item 90
152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1997.
Reprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct. 1997, Paper VIII
NATURAL RUBBER LATEX BARRIER
PROPERTIES IN MEDICINE
Perrella F W
Tillotson Healthcare Corp.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Natural rubber latex (NRL) is the material of choice for
medical gloves that require good barrier properties.
Rubber latex provides good characteristics like that of
forming smooth, continuous films with high tensile
strength and elasticity. The Occupational Safety and
Health Administration guidelines for bloodborne
pathogens require that health care workers have adequate
hand protection. NRL medical gloves protect the hands
by reducing the passage of pathogens to the skin of the
user. Medical gloves are tested for the properties of tensile
strength, elongation, dimensions, and resistance to ageing
and holes. Medical gloves may be tested for skin
biocompatibility by the manufacturer using the ASTM
standards for rabbit skin irritation, Guinea pig
sensitisation, and reduced chemical sensitisation of
humans using the repeat insult patch test as guidelines.
While conformance with these standards implies barrier
and biocompatibility effectiveness of medical gloves, it
cannot always ensure safety in use. When choosing a
medical glove, consideration of the tasks performed
should be balanced against the desired clinical outcome.
A thorough understanding of the applications for which
the gloves are used is necessary to ensure that clinical
needs are met. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.719721
Item 91
Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR)
No.2, 1998, p. 5-8
Russian
METHODS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF
NITROSAMINES IN THE PRODUCTION OF
TYRES AND INDUSTRIAL RUBBER PRODUCTS
Novopol’tseva O M; Novakov I A; Krakshin M A
Volgograd Polytechnic Institute
A review is presented of the literature covering the
avoidance of generation of nitrosamines in the production
of tyres and industrial rubber products by choice of
alternative curing agents and accelerators. 30 refs. Articles
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
from this journal can be requested for translation by
subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer
Science and Technology.
RUSSIA
Accession no.716771
Item 92
Journal of Rubber Research
1, No.3, 1998, p.146-53
BINDING PATTERNS OF IGE ANTIBODIES IN
SERA OF RUBBER TAPPERS TO FRESH HEVEA
LATEX SERUM PROTEINS
Hasma H; Shahnaz M; Yip E; Azizah M; Mok K L;
Nasuruddin B A
Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia; Kuala
Lumpur,Institute of Medical Research
The binding patterns of IgE antibodies to fresh NR latex
B- and C-serum proteins were determined by sodium
dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
immunoblotting technique. All the IgE samples were from
Malaysian rubber tappers who had been skin-prick tested
with extracts of gloves and food. The results obtained are
presented and discussed and the reliability of the in vitro
immunoblotting test in predicting latex allergy is
considered. 19 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.715451
Item 93
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
71, No.3, 1998, p.168-72
Japanese
GUIDANCE FOR MAKING LATEX ALLERGY
FREE NATURAL RUBBER LATEX PRODUCTS
Nakade S; Hayashi M; Okada J; Tanaka Y; Bito T;
Ichihashi M
Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd.; Kao Corp.;
Tokyo,University of Agriculture & Technology;
Kobe,University
Prick test studies of raw materials and products of
commercial natural rubber latex and highly deproteinised
natural rubber latex showed different threshold levels of
residual extractable protein. It is recommended that some
process be introduced to decompose the protein contained
in NRL. 12 refs. Articles from this journal can be
requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
JAPAN
Accession no.713944
Item 94
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
42, No.5, July 1998, p.287-94
QUARTZ HAZARD: A VARIABLE ENTITY
Donaldson K; Borm P J A
51
 References and Abstracts
Napier,University; Maastricht,University
An attempt is made to place the apparently conflicting
findings of cancer incidence in quartz-exposed industries
into a unifying thesis, based on mechanistic studies. These
mechanistic studies have enabled the events leading from
deposition of quartz to silicosis and cancer to be partially
elucidated and have shown that the biological effects of
quartz can be understood in terms of surface reactivity.
Particular attention is paid to the ability of quartz to
generate free radicals and cause oxidative stress and the
fact that this can be modified by a range of substances
that affect the quartz surface. It is, therefore, proposed
that the hazard posed by quartz is not a constant entity,
but one that may vary dramatically depending on the
origin of the silica sample or its contact with other
chemicals/minerals within its complex constitution. 57
refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.713785
Item 95
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
42, No.2, Feb.1998, p.91-5
SELECTING AN ADEQUATE RESPIRATORY
PROTECTIVE DEVICE: CHOICE BETWEEN A
RESPIRATOR AND BREATHING APPARATUS
Cherrie J W
Aberdeen,University; Edinburgh,Institute of
Occupational Medicine
The U.S. National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health’s IDLH (immediately dangerous to life or health)
levels are compared with UK occupational exposure
limits. For some substances there is a relatively small
difference between the IDLH level and the short-term
occupational exposure limit(STEL). The median ratio of
the IDLH level to the STEL is 10 for gases and vapours
and 50 for aerosols. For almost half the substances with
UK occupational exposure limits, there is no IDLH value.
It is concluded that the published IDLH concentrations
are, on their own, an insufficient basis for selecting
breathing apparatus over a filtering respirator. It is equally
important to consider the likelihood that a filtering device
may fail catastrophically as this determines the risk from
wearing a respirator in an IDLH atmosphere. More
emphasis should be placed on the control of potentially
high exposure levels by means other than respiratory
protection. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.713784
Item 96
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
42, No.8, Nov.1998, p.531-40
52
DERMAL UPTAKE OF SOLVENTS FROM THE
VAPOUR PHASE: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
IN HUMANS
Brooke I; Cocker J; Delic J I; Payne M; Jones K; Gregg
N C; Dyne D
UK,Health & Safety Executive
Groups of human volunteers were exposed to a small
range of substances (xylene, toluene, THF, MEK and 1-
methoxypropan-2-ol) either ‘whole body’ or via the skin
only. Uptake of xylene, toluene and THF vapours via the
skin under the conditions of this study was estimated to
contribute around 1-2% of the body burden received
following whole body (including inhalation) exposure.
MEK showed more uptake via the skin, contributing
around 3-3.5% of the body burden. Most dermal uptake
was seen for the glycol ether, for which estimates of
between 5 and 10% of whole body exposure body burden
were obtained. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.713720
Item 97
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
42, No.7, Oct.1998, p.453-65
PERSONAL THORACIC CIP10-T SAMPLER
AND ITS STATIC VERSION CATHIA-T
Fabries J F; Goerner P; Kauffer E; Wrobel R; Vigneron
JC
Institut National de Recherche et de Securite
The design of a specific version of the personal aerosol
sampler CIP 10, named CIP10-T, for sampling the
conventional CEN thoracic fraction is described, together
with that of a static sampler, named CATHIA. The
experimental assessment of sampling efficiency is
discussed, with reference to aerodynamic particle sizer
method and the Coulter method. 36 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.713717
Item 98
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
42, No.6, Aug.1998, p.407-11
CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION
GUIDANCE ON ALLOCATING OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURE BANDS
Guest I
Glaxo-Wellcome
There are no occupational exposure limits for many
hazardous substances which may require control of
inhalation exposures. The necessary data and other
resources required for setting such limits is restricted and
unlikely to match the potential demand. A hazard
categorisation scheme was, therefore, developed for
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
application within the chemical industry. The scheme used
readily-available information on toxicological endpoints
to place hazardous substances into a limited range of hazard
categories, expressed as Occupational Exposure Bands.
These Bands could be used as a basis for risk assessment
and the selection of appropriate control regimes. 10 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.713716
Item 99
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
42, No.6, Aug.1998, p.391-400
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE CONSIDERATIONS
IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A STRUCTURED
APPROACH TO SELECT CHEMICAL
CONTROL STRATEGIES
Maidment S C
UK,Health & Safety Executive
The occupational hygiene basis of a new UK scheme to help
small firms control the health risks from supplied chemicals
is explained. The scheme groups hazard information and
the potential for a material to become airborne into bands
and, from this information, predicts the control strategy
necessary to ensure that the hazardous substance is used
safely. A simple model based upon an empirical approach to
risk assessment and risk management, developed for this
purpose, is presented. 15 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.713715
Item 100
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
42, No.6, Aug.1998, p.377-90
UK SCHEME TO HELP SMALL FIRMS
CONTROL HEALTH RISKS FROM
CHEMICALS: TOXICOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Brooke I M
UK,Health & Safety Executive
The UK’s scheme for providing practical control advice
to small and medium-sized enterprises, to assist them in
their risk assessments and risk management decisions, is
described. The scheme makes use of toxicological hazards
information indicated by R-phrases assigned under the
European Union classification system to assign substances
to hazard bands. An evaluation exercise, undertaken to
compare the output of the scheme with established health-
based occupational exposure limits, for more than 100
substances, is discussed. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.713714
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 101
IRC ’98. Conference Proceedings.
Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.283-8. 012
French
RUBBER AND ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS:
REGULATIONS AND ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES
Aubin C; Coupard A; Khalfoune H; Le Huy M
LRCCP; SEP-DPPC
(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle)
French and European Union legislation relating to the
control of emissions in the workplace is examined, with
particular reference to the rubber processing industry. Air
sampling and analytical procedures used in the detection
of nitrosamines formed in vulcanisation reactions are
reviewed. 2 refs.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.710622
Item 102
IRC ’98. Conference Proceedings.
Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.259-60. 012
French
STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF
VULCANISATION ON N-NITROSAMINE
FORMATION MECHANISMS IN RUBBERS
Amelot V; Derouet D; Brosse J C; Aubin C; Gomez E
Maine,Universite; LRCCP; IFOCA
(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle)
The methodology used in a study of nitrosamine formation
in vulcanisation processes accelerated by
tetraethylthiuram disulphide is described. This involved
the characterisation of nitrosable species and the
mechanisms of their formation, and studies of the
influence of vulcanisation reactions and curing systems
on the formation of nitrosable species. The results of the
study are summarised.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.710619
Item 103
Second International Conference on Carbon Black.
Conference proceedings.
Mulhouse, 27th-30th Sept.1993, p.277-9. 51B
HEALTH STUDIES IN NORTH AMERICAN
CARBON BLACK WORKERS
Robertson J M
Western Ontario,University
(Societe Francaise de Chimie; CNRS; Haute-
Alsace,Universite; Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse;
Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse)
Since 1950, six studies of the health of North American
carbon black workers have been completed and one is in
53
 References and Abstracts
progress. Four investigations have used retrospective
cohort methods to determine the occurrence of cancer and
other chronic diseases in workers. A cross-sectional survey
has documented the prevalence of electrocardiographic
abnormalities in the employees of one company. The
association between cumulative total dust exposure in
carbon black plants and circulatory, malignant, and
respiratory diseases in workers was the focus of a case-
control study. An ongoing, prospective cohort study uses
the results of periodic health examinations to examine
the effects of dust exposure on workers’ respiratory
function and the occurrence of chronic diseases. 7 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.709127
Item 104
Second International Conference on Carbon Black.
Conference proceedings.
Mulhouse, 27th-30th Sept.1993, p.273-5. 51B
RESULTS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
WITH MODERN EXAMINATION METHODS IN
CARBON BLACK EXPOSED EMPLOYEES
Kupper U; Breitstadt R; Ulmer W T
(Societe Francaise de Chimie; CNRS; Haute-
Alsace,Universite; Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse;
Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse)
The influence of carbon black dust on the lungs as a result
of carbon black production is not yet clear. It is generally
supposed that there is no influence; so far, examinations
are based on spirometric values such as the one-second
forced expiratory volume test. Spirometric measured
values have great inter-individual variation. Therefore it
is impossible to detect individual changes in a logical way.
They depend on the probands compliance and partly on
the respiratory muscles. Extended abstract only.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.709126
Item 105
Slovak Rubber Conference ’97. Conference
proceedings.
Puchov, 20th-21st May 1996, p.343-9. 4
Czech
THE 21 DIRECTIVE ON THE ADAPTATION TO
TECHNICAL PROGRESS OF THE DANGEROUS
SUBSTANCES DIRECTIVE
Valdauf J; Dejmalova M
BP Czech Republic AS
(Matador AS)
Harmonised carcinogenity classifications were recently
agreed by EU Member States for many petroleum
substances and have been published in the 21st Adaptation
to Technical Progress (ATP) of the Dangerous Substances
Directive. The Directive was issued in December 1994
54
and required all Member States to publish laws and orders
to fulfil the requirements not later than 1st September
1996. Many petroleum products require labelling, as they
may cause cancer. The influence of this Directive to
aromatic process oils quality is discussed considering that
these oils are a substantial part of rubber compounds.
CZECH REPUBLIC; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.708412
Item 106
Polimery Tworzywa Wielkoczasteczkowe
40, No.5, May 1995, p.268-73
Polish
HARMFUL AND TOXIC COMPOUNDS IN THE
RUBBER INDUSTRY: N-NITROSAMINES -
THEIR FORMATION AND METHODS OF
DETERMINATION
Kleps T; Domanski W
Stomil,Institute of the Rubber Industry
The authors discuss the problem of hazards due to toxic
chemical compounds, particularly carcinogenic N-
nitrosamines, formed during the production and
application of rubber products. A special danger exists as
a result of the release of these substances into the
environment during processing and use of products
intended for direct contact with the human body,
particularly in the case of products for children (dummies,
toys etc.). Using data from the literature the authors
characterise the type and level of concentration of toxic
chemicals involved in the production and application of
rubber products and describe the methods of identification
and quantitative determination of toxic and carcinogenic
N-nitrosamines. The most modern and useful method is
gas chromatography using a thermal energy detector. 32
refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for
translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced
International Polymer Science and Technology.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.704205
Item 107
Rubber and Plastics News 2
19, No.22, 3rd Aug.1998, p.4
OWNBY: ALLERGIC REACTIONS VARY
Reinhard P
This article explains the varying degrees of allergic
reaction to natural latex rubber, from mild to fatal.
Information comes from a presentation given at the
International Latex Conference, by Dennis Ownby, a
professor at the Medical College of Georgia.
GEORGIA,MEDICAL COLLEGE
USA
Accession no.703507
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 108
Industria della Gomma
41, No.8, Oct.1997, p.15-9
Italian
WHAT RESTRICTIONS ON HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS?
Garlanda B
A survey is made of European Union directives regulating
the use of hazardous chemicals and other industrial
materials. A list is presented of carcinogenic, mutagenic
and genotoxic substances covered by Directive 97/10/CE.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.702478
Item 109
Elastomery
2, No.1, 1998, p.27-33
Polish
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT IN FIELD OF
IMPROVEMENT OF ECOLOGY IN RUBBER
INDUSTRY. I. ELIMINATION OF CAUSES OF N-
NITROSAMINES FORMATION
Kleps T; Rajkiewicz M
STOMIL
Areas in which improvements have been attained in
rubber manufacture with regard to ecology at the
workplace and in contact with rubber goods are described.
Some of the problems related to the carcinogenicity of
N-nitrosamines formed during rubber processing are
discussed. Methods proposed by several authors for
elimination of the problems arising from N-nitrosamines
are considered. The main trend is the use of ‘safe
accelerators’ in place of the traditional amine accelerators
used for diene rubber vulcanisation. New accelerators and
chemicals for rubber processing are proposed. 31 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.699064
Item 110
International Polymer Science and Technology
25, No.3, 1998, p.T/29-32
STUDIES OF HIGH PURITY NATURAL RUBBER
V: PROVISIONAL GUIDELINES ON THE
DESIGN OF LATEX ALLERGY FREE NRL
PRODUCTS
Nakade S; Hayashi M; Okada J; Tanaka Y; Bito T;
Ichihashi M
Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd.; Kao Corp.;
Tokyo,University of Agriculture & Technology;
Kobe,University
Water-soluble protein persists in small levels in rubber
gloves and similar natural rubber latex (NRL) dipped
products, and may cause allergies in users. The results of
allergy tests on a group of patients are reported. It was
established that the threshold concentration for leachable
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
protein was in the range 50-120 nanogram protein per
gram NRL. It is proposed that the proteolytic effect of
enzymes may be used to reduce leachable proteins to safe
levels, by the introduction of a purpose-designed
proteolytic step in the product manufacturing process. 12
refs. Translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi No. 3, 1998,
p.168
JAPAN
Accession no.697039
Item 111
Rubber and Plastics News
27, No.25, 13th July 1998, p.14-5
LATEX ALLERGIES CAUSE GOVERNMENT
CONCERN
Moore M
This article reports that in the USA, growing concern over
natural rubber latex sensitivities has led federal
government regulators and state legislators to seek
solutions via rule making. It looks at state bills, and also
a new latex allergy prevention guide from the US National
Institute of Occupational Safety & Health.
US,GOVERNMENT; ALLEGIANCE CORP.;
JOHNSON & JOHNSON; REGENT CORP.;
US,NATIONAL INST.FOR OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY & HEALTH; US,FOOD & DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
USA
Accession no.696172
Item 112
Rubber and Plastics News
27, No.25, 13th July 1998, p.12-3
ALLERGIC REACTIONS TO LATEX CONDOMS
VARY
Moore M
This article explores the dangers of latex condoms, and
explains that they do not pose the same threat as powdered
high-protein latex gloves. However, sensitivities are
discussed, and alternatives on the market are highlighted,
such as Durex Avanti polyurethane condoms, and the
Reality female condom, also made from PU.
US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LONDON
INTERNATIONAL GROUP PLC; FEMALE HEALTH
CO.; ANSELL INC.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.696171
Item 113
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
71, No.2, May/June 1998, p.310-22
NITROSAMINE FORMATION IN RUBBER. I.
INFLUENCE OF MIXING HISTORY
Willoughby B G; Scott K W
55
 References and Abstracts
RAPRA Technology Ltd.
N-Nitrosodimethylamine formation was studied in a range
of TMTD-accelerated, carbon black-filled rubber
formulations including EPDM, SBR, NR and NBR
rubbers. Two levels of TMTD and carbon black were
variables in this study, as was the type of carbon black
used (N330 and N550). The use of statistical experimental
design showed that reliable data on nitrosamine formation
in vulcanisates could be obtained by paying strict attention
to process history. For the SBR, NR and NBR rubbers, a
correlation was observed between the temp. reached on
mixing and the level of nitrosamine generated on
subsequent vulcanisation. For these rubbers, the effect of
this process history outweighed that of any ingredient
variable. While allowing new insights to be gained on
nitrosamine formation in rubber, these results allow
development of a self-consistent mechanism for
nitrosation processes where the reactions in diene rubbers
mirrored those in air. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.692441
Item 114
NRC 98 - Nordic Rubber Conference 1998. Conference
proceedings.
Halmstad, Sweden, 4th-5th June 1998, paper 6. 012
INTEGRATED NETWORK OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Kleiner T; Schuch A
Bayer AG; Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH
(Sveriges Gummitekniska Forening; NGTR)
In this paper, Bayer’s efforts in the Responsible Care
programme are explained and examples of processes with
integrated environmental protection are given. Products
are presented which can be used to advantage to reduce
any environmental and health risks.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.692113
Item 115
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1747, 31st July 1998, p.8
CALENDERS GET NEW GUIDANCE FROM THE
HSC
The Health & Safety Commission’s rubber sector group
has published new guidance on how to ensure safety at
calendering processes in the industry, it is briefly reported.
The guidance contains advice on identifying and
effectively safeguarding the main mechanical hazards at
the calender rolls and at the auxiliary equipment in the
calendering line.
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.688839
56
Item 116
Polymers Paint Colour Journal
188, No.4405, June 1998, p.24
ADVANCE WARNING: CHEMICAL AGENTS AT
WORK
Candon J
Denton Hall
The Council Directive on the Protection of the Health
and Safety of Workers from the Risks related to Chemical
Agents at Work has been adopted on the basis of a
previous Directive which laid down a framework of
measures to encourage improvements in the safety and
health of workers at work. The stated objective of this
Directive is to lay down more detailed requirements for
the protection of workers from risks to their health and
safety arising, or likely to arise, from the effects of
chemical agents.
EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.687663
Item 117
Tire Technology International
1998, p.57-62
REPLACING RESORCINOL AND
RESORCINOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS IN
BRASS-COATED WIRE ADHESION SYSTEMS.
Stuck B L; Souchet J-C; Morel-Fourier C
SOVEREIGN CHEMICAL CO.; CECA
Additives to enhance adhesion are an important element in
compounding as resorcinol and resorcinol-formaldehyde
resins have been used in combination with
hexamethoxymelamine as an adhesion system to help bond
rubber compounds to brass-coated steel wire. This is the
common adhesion system in steel-belted radial passenger
and truck tyres and other brass-coated wire reinforced rubber
compounds. Resorcinol is a hazardous chemical and some
health concerns have arisen over the use of this additive.
This comprehensive article supplies a detailed examination
of the replacement of resorcinol and resorcinol-formaldehyde
with new modified resorcinol based resins and modified
phenolic reinforcing resins, together with their formulations,
properties and performance.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.685060
Item 118
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
No.757, March 1997, p.59-62
French
REDUCING N-NITROSAMINES
Amelot V; Gomez E; Aubin C; Derouet D; Brosse J C
LRCCP; IFOCA; Maine,Universite
The formation of nitrosable species by the decomposition of
a tetraethylthiuram disulphide accelerator during vulcanisation
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
were investigated in an inert medium (hexatriacontane) and
in 1,4-polyisoprene model compounds (squalene and 4-
methyloctene), and the influence of curing system ingredients
(stearic acid and zinc oxide) on the formation of nitrosable
species was evaluated. Trace amounts of diethylamine (DEA)
in the accelerator played a significant role in the formation of
N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), and decomposition of the
accelerator into nitrosable species occurred through the
formation and decomposition of diethyldithiocarbamic acid.
These results suggested two complementary methods for
limiting the formation of NDEA, i.e. purification of the
accelerator to reduce its DEA content and preventing
decomposition of diethyldithiocarbamic acid. Zinc oxide was
effective in inhibiting its decomposition. 16 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.682359
Item 119
Industria della Gomma
41, No.1, Jan./Feb.1997, p.18-22
Italian
IMPROVEMENTS IN FEEDING SYSTEMS FOR
MICROINGREDIENTS IN RUBBER
COMPOUNDING
Solinas M; Mazzoleni F
Govoni Sim Bianca SpA
Approaches to automation in the weighing and feeding
of additives in rubber compounding are discussed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.682347
Item 120
Rubber Asia
12, No.3, May-June 1998, p.23-4
LATEX ALLERGY: RISK POTENTIAL AND
LIABILITY
Vance P
Crusader Chemical Co.
Following the award of 1 million US dollars in damages to a
radiology technician who successfully argued that medical
glove manufacturer, Smith and Nephew, was negligent, the
growing numbers of such product liability cases against latex
medical glove manufacturers in the United States, is examined.
The technician based her case on the claim that the company
had been negligent in taking the proper precautions to reduce
the protein levels and to notify the public of the risk.
USA
Accession no.681181
Item 121
Polymer Technology for the New Millennium.
Conference proceedings.
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
Blue Mountains, Australia, 12th-15th Oct.1997, paper
1. 012
PAH IN OILS: ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
Ward G
Ampol Petroleum
(Australasian Plastics & Rubber Institute)
Mineral petroleum oils are used in the rubber industry in
processing. The properties of polyaromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH) as a component of the refined oils are used to
advantage in rubber formulations. Apart from this oils
with higher PAH levels are less refined and hence are
less expensive. Although The International Agency for
Research on Cancer has no regulatory role, its judgements
on carcinogenicity are considered the most authoritative
within the scientific community . Both experimental and
epidemiological studies have shown that high PAH levels
in lubricating base oils can induce skin cancer in animals
and humans. Therefore for occupational health reasons
exposure to high level polyaromatic hydrocarbon
containing oils must be avoided. 6 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.679796
Item 122
Industria della Gomma
40, No.9, Nov.1996, p.16-9
Italian
MACHINE SAFETY: FOUR DIRECTIVES
Garlanda B
The provisions of European Union directives relating to
the safety of machinery are reviewed.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.679070
Item 123
Rubber and Plastics News
28, No.17, 23rd March 1998, p.6
STUDY TARGETS LATEX ALLERGIES
Moore M
This short article reports that the Medical College of
Wisconsin in the USA will monitor a thousand health-
care workers in a five year study of natural rubber latex
allergies, using funding from the National Institute of
Occupational Safety & Health. Brief details are
provided.
US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFETY
& HEALTH; WISCONSIN,MEDICAL COLLEGE
USA
Accession no.678759
57
 References and Abstracts
Item 124
Journal of Natural Rubber Research
12, No.2, 1997, p.120-30
CORRELATION BETWEEN TOTAL
EXTRACTABLE PROTEINS AND ALLERGEN
LEVELS OF NATURAL RUBBER LATEX
GLOVES
Yip E; Palosuo T; Alenius H; Turjanmaa K
Malaysia,Rubber Research Institute; Helsinki,National
Public Health Institute; Tampere University Hospital
Certain proteins or peptides eluting from NR latex
products can cause immediate hypersensitivity reactions
(Type I allergy) in subjects sensitised to them. The
amount of total extractable proteins in manufactured
latex products is believed to reflect reasonably well their
corresponding allergenic protein level, but only a few
studies have been published to substantiate this. An
attempt is made to compare a widely used total protein
measurement assay, namely, the RRIM modified Lowry
test (EP RRIM) to latex allergen analysis, carried out
by specific IgE-ELISA-inhibition tests. A series of 46
widely marketed medical NR latex gloves is
investigated. Their EP RRIM values range from less than
20 micron/g to 1290 micron/g, and their allergen content
vary from less than one AU/ml to 570 AU/ml. In the
measurement of allergen contents, the reference allergen
mixture is prepared from serum proteins of fresh Hevea
latex, and IgE antibodies are sourced from both adults
and spina bifida children sensitive to latex. Results show
that the allergen levels are very well correlated with the
total extractable protein contents. With the exception of
a few, gloves with high total extractable proteins are
generally found to have high allergen contents, and vice
versa. Gloves with EP RRIM levels of 0.1 mg/g or 100
microns/g and below always have very low allergen
contents. 20 refs.
FINLAND; MALAYSIA; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.676596
Item 125
International Polymer Science and Technology
24, No.7, 1997, p.T/54-63
PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING
POLYFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS AND
MECHANISMS OF THEIR ACTION IN
ELASTOMER COMPOSITIONS
Mukhutdinov A A; Mukhutdinov E A
Kazan,State Technological University
In recent years, stringent requirements concerning
ecological safety have been laid down for additives to
elastomer compositions. This is due to the fact that a number
of components currently used in the production, processing
and vulcanisation of elastomer compositions form
carcinogenic substances. This applies, in particular, to the
amine-containing components of sulphur vulcanising
systems, which at increased temperatures form amine
58
radicals leading to the formation of amines. The latter, in
the presence of nitrogen oxides in air, of compounds with
a nitroso group in elastomer compositions, and of NO3
ions in the salt melts used for vulcanisation, undergo
nitrosation with the formation of N-nitrosamines. Here, the
concentration of N-nitrosoamines in the air of working
premises can be hundreds of times greater than the
maximum permissible concentration, which is due to their
escape into the air when dust of powder components is
released. Amine-containing additives posed danger not only
in processes of rubber goods production, but also during
the storage and service of products. On the basis of
accumulated data of the International Cancer Research
Agency, the rubber industry can be classified as among
those industries having a reliably established carcinogenic
effect on the human body. Therefore, the elimination of
the formation of N-nitrosoamines in the production and
service of products of elastomer compositions is an urgent
problem of the rubber industry. This problem can be solved
by replacing traditional amine-containing compounds with
ecologically safe compounds that exhibit the properties of
sulphur vulcanisation accelerators, scorch retarders, anti-
agers and anti-fatigue agents. 80 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.675109
Item 126
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
No.752, Sept.1996, p.69-72
French
LATEST GENERATION OF ACCELERATORS
Rebours B; Krans J
DSM France; DSM Elastomers Europe
Studies were made of nitrosamine formation by a number
of accelerators in EPDM compounds, and of the effects
of nitrosamine-free accelerators on cure characteristics
and heat resistance and compression set of vulcanisates.
The results showed the possibility of reducing cure times
and compression set values through the use of
combinations of different nitrosamine-free accelerators.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.670803
Item 127
Rubber and Plastics News 2
19, No.4, 24th Nov.1997, p.7
CARCINOGEN LIST TARGETS RUBBER
CHEMICALS
Moore M
This article provides information from the recently-
published ninth “report on Carcinogens” from the US
National Toxicology Program, which is recommending that
rubber chemicals be listed officially as known or suspected
human carcinogens. The chemicals include 1,3-butadiene
and chloroprene. Details of the situation are given.
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL mechanisms of the migration of additives and other

HEALTH SCIENCES; UNITED STEELWORKERS chemicals from rubbers into foodstuffs and of food
OF AMERICA; US,UNITED AUTO WORKERS; constituents into rubbers are discussed. Chromatographic
US,NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM techniques for the detection of trace elements in rubbers
USA susceptible to migration are described and applied to the
Accession no.670721 detection of nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. 1 ref.
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
Item 128
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Rubber and Plastics News 2
19, No.7, 5th Jan.1998, p.3 Accession no.666453
RUBBER CHEMICAL RAISES CANCER FLAG
Item 131
A draft study by the National Toxicology Program claims
Elastomery
that diethanolamine, a substance used to make rubber
No.3, 1997, p.37-44
chemicals and other products, causes cancer in mice. The
Polish
view was met by protests from the Chemical Manufacturers’
DETERMINATION OF TOXIC AND
Association, which complained of technical problems in the
MALODOROUS SUBSTANCES EMITTED TO
research. Brief details are given of the findings which,
ATMOSPHERE BY RUBBER INDUSTRY
amongst other reports considered by the NTP’s peer review
Ptaszynski B
panel, included acceptance of recommendation of a study
Lodz,Polytechnic
which found evidence that pyridine, a solvent and chemical
intermediate for rubber and other products, causes cancer in A description is given of methods for determining volatile
certain breeds of laboratory rats. chemicals in the atmosphere and the workplace when
US,CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSN. processing and curing rubber goods. Results of the
USA determination of mercaptans, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur
Accession no.669294 dioxide, dimethyl disulphide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia,
benzene, and toluene are presented. Investigations are also
presented for the determination of gaseous emissions
Item 129 formed during thermal decomposition of raw materials
New York, N.Y., Van Nostrand Reinhold/John Wiley & used in the rubber industry. 27 refs.
Sons, 1996, pp.4252. 350.00. 26/2/98 15
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
SAX’S DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF
INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS. 9TH EDITION. 3 Accession no.663225
VOL.SET
Lewis R J Item 132
International Polymer Science and Technology
This comprehensive three volume set contains up-to-date
24, No.6, 1997, p.T/31-2
hazard information on the properties of industrial
COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR DETERMINING
materials. Each entry includes information on molecular
THE COMPOSITION OF GAS EMISSIONS IN
formula, molecular weight, material description, physical
RUBBER PRODUCTION
properties and synonyms. Data on skin irritation,
Nudel’man Z N
mutation, reproductive, carcinogenic and acute toxic dose
NIIEMI
is included. Each entry is also given a hazard rating on
the basis of low, medium or high toxic, fire, explosive or The creation of a database and computer program for
reactivity hazard. More than 20,000 materials are listed. determination, without additional analyses, of the
USA composition of gas emissions for vulcanisates produced
Accession no.668233 by the rubber industry is reported. Tabulated information
is presented on the comparative intensity of gas emissions
from rubber mix IRP-1068. (Full translation of Kauch.i
Item 130 Rezina, No.6, 1996, p.46)
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
CIS; COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES; RUSSIA
No.750, May 1996, p.97-102
French Accession no.663034
MIGRATION AND RUBBERS: ANALYTICAL
PRACTICES AND REGULATIONS Item 133
Coupard A; Le Huy M; Khalfoune H Rubber and Plastics News
LRCCP 27, No.8, 17th Nov. 1997, p.6
OSHA BRANCHES INVESTIGATE 2
European Union and French regulations applicable to the
ACCIDENTS
use of polymers in contact with foods are reviewed, and
Campanelli J

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 59

 References and Abstracts
Two rubber industry accidents are currently being
investigated by the Occupational Safety & Health
Administration. Brief details are given of both incidents.
The first was at Monmouth Rubber & Plastics Corp. in
which a worker lost part of his hand when he reached
down into an internal mixer, and the second involved a
worker dying from third degree burns at Bayer when a
fire broke out in the plant’s rubber chemical area.
MONMOUTH RUBBER & PLASTICS CORP.;
BAYER CORP.
USA
Accession no.662689
Item 134
European Rubber Journal
179, No.8, Sept.1997, p.38-9
FUME & DUST STILL TOO HIGH IN UK
Recent checks on dust and fume levels in UK rubber
factories have shown a significant number breaching the
limits set for these materials under the UK’s COSHH
(Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations.
Following inspections at about 20% of the UK’s general
rubber goods factories in 1996 (117 plants), 24
improvement notices were issued under the COSHH
regulations.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.661723
Item 135
152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 130, pp.17.
012
RAPID ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE N-
NITROSAMINES IN BABY BOTTLE NIPPLES
Andress M; Gurley T; Harsch S
Abbott Laboratories
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A new method for determining the concentration of
nitrosamines in baby bottle nipples is described. The
nitrosamines are purged out of the sample using a partial
vacuum and heat, collected on a solid phase cartridge,
eluted with methylene chloride and methanol, and
measured by gas chromatography and thermal energy
analysis. This method takes 3 to 4 hours to complete,
compared to 2 to 3 days in the case of extraction
procedures. 22 refs.
USA
Accession no.659571
Item 136
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1712, 14th Nov.1997, p.11
NEW APPROACH TO POOR RECORD
60
The Health & Safety Executive aims to improve the rubber
industry’s poor accident record. A training pack has been
developed specifically for the industry. The
comprehensive, fully references resource pack will enable
companies to run in-house training programmes.
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.659435
Item 137
IRC ’97. Conference proceedings.
Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.360-6. 012
BINDING PATTERNS OF IGE ANTIBODIES IN
SERA OF RUBBER TAPPERS TO FRESH HEVEA
LATEX SERUM PROTEINS
Hasma H; Yip E; Mok K L; Shahnaz M; Azizah M;
Nasuruddin B A
Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia; Kuala
Lumpur,Institute of Medical Research
(Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia)
The binding patterns of IgE antibodies to fresh NR latex
B- and C-serum proteins are determined by sodium
dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
immunoblotting technique. All the IgE samples are from
Malaysian rubber tappers skin prick tested with extracts
of gloves and food: avocado, potato, tomato and
watermelon. Two of the five IgE samples from tappers
react to gloves bound to latex proteins, specifically to 35,
38 and 40 kD B-serum proteins and to 30 and 75 kD C-
serum proteins. The remaining three either do not bind or
bind faintly to the latex proteins. A similar binding pattern
to only a few latex proteins is shown in one of the three
sera of tappers reacting to both gloves and food. The other
two, however, exhibit multiple bindings to a wide variety
of B-serum proteins of molecular weights less than 20 to
greater than 202 kD and to a number of C-serum proteins
between 30 to 75 kD. The heterogeneous binding pattern
is also demonstrated by 11 of the 20 IgE serum samples
of tappers reacting to food and by 25 of 136 serum samples
of tappers reacting negatively to both gloves and food.
The fact that only two of 38 serum samples that show
strong multiple binding pattern correspond to a positive
skin prick test to gloves indicates that the in vitro
immunoblotting technique is an unreliable indicator of
latex allergy. 19 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.658903
Item 138
IRC ’97. Conference proceedings.
Kuala Lumpur, 6th-9th Oct.1997, p.353-9. 012
MEASUREMENTS OF TOTAL EXTRACTABLE
PROTEINS IN LATEX GLOVES:
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RRIM AND ASTM
MODIFIED LOWRY TESTS
Yip E
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia
(Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia)
Extractable protein contents of latex gloves generated by
two commonly used methods, the RRIM (MS 1392:96P)
and the ASTM (D 5712-95) modified Lowry tests, are
examined and their relationship studied. Total extractable
proteins, EP RRIM, determined by the RRIM test, range
from 1326 micro grammes/g to under 20 micro grammes/
g for 90 gloves. Their corresponding EP ASTM values,
obtained by the ASTM test, vary from 1377 micro
grammes/g to under 50 micro grammes/g. Statistical
analysis shows a very significant correlation between
them, with a coefficient of correlation, r=0.93, P is under
0.001. Generally, EP RRIM values read higher than those
of EP ASTM. EP ASTM of 50 , micro grammes/g and
lower are found to be associated with EP RRIM, values
ranging from 267 micro grammes/g to under 20 micro
grammmes/g, suggesting higher sensitivity of the latter
measurements. Relevance of the two sets of EP in relation
to the allergenicity/allergic potential of latex gloves is
discussed. Accelerated ageing at 70 deg.C for 7 days of
latex gloves results in the lowering of protein contents.
The effect appears to be more pronounced for EP RRIM
than for EP ASTM. 13 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.658902
Item 139
Journal of Natural Rubber Research
11, No.4, 1996, p.240-6
LATEX PROTEIN ALLERGY: PREVALENCE
STUDY OF FACTORY WORKERS
Azizah M R; Shahnaz M; Hasma H; Mok K L; Yip E;
Nasuruddin B A
Kuala Lumpur,Institute of Medical Research; Rubber
Research Institute of Malaysia
The prevalence of Type I latex protein allergy among
workers in various latex glove factories in Malaysia is
studied. A total of 149 subjects (108 females and 41 males)
with a mean age of 30.6 years are examined both by
questionnaires and by skin prick test (SPT). In the absence
of a standardised SPT latex allergen mixture, the clinical
test is carried out using six glove extracts with extractable
protein content varying from 0.02 mg/g to 0.75 mg/g of
gloves, as measured by the RRIM modified Lowry
microassay. Only three subjects are found to show wheal
size ranging from 2-4 mm when tested with glove extracts
with extractable protein content of greater than 0.6 mg/g.
Such reaction is, however, not detected in all cases when
protein levels are at 0.1 mg/g or lower This prevalence as
compared to those reported in the West is relatively low.
35 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.656289
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 140
Rubber and Plastics News 2
18, No.25, 15th Sept. 1997, p.5
RUBBER INDUSTRY-RELATED DEATHS
DECLINE
Moore M
Statistics from the US Bureau of Labor are reported which
show that job fatality rates declined slightly in 1996 for
workers who make, sell, service or install tyres and rubber
products. Vehicle accidents, machinery or equipment
accidents and workplace violence were the most common
causes of on-the-job deaths in six rubber-related
employment categories last year, the National Census of
Fatal Occupational Injuries reported. Brief details are
given of numbers in each category.
USA
Accession no.655790
Item 141
Pitture e Vernici
73, No.14, Sept.1997, p.66-7
English; Italian
GROUNDLESS SUSPICIONS
Degussa AG
It is reported that studies carried out by Degussa on the
employees working at its production department do not
confirm any increase in the rate of the risk of cancer
caused by carbon black. Fine powders such as carbon
black are suspected to endanger health. However, such a
suspicion is based on tests carried out with animals and
are not based on medicinal data. Important research made
in the industrial medicine sector have not managed to
confirm these suspicions; on the contrary, studies on
morbidity (concerning the occurrence rate of the disease)
do not provide any evidence on the risk caused by carbon
black. The same conclusion was drawn following the
research on morbidity carried out by Degussa, a leading
manufacturer of carbon black in the world. The application
sector of carbon black includes the production of tyres
and rubbers for technical sector, printing inks, varnishes
and fibres. According to the results of the research, the
exposure to carbon black does not bring about any
increase in the occurrence rate of human lung and
respiratory diseases.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.651707
Item 142
Rubber India
49, No.6, June 1997, p.9-12
CHLORINATED RUBBER - A CASE STUDY
Kerres H
Bayer AG
61
 References and Abstracts

This article discusses chlorinated rubber, looking in of airborne isocyanates. These techniques are critically
particular at: the use of carbon tetrachloride (CTC) in the examined, and some special considerations relating to the
chlorinated rubber process, why CTC is used as a process sampling of isocyanates are discussed. 17 refs.
agent, CTC emissions, and the chlorinated process USA
developed by Bayer AG of Germany. Accession no.643065
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.650088 Item 145
Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings.
Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.12-4. 43C6
Item 143 DIISOCYANATE ASTHMA AND OTHER
Hazardous Substances RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
8, No.7, July/Aug.1997, p.5 Jolly A T
RUBBER INDUSTRY GUIDANCE ICI Polyurethanes
The HSC’s Rubber Industry Advisory Committee (SPI,Polyurethane Div.)
(RUBIAC) has launched new publications on health and An examination is made of the causes, diagnosis and
safety in the rubber industry which give advice on management of respiratory diseases connected with
COSHH. The first is a legal guide and the other two exposure to diisocyanates.
provide practical guidance on particular applications: USA
powder handling and weighing, and the use of solvents.
Accession no.643027
All three are revisions of existing guidance, to incorporate
changes in the law and experience gained within the
industry since COSHH first came into effect. They address Item 146
key issues in the industry, including occupational cancers, Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings.
dermatitis and respiratory sensitisation. The booklets Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.10-1. 43C6
incorporate recent legislative changes such as COSHH WORK PRACTICES FOR WORKING WITH
94 and developments in industrial practices such as the DIISOCYANATES
increasing use of water-based adhesives. Useful Booth K S
information on biological monitoring has also been Bayer Corp.
included. According to HSE, inspectors visited about 20% (SPI,Polyurethane Div.)
of all rubber factories in 1996/97, and found that over Safety measures which should be adopted when working
20% of these still did not have a COSHH assessment for with diisocyanates are discussed. Exposure limits and
rubber process dust or rubber fume. Only half of those protective equipment and clothing are examined. 4 refs.
that did exist were ‘suitable and sufficient’ in the visiting
USA
inspector’s view. The guidance is aimed at helping
companies to comply fully with their legal obligations. Accession no.643026
Copies of the binder package ISBN 0 7176 1373 9, priced
18 pounds sterling, are available from HSE Books and Item 147
booksellers. The COSHH section can be purchased Toxic Substances Bulletin
separately. This abstract includes all the information No.33, May 1997, p.1-2
contained in the original article. SOLVENTS IN THE UK
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION Stear D
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; UK,Health & Safety Executive
WESTERN EUROPE
In this article information is presented on the use of
Accession no.645232
solvents in the UK, examining the trends in use and
application of industrial solvents, and the major driving
Item 144 forces behind these trends. A recent survey carried out by
Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings. the UK Health & Safety Executive showed a persistent
Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.272-80. 43C6 lack of safety as far as exposure is concerned.
STATE-OF-THE-ART IN THE INDUSTRIAL CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;
HYGIENE MONITORING OF AIRBORNE TDI EUROPEAN UNION; NETHERLANDS; UK; USA; WESTERN
AND MDI EUROPE; WORLD
Booth K S; Dharmarajan V Accession no.639597
Bayer Corp.
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.) Item 148
A comprehensive review is presented of developments Hazardous Substances
in sampling and analysis procedures for the determination 8, No.2, Feb.1997, p.7-8

62 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

EU INDICATIVE LIMIT VALUES Item 151

151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
It is reported very briefly that a new list has been published
Conference Preprints.
of indicative limit values as a step towards generating a
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 31, pp.25. 012
uniform minimum standard for worker exposure to
HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT
airborne hazardous substances across the EU. A chart
Read R B
showing the new levels is included.
Hanna M.A.,Rubber Compounding
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (ACS,Rubber Div.)
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL Aspects of industrial health and safety management are
Accession no.636770 discussed, with particular reference to accident
prevention.
USA
Item 149
Rubber and Plastics News 2 Accession no.636041
26, No.11, 13th Jan.1997, p.7
STUDY LINKS CHEMICALS TO CANCER Item 152
Moore M 151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
This article reports on the findings of a study carried out Conference Preprints.
by the US National Toxicology Programme’s Peer Review Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 19, pp.41. 012
Panel that three chemicals used in rubber production - OSHA VOLUNTARY PROTECTION PROGRAMS
chloroprene, ethylbenzene and tetrahydrofuran - caused Atkinson J R
cancer in rats after inhalation tests. Details are given. Monsanto Co.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
ADMINISTRATION; DUPONT; DUPONT DOW Details are given of the US Occupational Safety & Health
ELASTOMERS LLC Administration’s Voluntary Protection Programmes which
USA are aimed at improving worker safety and health through
Accession no.636354 cooperation among management, employees and the
government. The benefits of these programmes are
illustrated by reference to the experience of Dow
Item 150
Chemical, Mobil Oil and Monsanto.
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
Conference Preprints. US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 32, pp.6. 012 ADMINISTRATION; MOBIL OIL CORP.; DOW
DECREASING COSTS THROUGH CHEMICAL CO.
USA
INFORMATION: IMPLEMENTATION OF
CHEMICAL INVENTORIES AND Accession no.636032
MANAGEMENT OF MATERIAL SAFETY DATA
SHEETS Item 153
Lutz E A Rubber and Plastics News 2
EnviroCom Systems 18, No.10, 17th Feb.1997, p.6
(ACS,Rubber Div.) PHILADELPHIA COMPANY TO MAKE
The use of a chemical accounting or mass balancing HYPOALLERGENIC LATEX
inventory management system to account for all chemicals Moore M
entering into and exiting out of a facility is discussed. By The US Department of Agriculture, holding a new patent
coupling such a system with material safety data sheet to make hypoallergenic rubber latex from guayule, is
management software, it is possible to determine which reported to have licensed the technology to a newly-
chemicals in a standing inventory have data sheets on formed Philadelphia company - Yulex. About 20 million
file and which do not. The advantages of these systems Americans are allergic to latex; the agency hopes that
in reducing the costs associated with material purchases, this market will provide an impetus to popularise guayule
process and support operations and waste disposal are as the raw material for over 40,000 latex products,
examined. including 300 designed for medical use. Details are given.
US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY US,DEPT.OF AGRICULTURE; YULEX CORP.
USA USA
Accession no.636042 Accession no.634279

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 63

 References and Abstracts
Item 154
Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology
12, No.4, 1996, p.258-73
BLADDER CANCER IN RUBBER WORKERS. A
PHENYL BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE (PBNA)
EXPOSED WORKFORCE
Veys C A
Keele,University
An extension of the follow-up period from 1985 to 1990
for two quinquennial intakes of rubber workers (newly
engaged at a large tyre factory in the Midlands between
1950 and 1960) was undertaken to assess bladder cancer
morbidity. This gave the opportunity to examine more
closely the spatial departmental distribution of cases on a
factory plan, and to contrast this with that exhibited by
rubber workers employed before 1949, when two
carcinogenic antioxidants, Nonox S and Agerite resin,
were in use then withdrawn at the end of that year. Both
these latter agents were contaminated with about 2500
ppm of betanaphthylamine, a recognised potent human
bladder carcinogen, exposure to which had also almost
doubled the incidence of bladder tumours in the exposed
workforce. 30 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.629066
Item 155
Journal of the Adhesive and Sealant Council. Volume 1.
Fall 1996. Conference proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca. 3rd-6th Nov.1996, p.69-81. 6A1
ECONOMICAL, LOW NITROSAMINE ULTRA
ACCELERATORS
Ferradino A G
Vanderbilt R.T.,Co.Inc.
(US,Adhesives & Sealants Council)
The issue of nitrosamine formation from the
decomposition of accelerators based on secondary amines
during vulcanisation at elevated temperatures is being
actively addressed by the rubber industry. R.T. Vanderbilt
has developed two new commercially available ultra
accelerators that provide an excellent balance of low
toxicity, low nitrosamine formation, good technical
properties, and cost effectiveness. The technology was
discovered by B.F. Goodrich and is patented. The unique
combination of properties offered by the new ultra
accelerators based on diisobutylamine is discussed. 3 refs.
GOODRICH B.F.,CO.
USA
Accession no.626517
Item 156
European Rubber Journal
179, No.2, Feb.1997, p.24-5
LATEX GLOVES REACHING GOALS
White L
64
Global use of all types of dipped latex gloves has now
risen to well above 30 billion/year, possibly 35 billion.
The US is by far the largest glove user per capita with 60
gloves per person annually. Glove and other latex product
makers have put considerable resources into lowering the
protein and chemical content of their products. Powdered
gloves should be avoided as the powder can act as a carrier
to take allergenic proteins into wound sites. Synthetic
gloves are being developed, including polychloroprene
and nitrile latex surgical gloves, as alternatives for the
sensitised.
WORLD
Accession no.619823
Item 157
Rubber and Plastics News
26, No.10, 16th Dec.1996, p.16
YEAR YIELDS MIXED GOVERNMENT
RESULTS
Moore M
This article reports that 1996 has been a frustrating year
for the US rubber industry, with regard to legislative
issues. An overview of governmental regulations is
provided, under the headings: the Clean Air Act, work-
place exposure regulations, the International Rubber
Agreement, uniform tyre grading, and association
changes.
US,GOVERNMENT; US,RUBBER MFRS.’ASSN.
INDONESIA; MALAYSIA; USA
Accession no.618131
Item 158
Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine
38, No.12, 1st Dec.1996, p.1239-47
BLADDER CANCER INCIDENCE IN
ARYLAMINE WORKERS
Ouellet-Hellstrom R; Rench J D
SRA Technologies
This paper describes an investigation into the incidence
of bladder cancer in a cohort of 700 workers, employees
at a Connecticut chemical plant, between mid-1965 and
1989. The plant produced a number of chemicals, among
them arylamines. Methods are explained, and results
presented with a discussion. An epilogue is also included.
18 refs.
USA
Accession no.617949
Item 159
Industria della Gomma
39, Nos.7/8, July/Aug.1995, p.31-2
Italian
HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
A brief survey is made of European Union legislation
relating to health and safety in the workplace, and topics
discussed at seminars held by Assogomma on health and
safety in the rubber industry are reviewed.
ASSOGOMMA; CONFINDUSTRIA; LAB
ANALISIS; CONSULENTI ASSOCIATI MILANO;
BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE ITALIA; PIRELLI SPA
EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.616891
Item 160
Rubber World
215, No.2, Nov.1996, p.14
OSHA CUTS BUTADIENE PERMISSIBLE
EXPOSURE LIMIT TO 1 PPM UPON JOINT
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Occupational Safety & Health Administration has
reduced the permissible exposure limit for 1,3-butadiene
from 1,000 parts per million parts of air to 1 ppm. The
agency claims that almost 10,000 workers will be better
protected from cancer under the new standard. The final
standard, which is expected to prevent at least 79 cancer
deaths over a 45-year working lifetime, also includes a
15-minute short-term exposure limit of 5 ppm and an
action level of 0.5 ppm.
US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
ADMINISTRATION
USA
Accession no.615930
Item 161
IRC ’96. International Rubber Conference. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 17th-21st June 1996, paper 75. 012
NITROSAMINES IN RUBBER - LEGISLATIVE
TRENDS
Loadman M J R
Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn.
(Institute of Materials)
Before considering any legislative trends relating to
nitrosamine regulations, it is helpful to know what
legislation currently exists and how this position has
evolved. An insight is provided into the thinking which
has produced the current situation, with the aim of
applying it to a future scenario. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD
Accession no.610139
Item 162
IRC ’96. International Rubber Conference. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 17th-21st June 1996, paper 35. 012
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
NR LATEX PRODUCTS: PROBLEMS AND
SOLUTIONS
Pendle T D
(Institute of Materials)
Western markets responsible for most of the growth in
dipped goods in recent years, through their
requirements for single-use medical products, are also
the sources of the problems facing the industry now.
Western societies appear to be involved in a search for
the perfectly safe life, i.e. one not only free of all actual
hazards but one free of even the possibility of hazard.
The two most important factors, relevant to the latex
industry, arising from this quest for safety are the desire
for nitrosamine-free products and the requirement for
minimal, or zero, allergenic potential, the demand for
these characteristics being particularly strong in the
areas of medical, food-contact and child-related
products. The demands for nitrosamine-free products
and for freedom from Type IV allergy are such that it
may only be possible to satisfy them by the use of non-
sulphur vulcanising systems. An attempt is made to
review the possible effects of these factors on the
industry, covering ways of meeting the markets’
requirements and considering the possibilities of
alternative vulcanising systems. 15 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.610051
Item 163
Plastics News(USA)
8, No.23, 5th Aug.1996, p.28
OSHA OFFICE TARGETS PLASTICS INDUSTRY
SAFETY
King R
This article focuses on the growing issue of industrial
accidents involving machinery, and looks at a pilot project
of “strategic intervention” from the US Occupational
Safety & Health Administration which urges plastics and
rubber industry companies to use machinery shut-off,
lock-out or tag-out safety devices during maintenance
shut-downs and downtime.
US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
ADMINISTRATION
USA
Accession no.609868
Item 164
Rubber and Plastics News
26, No.1, 12th Aug. 1996, p.21
HEALTH CRISIS BOOSTS LATEX GOODS
Sowa S
This article investigates how the AIDS health scare
resulted in a huge rush for latex barrier gloves and latex
condoms, and reports how manufacturers reaped the
65
 References and Abstracts
advantages. Emphasis remains on quality with these
products that serve as life-savers.
BAXTER TRAVENOL; ANSELL INTERNATIONAL;
JOHNSON & JOHNSON; ALADAN CORP.;
SAFESKIN CORP.
MALAYSIA; THAILAND; USA
Accession no.609846
Item 165
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
57, No.10, Oct.1996, p.918-23
WORKER EXPOSURES TO NITROSAMINES IN
A RUBBER VEHICLE SEALING PLANT
Reh B D; Fajen J M
US,National Institute for Occupa.Safety & Health
Details are given of occupational nitrosamine inhalation
exposures at a rubber vehicle sealing plant. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.608370
Item 166
Toxic Substances Bulletin
No.31, Sept.1996, p.1-2
OCCUPATIONAL CONTACT DERMATITIS
Ryecroft R
UK,Health & Safety Executive
This article supplies details of the incidence and causes
of occupational contact dermatitis. Less severe cases can
cause itchy, flaking, cracked, swollen and bleeding skin,
especially on the arms and forearms. More disabling cases
could mean the loss of a limb. Causative agents can be
divided into irritants and allergens. The article describes
the differences and suggests possible preventative
measures.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.607457
Item 167
Rubber and Plastics News
25, No.27, 29th July 1996, p.15
WHO CALLS CARBON BLACK “POSSIBLE
CARCINOGEN”
Davis B; Shaw D
Carbon black has been reclassified as a possible carcinogen
by the World Health Organisation’s International Agency
for Research on Cancer. The reclassification is based almost
entirely on results of studies in which rats developed lung
tumours in an environment of “gross lung overload with
carbon black”, according to a UK consultant physician.
Degussa claims the rats in the studies were exposed daily
to carbon blacks at periods and levels that do not correspond
with actual practice. Degussa has released the results of 25
years of medical check-ups on 677 employees at its
Kalscheueren plant. The company observed no increased
66
incidences of skin or respiratory diseases compared with
the rest of the population.
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON
CANCER; DEGUSSA AG
WORLD
Accession no.605909
Item 168
Analyst
121, No.8, Aug.1996, p.1101-6
DETERMINATION OF COMPLEX MIXTURES
OF AIRBORNE ISOCYANATES AND AMINES. II.
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE AND
AMINOISOCYANATE AND TOLUENE DIAMINE
AFTER THERMAL DEGRADATION OF A
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE-POLYURETHANE
Tinnerberg H; Spanne M; Dalene M; Skarping G
Lund,University Hospital; Lund Institute of Technology
The effectiveness of derivatisation of isocyanates with
dibutylamine and selective derivatisation of amines as a
method for determination of isocyanates,
aminoisocyanates and amines in complex mixtures such
as those formed during thermal decomposition of TDI-
PU in the workplace was demonstrated. 9 refs. (Pt.I, ibid,
p.1095-9)
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.604344
Item 169
Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine
38, No.6, June 1996, p.625-30
EFFECTS OF PROLONGED LOW EXPOSURE
TO METHYL ISOCYANATE
Avashia B; Battigelli M C; Morgan K C; Reger R B
West Virginia,University; Rhone-Poulenc; Western
Ontario,University; Alderson-Broaddus College
This paper reports on an assessment of human pulmonary
effects from long-term, low-level exposure to methyl
isocyanate in over 400 workers at a large chemical facility.
Subjects and methods are explained, with results presented
and discussed. 11 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.603655
Item 170
Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine
38, No.6, June 1996, p.569-70
MORTALITY IN CARBON BLACK WORKERS
IN THE UNITED STATES
Robertson J McD; Inman K J
Western Ontario,University; Victoria Hospital
This paper provides information from a study on the
mortality of carbon black workers in the USA, which
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
updated an earlier study to include an additional 20,000
person-years of observation and extended the follow-up
from 1935 to 1994. Methods are explained, and the results
obtained are presented and discussed. 12 refs.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.603654
Item 171
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
49, No.7-8, July/Aug.1996, p.514/20
PROCESS OILS FOR THE RUBBER INDUSTRY -
LEGAL BASIS AND ASSESSMENT OF
POTENTIAL CARCINOGENICITY
von Meyerinck L; King D; Riley A; Wommelsdorff R
BP Oil Europe; BP Oil Deutschland GmbH; BP Oil
Product Stewardship Group
The development and current status of European
legislation relating to the carcinogenicity classification
of the range of aromatic naphthenic and paraffinic process
oils supplied to the rubber industry are reviewed. The
available analytical markers and short-term tests for the
assessment of carcinogenic potential are considered and
discussed in relation to process oils. 31 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.602880
Item 172
Reinforced Plastics
40, No.9, Sept.1996, p.17
STUDY POINTS TO CANCER RISK FROM
STYRENE
A major international study carried out by the World
Health Organisation’s International Agency for Research
on Cancer has found some increased risk of cancer in
workers exposed to styrene. The participants’ exposure
to styrene was reconstructed through job histories,
environmental and biological monitoring data, and
production records of the plants in the study.
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON
CANCER
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.602764
Item 173
Industria della Gomma
39, No.5, May 1995, p.16-21
Italian
CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES IN THE
WORKPLACE
Garlanda B
The provisions of EU legislation concerning the use of
carcinogenic substances in the workplace are examined.
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
A list is presented of 157 substances and their
classifications as at March 1995.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.598417
Item 174
Occupational Health Review
No.62, July/Aug.1996, p.5
BEWARE OF HIDDEN LATEX ALLERGIES
Occupational asthma due to latex is reported to have
remained undiagnosed in a hospital worker for about five
years because her exposure to latex was purely indirect
and therefore unsuspected. It seemed unlikely because the
woman, a medical secretary, did not handle medical gloves
during her work. She also had not used cleaning gloves, or
other latex materials, including condoms. Moreover, all
cases of latex-induced occupational asthma had been
reported only in workers manufacturing or using latex
gloves. The source of the woman’s asthma remained a
mystery; skin-prick tests with common inhalant allergens
gave negative results. Sensitisation to latex was only
considered after she developed contact urticaria from
wearing household latex gloves. It was also observed that
asthma symptoms became less frequent after the hospital
changed to PVC examination gloves. The woman had
developed occupational asthma from inhalation of airborne
latex allergens. She became exposed to the aeroallergy
when she had to walk though the emergency rooms to carry
medical files. Very brief details are noted. 1 ref.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.597503
Item 175
Hazardous Substances
7, No.7, July/Aug.1996, p.1
HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT: NEW
BRITISH STANDARD
The British Standards Institute has launched a new
standard, BS 8800, as a strategy document for compliance
with the Management of Health and Safety at Work
Regulations 1992. Described as a do-it-yourself kit for
managers with little or no experience of health and safety
management, it has sections on risk assessment,
organising management systems, planning and
implementation, performance measurement and auditing.
The suggested quick benefits of implementing BS 8800
are a reduction in accidents and work-related ill health,
which together have been estimated by HSE as costing
businesses 10% of their annual profits through sick pay,
insurance claims, lost production and other similar factors.
Brief details are given.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.596181
67
 References and Abstracts

Item 176 Montreal, 5th-8th May 1996, paper 19, pp.7. 012
Plastics News International PANDORA’S BOX
June 1996, p.24 Jarrett E L
STATIC ELECTRICITY...INVISIBLE HAZARD Elastochem Inc.
White G (ACS,Rubber Div.)
Allendale Products
A general review is presented of currently existing
Electrostatic discharge is reported to be a potential hazard regulations for the handling, warehousing and use of
in the plastics and chemicals industries, and measures hazardous chemicals in the rubber industry. Their impact
need to be taken to avoid injuries. It is the sudden transfer on packaging and materials handling and the potential
of electrical energy from one object to another, and can alternative methods of using hazardous materials safely
be observed when high voltages are stored in capacitors and efficiently are discussed. Information is based upon
or on charged insulators. This sudden discharge releases current United Nations, US Department of Transportation,
all their stored energy. Details are given. US Environmental Protection Agency, and US
KASUGA Occupational Safety & Health Administration Regulations.
AUSTRALIA USA
Accession no.592867 Accession no.591660

Item 177 Item 180

Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi Annals of Occupational Hygiene
67, No.9, 1994, p.603-14 40, No.1, Feb.1996, p.65-77
Japanese OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CARBON
SAFETY OF RUBBER CHEMICALS BLACK IN ITS MANUFACTURE: DATA FROM
Watanabe T 1987 TO 1992
Yokohama Gardiner K; Calvert I A; van Tongeren M J A;
A survey is presented of trends in the safety and hygiene Harrington J M
of organic rubber chemicals. Definitions of toxicity Birmingham,University
criteria are given and data on toxicity of rubber chemicals This paper describes the exposure to carbon black dust in the
are listed. 49 refs. Articles from this journal can be first and second phase of a large multi-national epidemiological
requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra study investigating the magnitude of exposure-related effects
produced International Polymer Science and Technology. such as respiratory morbidity. 29 refs.
JAPAN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
Accession no.592335 WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.587194
Item 178
Muanyag es Gumi Item 181
31, No.9, 1994, p.228-31 Chimica e l’industria
Hungarian 76, No.12, Dec.1994, p.774-8
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE RUBBER CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY DISTILLATES FOR TOXICOLOGICAL
Scheuring I PURPOSES: A METHODOLOGICAL
APPROACH
A brief review is given of the hazardous materials in
Locati G; Fantuzzi A; Maggi L; Riganti V
general use in the rubber industry. Details are given of
Pirelli SpA; Pavia,University
different carbon blacks, ageing inhibitors, accelerators and
vulcanising agents. The European Community Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
recommendations concerning the treatment, classification aromatic distillates used as plasticisers in the rubber
and packaging of hazardous materials are also reviewed. industry were determined by mass spectrometry and gas
20 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for chromatography. The results were compared with those
translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced obtained by the IP 346/80 method used in the
International Polymer Science and Technology. determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds, and by
EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN the Grimmer method for the determination of polycyclic
UNION; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on the results, suggestions
Accession no.592332 are made for approaches to the toxicological classification
of petroleum products. 11 refs.
Item 179 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
149th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1996. WESTERN EUROPE
Conference preprints. Accession no.586668

68 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 182 An examination is made of problems associated with the

Rubber World use of antitack agents in the tyre industry. Effects on
213, No.4, Jan.1996, p.17 downtime and tyre quality and aspects of health and safety
ESTIMATION OF PROTEIN CONTAMINATION and maintenance, cleaning and disposal costs are
IN LATEX discussed.
Alam A USA
Geno Technology Inc. Accession no.580200
Because of the health risk associated with latex protein,
latex-based products that are likely to come into contact Item 185
with humans require removal of the protein and careful London, 1995, pp.16. 10ins. 30/6/95. 123
monitoring of the protein content in the finished products. SAFE TO BREATHE. DUST AND FUME
A simple and reliable method for estimation of protein CONTROL IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY
content in latex called the Latex dotMetric protein assay UK,Health & Safety Commission
has been developed. A proprietary test strip and reagent
This leaflet was prepared by the Rubber Industry Advisory
solutions have been developed such that when a 1 ul
Committee, and agreed by the Health & Safety
protein solution is applied onto the test strip, it produces
Commission. It contains notes on good practice which
compact and symmetrical protein spots. The diameters
are not compulsory, but which may prove helpful in dust
of the protein spots are proportional to protein
and fume control.
concentration. This method has been found to be more
sensitive than the Lowry method. 1 ref. Accession no.576849
USA
Accession no.584541 Item 186
Rubber and Plastics News 2
17, No.3, 13th Nov.1995, p.5
Item 183 OSHA REOPENING FILE ON METHYLENE
European Rubber Journal CHLORIDE
178, No.4, April 1996, p.27-30 Moore M
MANAGING LATEX PROTEIN ALLERGY OSHA has reopened its record on methylene chloride
White L following carcinogenicity studies carried out on mice by
The Finnish National Public Health Institute and a team Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratories for the
from the Universities of Helsinki and Tampere recently Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance. The study
reported a step forward in establishing which proteins reported that although mice are uniquely sensitive at high
in latex cause allergic reactions. This work identified exposure levels to methylene chloride-induced lung and
hevein, which has been extracted from a highly liver cancer, other species including humans were not at
allergenic brand of surgeon’s gloves, as a significant similar risk. Brief details are given of the study.
latex allergen. Between 5 and 17% of healthcare workers US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
are reported to be sensitised to latex because of their ADMINISTRATION
high exposure to the material, mainly in the form of USA
gloves. Powder-free gloves are said to be essential to Accession no.576389
minimise environmental contamination and subsequent
patient and employee exposure to latex proteins bound
to powder particles. Improved test methods and Item 187
standards are still called for. Archives of Environmental Health
50, No.5, Sept.-Oct.1995, p.337-40
WORLD
OUTBREAK OF NAPHTHALENE
Accession no.584489 DIISOCYANATE-INDUCED ASTHMA IN A
PLASTICS FACTORY
Item 184 Fuortes L J; Kiken S; Kakowsky M
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995. Iowa,University; US,National Institute for
Conference Preprints. Occupa.Safety & Health; Iowa Methodist Occupational
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 12, pp.14. Medicine
012 Seven cases of possible naphthalene diisocyanate related
DOWNSTREAM PROCESS IMPACTS OF occupational asthma occurred in 1987 and 1988. These
SPECIALITY ANTITACKS, PELLET AND STRIP cases were reported to the National Institute for
McAlaine R M Occupational Safety & Health by personnel at a factory
Namico Inc. that manufactures plastic wheels for fork-lift trucks. The
(ACS,Rubber Div.) reporting of cases prompted (a) an evaluation of the work-

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 69

 References and Abstracts

place, including a medical screening of workers, to detect Graf H J; Issel H M

additional cases; and (b) an industrial hygiene survey to Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH
determine level of exposure to isocyanates. 14 refs.
The introduction of dithiophosphates in rubber chemistry
USA
is shown to offer an alternative to classical accelerators
Accession no.568082 with reference to technological, economic and
toxicological factors, the dithiophosphates being unable
Item 188 to form N-nitrosamines. Examples are given of optimised
European Rubber Journal mixtures based mainly on dithiophosphates and exhibiting
177, No.11, Nov.1995, p.38 a comparable set of physical properties to conventional
BLIC SAYS TYRE DEBRIS NO HAZARD systems. The potential design of bloom-free curing
White L systems for EPDM via dithiophosphates is described. 13
refs. (dkt ’94, Stuttgart, Germany, June 1994)
The Brussels based organisation of European rubber
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
manufacturers’ associations, BLIC, has issued a statement WESTERN EUROPE
refuting some of the more dramatic claims in a Swedish Accession no.564587
National Chemicals Inspectorate (KEMI) report on tyre debris.
The KEMI data raised the question of health hazards resulting
from the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of Item 191
the high aromatic oils used in tyre formulations. BLIC claims Rubber and Plastics News
that studies have shown that when tyre rubber is abraded onto 24, No.19, 10th April 1995, p.6
the road during normal tyre wear, both the rubber and the EPA: RUBBER INDUSTRY CUTS 1993 TOXIC
PAHs in it are rapidly broken down and destroyed by natural RELEASES
biological and thermo-oxidative processes. Moore M
BLIC With figures from the US Environmental Protection
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; Agency, this article reports that US industry cut its toxic
WESTERN EUROPE
chemical releases by 12.6% in 1993, with the rubber
Accession no.567591 industry generally showing larger decreases.
US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY;
Item 189 DUPONT; GOODYEAR
Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe USA
47, No.6, 1994, p.399-404 Accession no.561249
German
NITROSAMINE-FREE VULCANISING
Item 192
SYSTEMS FOR EPDM
Rubbercon ’95. Conference Preprints.
Hofmann W; Diederichsen J
Gothenburg, 9th-12th May 1995, Paper F2, pp.10. 012
Deutsche Oelfabrik
RESPONSIBLE CARE IN THE SWEDISH
The author outlines the problems with N-nitrosamines in RUBBER INDUSTRY
the rubber industry, covering the biological effect of N- Ringstrom A
nitrosamines and their hazards, laws relating to the Association of Swedish Chemical Industries
handling of these substances and the consequences of (Nordic Council of Rubber Technology)
these for the rubber industry, and methods of reducing
The objectives of the responsible care initiative in
their formation (use of sulphenamides, safe amines,
improving health, safety and environmental protection in
triazines, xanthogenates and dithiophosphates). Articles
the Swedish rubber industry are outlined. Examples are
from this journal can be requested for translation by
presented of improvements which have been achieved in
subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer
the substitution of hazardous additives and cleaning
Science and Technology.
materials and the organisation of safety procedures in the
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
workplace, and reference is made to a project which was
WESTERN EUROPE
undertaken to assess the environmental impact of rubber
Accession no.565950 chemicals and vulcanisation fumes.
CEFIC; KAROLINSKA HOSPITAL
Item 190 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL;
48, No.9, Sept.1995, p.600-5 WESTERN EUROPE
German Accession no.560454
NEW EVALUATION OF DITHIOPHOSPHATES
WITH REFERENCE TO ACCELERATORS
INCAPABLE OF FORMING N-NITROSAMINES

70 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
Item 193
Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine
37, No.6, June 1995, p.749-54
DEATHS FROM ACUTE EXPOSURE TO
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Ford E S; Rhodes S; McDiarmid M; Schwartz S L;
Brown J
US,National Center for Environmental Health;
Baltimore Gas & Electric Co.; Occupational Safety and
Health Administration; Georgetown,University;
Ramsey Clinic
Details are reported on deaths attributed to
trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure that occurred between
1975 and 1992. A case history is reported from the most
recent death, including tissue concentration modelling.
Recommendations are given on working practices to
reduce the risk from exposure to TCE. 31 refs.
USA
Accession no.558288
Item 194
Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine
37, No.6, June 1995, p.725-38
MAN-MADE VITREOUS FIBRES AND RISK OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CANCER: A REVIEW
OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE
I-Min Lee; Hennekens C H; Trichopoulos D; Buring J
E FROM NATURAL RUBBER LATEX GLOVES
Harvard Medical School; Harvard School of Public
Health
A review is presented of the available evidence regarding
the safety, in particular the epidemiologic data, on man-
made vitreous fibres (MMVF) and the risk of respiratory
system cancer. Glass fibres (especially glass wool) have
been studied most extensively. Taken together, the data
indicate that among those occupationally exposed, glass
fibres do not appear to increase risk of respiratory system
cancer. Details of studies on rock and slag wool are
examined. There are no published studies, in humans, of
refractory ceramic fibres. 42 refs.
USA
Accession no.558287
Item 195
Sudbury, 1994, pp.12 8 ins. 15/3/95. 921
GETTING TO GRIPS WITH MANUAL
HANDLING. RUBBER - A SHORT GUIDE FOR
EMPLOYERS
UK,Health & Safety Executive
A guide for employers is presented providing information
about manual handling in the rubber industry, and the
responsibilities of the employer to minimise any risks to
personal injury by implementing proper training, the use
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
of automation where appropriate, and the provision of
mechanical aids if necessary.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.556647
Item 196
Urethanes Technology
12, No.1, Feb/March 1995, p.3
MOCA’S BACK - YET AGAIN
Reed D
The article supplies brief details of a report in the Sunday
Times which alleges that three separate studies of workers
at Hickson International, a former manufacturer of
MOCA, have been suppressed. The studies reveal that
workers involved in the manufacture of MOCA have
above average levels of bladder cancer. The BRMA have
advised members to try to find a potentially less toxic
curing agent.
HICKSON INTERNATIONAL
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.555305
Item 197
Journal of Natural Rubber Research
9, No.4, 1994, p.270-7
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IDENTIFY
DIFFERENT ANTIGENS IN PROTEINS ELUTED
OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
Cardosa M J; Hamid S; Samuel-Verghese S; Yeang H Y
Universiti Sains Malaysia; Rubber Research Institute of
Malaysia
An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used
to show that proteins eluted from different samples of
NR latex gloves contained different relative proportions
of various antigens as defined by monoclonal antibodies
directed against B-serum and C-serum proteins. Some
gloves with low total protein content were shown to have
a high proportion of one of these antigens, but negligible
amounts of other antigens, while some other gloves had
high levels of more than one antigen tested. These
differences became important if some of these antigens
were more allergenic than others. This report highlighted
the inadequacy of total protein quantification in the
absence of specific immunoassays as a measure of the
safety of a product. 7 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.555244
Item 198
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
48, No.5, May 1995, p.364-9
German
71
 References and Abstracts
N-NITROSAMINES - THE CHALLENGE AND
THEORETICAL/PRACTICAL APPROACH TO
SOLVE THE PROBLEM
Seeberger D; Raabe G
Eidgenossische Materialprufungs- und
Forschungsanstalt; Huber & Suhner AG
The results of toxicological studies, via animal testing,
of N-nitrosamines and of the carbocations and carbenium
ions derived therefrom are discussed and the initiation of
carcinogenesis in animals by these metabolites of N-
nitrosamines is considered. The widely-accepted
metabolism of N-nitrosamines to carbenium ions is
demonstrated. In order to understand the carcinogenic
potential of one carbenium ion and not of another,
however, the heat of formation is calculated for carbenium
ions from readily-available thermodynamic data.
Calculation of the energies of formation is described and
a hypothesis on carcinogenicity/non-carcinogenicity is
formulated. 19 refs. (dkt 94, Stuttgart, June 1994)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.553723
Item 199
Industria della Gomma
38, No.5, May 1994, p.21-3
Italian
AROMATIC AMINE CONTAINING
PREPARATIONS: HOW SHOULD THEY BE
LABELLED?
Garlanda B
A survey is made of requirements under EC and Italian
regulations for the labelling of packages for preparations
containing aromatic amines.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.552402
Item 200
Archives of Environmental Health
50, No.1, Jan/Feb.1995, p.44-60
EFFECTS ON RESPIRATORY MORBIDITY OF
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CARBON
BLACK: A REVIEW
Gardiner K
Birmingham,University
A number of studies have used chest radiographs,
spirometry, and respiratory symptoms as a means of
assessing the various populations, but almost all of the
studies have either methodological shortcomings or fail
to report the necessary detail. However, exposure-related
effects are evident in those populations studied in terms
of small opacities, reduction in forced expiratory volume
in 1 s and forced mid-expiratory flow, and symptoms of
chronic bronchitis. 45 refs.
72
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.551532
Item 201
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
48, No.4, April 1995, p.276-80
CURING FUMES - A LARGE-SCALE STUDY
Asplund J
Trelleborg Industri AB
Five carbon black-filled rubber compounds with typical
sulphur-curing systems and one rubber compound with a
peroxide-curing system, based on different polymers and
other ingredients, were studied. The results showed that
amines and sulphur compounds were the main compounds
in the vapour phase of curing fumes from sulphur curing.
Amines together with aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons were the main components of the vapour
phase of curing fumes from peroxide curing. The emission
of curing fumes contributed only slightly to the pollution
in the urban environment in comparison with other
sources, e.g. the traffic. Cleaning methods, using oxidation
(thermal and catalytic), adsorption (active carbon),
absorption (scrubbing), biofiltration and condensation,
were studied with regard to curing fumes. The adsorption
on active carbon was shown to be the most economic of
the methods studied. 11 refs.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.550871
Item 202
Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology
11, No.1, 1995, p.86-8
CORRIGENDUM. BLADDER CANCER IN
RUBBER WORKERS
Veys C A
Keele,University
A correction is presented to an earlier paper on bladder
cancer as an industrial disease in the British rubber
industry (ibid, 8, No.1, 1992, p.1-14). A misprint in the
original paper led to a misalignment of some of the age-
groups in the initial array for the technique of comparative
cohort analysis and the expectation of bladder tumour
morbidity (incidence) thus became artificially elevated.
3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.550804
Item 203
Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine
37, No.3, March 1995, p.336-48
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES AND FEMALE
BREAST CANCER MORTALITY IN THE
UNITED STATES
Cantor K P; Stewart P A; Brinton L A; Dosemeci M
US,National Cancer Institute
Mortality records from 24 states, gathered from 1984 to
1989 and coded for occupation and industry, were used
to develop leads to workplace exposures as possible breast
cancer risk factors. Suggestive associations were found
for styrene, several organic solvents (methylene chloride,
carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde), and several metals/
metal oxides and acid mists. 37 refs.
USA
Accession no.548635
Item 204
Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine
37, No.3, March 1995, p.288-93
OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS FOR BRAIN
TUMOURS AMONG WOMEN IN SHANGHAI,
CHINA
Heineman E F; Yu-Tang Gao; Dosemeci M;
McLaughlin J K
US,National Cancer Institute; Shanghai Cancer
Institute
Occupation and industry at the time of diagnosis were
identified for 276 incident primary brain tumour cases
among women in Shanghai for 1980-4. Standardised
incidence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were
calculated for all occupations and industries with at least
three female cases. Data were compared with census
information on the occupation for the urban population
of Shanghai. Statistically significant excesses of brain
tumours were seen among grain farmers, rubber workers,
and workers in transportation equipment and repair.
Elevated but non-significant risks were seen among, e.g.
plastics products workers. 22 refs.
CHINA; USA
Accession no.548634
Item 205
Rubber and Plastics News 2
16, No.12, 20th March 1995, p.3
STUDY SAYS LATEX RISK MAY BE GREATER
Moore M
Results are discussed of a study carried out amongst
personnel at the Mont-Godinne Hospital in Belgium, to
find the percentage of asthmatic reactions amongst those
working with latex. Skin prick and inhalation tests were
used. As a result of the study, latex allergy experts claim
these results underscore the need to label products
containing latex, and even setting protein content limits
for latex goods.
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.548375
Item 206
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
39, No.1, Feb.1995, p.55-61
PROTOCOL FOR SYSTEMATIC WORKPLACE
INVESTIGATION IN THE RUBBER
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
van Tongeren M; Kromhout H; Swuste P
Birmingham,University; Wageningen,Agricultural
University; Delft,University
A protocol for systematic workplace investigation in the
Dutch rubber manufacturing industry was developed. The
protocol, based on results and experiences of an industry-
wide hygiene study, made it possible to evaluate and
control hazardous working conditions in rubber
manufacturing facilities not included in the hygiene study.
Emphasis was on assessment of exposure to particulates,
rubber fumes, solvents and noise, and of dermal exposure
to contaminants, but also of exposure to vibration, extreme
climatic conditions, deleterious working postures,
accident risks and unhealthy working habits. Data were
collected by using questionnaires and check-lists with the
analysis being performed using a large number of decision
trees which were based on the best technical means of
controlling hazardous working conditions. It was found
that the protocol could be a useful tool for evaluating
control measures, for indicating better means of
controlling hazardous working conditions and for setting
priorities for exposure monitoring and workplace
improvement. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.547263
Item 207
Rubber and Plastics News
24, No.15, 13th Feb.1995, p.6
OSHA TO RETHINK PROPOSED MC RULE
Moore M
OSHA has withdrawn its draft workplace exposure rule
on methylene chloride, it is reported, to carry out further
studies, following complaints from federal budget
watchdogs. Methylene chloride is a suspected carcinogen,
which is used as an auxiliary blowing agent for super
soft and low density flexible polyurethane foams. Brief
details are given of the concerns over methodology used
by OSHA to determine the cancer risk.
US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
ADMINISTRATION
USA
Accession no.545352
73
 References and Abstracts

Item 208 properties, the chemical structure of carbon black surface,

JANUS its fractal geometry and the role of carbon black in
No.18, 1994, p.7-8 elastomers, plastics and xerographic toners. Individual
CANCER RISKS DUE TO WORKING WITH chapters deal with STM, surface energy, conductivity, and
CERTAIN CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES - A STUDY health effects of carbon black.
USING REGISTERS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
Hansen J GERMANY; INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Working Environment Fund Accession no.539313
It is explained that scarcity of data is a problem with
research into the causes of work-related cancer, and Item 211
animal experimentation is often of dubious interpretation. Shawbury, 1994, pp.105. LS.150. 12ins. 11/1/95. 123-
This article looks at a Danish research project to see if it 92171T
was possible to utilise existing data from a number of RUBBER FUME : INGREDIENT/EMISSION
computerised registers. Verifying the validity of the RELATIONSHIPS
method is explained, results obtained are given, and Willoughby B
conclusions drawn. Rapra Technology Ltd.
DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
This comprehensive review covers the Rapra
SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Vulcanisation Fume Project - a unique study analysing
Accession no.542037 cure volatiles from a suite of formulations using a
common pool of ingredients. The experiments were
Item 209 conducted under strict laboratory control and the
European Rubber Journal analytical findings are presented, discussed, and where
177, No.2, Feb.1995, p.18-9 appropriate compared with on-site data. This publication
NITROSAMINES: THE DEBATE GOES ON may be purchased from Rapra Technology Ltd.
White L EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Calls were made at a recent symposium for a new Accession no.539295
European-wide research initiative on methods for
nitrosamine analysis. Doubts were expressed about the
validity of analytical methods specified in the regulations Item 212
on latex products and in the new EC directive concerning Ends Report
the release of N-nitrosamines and nitrosatable substances No.239, Dec.1994, p.8
from elastomer or rubber teats and soothers. It was pointed AIR QUALITY STANDARDS PROPOSED FOR
out that it is extremely difficult to prevent cross- 1,3-BUTADIENE AND CO
contamination in a manufacturing environment and that This reports on proposed air quality standards for carbon
measurable levels of N-nitrosamines can be found in a monoxide and the carcinogen 1,3-butadiene, which have
product formulated to be nitrosamine free. Further been put forward by a UK Government expert panel.
extensive reformulation of latex products is likely to be Details of the proposals are provided for each of the two
needed to meet the latest regulatory needs and property pollutants.
requirements. Here, the value of the latest computerised
UK,GOVERNMENT; WORLD HEALTH
experimental design software was pointed out.
ORGANISATON; UK,DEPT.OF THE
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
ENVIRONMENT
Accession no.540097 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.539011
Item 210
New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, 1993, pp.xviii, 461.
10ins. 12/7/93. 51B Item 213
CARBON BLACK SCIENCE AND BIBRA Bulletin
TECHNOLOGY. 2ND EDITION 33, No.4, 1994, p.135-6
Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.; RUBBER MANUFACTURE AND METHYLENE
Panjab,University; Degussa AG CHLORIDE
Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J
This article very briefly outlines a NIOSH review which
The revised and expanded second edition of this practical concludes that rubber manufacture employees have
reference text comprises 14 chapters covering carbon suffered excess deaths from cancers. It also reviews a
black manufacture, the mechanism of its formation, its further document which deals with methylene chloride
microstructure, morphology, physical and other control in furniture stripping.

74 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFTEY
& HEALTH
USA
Accession no.539008
Item 214
Tyretech ’94. Conference proceedings.
Munich, 24th-25th Oct.1994, paper 14. 6T1
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE TYRE
FACTORY
Czech-Scharif-Afschar K
Continental AG
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
The rubber mix of a tyre consists of several compounds.
Depending on their different chemical and physical
properties, some of the materials have to be regarded as a
possible hazard to health, especially if they are not handled
correctly. A short overview is given of hazardous
substances in a tyre factory, the situation concerning
special hazardous substances in the German tyre industry,
German legislation aspects and activities of the German
and European Rubber Manufacturers’ Associations in
Germany and in Europe. 15 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.538965
Item 215
Journal of Natural Rubber Research
9, No.2, 1994, p.121-6
HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS OF SYNTHETIC
ALTERNATIVES TO NATURAL RUBBER LATEX
Morris M D
Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn.
Considerable criticism has been directed against the use
of NR latex for the manufacture of elastic medical goods
because of the allergic reactions that can be caused. An
analysis of published data reveals that the proportion of
the population affected by latex proteins is small and that
the effects are usually not serious. The four main groups
of alternative materials (PVC, PU, NBR and neoprene,
and styrene copolymers) are considered and it is
concluded that the inferior performance of these materials
can lead to increased health and safety risks and that they
have also been known to cause toxic and allergic effects.
27 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.538295
Item 216
Journal of Natural Rubber Research
9, No.2, 1994, p.96-108
FACTORY PRODUCTION OF EXAMINATION
GLOVES FROM LOW PROTEIN LATEX
Ghazaly H M
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia
Low protein latex (LOPROL) developed at the RRIM was
found to be suitable for factory scale production of
examination gloves. Both pre-vulcanised and post-
vulcanised formulations could give satisfactory tensile
properties, the latter requiring modifications of the
formulations and compounding techniques. A post-
vulcanised formulation was used in the factory run. Unaged
TS of these gloves was in the region of 25 MPa to 27 MPa
and a retention of more than 90% was obtained when they
were aged at 70C for 7 days and 100C for 1 day. Although
the mechanical stability time of LOPROL was reported to
be lower than 650 s, continuous stirring of a compounded
LOPROL caused a marginal increase in coagulum content
after 7 days compared with HA latex treated in the same
manner. Short on-line wet leaching time of about 1 min
gave soluble protein contents of the LOPROL gloves to be
less than 0.1 mg/g film. When these were dry leached for
30 s, the soluble protein contents further decreased to
between 0.03 to 0.06 mg/g film. 4 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.538293
Item 217
Journal of Natural Rubber Research
9, No.2, 1994, p.87-95
PRODUCTION OF NATURAL RUBBER LATEX
GLOVES WITH LOW EXTRACTABLE PROTEIN
CONTENT: SOME PRACTICAL
RECOMMENDATIONS
Ng K P; Yip E; Mok K L
Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia
The need to produce NR latex gloves with minimum
extractable proteins because of the reported incidence of
Type 1 hypersensitivity is discussed. The current practice
of wet gel leaching for a short period of time is inadequate
in reducing the extractable proteins. It was shown in this
study that an additional leaching operation after drying was
necessary. The most effective means was the use of a
recentrifuged prevulcanised latex with a combination of
wet gel leaching and dry-film leaching or direct water
spraying. Under the most favourable conditions, an
extractable protein content of about 0.03 mg/g could be
achieved. Physical properties of the low extractable protein
gloves were found to meet the requirements of ASTM D-
3578-91 for NR examination gloves. Their allergic
response, as tested clinically on latex-sensitive patients by
a skin-prick test, was found to be highly negative. 13 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.538292
Item 218
Journal of Natural Rubber Research
9, No.2, 1994, p.79-86
75
 References and Abstracts
ALLERGIC RESPONSES AND LEVELS OF
EXTRACTABLE PROTEINS IN NR LATEX
GLOVES AND DRY RUBBER PRODUCTS
Yip E; Turjanmaa K; Ng K P; Mok K L
Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia;
Tampere,University
The way in which the allergic response elicited in
hypersensitive persons by allergens in NR latex gloves
was related to the amount of extractable protein present
in the products was examined. Extractable protein content
of a total of 39 different glove samples, determined by
the RRIM-modified Lowry microassay procedure, was
shown to range from 0.020 to 1 mg/g. Allergic responses
to the proteins were evaluated by means of the skin-prick
test. Results demonstrated that higher extractable protein
contents were always associated with positive allergic
responses, while very low extractable protein levels
tended to exhibit weak or no allergic reaction. Similar
studies were also carried out with 16 dry NRs of various
commercial grades and five rubber products, including
cut threads manufactured by processes very different from
those of latex-dipped articles. The results indicated that
dry NR products were free from the protein allergy
problem reported from some latex products. 16 refs.
FINLAND; MALAYSIA; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.538291
Item 219
Journal of Natural Rubber Research
9, No.2, 1994, p.63-9
IMMUNOASSAYS FOR DETERMINATION OF
ANTIGENS AND ALLERGENS IN LATEX
PRODUCTS
Cardosa M J; Samuel-Verghese S; Hamid S; Yeang H Y
Universiti Sains Malaysia; Rubber Research Institute of
Malaysia
The quality control of latex products used in medical
applications has to take into account the presence of
allergens which induce a type I hypersensitivity response.
Assays to measure the total protein eluted from these
products do not address the problem of allergenicity of the
proteins extracted. The concept of enzyme immunoassay
is described and various immunoassay formats by which
antigens can be detected are considered. Several examples
are presented which show that gloves produced by different
manufacturers contain different amounts of antigens and
monoclonal antibodies are used to show that different
antigens are found in different gloves. 2 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.538289
Item 220
Composites Plastiques Renforces Fibres de Verre
Textile
No.4, July/Aug.1994, p.42-5
French
76
ORGANIC PEROXIDES: HAZARDOUS
CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
Fristel J C
Societe Chalonnaise de Peroxydes Organiques
Environmental, health and safety concerns associated with
organic peroxides are examined, and some French and
EC regulations are reviewed. 10 refs.
SCPO
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.537917
Item 221
Industria della Gomma
38, Nos.7/8, July/Aug.1994, p.21-3
Italian
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES: SENSITISERS
Garlanda B
An examination is made of health hazards associated with
chemical substances which can cause sensitisation
through inhalation or contact with the skin. Reference is
made to some EC directives covering this subject, and
test methods used to determine the sensitising capability
of substances are reviewed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; WESTERN
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.537899
Item 222
Archives of Environmental Health
49, No.5, Sept/Oct.1994, p.359-65
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO NOISE AND
OTOTOXIC ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Morata T C; Dunn D E; Sieber W K
US,National Inst.for Occupational Safety & Health
This paper reviews the literature on the effects of
occupational exposure to organic solvents on the auditory
system, and identifies work settings in which exposure to
these agents might occur. References to ototoxicity were
noted for three proven neurotoxicants (carbon disulphide,
toluene, and trichloroethylene), and for two probables
(styrene and xylene). The percentage of workers exposed
to these solvents in each economic sector are shown. The
need for future research is also discussed. 55 refs.
USA
Accession no.537258
Item 223
Archives of Environmental Health
49, No.5, Sept/Oct.1994, p.332-6
ALDH2 POLYMORPHISM AND BIOLOGICAL
MONITORING OF TOLUENE
Toshihiro Kawamoto; Koji Matsuno; Yasushi Kodama;
Kazuhiro Murata; Shinya Matsuda
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Kitakyushu,University of Occupational &
Environmental Health; Foundation of Kinki Health
Administration Center
This study evaluates the effects of the genetic
polymorphism of ALDH2, (low Km aldehyde
dehydrogenase), on toluene metabolism and determined
biological exposure indices (BEI’s) of the genotypes of
ALDH2, using 45 toluene workers and 122 non-exposed
students as study subjects. The personal exposure levels to
toluene were monitored, using diffusion type samplers and
urinary hippuric acid, and creatine concentrations were
determined. Results are presented and discussed. 16 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.537256
Item 224
Journal of Occupational Medicine
36, No.10, Oct.1994, p.1079-92
REVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH ON HEALTH
EFFECTS OF HUMAN OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURE TO ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Baker E L
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
This paper reviews research performed since 1985 on the
human health effects of occupational exposure to organic
solvents, with particular attention given to issues of
reversibility of neurotoxicity following exposure
cessation. Health effects involving other organ systems,
(e.g. reproductive, renal, hepatic), and further research
developments, are also discussed. Finally, the practical
implications of these recent research findings are
described, focusing on the management of prevention
programmes at the work site. 94 refs.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION
USA
Accession no.537254
Item 225
Chemical Week
155, No.23, 14th Dec.1994, p.22/4
RUBBER CHEMICALS BOUNCE SLOWLY
BACK TO HEALTH
Breskin I; Wiesmann G
Medium term, the 1.5 to 2 billion US dollars worldwide
rubber chemicals industry is expected to see modest
growth of about 1-2%/year, driven primarily by demand
for products used in the tyre industry. In 1994, North
American demand for rubber-processing chemicals is
projected to increase 3.3%. Consumption of
antidegradants, which include both antiozonants and
antioxidants, totalled 134,000 m.t. in the US, Japan and
Western Europe markets in 1993. The next-largest
category, accelerators and vulcanisation agents, is a
100,000-plus m.t./year market. The third, specialty
additives, is significantly smaller. Prices are at last coming
back after a prolonged period of erosion. Given the
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
dominance of the tyre industry, rubber chemical makers
have reconfigured product to better serve them.
WORLD
Accession no.536557
Item 226
146th Meeting, Fall 1994, Conference Proceedings.
Pittsburgh, Pa., 11th-14th Oct.1994, Paper 2, pp.8. 012
SAFE HANDLING OF ORGANIC PEROXIDES
Benge J E; Berkey B D
Hercules Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Hazards associated with the use of organic peroxide curing
agents in the rubber industry are examined, and
recommendations are presented for their safe storage and
handling.
USA
Accession no.535481
Item 227
International Polymer Science and Technology
21, No.8, 1994, p.T/18-23
NITROSAMINE-FREE VULCANISING
SYSTEMS FOR EPDM
Hofmann W; Diederichsen J
Deutsche Oelfabrik
Problems with N-nitrosamines in the rubber industry are
discussed with particular reference to theory, biological
action of N-nitrosamines, legislation for handling N-
nitrosamines, and methods for reducing N-nitrosamine
formation. Translation of Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe,
No.6, 1994, p.399.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.535265
Item 228
European Rubber Journal
176, No.11, Nov.1994, p.20-1
LATEX ALLERGY IS HARD TO SOLVE
Moore M
This article discusses the growing problem of latex
allergies. For health care workers, finding a substitute for
latex is imperative. Gloves made of vinyl, silicone,
neoprene and other synthetics are on the market, but none
of those has the utility of latex. There is a great deal glove
manufacturers can do to reduce protein content in latex,
but many of these methods are either expensive or
destabilising to the rubber. Latex sensitivity can range from
simple contact dermatitis to full-blown anaphylactic shock,
and there are no medications available to protect latex-
allergic people. Canada is seriously considering setting up
labelling and content standards for natural rubber latex
products to help protect latex-sensitive people.
CANADA
Accession no.532391
77
 References and Abstracts
Item 229
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
47, No.9, Sept.1994, p.651/8
German
INVESTIGATION ON THE FORMATION OF
NITROSAMINES DURING PRODUCTION AND
ON STORAGE OF ELASTOMERS. II. KINETIC
ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION OF N-
NITROSODIETHYLAMINE IN THE GAS PHASE
Schuster R H; Wuensch G; Blume A
Deutsches Institut fuer Kautschuktechnologie eV;
Hannover,Universitat
The nitrosation of gaseous diethylamine using nitrogen
dioxide was investigated. It was shown that this reaction
was radical in nature and that the rate of reaction was
high both in the dark and in sunlight. It was found that
nitrogen tetroxide rather than nitrogen dioxide was the
direct nitrosating agent. Before the nitrosation took place,
an equilibrium of dimerisation between nitrogen dioxide
and nitrogen tetraoxide existed. As a result, a negative
activation energy for the whole reaction resulted. 38 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.531221
Item 230
Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology
10, No.3, 1994, p.221-46
RUBBER CHEMICALS... PROBLEMS AND
PANACEAS
Lloyd D G
Monsanto Co.
Some of the key developments in rubber chemicals since their
inception are reviewed with particular reference to their
advantages and to health and safety problems. The challenges
now facing the industry are considered. The periods covered
are pre-1918, 1919 to the end of the 1939/45 War, post-Second
World War, and the current period. Possibilities for the future
are examined, with reference to product form, accelerators,
antidegradants, second-network systems, modulus
enhancement and property assessment. 65 refs. (Institute of
Materials, Manchester Polymers Group, May 1994)
INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.531167
Item 231
European Rubber Journal
176, No.10, Oct.1994, p.34/6
TRELLEBORG LOWERS FUME LEVELS
Roskvist B; Jakobsson E
Rubber industry personnel can help reduce their individual
exposure to potentially harmful curing fumes by careful use
of an aerosol monitoring process developed by health and
safety personnel at Trelleborg Industri AB in Sweden. As
78
well as giving an instantaneous check on fume levels in any
particular location, so that individual staff in high risk areas
can regulate their exposure, the device has also been useful
in establishing the best types of screens and the optimum air
flow to reduce fume levels on curing equipment.
TRELLEBORG INDUSTRI AB
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.529120
Item 232
Hazardous Substances
5, No.9, Oct.1994, p.9-10
RESEARCH INTO OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA
It is reported that the UK’s Health & Safety Executive
has unveiled occupational asthma research, which may
be helpful in investigating the immunological processes
involved in sensitisation by low molecular weight
chemicals. Chemicals known to provoke asthma, of both
large and small molecular weight, are listed, the lung
mechanism in an asthma reaction is explained, and the
HSE research is detailed.
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.528194
Item 233
Hazardous Substances
5, No.9, Oct.1994, p.6
RUBBER INDUSTRY - FUME CONTROL
GUIDANCE
Details are provided of a new guidance booklet published
by the UK’s Health & Safety Commission, aiming to give
practical advice to help the rubber industry come within
the maximum exposure limit for rubber fume.
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.528192
Item 234
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
55, No.8, Aug.1994, p.733-7
APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING WORKPLACE
EXPOSURE TO O-TOLUIDINE, ANILINE, AND
NITROBENZENE
Pendergrass S M
US,National Institute for Occupa.Safety & Health
An approach to estimating employee exposure to o-
toluidine, aniline, and nitrobenzene, using a combination
of surface wipe, dermal badge and air samples, is
described. These health hazard evaluations were carried
out at two chemical manufacturing plants, in response to
concern generated by studies indicating a higher-than-
expected incidence of bladder cancer among workers
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
exposed to these chemicals during the manufacturing
process. Full details of the approach, including results
and a discussion, are presented. 12 refs.
AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF
GOVT.INDUST.HYGIENISTS
USA
Accession no.525624
Item 235
Natural Rubber: Current Developments in Product
Manufacture and Applications. Conference
Proceedings.
Kuala Lumpur, 14th-16th June 1993, p.3-18. 41C1
CHALLENGES FOR NR LATEX PRODUCTS IN
MEDICAL AND FOOD-RELATED
APPLICATIONS
Pendle T D
Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn.
Edited by: Kadir A A S A
(Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia)
The NR latex industry is facing a number of serious
challenges to its future expansion. These challenges, if
not met and overcome, could mean erosion of established
major markets by synthetic materials. Nonetheless, each
of these challenges can be conquered and most of the
knowledge required to succeed already exists. It is merely
necessary that latex producers and product manufacturers
acknowledge that the end users - predominantly western
populations - will not reduce their demand for greater
safety and security and will go elsewhere if the NR latex
industry does not meet their demands. Aspects covered
include nitrosamines, allergies and holes. 31 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.524761
Item 236
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
67, No.2, May-June 1994, p.299-313
MINIMISING NITROSAMINES USING
STERICALLY HINDERED THIURAM
DISULPHIDES/DITHIOCARBAMATES
Layer R W; Chasar D W
Goodrich B.F.,Co.
Sulphenamide accelerators and sulphur donors based on
secondary amines liberate all of their amine in order to
function and are thus capable of producing relatively large
amounts of nitrosamines. Thiuram disulphides and
dithiocarbamates, on the other hand, only liberate their
amines because of undesired side reactions. In an attempt to
reduce these side reactions and thus the amount of
nitrosamine formed, the effect of steric factors on nitrosamine
formation was investigated. It was found that thiurams and
dithiocarbamates made from sterically bulky amines, e.g.
diisobutylamine, produced orders of magnitude lower levels
of nitrosamine than TMTD. At the same time, when used as
a ‘kicker’ for 2-benzothiazole sulphenamides, N,N,N’,N’-
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
tetraisobutylthiuram disulphide had better scorch safety but
cured at the same rate as TMTD. Uniquely, N,N,N’,N’-
tetraisobutylthiuram monosulphide acted as a retarder as well
as a ‘kicker’ for 2-benzothiazole sulphenamides. 13 refs.
(ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Orlando, Feb.1993)
USA
Accession no.523873
Item 237
Journal of Occupational Medicine
36, No.6, June 1994, p.637-41
TOXICITY ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE
INHALATIONAL AND DERMAL EXPOSURE TO
DIMETHYLACETAMIDE AND 1,2-
ETHANEDIAMINE
Marino G; Anastopoulos H; Woolf A D
New England Deaconness Hospital; Harvard Medical
School; Massachusetts Poison Control System
Dimethylacetamide and ethanediamine are introduced and
their uses explained. A very detailed case history is then
presented of a worker accidentally exposed to both
chemicals. Details are included of the clinical effects
experienced by the victim. 28 refs.
UNION CARBIDE CHEMICALS & PLASTICS CO.;
MICROMEDEX CORP.; DUPONT
USA
Accession no.521427
Item 238
Rubber Southern Africa
9, No.5, March/April 1994, p.12/4
NITROSAMINE-FREE CURING SYSTEMS
Stone C; Gergely A; Lloyd D G
Monsanto Technical Center
Legislation enacted in Germany over the past four years
concerning the level of certain N-nitrosamines in the
workplace has had a major impact on the choice of curing
systems for both NR and synthetic polymers. This impact
is reflected in the volume of literature and patents from
research and development groups worldwide. The concern
engendered extends from Germany to manufacturers and
suppliers wishing to export rubber products and raw
materials to Germany and to responsible companies,
worldwide, concerned with health and safety in the
workplace. The current status concerning compounding
is discussed, and it is shown how such concerns have
stimulated the application of sophisticated techniques to
the problem. This in turn is producing new information
which is improving the understanding of the vulcanisation
process.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.518363
Item 239
Journal of Natural Rubber Research
79
 References and Abstracts
8, No.4, 1993, p.299-307
LATEX ALLERGY STUDIES: LOCATION OF
SOLUBLE PROTEINS IN LATEX
EXAMINATION GLOVES
Bahri A R S; Hamzah S; Ghazaly H M; Yeang H Y
Malaysia,Rubber Research Institute
The cause of soluble proteins eluting mainly from the
inner surface of latex gloves was investigated. Eleven
commercial brands of latex examination gloves were
analysed. 18 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.517630
Item 240
Journal of Occupational Medicine
36, No.5, May 1994, p.563-8
DELIVERY OUTCOME IN PREGNANCIES
WHEN EITHER PARENT WORKED IN THE
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. A STUDY WITH
CENTRAL REGISTRIES
Kallen B; Landgren O
Lund,University
Using a Swedish population-based medical birth registry,
linked to census for 3 years (1976, 1981, 1986), delivery
outcome was studied in women who worked as factory
workers in the chemical industry or whose cohabiting
partners had such work. No increased rate of abnormality
was seen in infants fathered by men working in the
chemical industry. Infants born of women working in such
industry showed a high rate of low birth weight and short
gestational length and also of infant death. The latter
phenomenon was only seen among infants born in 1976.
14 refs.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.516420
Item 241
Health & Safety at Work
16, No.5, May 1994, p.26
COSHH AND ASTHMA
Respiratory sensitisers are hazardous to health and are
therefore subject to the requirements of the COSHH
regulations. The article lists some known respiratory
sensitisers, and problems which may occur in the practical
application of COSHH to the specific controls required
for respiratory sensitisers. The article also supplies a 5-
point action plan for control of respiratory sensitisers.
COSHH
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.516122
Item 242
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
55, No.5, May 1994, p.453-4
80
WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
LEVEL GUIDES
The article supplies a list of Workplace Environmental
Exposure Level (WEEL) guides developed by the
American Industrial Hygiene Association for agents that
have no current exposure guidelines established by other
organisations. All WEELs in the list are expressed as either
time-weighted average concentrations or as ceiling values.
AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSN.
USA
Accession no.516120
Item 243
Rubber and Plastics News
23, No.17, 28th March 1994, p.15-8
REDUCING NITROSAMINES DURING
VULCANISATION
Chasar D W
Goodrich B.F.,Co.
Nitrosamines are ubiquitous compounds found in many
places including food and body fluids. While there is no
direct evidence that they are carcinogenic to humans, tests
make them suspect and therefore they should be handled
with caution. Nitrosamines form by the reaction of
nitrosating agents with amines. Nitrosamines of primary
amines are unstable, rearrange rapidly to diazoic acids
and thus pose little health threat. Tertiary amines do not
nitrosate directly, but must first be degraded to secondary
amines before nitrosation can occur. This degradation is
a very slow process and therefore need not be considered.
Secondary nitrosamines can nitrosate rapidly to form
persistent nitrosamines, and these are due most concern.
Many traditional accelerators and sulphur donors used
during vulcanisation are constructed from secondary
amines like dimethylamine, diethylamine, morpholine or
piperidine. During vulcanisation, these amines are
released from the accelerator and in the presence of a
nitrosating agent can be converted to a stable secondary
nitrosamine.
USA
Accession no.511048
Item 244
Surface Coatings International
77, No.4, April 1994, p.142/51
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND(VOC)-
EMISSION FROM LATEX PAINTS AND
PLASTERS DURING APPLICATION
Zeh H; Kohlhammer K; Krell M
Wacker-Chemie GmbH
The evaporation constants of a variety of VOCs from
emulsion paints (n-hexane, acetaldehyde, vinyl acetate,
n-octane, n-decane, 2-pentanol, butyl glycol acetate and
trimethylpentanediol diisobutyrate) were determined
experimentally. The evaporation constants together with
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

other input parameters were tested, using a dynamic
computer model, along with room size, application rate
and VOC content of the emulsion paint during application.
Theoretical predictions were compared with experimental
data measured during application of test paints. It was
shown that the theoretical model characterised the time
dependence of the VOC concentration very well during
application, but deviated increasingly after application
was finished. In a series of theoretical calculations based
on this computer model, it was shown that formulation
of emulsion paints with binders and additives of low VOC
content was the most effective way of reducing exposure
of painters to VOCs. Binders with very low VOC content,
which can be formulated without film-forming agents,
are available. Other methods for reduction of VOCs in
indoor air during paint application are discussed. 13 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.510465
Item 245
JANUS
No.15, 1994, p.4-6
SUBSTITUTION OF DANGEROUS CHEMICALS
- METHODS AND RESULTS
Many countries have introduced the substitution of
dangerous substances into their legislation on the working
environment, e.g. Denmark in 1982. Directive 90/394/
EEC introduced substitution into EC legislation. The
process-based method of substitution can be used at both
company and sector level and is described in detail,
including a survey of chemical products, the collection
of information on the composition of chemical products,
process analysis, assessment of actual danger (risk), and
suggestion for substitution. Possibilities for the
substitution of organic solvents in 62 processes within
the industry are presented.
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITIES
DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SCANDINAVIA;
WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.507143
Item 246
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
38, No.1, Feb.1994, p.3-22
EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF CHEMICAL
EXPOSURE IN THE RUBBER-
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Kromhout H; Swuste P; Boleij J S M
Wageningen,Agricultural University;
Wageningen,University; Delft,University
Chemical exposure was assessed in ten rubber-
manufacturing plants in The Netherlands. Personal
exposures to airborne particulates, rubber fumes and
solvents were measured, together with dermal
contamination. In order to identify factors affecting
exposure, the personal exposure levels and information
on tasks performed, ventilation characteristics and
production variables were used in multiple linear
regression models. 29 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.506211
Item 247
IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 124, pp.9. 012
NITROSAMINES: FROM PROBLEM TO
CHALLENGE
Verhelst W F; Seeberger D B; Endstra W C
Akzo Chemicals BV
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Problems of nitrosamine formation by accelerators are
reviewed, and possible replacements for such accelerators
are examined. 38 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.505695
Item 248
IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 113, pp.23. 012
HIGH PERFORMANCE “SAFE” NITROSAMINE
CURE SYSTEMS FOR ELASTOMERS
Virdi R S; Chakroborty K B; Bowen J
Robinson Brothers Ltd.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Two classes of accelerators developed by Robinson
Brothers with a view to reducing nitrosamine formation
are described. These include diisopropyl xanthogen
polysulphide, which is used in combination with
secondary accelerators such as tetrabenzylthiuram
disulphide and butylbenzothiazole sulphenamide, and zinc
diisononyl dithiocarbamate. Results are presented of
studies of the performance of the former in NR
compounds and of the latter in high ammonia NR latex
and EPDM. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.505685
Item 249
IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 106, pp.15.
012
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CURING
SYSTEMS FOR NATURAL RUBBER
Lloyd D G; Gergely A
Monsanto Technical Center

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 81

 References and Abstracts
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Approaches to overcoming the problem of nitrosamine
formation by accelerators during NR vulcanisation are
discussed, including the use of ventilation, the inclusion
of nitrosamine inhibitors and changes to formulations.
The use of a new mass spectrometry technique in the study
of the volatiles produced during cure and the timing of
their appearance is described. Examples are given of its
application to curing systems in NR, including the study
of conventional sulphur-butylbenzothiazole sulphenamide
(TBBS) systems and efficient vulcanisation systems based
on CBS, dithiodimorpholine and tetramethylthiuram
disulphide, and the comparison of volatiles from TBBS
and butylbenzothiazole sulphenimide cures. 32 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; USA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.505680
Item 250
IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 19, pp.50. 012
REALISTIC STRATEGIES TO PREVENT
CARCINOGENIC N-NITROSAMINES IN
RUBBER
Graf H J; Johansson A H
Rhein Chemie Rheinau GmbH; Rhein Chemie Corp.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Approaches to the reduction of nitrosamine formation
during rubber vulcanisation are reviewed. These include
the deactivation of nitrosating agents with chemicals such
as tocopherol and amine based inhibitors, the use of
alternative accelerators such as tetrabenzylthiuram
disulphide, and activation with zinc dicyanatodiamine.
The effects of such changes on cure characteristics and
the heat ageing and mechanical properties of vulcanisates
are examined. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.505612
Item 251
IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 18, pp.37. 012
MINIMISING NITROSAMINES USING
STERICALLY HINDERED THIURAM
DISULPHIDES/DITHIOCARBAMATES
Layer R W; Chasar D W
Goodrich B.F.,Co.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
In an effort to reduce side reactions leading to the liberation
of amines from thiuram disulphide and dithiocarbamate
accelerators, a study was made of the influence of steric
factors on nitrosamine formation. It was found that such
accelerators made from sterically hindered amines such as
82
diisopropylamine and diisobutylamine produced
dramatically lower levels of nitrosamines than TMTD. In
addition, when used as a kicker for 2-benzothiazole
sulphenamides, tetraisobutylthiuram disulphide had better
scorch safety than TMTD whilst curing at the same rate.
Uniquely, tetraisobutylthiuram monosulphide acted as a
retarder as well as a kicker for 2-benzothiazole
sulphenamides. 13 refs.
USA
Accession no.505611
Item 252
IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 17, pp.25. 012
FACTORS AFFECTING NITROSAMINE
FORMATION DURING RUBBER
VULCANISATION
Chasar D W
Goodrich B.F.,Co.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A study was made of the dependence of nitrosomorpholine
formation from accelerators during the vulcanisation of
SBR and SBR/polybutadiene blends on accelerator
structure, curing time and temperature, type of carbon
black and the effect of nitrogen oxide deactivators based
on alkaline earth oxides and hydroxides. It was shown
that these parameters could have a significant impact on
nitrosamine formation during vulcanisation. 11 refs.
USA
Accession no.505610
Item 253
IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 16, pp.23. 012
NITROSAMINES: MYTHS, FANTASY AND
FACTS
Loadman M J R
Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The potential dangers of low levels of N-nitrosamines in
the environment are critically reviewed. It is argued that
there is no evidence to link the presence of N-nitrosamines
in rubber products or in the working environment with
cancer in man. 31 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.505609
Item 254
IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 15, pp.24. 012
FORMATION OF NITROSAMINES IN AIR AND
IN RUBBER MIXTURES
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Herrmann J; Schuster R H
Deutsches Institut fuer Kautschuktechnologie eV
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The mechanisms of nitrosamine formation in the non-
polar condensed phase and during the storage and
vulcanisation of rubbers are investigated. A two-step
mechanism of nitrosamine formation in rubber-filler
mixtures is presented. Investigation of the reaction
kinetics of nitrosation in the non-polar condensed phase
allows the determination of the rate law of nitrosamine
formation in rubber-filler mixtures. 28 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.505608
Item 255
IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 14, pp.13. 012
ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH RISK DUE TO
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
CONTAINED IN PROCESS OILS: RESULTS OF
STUDIES CARRIED OUT BOTH IN
LABORATORY AND IN WORKING PLACES
Locati G; Consonni G; Fantuzzi A
Pirelli SpA
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Studies were undertaken to assess the health risk arising
from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH) contained in oils used in tyre manufacture. Gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to
determine 30 types of PAH in oil samples. Extraction tests
carried out on oil extended rubbers and blends, using
artificial sweat as the extraction medium, revealed no PAH
release. The determination of airborne PAH
concentrations in working environments showed levels
well below the relevant threshold values. The results
suggested that the carcinogenic risk due to PAH in process
oils used in rubber manufacture is negligible. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.505607
Item 256
Rubber Developments
46, No.3/4, 1993, p.35-7
AVOIDING THE PROBLEMS OF ODOUR
DURING RUBBER PROCESSING
Fulton W S
Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn.
Cis-polyisoprene is reported to be both colourless and
odourless. It is the 5% or so of non-rubbers which give
bale NR, particularly the field grade material, its colour
and the characteristic smell generally accepted in the
rubber industry. Air pollution through odour is a problem
throughout industry, and in Europe has been a particular
target for many environmental action groups. The UK
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
response to a European Directive has been the
Environmental Protection Act 1990, which outlined
controls to prevent and abate a nuisance and prevent its
recurrence. A working party involving the British Rubber
Manufacturers Association, major tyre manufacturers, the
Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Association and
the Warren Spring Laboratory has been formed to specify
a programme of work to develop cost-effective abatement
options for the industry. One logical solution appears to
be the manufacture of compounds with NR specifically
made for mixing without prior mastication. 5 refs.
BRITISH RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;
WARREN SPRING LABORATORY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.505252
Item 257
Rubber and Plastics News
23, No.12, 17th Jan.1994, p.3
R&P INDUSTRY POSTS HIGH ’92 INJURY
RATES
According to government statistics, workers in the rubber
and plastics industry had a higher than average rate of
workplace injury in 1992. An official with the Rubber
Manufacturers’ Association has said that he has no idea
why the industry has a high rate of injury. Injuries in
rubber and plastics manufacturing facilities totalled 13.3
for every 100 workers, compared with 8.3 for industry
on average. Some statistics are presented.
RUBBER MFRS.’ASSN.
USA
Accession no.502669
Item 258
Rubber and Plastics News
23, No.9, 6th Dec.1993, p.3
AKRON JURY CITES GOODYEAR IN CANCER
CASE
Earle E A
An Akron jury is reported to have ruled in favour of the
widow of a Goodyear employee, who alleged that her
husband’s lung cancer death resulted from his exposure
to asbestos while at work. Unless Goodyear appeals
against the verdict, the case will return for a settlement
decision to the Industrial Commission of Ohio, which
originally considered the case as a workers’ compensation.
Details are given.
GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO.
USA
Accession no.501338
Item 259
Rubber Europe ’93: The Voice of Management.
Conference Proceedings.
The Hague, 10th-11th June 1993, Paper 7. 012
83
 References and Abstracts

NITROSAMINES INDUSTRIAL REGULATIONS US,Health & Environmental Sciences Group; Johns

Thomsom M A Hopkins University
Uniroyal Chemical Co.Inc.
A retrospective cohort study of mortality among current
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal;
and former male employees of a modern tyre
Institute of Materials)
manufacturing plant in Texas was conducted. Vital status
Information is presented in some detail on health and was ascertained for more than 99% of the cohort of 2306
environmental concerns for nitrosamines generated during workers. Standardised mortality ratio analyses were
rubber processing. Industrial regulations, chemistry and completed based on 102 deaths. No significant excess
toxicology are discussed together with industries likely for any disease-specific cause of death was identified,
to be affected by regulations, trends for the rubber industry and significant deficits in all-cause mortality and deficits
and current perspectives for worldwide legislation. in cancer mortality were observed for both white and non-
USA; WORLD white men. The analyses were consistent in indicating
Accession no.501220 that this work force has experienced no excessive disease-
specific mortality. 21 refs.
USA
Item 260
Rubber and Plastics News Accession no.495662
23, No.6, 25th Oct.1993, Environmental Suppl., p.T37-8
NO PAPER TIGERS Item 263
Earle B A American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
53, N0.11, Nov.1992, p.742-3
Emergency response plans are discussed with reference
ASSESSMENT OF INTERMITTENT
to some in place in large rubber companies. It is stressed
TRICHLOROETHYLENE EXPOSURE IN
that the size of the company is irrelevant in terms of the
VAPOUR DEGREASING
provision of key elements of information, e.g. details of
Ulander A; Selden A; Ahlborg G
manufacturing process, chain of command, emergency
Orebro,Medical Centre Hospital
contacts, evacuation plans, characteristics of chemicals
on-site etc. The need for such plans is discussed and the To validate the various sampling strategies in assessment of
relevance of training and coordination with emergency trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure, urine and air samples were
services is emphasised. obtained from 29 metal workers involved in vapour
USA degreasing. Urinary trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol
Accession no.498852 were useful metabolites to estimate TCE exposure on a group
basis, but the predictive value of a single urine sample was
low when related to the air concentration. With intermittent
Item 261 TCE exposure, the best information is obtained by analysing
Urethanes Technology both metabolites. 5 refs.
10, No.5, Oct/Nov.1993, p.26/9 SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
HELPING TO IMPROVE WORKPLACE
Accession no.495650
HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE UK’S PU
INDUSTRY
UK,Health & Safety Executive Item 264
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
The Rubber National Interest Group, established by the
53, N0.11, Nov.1992, p.681-90
HSE, ensures the enforcement of health and safety
LUNG CANCER MORTALITY AMONG
standards in the workplace. Details are presented of the
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS EXPOSED TO
work done by the group in the PU industry, particularly
FORMALDEHYDE: A POISSON REGRESSION
regarding health hazards associated with isocyanates and
ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL CANCER
curing agents. 5 refs.
INSTITUTE STUDY
RUBBER NATIONAL INTEREST GROUP Marsh G M; Stone R A; Henderson V L
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Pittsburgh,University
Accession no.495790
Because previously reported analyses of the additional
Poisson regression analysis of lung cancer mortality data
Item 262 from the joint National Cancer Institute Formaldehyde
Journal of Occupational Medicine Institute cohort study of workers exposed to formaldehyde
35, No.6, June 1993, p.611-6 were limited to external comparisons (via standardised
REDUCED MORTALITY AMONG WORKERS AT mortality rates) and lacked analytical control for multiple
A RUBBER PLANT confounding/exposure factors, additional Poisson
Carlo G L; Jablinske M R; Lee N L; Sund K G; Corn M regression analyses of the NCI/FI lung cancer mortality

84 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
rates were performed. This reanalysis focussed on possible
interactions involving latency and possible explanations
of the observed plant differences with respect to cumulative
formaldehyde exposure, average intensity of formaldehyde
exposure, length of formaldehyde exposure, latency, or
particular combinations of these or other co-exposures. A
second objective was to determine the extent to which short-
term workers were influencing the results. 11 refs.
US,NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE
USA
Accession no.495649
Item 265
Occupational Health Review
No.45, Sept/Oct.1993, p.9
PAINT SPRAYERS WORSE OFF IN ASTHMA
STAKES
Figures are presented in some detail for the incidence of
occupational asthma for several categories of workers. It
is reported that the figures show the highest yearly
incidence of the illness occurring in paint sprayers (1,833
new cases per million workers) with rubber and plastics
workers having the next highest incidence (1,054 per
million). Information is reported to come from the latest
findings of the Midland Thoracic Society’s Rare
Respiratory Disease Registry Surveillance Scheme of
Occupational Asthma (SHIELD).
MIDLAND THORACIC SOCIETY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.493311
Item 266
Toxic Substances Bulletin
No.22, Aug.1993, p.6
REVERSE SUBSTITUTION DILEMMA
Robinson B
UK,Health & Safety Executive
1,1,1-trichloroethane and CFC 113, both widely used
degreasing and cleaning solvents, are to be phased out
under EC regulations introduced to meet the Montreal
Protocol to protect the ozone layer. Practical alternatives,
which will not present unnecessary or unacceptable risks
to the workplace are explored. Many alternative solvents
are more toxic than 1,1,1-trichloroethane, or are
flammable. Non-ozone depleting chlorinated solvents,
flammable solvents, and aqueous cleaning are evaluated.
Contact phone numbers are given for information on
technical options and health and safety issues.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.491831
Item 267
Toxic Substances Bulletin
No.22, Aug.1993, p.5
GLYCOL ETHERS - LINKS WITH
MISCARRIAGE
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
Williams C
UK,Health & Safety Executive
There is concern over occupational exposure to glycol
ethers, solvents used in many industries, including
printing and semiconductor manufacturing. This article
reports on the results of US epidemiology studies which
indicate an increased rate of miscarriage among women
working in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. It
discusses the UK Health and Safety Executive’s reaction
to the latest information, which includes their revision of
the current occupational exposure limits.
AMERICAN SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY
ASSN.; IBM CORP.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.491830
Item 268
Health & Safety Commission Newsletter
No.90, Aug.1993, p.7
RUBBER INDUSTRY COMPETITION WINNERS
RECEIVE AWARDS
Brief information is presented on a workplace Health and
Safety Week competition held by the Rubber Industry
Advisory Committee (RUBIAC). The five winners were
announced at an awards ceremony held in Manchester.
They were reported to be;- Gates Rubber Co.Ltd.
(Dumfries), Michelin Tyre PLC (Stoke-on-Trent),
Michelin Tyre PLC (Dundee), Goodyear Great Britain
Ltd. (Wolverhampton) and Pirelli Ltd. (Carlisle).
RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.491723
Item 269
Adhesives Age
36, No.9, Aug.1993, p.24/9
IDENTIFYING, MANAGING AND STORING
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN THE
WORKPLACE
Doyle D J; O’Keeffe B
GMI Engineering & Management Institute
It is reported that, in an era of increasing awareness of
the types of hazardous materials used in many production
situations, it is not surprising that mandatory regulations
are continually being implemented. Aspects covered
include clean air act amendments, hazardous materials,
hazardous materials storage, terms and calculations and
flammability limits. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.489103
Item 270
BIBRA Bulletin
31, No.10, Dec.1992, p.277-9
LATEX ALLERGENIC DIFFICULTIES
85
 References and Abstracts
Hopkins J
A review is presented of the allergic reactions produced
by contact with latex in a variety of applications, including
gloves, protective medical wear, dentistry and
contraceptive devices. It is unclear whether the increased
use of latex or changes in latex production or conversion
processes is responsible for the increases in the number
of cases being reported. 35 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.488445
Item 271
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
46, No.7, July 1993, p.563-7
German
INVESTIGATION IN THE FORMATION OF
NITROSAMINES DURING PRODUCTION AND
ON STORAGE OF ELASTOMERS.PART 1.
KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF
NITROSAMINE FORMATION IN CARBON
BLACK/RUBBER MIXES
Hermann J; Schuster R H
Deutsches Institut fuer Kautschuktechnologie EV
The problem of nitrosamines in the workplace in the
rubber industry is discussed. A two-step mechanism of
nitrosamine formation in rubber/filler mixtures is
presented. The nitrosation reaction kinetics are
investigated in the non-polar condensed phase and the
rate law of nitrosamine formation in rubber/filler mixtures
is determined for the first time. Experimental results which
indicate a non-polar nitrosation mechanism are presented
and discussed. 31 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.487401
Item 272
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
46, No.6, June 1993, p.486/91
German
PRACTICAL STRATEGIES TO AVOID
HARMFUL N-NITROSAMINES IN THE
VULCANISATION OF ELASTOMERS. EFFECT
OF ACCELERATOR COMPONENTS/
INHIBITORS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE COMPOUND
Graf H-J
Rhein-Chemie Rheinau GmbH
The accelerators which produce N-nitrosamines can be
replaced successfully by accelerators which are already
available, but changes in the vulcanisation characteristics,
or impaired physical properties have to be accepted with
this. If newer vulcanisation chemicals are used, the
physical properties of the elastomers can be maintained
or even improved. In all tests carried out, zinc
dicyanatodiamine (Rhenogran Geniplex-80) had a
86
favourable effect on the ageing characteristics of the
vulcanisates. The vulcanisation characteristics can be kept
the same as in traditional systems. Inhibition also has a
role to play if the replacement of accelerators is very
expensive. Two inhibitors with different modes of action
are discussed. These are a phenolic substance (alpha-
tocopherol, Rhenogran Ronotec-50) and a substance based
on urea derivatives (Rhenogran GE 1099). The optimum
conditions of use can be specified for these inhibitors,
but further development is necessary. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.487392
Item 273
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
46, No.6, June 1993, p.462-3
EFFECT OF CARBON BLACK SUPPLIER ON
NITROSAMINE FORMATION
Chasar D W; Matheny P D
Goodrich B.F.,Co.
Nitrosamine formation from rubber accelerators depends
on a number of factors. This study showed that the source
and grade of carbon black was critical in the formation of
nitrosomorpholine from three accelerators during
vulcanisation. This may be a result of the feedstock for, or
the method of production of, carbon black. Storage
conditions of carbon blacks also provide opportunities for
the adsorption of nitrosating agents from the air. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.487388
Item 274
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1483, 1st May 1993, p.8
HSE’S SPECIAL RUBBER FOCUS
The Health & Safety Executive National Interest Group’s
advisory body, Rubiac, helps to set priorities and provides
an expert forum within which the ongoing health and
safety work issues in the rubber industry can be discussed.
Rubiac, the rubber industry advisory committee, held its
first meeting in March 1993. One of the main working
parties concerns itself with manual handling and the high
percentage of accidents in the industry that are still
attributed to it. Repetitive strain injury has also been
singled out by the HSE as an area worthy of investigation.
Machinery is the dominant factor in major accidents in
the rubber industry and a working party is being organised
to look at the data concerning this trend.
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.480087
Item 275
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
44,No.8,Aug.1991,p.744-6
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

German UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CONTRIBUTION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
OF FILLERS TO THE FORMATION OF Accession no.472352
NITROSAMINES IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY
Freise R; Koenig J; Cammann K
Item 278
Gesellschaft fuer Arbeitsplatz-und Umweltanalytik;
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
Muenster,Wilhelms-Universitat
No.1478,27th March 1993,p.8
Fillers are involved in the nitrosamine problem in the PATTERNS OF INJURY THAT MOVE WITH THE
rubber industry because they adsorb nitrogen oxides, TIMES
which act as nitrosating agents, and in this way introduce Lunney A
them into the vulcanisation mixtures. By reacting fillers
Some of the popular image around the Health and Safety
with secondary amines, an attempt was made to explain
Inspectorate is reported to revolve around accidents at
to what extent and under what conditions these nitrogen
work, their investigation and the possible prosecution of
oxides really contribute to the formation of nitrosamines.
companies involved. A picture of the polymer industry’s
It was found that only a relatively low nitrosating potential
record in these matters, and some pointers as to the key
originates from filler suspensions in various solvents with
future directions in health and safety inspecting are
different polarities. However, direct reaction of these
presented.
fillers with gaseous dimethylamine at temperatures of
approximately 180C leads to the formation of relatively UK,HEALTH & SAFETY INSPECTORATE;
high quantities of nitrosodimethylamine. 7 refs. UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.472351
Accession no.472479

Item 279
Item 276
London, HMSO, 1989, pp.30. LS.6.50. 10ins. 3/6/92.
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
123
No.1478,27th March 1993,p.9
DUST CONTROL IN POWDER HANDLING AND
COSHH RULES STILL OK?
WEIGHING
It is claimed that much of the plastics industry now
An outline is presented of some of the health risks and
remembers COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous
fire and explosion hazards associated with the handling
to Health) only in the vaguest of outlines. According to
and weighing of a variety of powdered chemicals used in
Health & Safety Executive inspectors, who have been
the rubber industry. Practical strategies for controlling dust
checking plastics processing premises since COSHH
are outlined, including the use of less toxic additives and
became law in 1991, many companies have long since
dust suppressed or pre-weighed products; working
grasped the concept of risk assessment which underpins
methods and work station planning; handling bulk fillers
the legislation, but the initial assessment, let alone the
and carbon black; and the use of local exhaust ventilation.
implementation of the regulations as a whole, is long
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
overdue. Details are given.
Accession no.470927
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.472353 Item 280
London, HMSO, 1992, pp.20. LS.5.00. 10ins. 3/6/92.
921
Item 277
COSHH IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY:
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
GUIDANCE ON THE CONTROL OF
No.1478,27th March 1993,p.8
SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH
NEW LEGISLATION: BRUSSELS TAKES UP A
REGULATIONS 1988
LARGER ROLE
UK,Health & Safety Executive
Manual handling is reported to be one key of concern
This publication gives details of how to comply with
which employers will have to address under the new
COSHH requirements in the rubber industry, including
Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 which
details relating to the assessment, training and instruction
implements an EC directive on manual handling and
of workers to prevent or control potential health hazards.
forms part of what the Health & Safety Executive calls
Detailed information and explanations of the Regulations
the ‘6-pack’ of European legislation. A total of six sets of
and examples specific to rubber industry processes are
regulations to implement several European Community
included.
directives came into force at the beginning of the year.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Details are given.
Accession no.470926

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 87

 References and Abstracts

Item 281 Garlanda B

Rubber and Plastics News 2
13,No.22,24th Aug.1992,p.8
RUBBER ADDITIVES GROUP PONDERS DATA
BASE FOR RULES
The International Working Group on the Toxicology of
Rubber Additives (WTR) is considering the creation of a
database to assist rubber chemical makers to comply with
health, safety and environmental rules as required by the
OECD. Each country involved has individual
requirements for supplying information about chemical
products to the OECD, and US representation to the
OECD is through the US, Environmental Protection
Agency and the Chemical Manufacturers’ Association.
Details are given of the member companies of WTR.
WTR; OECD
USA
Accession no.464870
Item 282
Kunststoffe German Plastics
82,No.8,Aug.1992,p.7-9
SAFE PROCESSING OF PU SYSTEMS
Goebell J
3M (EUROPE)
Handling of raw materials, particularly isocyanates, is
discussed in detail, stressing the regulations which must
be observed, protective measures, waste disposal and
flammability. 12 refs. (Translation of Kunststoffe,
82,No.8,1992,p.641/4)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.464348
Item 283
Health & Safety at Work
14,No.8,Aug.1992,p.22-4
CARRYING OUT A COSHH ASSESSMENT
Mason L
This comprehensive article assesses the Control of
Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH)
and reviews in detail the relevant activities which all
employers should, by now, have established within their
organisations. The article also considers possible
developments regarding the regulations and discusses
potential issues for the future. The article outlines seven
basic steps to COSHH compliance.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Guidelines are presented on the type of information to be
included in safety sheets for hazardous substances, as
required by EC legislation.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.456976
Item 285
Rubber World
206,No.3,June 1992,p.51
RUBBER PROCESS OIL
Cyclolub RPO from Witco is a general purpose naphthenic
process oil for the rubber industry. It is light in colour
and is non-carcinogenic under OSHA hazard
determination rules. The product is a low viscosity oil
and possesses a low aniline point which makes it
especially suited for a wide range of natural and synthetic
rubber compounding and custom mixing applications.
WITCO CHEMICAL CORP.,GOLDEN BEAR DIV.
USA
Accession no.456191
Item 286
Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1992, pp.106. LS.65. 12ins.
Rapra Review Vol.5, No.6. 3/7/92. 921
HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE RUBBER
INDUSTRY
Nutt A R;Wade J F
NUTT A.,& CO.LTD.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
Rapra Review Report No.54
A review is presented on aspects of health and safety within
the rubber industry within a legal context. An account is
given of the health and safety issues which are currently of
importance, and the methods which have been designed to
deal with them. A brief summary is given of laws affecting
health and safety, followed by injury statistics for the industry.
Guarding of machinery is discussed with illustrations and
examples of different types of machines. Other aspects
considered include the use of solvents, and an
epidemiological study is included to help identify potentially
toxic substances. The effects of dust and fume skin irritants,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines are also
studied. References from the Rapra Abstracts database are
included to support this report. 475 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.463305 Accession no.455983

Item 287
Item 284
Rubiac
Industria della Gomma
No.4,April 1992,p.2
36,No.5,May 1992,p.53-5.
DO YOU WORK WITH SOLVENTS?
Italian
SAFETY SHEETS FOR HAZARDOUS Solvents are employed in the rubber industry as thinners,
SUBSTANCES tackifiers, degreasers and as constituent parts of rubber

88 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
formulations; common examples include toluene, xylene,
MEK and SBPs. How they can affect the health and enter
the body and the essential precautions that should be
taken, are outlined.
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.454020
Item 288
Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology
8,No.1,1992,p.1-14
BLADDER CANCER AS AN OCCUPATIONAL
DISEASE IN THE BRITISH RUBBER
INDUSTRY: IN-DEPTH FACTORY STUDY TO
SHOW THE PAST EXTENT OF THE RISK AND
CONFIRMATION OF ITS SUBSEQUENT
DISAPPEARANCE
Veys C A
KEELE,UNIVERSITY; NORTH
STAFFORDSHIRE,HOSPITAL CENTRE
The results are reported of an in-depth tyre factory study
carried out between 1946 and 1985 to define the incidence
of bladder tumours in male rubber workers employed
there up to 1949. These workers were inadvertently
exposed to a human bladder carcinogen (beta-
naphthylamine) in a compounding ingredient
(antioxidant). A comparison with the incidence of bladder
tumours in new employees, who started work after
January 1950 when the hazardous chemicals had been
withdrawn, was also made (IKT ’91,Essen,23-27 June
1991). 6 refs. A selected additional bibliography on
occupational bladder cancer, with special reference to the
rubber industry, is included.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.454015
Item 289
Rubiac
No.4,April 1992,p.1
ACCIDENTS STILL TOO HIGH
According to the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee’s
latest annual accident review, accidents in the rubber
industry are continuing at unacceptably high levels. A total
of 1249 workers in the UK rubber industry have been
reported as having suffered injuries while at work during
1990/91. Details are given.
RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE
USA
Accession no.453816
Item 290
Ends Report
No.207,April 1992,p.9
NO EVIDENCE OF CANCER EXCESS AROUND
SOLVENT INCINERATORS
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
No evidence of any increases in cancer of the lung and
larynx in populations living near ten solvent incinerators
has been found by a UK Government-funded study. The
research was carried out by the Small Area Health
Statistics Unit, which was set up in 1987 to develop
statistical methods for investigating reported clusters of
disease around nuclear and industrial installations.
Background details and results of the study are discussed.
SMALL AREA HEALTH STATISTICS UNIT
USA
Accession no.453815
Item 291
Rubiac
No.4,April 1992,p.2
193 DEADLINE FOR EC MACHINERY
STANDARDS
It is reported that from 1st January 1993, under the
Machinery Safety Directive, most machinery made or sold
in the European Community must: satisfy wide-ranging
health and safety requirements; in some cases be subject
to type-examination by an approved body; and carry a
CE mark and certain other information. Details of this
legislation are given.
RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE;
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.453808
Item 292
Medical Device Technology
3,No.3,April 1992,p.15
LATEX FATALITIES
US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION
The US FDA is investigating the use of NR for medical
devices after reports of fatal allergic reactions to latex.
The review is likely to lead to widespread relabelling of
latex products such as gloves, condoms, catheters, dental
dams, and enema kits to highlight the risks of latex
hypersensitivity.
USA
Accession no.453094
Item 293
140th Meeting,Fall 1991,Conference Proceedings.
Detroit,Mi.,8th-11th Oct.1991,Paper 42,pp.19. 012
ANALYSIS FOR N-NITROSAMINES IN
ELASTOMERIC COMPOUNDS
Hajdasz D J
UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO.INC.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Consideration is given to the measurement of N-
nitrosamines emitted from and contained in rubber
compounds by th extraction and headspace techniques,
89
 References and Abstracts

using the gas chromatograph/thermal energy analyser. There is reported to be a move towards additive
7 refs. masterbatch in the small to medium sized sectors of the
THERMEDETEC INC. general rubber goods industry, driven by workplace
USA handling, health and safety considerations. Details of
Accession no.452675 masterbatch products available from Croxton & Garry,
Akzo and Hubron Sales are presented.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; UK;
Item 294 WESTERN EUROPE
140th Meeting,Fall 1991,Conference Proceedings. Accession no.450066
Detroit,Mi.,8th-11th Oct.1991,Paper 52,pp.12. 012
AUTOMATED LABORATORY
Item 297
Posey F T
Urethanes Technology
GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO.
8,No.1,Feb./March 1991,p.18-9
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
SENSE IN SENSITISATION?
Details are given of an automated industrial hygiene Reed D
laboratory developed by Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
The introduction of a new category of risk for substances
for processing worker exposure to rubber chemicals.
which can cause respiratory sensitisation in exposed
USA
individuals and its application to isocyanates are
Accession no.452027 discussed. The reaction of the Medical Director of the
British Rubber Mfrs’ Assn. to this new category is
Item 295 highlighted and some recent publications of UK
140th Meeting,Fall 1991,Conference Proceedings. occupational hygiene bodies that are relevant to plastics
Detroit,Mi.,8th-11th Oct.1991,Paper 41,pp.32. 012 processors are listed. The listing of the PU curative,
TETRABENZYLTHIURAM DISULPHIDE AND MOCA, under the risk phrase “R45: May cause cancer”
N-CYCLOHEXYLBIS-2- and proposed exposure limits for acetone and n-hexane,
BENZOTHIAZOLESULPHENAMIDE AS which are being considered as alternative non-ozone
ALTERNATIVE ACCELERATORS TO REDUCE depleting blowing agents for PU foams, are also discussed.
THE GENERATION OF HAZARDOUS BRITISH RUBBER MFRS’.ASSN.
NITROSAMINES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Jablonowski T L Accession no.446905
UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO.INC.
(ACS,Rubber Div.) Item 298
Tetrabenzylthiuram disulphide (TBzTD) and N- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
cyclohexylbis-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (CBBS) were 26,No.3,March 1992,p.339-56
evaluated as accelerators to reduce the generation of COMPARATIVE STUDIES BY CELL CULTURE
nitrosamines in rubber compounds. TBzTD could replace AND IN VIVO IMPLANTATION TEST ON THE
other thiuram disulphides, usually with minor compound TOXICITY OF NR LATEX MATERIALS
modifications. CBBS, a new experimental accelerator, was Ikarashi Y;Toyoda K;Ohsawa N;Uchima T;Tsuchiya
a good substitute for delayed action sulphenamides such T;Kaniwa M;Sato M; Takahashi M;Nakamura A
as morpholinothiobenzothiazole which are widely used in A colony assay, an agar diffusion assay and an
tyre applications. An activator was found to be particularly implantation test were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity
effective in TBzTD, allowing for reduced levels of TBzTD and tissue toxicity of NR latex. In vivo and in vitro
to be used whilst still obtaining fast cures and good parameters were compared. 28 refs.
properties compared to nitrosamine generating chemicals.
JAPAN
Studies were carried out in an NR/polybutadiene/SBR tyre
model compound, and in NR, SBR, EPDM and nitrile Accession no.445322
rubber compounds. 5 refs.
USA Item 299
Accession no.451977 International Rubber
Conference:Communications.Conference Proceedings.
Paris,12th-14th June 1990,p.113-4. 012
Item 296 BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AS
Plastics and Rubber Weekly INHIBITORS OF NITROSAMINE FORMATION
No.1436,23rd May 1992,p.11 (IN VULCANISATION OF RUBBERS)
HEALTH PRESSURES IN RUBBER SECTOR Schuster R H;Badura R;Gmuender M
Robinson S

90 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER KAUTSCHUK-
TECHNOLOGIE EV; HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG
(AFICEP)
A brief report is presented on a study of the use of alpha-
tocepherol derivatives of ascorbic acid as nitrosamine
scavengers in rubber mixes.
GERMANY; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.440974
Item 300
Urethanes Technology
7,No.5,Oct/Nov.1990,p.4
SHIPPING AND STORAGE
The shipping and storage of hazardous materials,
including isocyanates used in the PU industry, are
discussed. Reference is made to the UK Health and Safety
Executive’s guidelines to compliance with 1990
regulations on Dangerous Substances (Notification and
Marking of Sites), to a seminar on interpretation of the
new shipping code produced by the International Maritime
Organisation and to the construction of a distribution
complex for hazardous materials at Rotterdam by
Distripak BV.
DISTRIPAK BV; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY
EXECUTIVE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.440857
Item 301
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
48,No.1,Jan.1991,p.9-11
MALIGNANT MELANOMAS OF THE NASAL
CAVITY AFTER OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
TO FORMALDEHYDE
Holmstrom M;Lund V J
LONDON,ROYAL NATIONAL THROAT,NOSE &
EAR HOSPITAL
Brief details are given of three cases of malignant
melanoma of the nasal mucosa in persons occupationally
exposed to formaldehyde for a long period. 29 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.438573
Item 302
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
48,No.8,Aug.1991,p.531-7
RETROSPECTIVE COHORT MORTALITY
STUDY OF WORKERS AT AN AIRCRAFT
MAINTENANCE FACILITY. II. EXPOSURES
AND THEIR ASSESSMENT
Stewart P A;Lee J S;Marano D E;Spirtas R;
Forbes C D;Blair A
US,NATIONAL CANCER INST.;
UTAH,UNIVERSITY; WESTAT INC.
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
Details are given of methods used to assess historical exposures
to solvents for a retrospective cohort study, evaluating the
mortality experience of 15,000 workers at an aircraft
maintenance facility. Records were sufficient for quantification
of trichloroethylene and mixed solvents exposure. 20 refs.
USA
Accession no.438572
Item 303
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
48,No.8,Aug.1991,p.515-30
RETROSPECTIVE COHORT MORTALITY
STUDY OF WORKERS AT AN AIRCRAFT
MAINTENANCE FACILITY. I.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESULTS
Spirtas R;Stewart P A;Lee J S;Marano D E;
Forbes C D;Grauman D J; Pettigrew H M;
Blair A;Hoover R N;Cohen J L
US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY;
US,NATIONAL CANCER INST.;
UTAH,UNIVERSITY
A retrospective cohort study of over 14,000 workers at
an aircraft maintenance facility was undertaken to
evaluate mortality associated with exposures in their
workplace. The purpose was to determine whether
working with solvents, particularly trichloroethylene,
posed an excess risk of mortality. 74 refs.
USA
Accession no.438571
Item 304
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
48,No.9,Sept.1991,p.583-7
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AND CANCER OF
THE PANCREAS. A REVIEW
Pietri F;Clavel F
VILLEJUIF,INSTITUT GUSTAVE ROUSSY
A brief review of publications is presented concerning
occupational exposures and cancer of the pancreas. Data
are given for the chemical and petroleum industries and
for the rubber industry. 37 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.438567
Item 305
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
48,No.10,Oct.1991,p.696-701
EXPOSURE TO MIXTURES OF SOLVENTS
AMONG PAINT WORKERS AND
BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS OF LIVER
FUNCTION
Chen J-D;Wang J-D;Jang J-P;Chen Y-Y
TAIWAN,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Details are given of the determination of biochemical
alterations to liver function among paint workers
91
 References and Abstracts

associated with exposure to organic solvents. Air Item 309

concentrations of organic solvents were collected by Archives of Environmental Health
personal samples and analysed by gas chromatography. 46,No.1,Jan/Feb.1991,p.16-24
17 refs. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
CHINA DURING EXPERIMENTAL HUMAN EXPOSURE
Accession no.438566 TO XYLENE
Seppalainen A M;Laine A;Salmi T;Verkkala
E;Riihimaki V;Luukkonen R
Item 306 HELSINKI,UNIVERSITY
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
47,No.7,July 1990,p.480-4 Acute effects of m-xylene solvent were studied in 9
CHRONIC NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF subjects exposed experimentally to stable or varying
TOLUENE concentrations of m-xylene at rest or while exercising.
Foo S C;Jeyaratnam J;Koh D Electroencephalography was recorded at the beginning
SINGAPORE,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY of exposure, during and after exposure. 27 refs.
FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Details are given of a study to assess the neurobehavioural
performance of a group of female assembly workers Accession no.438558
exposed to toluene. The environmental and biological
monitoring of toluene was also examined. 16 refs. Item 310
SINGAPORE Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
Accession no.438564 44,No.3,March 1991,p.222-31
German
INVESTIGATION OF VULCANISATION FUMES.
Item 307 I. AIMS AND METHODS
Archives of Environmental Health Schuster R H;Linde H;Wuensch G
46,No.3,May/June 1991,p.161-6 DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER
DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE-INDUCED LIVER KAUTSCHUKTECHNOLOGIE EV
DAMAGE AMONG SYNTHETIC LEATHER
WORKERS After reviewing various systems for analysing
Wang J-D;Lai M-Y;Chen J-S;Lin J-M; vulcanisation fumes, the authors present two reproducible
Chiang J-R;Shiau S-J;Chang W-S and quantitative methods for the analysis of vulcanisation
TAIWAN,NATIONAL UNIVERSITY fumes of single rubber mixtures under practical
conditions. Results obtained from various rubbers are
The prevalence of liver injury associated with reported. 40 refs.
dimethylformamide solvent exposure to synthetic leather GERMANY
workers is discussed. Air concentrations of solvents were
Accession no.437465
measured with personal samples and gas chromatography.
21 refs.
CHINA Item 311
Accession no.438561 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
44,No.2,Feb.1991,p.172-8
German
Item 308 RUBBER INDUSTRY - AN AREA OF
Archives of Environmental Health CONTINUOUS CONCERN
45,No.4,July/Aug.1990,p.217-23 Lohwasser H
IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND BAYER AG
AUTOANTIBODIES IN HUMANS WITH LONG-
TERM INHALATION EXPOSURE TO This article outlines demands made on the rubber industry
FORMALDEHYDE to improve health and safety at work as well as its
Thrasher J D;Broughton A;Madison R environmental awareness and protection procedures.
NORTHRIDGE,CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY; Efforts made by the industry in these areas are discussed
SANTO ANA,ANTIBODY ASSAY LABORATORIES; as is legislation on safety at work and environmental
THRASHER & ASSOCIATES protection. 20 refs.
GERMANY
Four groups of patients with long-term inhalation exposure
Accession no.436918
to formaldehyde were compared with controls who had
short-term periodic exposure. Differences in humoral and
cell-mediated immunity are discussed. 32 refs. Item 312
USA European Rubber Journal
Accession no.438559 174,No.1,Jan.1992,p.14

92 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
RETREADING IS A ‘RISKY BUSINESS’
An accident rate in the UK rubber industry in 1989/90 of
2109 per 100,000 employees is reported to be worrying
the Rubber Industry Advisory Committee of the UK
Health & Safety Commission. Details of the
Commission’s 1990/91 annual report are presented.
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.435938
Item 313
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1413,30th Nov.1991,p.16
CONSULTANCY OFFERS HELP IN WORKING
WITH NOISE LAWS
It is reported that, increasingly vying for attention with
the COSHH regulation and the demands of the
Environmental Protection Act is the legislation aboutnoise
at work. GHS Resources has decided to specialise in the
subject and help companies who need help with acoustic
technicalities, noise control, audiometry, etc.; very brief
details are noted.
GHS RESOURCES
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.435935
Item 314
European Rubber Journal
173,No.10,Nov.1991,p.16
LAW CASE MAY COST RECLAIMERS
Bebbington S
Relatives of a tyre retread worker, who died in 1991 of
bladder cancer are sueing his employers for compensation.
The firm is contesting the claim, which is based on the
allegation that the worker could only have contracted
bladder cancer by being exposed to the carcinogen beta-
naphthylamine. If the case is successful reclaim firms will
face the task of establishing the source of all tyre stocks
and workers may also have to undergo medical checks.
The comprehensive article provides the details.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.435924
Item 315
International Rubber Conference.Summaries.
Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.321-2. 012
German
STUDY OF EFFECT OF WHITE FILLERS ON N-
NITROSAMINES AND THEIR PRECURSOR
COMPOUNDS
Koenig J;Freise R
GESELLSCHAFT FUER ARBEITSPLATZ-UND
UMWELTANALYTIK
(Deutsche Kautschuk Ges.)
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
The formation of nitrosamines during vulcanisation
processes is discussed with reference to the results of
studies of the nitrosating effect of various fillers on
secondary amines, which are released by some sulphur
donors and accelerators during vulcanisation.
GERMANY
Accession no.435189
Item 316
International Rubber Conference.Summaries.
Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.225-36. 012
German
CONTRIBUTION TO THE REDUCTION OF
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
FROM AROMATIC MINERAL OIL
PLASTICISERS (FOR RUBBERS)
Wommelsdorff R;Hamann W
BP OILTECH GMBH
(Deutsche Kautschuk Ges.)
The labelling of mineral oil plasticisers in accordance with
the German regulations relating to hazardous materials
is discussed. A new plasticiser which will not require
labelling in the future is considered and it is shown that
BP Enerthene 1849-1 is a product that contains a high
percentage of aromatic compound without having
carcinogenic potential. 14 refs.
GERMANY
Accession no.435185
Item 317
International Rubber Conference.Summaries.
Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.221-2. 012
German
NITROSAMINE: INFLUENCE OF SKILFUL
COMPOUNDING
Engels H W;Abele M;Graf H J
BAYER AG; RHEIN-CHEMIE AG
(Deutsche Kautschuk Ges.)
Methods of avoiding nitrosamine formation in the
manufacture of rubber articles are discussed. It is shown
that sources for the formation of nitrosamines during
vulcanisation are polymers, fillers, curing systems and
additives, as a result of the presence of secondary amines
and nitrosating agents. The efficiency of replacements for
nitrosamine-generating compounds is examined, with
reference to Vulkacit ZBEC (zinc dibenzyl-
dithiocarbamate) curing agent. 9 refs.
GERMANY
Accession no.435184
Item 318
International Rubber Conference.Summaries.
Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.219-20. 012
German
93
 References and Abstracts

USE OF CARRIER-BOUND FLAME FIRE RESEARCH STATION

RETARDANTS AND OF COUPLING SYSTEMS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
IN RUBBER MIXES, WITH REGARD TO Accession no.435071
HEALTH PROTECTION
Schunk W;Merkmann G;Giessmann C;
Item 322
Kloecking H P;Knoll H;Berrgmann S
Rubber and Plastics News
ERFURT,MEDIZINISCHEN AKADEMIE
21,No.4,16th Sept.1991,p.1/22
(Deutsche Kautschuk Ges.)
DYNAGEN AGREES TO CLEAN-UP PACT
Long abstract only. 4 refs. Meyer B
GERMANY
Dynagen Inc. has agreed to pay 1.4 million US dollars in
Accession no.435172 civil damages and to spend 12 million US dollars in
improvements at its Odessa synthetic rubber plant in a
Item 319 settlement of a lawsuit filed by the Texas Attorney
International Rubber Conference.Summaries. General’s office. This comprehensive article provides
Essen,24th-27th June 1991,p.327-8. 012 details of the lawsuit and the settlement.
BLADDER CANCER AS AN OCCUPATIONAL DYNAGEN INC.
DISEASE IN THE BRITISH RUBBER USA
INDUSTRY: AN IN-DEPTH FACTORY STUDY Accession no.433097
SHOW THE PAST EXTENT OF THE RISK
(FROM ANTIOXIDANTS CONTAMINATED BY
Item 323
BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE) AND
137th Meeting Spring 1990.Conference Preprints.
CONFIRMATION OF ITS SUBSEQUENT
Las Vegas,Nv.,29th May-1st June 1990,Paper 69. 012
DISAPPEARANCE
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE AT WORK - A GUIDE
Veys C A
FOR THE SMALLER COMPANY
MICHELIN TYRE PLC
Menough J
(Deutsche Kautschuk Ges.)
DANIELS GROUP INC.
Abstract only. 1 ref. (ACS,Rubber Div.)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
New findings regarding exposure to demands in the
Accession no.435171 workplace and the health hazards involved are reported.
The needs and requirements of small rubber
Item 320 manufacturers are noted and some inexpensive measures
Chemical Engineering are suggested.
98,No.11,Nov.1991,p.188/93 USA
COPING WITH ELECTROSTATIC HAZARDS Accession no.430097
Hearn G
WOLFSON ELECTRONICS
Item 324
Steps to be taken in factories to minimise the risks of a American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
disastrous electrostatic discharge are discussed. Ways of 52,No.5,May 1991,p.212-7
measuring the potential danger are noted along with BIOLOGICAL MONITORING FOR
information on minimum ignition energies for various OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO TOLUENE
material types. 2 refs. Foo S C;Jeyaratnam J;Ong C N;Khoo N Y;Koh D;
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Chia S E
Accession no.435072 SINGAPORE,UNIVERSITY
A study was undertaken to examine the relationship
Item 321 between exposure of workers to toluene in the work
Plastics and Rubber Weekly environment and biological indicators of toluene
No.1411,16th Nov.1991,p.3 exposure. Measurements were taken of toluene in expired
FIRE HAZARD GUIDANCE air, blood and urine. 21 refs.
SINGAPORE
Manufacturers, suppliers, transporters and users of plastics
Accession no.429852
and other synthetic materials are reported to have been
offered guidance over the assessment of fire hazards from
flammable solids. It also covers the precautions required Item 325
for the safe storage and use of the materials. Very brief Adhesives ’90.Conference Proceedings.
details are noted. Schaumburg,Il.,1st-4th Oct.1990,Paper 10. 6A1

94 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

TODAY’S MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET - A Item 328

WEALTH OF INFORMATION
Eisner D L
DEXTER CORP.
(Society of Manufacturing Engineers)
The modern material safety data sheet (MSDS) and its
use by the manufacturing engineer are discussed.
Consideration is given to MSDS’s growth and
development, MSDS provisions of OSHA’s Hazard
Communication Standard and the future of MSDS, as
dictated by a document entitled ‘Guidelines for the
Preparation of MSDSs’ from the Chemical Manufacturers
Assn.
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;
US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
ADMINISTRATION
USA
Accession no.428097
Item 326
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1396,3rd Aug.1991,p.6
CANCER STUDY LAUNCHED
The UK Health & Safety Executive is reported to have
recently launched a survey into why bladder and urinary
tract cancers occur, based at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital,
Birmingham. A new register is to be formed by sending
questionnaires to people diagnosed as having the cancer,
so that they can outline their hobbies and work histories.
Very brief details are noted.
BRITISH RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN.; UK,HEALTH &
SAFETY EXECUTIVE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.428096
Item 327
International Polymer Science and Technology
17,No.7,1990,p.T/14-8
MAIN ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE
PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL RUBBER
GOODS
Nudel’man Z N
Studies of the possibility of reducing the gaseous
pollutants from factories manufacturing industrial rubber
goods are reported. Aspects covered include the
characteristics of the organic solvents used in the industry,
the characteristics of the air pollutants, volatile products
of the conversion of the components of vulcanisate mixes
and volatile substances released from rubbers in the
production of industrial rubber goods. 9 refs. (Full
translation of Kauch.i.Rezina,No.4,1990,p.16).
EASTERN EUROPE; USSR
Accession no.425181
London, HMSO, 1990, pp.12. 8ins. 58-921
USE OF SOLVENTS IN THE RUBBER
INDUSTRY
RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE;
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION
This booklet gives advice on the means to minimise both
the health risks and the fire and explosion hazards which
may result from the use of solvents.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.424739
Item 329
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1388,1st June 1991,p.9
PRESSURE SYSTEMS LAW AND THE USER
Stevenson J
INGERSOLL-RAND CO.
New regulations are reported to mean that any user or
owner of a compressed air system at a pressure greater
than 0.5 bar g(7lb/sq.in.) and with an air receiver fitted
must comply with the Pressure Systems and Transportable
Gas Containers Regulations 1989 and the Approved Code
of Practice; many plastics and rubber processing
companies are thus affected. Details are given.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.423789
Item 330
Rubber and Plastics News
20,No.20,15th April 1991,p.3
STUDY LINKS CHEMICALS TO BLADDER
CANCER
Moore M
A study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety
& Health has concluded that workers directly exposed to
two rubber chemicals are 6.5 times more likely to develop
bladder cancer than the population at large. NIOSH has
called upon the Occupational Safety & Health
Administration to place tighter workplace exposure limits
on the two chemicals, ortho-toluidine and aniline.
US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFETY
& HEALTH
USA
Accession no.422060
Item 331
Rubber and Plastics News
20,No.22,13th May 1991,p.12-3
WATCHDOGS OR HOUNDS?
Moore M
Although some see them as reasonable people doing a
reasonable job, and others see them as empty-headed, havoc-

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 95

 References and Abstracts
wreaking zealots, government regulators and inspectors have
enormous authority over rubber manufacturers and suppliers
in almost every aspect of their businesses. Details are given.
BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE INC.;
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
ADMINISTRATION; UTI CHEMICALS INC.
USA
Accession no.422051
Item 332
Rubber and Plastics News 2
12,No.12,25th March 1991,p.3
NITROSAMINE RUMBLINGS. SOME EXPERTS
WORRY OVER GERMAN RESTRICTIONS
Noga E;Moore M
Tougher German standards for nitrosamines, carcinogenic by-
products of rubber processing, could eventually necessitate
more stringent, costly regulations in the USA. Nitrosamine
regulatory efforts have been particularly strong in Germany
and the UK, especially in the cosmetic industry. DIK, the
German Rubber Institute, have been studying the use of
vitamin E as a nitrosamine inhibitor in rubber vulcanisation
and Hoffman-La Roche sells such a product, which also works
as an antioxidant. DIK and Hoffman-La Roche are discussing
this product with rubber product companies and carbon black
and synthetic rubber producers in the USA.
DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FUER
KAUTSCHUKTECHNOLOGIE EV; HOFFMAN-LA
ROCHE INC.; UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO.INC.;
US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY;
US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION;
US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
ADMINISTRATION
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; JAPAN; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.422047
Item 333
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1381,13th April 1991,p.2
WORKING GUIDE TO SAFE USE OF NIPS IN
RUBBER INDUSTRY
According to the Health & Safety Commission’s new
booklet ‘Safeguarding of Nips in the Rubber Industry’,
there is no excuse for management or workers to operate
unsafe two-roll mills and calenders. Described as a
working guide which outlines the best industrial practice,
it is said that it should be adhered to in order to avoid
prosecution and keep machines safe.
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.420896
Item 334
RadTech ’88-North America (Volume 1).Conference
Proceedings.
96
New Orleans,La.,24-28th April,1988,p.113-9. 895
TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT (TSCA)
PRESSURE POINTS
Hayes D J
HOGAN & HARTSON
(RadTech International)
A discussion is presented of the Environmental Protection
Agency’s evolving approach to test rules under Section 4
of the TSCA, new chemical restrictions under Section
5(e) of the statute and reporting requirements under
Section 8 of the law.
US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
USA
Accession no.417479
Item 335
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
47,No.5,May 1990,p.298-301
STOMACH CANCER AND WORK IN DUSTY
INDUSTRIES
Coggon D;Barker D J P;Cole R B
NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE,MEDICAL INSTITUTE;
SOUTHAMPTON,UNIVERSITY
Results are presented of an investigation of the
contribution of dusty industries (including the coalmining,
iron and steel, ceramics, and rubber industries) to the high
incidence of stomach cancer in Stoke-on-Trent. 26 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.416318
Item 336
Rubber and Plastics News 2
12,No.9,11th Feb.1991,p.3
SR PRODUCERS FRET OVER COST OF
BUTADIENE RULE COMPLIANCE
Moore M
SR experts say that compliance with a proposed
workplace exposure standard for 1,3-butadiene will cost
the synthetic rubber industry 32 times what OSHA
estimates. Government and academic toxicologists said
OSHA’s recommended limit of 2 parts per million is
necessary to protect US workers from increased rates of
leukaemia and malignant tumours, but industrial
hygienists have disputed the results of inhalation studies
on mice. The SR industry supports a limit of 10 ppm.
USA
Accession no.415388
Item 337
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
47,No.3,March 1990,p.154-61
EVIDENCE THAT A BETA-N-GLUCURONIDE
OF 4, 4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE)
IS A MAJOR URINARY METABOLITE IN MAN:
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOLOGICAL Item 341

MONITORING Rubber Tech ’89.Conference Proceedings.
Cocker J;Boobis A R;Wilson H K;Gompertz D The Hague,23rd-25th May 1989,p.86-7. 16
LONDON,ROYAL POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL EFFECTS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY ON
SCHOOL; UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE CONTINENTAL AG BUSINESS
Kauth H
16 refs.
CONTINENTAL AG
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
(Plastics & Rubber Institute)
Accession no.414324
In Continental’s business life, health and safety issues
have always played an important role. In the past the
Item 338 emphasis was on the protection against mechanical
British Journal of Industrial Medicine hazards, but that has shifted towards influencing employee
47,No.4,April 1990,p.239-41 attitude towards safer working. The new dimension in
PERSISTENT REACTIVE AIRWAY health and safety work, the company believes, is how to
DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME AFTER get control of the problem of industrial diseases.
EXPOSURE TO TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN
Luo J C J;Nelsen K G;Fischbein A EUROPE
NEW YORK,CITY UNIVERSITY Accession no.410928
19 refs.
USA Item 342
Accession no.414194 Rubber Tech ’89.Conference Proceedings.
The Hague,23rd-25th May 1989,p.73-6. 16
HEALTH AND SAFETY PROBLEMS FACING
Item 339 THE EUROPEAN RUBBER INDUSTRY OVER
Plastics and Rubber Weekly THE NEXT DECADE
No.1371,2nd Feb.1991,p.20 Daubenfeld J P
RUBBER INDUSTRY TO REVIEW HEALTH AND GOODYEAR SA
SAFETY AIMS (Plastics & Rubber Institute)
According to recent statisticaly work carried out by the The effect of existing and proposed EEC legislation on
rubber industry advisory committee of the UK Health & health and safety in the rubber industry is discussed.
Safety Commission, manual handling by employees in The most important Directives affecting the industry
the UK rubber industry presents the most common concern occupational health and safety, classification,
situation where accidents can occur. Details of this survey labelling and packing of dangerous chemicals/
are presented. preparations, and the environment. The main issues for
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION the coming years are explored, including use of
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE chemicals and preparations, undesired by-products,
Accession no.414193 noise, mechanical safety, new technologies, waste,
ergonomics, and people’s behaviour.
Item 340 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; LUXEMBOURG; WESTERN
EUROPE
Rubber and Plastics News
20,No.14,21st Jan.1991,p.4 Accession no.410925
OSHA HEARS BID FOR BUTADIENE LIMIT
Moore M
Item 343
An official of the US Occupational Safety & Health SATRA Bulletin
Administration is reported to have made the case for a Oct.1990,p.118-9
stringent 1,3-butadiene workplace exposure standard at DUST AND RUBBER FUME IN SHOE
a hearing on 15th January. At later hearings, however, MANUFACTURE
the synthetic rubber industry will testify that a 2 ppm Tame R
butadiene standard, as recommended by OSHA, is SATRA FOOTWEAR TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
unnecessary to protect workers and too burdensome for
UK COSHH requirements affecting dust and rubber fume
synthetic rubber manufacturers.
in shoe factories are outlined. Action may be required to
INTERNATIONAL INST.OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER control exposure in vulcanising areas.
PRODUCERS; US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
USA
Accession no.408372
Accession no.414185

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 97

 References and Abstracts

Item 344 Item 347

Rubber World Polyurethanes World Congress 1987: 50 years of
202,No.3,June 1990,p.16-7 Polyurethanes.Conference Proceedings.
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE AT WORK Aachen,29th Sept-2nd Oct.1987,p.162-5. 43C6
Menough H DETERMINATION OF TOLUENE
DIISOCYANATE IN THE WORKPLACE
The first part of this article covers the control of worker
ATMOSPHERE BY AN ISOMER-INDEPENDENT
exposure to chemicals in the UK rubber industry through
COLORIMETRIC METHOD
a systems approach. Engineering changes, including
Vogel J;Keller J
material modification, automation/isolation, local exhaust
BAYER AG
ventilation and work practices are discussed. The needs
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.;Fachverband
and requirements of smaller companies to improve
Schaumkunststoffe eV)
working conditions and reduce exposure of workers to
chemicals are emphasised. 13 refs.
USA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.403981
Accession no.402122
Item 345
Item 348
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1345,21st July 1990,p.6
No.1348,11th Aug.1990,p.7
INDUSTRY GUIDELINES ON SOLVENT USE
SAFETY DRIVES THE TREND TO DUST FREE
A guide to the use of solvents in the rubber industry (‘Use RUBBER ADDITIVES
of solvents in the rubber industry’) is available from the Robinson S
Health and Safety Commission from July 1990. It
Suppliers say that the rubber industry of the 1990s wants
provides practical guidance on how to minimise health
less dust, finer fillers and purer additives. This trend is
risks and hazards from fire and explosion when using
due to health and safety concerns, coupled with a desire
solvents and contains a section on legal requirements
to reduce labour costs. Details are given.
which outlines the relevance of the COSHH (Control of
Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations. Further EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
guidance on COSHH compliance, noise control and Accession no.401590
guarding of nips is being prepared by Rubiac.
RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE; Item 349
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION Plastics News(USA)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE 2,No.20,16th July 1990,p.6
Accession no.403050 BLAST CRIPPLES ARCO STYRENE
PRODUCTION
Charnas D
Item 346
Polyurethanes World Congress 1987: 50 years of Styrenic resin producers and their customers are reported
Polyurethanes.Conference Proceedings. to face potential supply disruptions, after the explosion
Aachen,29th Sept-2nd Oct.1987,p.156-61. 43C6 and fire on 5th July 1990 at Arco Chemical’s Channelview
ISOCYANATE WORK PLACE ANALYSIS - site. The explosion, which killed 27 employees, has shut
STATE OF THE ART down 1.4 billion pounds in annual styrene monomer
Brenner K S production capacity; details are given.
BASF AG ARCO CHEMICAL CO.
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.;Fachverband USA
Schaumkunststoffe eV) Accession no.401422
A review is presented of the methods and instruments
currently used for analysis of isocyanates in workplace Item 350
atmospheres, and of their performance and areas of use. London, 1989, pp.12. 12ins. 24/1/90. 12371
The analytical problems of isocyanate-aerosols and of BS 5295:PART 4:1989 ENVIRONMENTAL
reacting PU-aerosols, especially in connection with CLEANLINESS IN ENCLOSED SPACES. PART 4.
personal sampling and papertape monitors, are discussed SPECIFICATION FOR MONITORING CLEAN
and new instrumental developments are presented. 22 refs. ROOMS AND CLEAN AIR DEVICES TO PROVE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN CONTINUED COMPLIANCE WITH BS 5295:PART 1
EUROPE BRITISH STANDARDS INST.
Accession no.402125 BSI.BS 5295:Part 4:1989

98 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

To be read in conjunction with BS 5295:Part 0. An accelerator (disulphuram) used in rubber and plastics
UK; WESTERN EUROPE polymerisation has caused birth defects in tests with
Accession no.396281 laboratory animals, according to a report from the
University of Southern California. However
representatives of the rubber industry have questioned
Item 351
the integrity of the study, since two of the chemicals
European Rubber Journal
evaluated have never been used in polymerisation,
172,No.5,May 1990,p.20
according to rubber industry records. These two chemicals
TYRE FIRMS LOSE 1.65M US DOLLARS IN
are bis(dichloroacetyl) diamine and d-penicillamine.
COURT
Moore M SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY
USA
A federal district court is said to have awarded two tyre Accession no.394732
workers a total of 1.65 million US dollars in the first cases
to be decided in a massive asbestos litigation project; the
two companies involved in the B.F.Goodrich Miami- Item 355
based tyre plant are Eagle-Picher Industries and Owens- International Polymer Science and Technology
Corning Fiberglas. Brief details are noted. 16,No.7,1989,p.T/55-9
RISKS OF WORKING ON RUBBER TWO-ROLL
EAGLE-PICHER INDUSTRIES INC.; GOODRICH
MILLS
B.F.,CO.; OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORP.
USA
Janousek V
Accession no.396248 8 refs. (Full translation of Plasty a Kauchuk,25,No.9,1988,
p.275)
Item 352 CZECHOSLOVAKIA; EASTERN EUROPE
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe Accession no.394597
42,No.5,May 1989,p.426-7
German
Item 356
EFFECTIVE LABOUR SAFETY
Rubber and Plastics News
Weckerle G
19,No.14,22nd Jan.1990,p.6
CONTINENTAL AG
EPA LABELS 43 BUTADIENE PLANTS HEALTH
A report is given on measures taken by the Northeim Werk RISKS
of Continental AG to improve the safety standards and
The Environmental Protection Agency has made available
record of its materials preparation division. The report
updated toxic risk figures, which still show that high levels
covers the period from 1978 to date.
of cancer-causing materials are coming from 43 facilities
WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
making or using 1, 3-butadiene. Details are given.
Accession no.396107
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
USA
Item 353 Accession no.394592
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1328,24th April 1990,p.12 Item 357
FLUIDISED SPRAY DRIER FOR ABM Rubber and Plastics News
The acquisition of a fluidised spray dryer by Rhone 19,No.10,11th Dec.1989,p.14
Poulenc’s ABM Chemicals is discussed. The dryer will RMA CALLS EPA BENZENE EMISSIONS STUDY
be used in the production of ABM’s range of powder INCORRECT
sequestering agents used as additives in the plastics and Moore M
rubber industry. Dusting is minimised, producing a more The Rubber Manufacturers Assn. (RMA) has claimed that
granular product which conforms to COSHH regulations. the US, Environmental Protection Agency has greatly
ABM CHEMICALS LTD.; RHONE POULENC SA overestimated benzene emissions from tyre plants in its
FRANCE; UK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY proposals on emission standards for the substance. The
Accession no.395061 RMA considers that the agency’s projections are outdated
concerning both solvent use and benzene content of
solvents in the tyre industry and that benzene emission
Item 354
standards are not necessary for the tyre industry.
Rubber and Plastics News
19,No.11,25th Dec.1989,p.1/18 RUBBER MANUFACTURERS’ ASSN.;
STUDY CLAIMS CHEMICAL CAUSES BIRTH US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
USA
DEFECTS
Moore M Accession no.394588

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 References and Abstracts

Item 358 FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES FOR ASSESSING

European Rubber Journal HUMAN CANCER RISK AND NEW HEALTH
172,No.1,Jan.1990,p.7 ISSUES ON 1,3-BUTADIENE
TETD CAUSES RAT BIRTH DEFECTS Hinderer R K
Moore M GOODRICH B.F.,CO.
(International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers Inc.)
Brief details are presented on the effects of
tetraethylthiuram disulphide (TETD), an ultra-accelerator Details are given of cancer research results, past, present
used in the rubber industry, on laboratory rats. Findings and future research objectives and assessments of cancer
of tests carried out are reported to include the possibility risk from 1, 3-butadiene.
of birth defects such as heart and lung deformities. USA

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,UNIVERSITY Accession no.391111

USA
Accession no.394097 Item 362
Contraception
Item 359 40,No.5,Nov.1989,p.519-30
Plastics and Rubber Weekly BARRIER METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
No.1323,17th Feb.1990,p.2 (CONDOMS AND DIAPHRAGMS) AND THE
FATAL BLAST HIGHLIGHTS E GERMAN RISK OF CERVICAL NEOPLASIA
SAFETY SET-UP Parazzini F;Negri E;La Vecchia C;Fedele L
ISTITUTO DI RICERCHE FARMACOLOGICHE;
An explosion and fire in one of the 12 carbide furnaces at LAUSANNE,UNIVERSITY; MILAN,UNIVERSITY
plastics and rubber producer VEB Chemische Werke Buna
17 refs.
at Schkopait East Germany, on February 9th killed five
ITALY; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
workers and injured at least 20. The accident is expected to
affect plastics production for which carbide is used as a Accession no.390015
feedstock, but will not interfere with output of other products
at the combine. A GDR state commission has been appointed
to study the cause of the explosion but it is generally believed Item 363
that outdated technology and poor maintenance over the Rubber and Plastics News 2
years were to blame. Brief details on the East German 10,No.24,11th Sept.1989,p.3
Chemical Industries environmental clean up is available. EPA RULING WILL CUT BENZENE USE
VEB CHEMISCHE WERKE BUNA Moore M
EAST GERMANY; EASTERN EUROPE
The US, Environmental Protection Agency has issued rules,
Accession no.393121 which are expected to cut benzene emissions by 90% and
could affect tyre manufacturers. These rules are designed
Item 360 to eliminate 20,000 tons of benzene annually from the air.
Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the International PU foam and synthetic rubber manufacturers don’t consider
Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers.Developed that the new ruling will affect them, since neither use the
from the conference proceedings. chemical, contrary to what the EPA believes.
Quebec City,Canada,16-20th May 1988,p.39-55. 012 US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WORLDWIDE REGULATORY ACTIVITY ON USA
1,3-BUTADIENE Accession no.387146
McGraw J L
AMERICAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER CORP.
Item 364
(International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers Inc.)
European Rubber Journal
Details are given of the regulatory status of 1,3-butadiene 171,No.8,Sept.1989,p.6
throughout the world. Some statistics are given and mention CANCER STUDY IMPLICATES RUBBER
is made of sampling procedures during polymerisation. McCann J
USA
Concern has arisen after recent studies linking increased
Accession no.391112
risk of cancer in people, with the presence of prostheses,
including silicone rubber breast implants. Silicone rubber,
Item 361 metals and plastics are all implicated in the increased
Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the International cancer risk. Replacements for the silicone rubber shell of
Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers.Developed the breast prostheses, or for the silicone gel or saline
from the conference proceedings. solution placed inside them are not considered likely as
Quebec City,Canada,16-20th May 1988,p.32-8. 012 no suitable alternatives are currently available.

100 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

USA BIRMINGHAM,UNIVERSITY; BRITISH RUBBER

Accession no.386699 MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION; BRITISH
RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN.

Item 365 The mortality experienced by a group of 36,691 rubbers

British Journal of Industrial Medicine workers during the period 1946-85 was investigated.
46,No.9,Sept.1989,p.624-8 These workers were all male operatives first employed
CANCER MORTALITY IN A NORTHERN in any one of the 13 participating factories in 1946-60;
ITALIAN COHORT OF RUBBER WORKERS all had worked continuously in the industry for a minimum
Negri R;Piolatto G;Pira E;Decarli A;Kaldor J; period of one year. Statistically significant excesses and
La Vecchia C deficits relating to cancer mortaility were examined.
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON Involvement of occupational exposures was assessed by
CANCER; LAUSANNE,UNIVERSITY; the method of regression models and life tables. 14 refs.
MILAN,INSTITUTE FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL UK
RESEARCH; MILAN,INSTITUTE OF Accession no.383659
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; MILAN,UNIVERSITY;
TURIN,UNIVERSITY
Item 368
An analysis is presented of data from a cohort of 6629 Pitture e Vernici
workers employed in a rubber tyre factory in the district 64,No.7,July 1988,p.35-7
of Turin, northern Italy, between 1906 and 1981. Apart Italian
from standard descriptive analyses based on the HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACCORDING TO
computation of observed and expected numbers of deaths THE EPA
from selected causes, log linear models are applied to
Details are given of a draft standard and list of highly
obtain estimates of the effect of calender period and age
hazardous chemical substances published by the
at first exposure, duration of exposure and period since
Environmental Protection Agency. Threshold values are
last exposure. Analyses are also performed to identify job
presented for 402 substances.
categories particularly at risk. 20 refs.
FRANCE; ITALY; SWITZERLAND
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY;
SAFETY ENGINEERING SRL
Accession no.386124 ITALY; USA
Accession no.383427
Item 366
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
Item 369
46,No.1,Jan.1989,p.12-5
Macplas
SMOKING, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO
13,No.100,July/Aug.1988,p.98-9
RUBBER, AND LUNG CANCER
Italian
Zhang Z F;Yu S Z;Li W X;Choi B C K
UNI DRAFT STANDARD: NOISE IN THE
SHANGHAI,MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;
WORKPLACE
TORONTO,UNIVERSITY
UNI
A group of 1624 employees (957 men, 667 women) in a
Details are given of UNI draft standard U20.00.003.0
rubber factory in Shanghai was followed up from 1972
relating to methods and equipment for determining levels
onwards and their 12 year mortality experience was
of personal exposure to noise in the workplace. 5 refs.
examined. The relative risk of lung cancer for smokers
ITALY
was 8.5 for men and 11.4 for women and for rubber
workers exposed to curing agents or talc powder 3.2 for Accession no.383426
men and 4.6 for women. 20 refs.
CANADA; CHINA Item 370
Accession no.383660 Analytical Chemistry
62,No.12,15th June 1989,p.238-43R
RUBBER
Item 367
Krishen A
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO.
46,No.1,Jan.1989,p.1-10
MORTALITY IN THE BRITISH RUBBER A review is presented of methods for the identification,
INDUSTRY 1946-85 characterisation and determination of rubber and materials
Sorahan T;Parkes H G;Veys C A;Waterhouse J A H; in rubber, covering the period January 1987 to December
Straughan J K;Nutt A 1988. Methods dealt with include NMR spectroscopy, IR

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 101

 References and Abstracts

spectroscopy, thermal analysis, GPC, size exclusion Item 374

chromatography, analysis related to helath and safety and China Rubber Industry
several miscellaneous techniques. 124 refs. 36,No.4,April 1989,p.220-6
USA Chinese
Accession no.382608 DETERMINATION OF VAPOURS GENERATED
DURING RUBBER PROCESSING
Qingshan Z
Item 371 BEIJING,RESEARCH & DESIGN INST.OF RUBBER
British Journal of Industrial Medicine IND.
46,No.3,March 1989,p.212-4
Several methods for determining the qualitative and
DERMATOSIS FROM RESORCINOL IN TYRE
quantitative levels of vapours generated under mixing and
MAKERS
curing conditions during rubber processing are given.
Abbate C;Polito I;Puglish A;Brecciaroll R;Tanzariello A
Methods used include gas chromatography and mass
MESSINA,UNIVERSITY
spectroscopy. 21 refs.
The skin pathology caused by resorcinol in tyre makers CHINA
is reported. Resorcinol is a diphenol that causes a Accession no.377970
dehydrating, keratolytic, irritant, and sensitising action
on the skin. 4 refs.
ITALY Item 375
Accession no.382285 Rubber and Plastics News 2
10,No.10,27th Feb.1989,p.5
RUBBER COMPANIES PAYING FOR WASTE
Item 372 CLEANUP
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe Moore M
42,No.2,Feb.1989,p.120-3
IMPACT OF N-NITROSOAMINE REGULATIONS Rubber product manufacturers and suppliers are involved
ON SULPHENAMIDE SELECTION in two Massachusetts Superfund hazardous waste clean-
Davies K M;Lloyd D G;Orband A up agreements with the Environmental Protection Agency.
MONSANTO EUROPE SA Brief details of this operation are given. Each party will
pay a share based on the number of drums of solvent each
Regulations concerning the total level of certain N- company contributed, plus the amount of PCBs in the
nitrosoamines in work area atmospheres, recently soil and water. Nearly 40 companies have refused to
instituted in West Germany, have had an impact on the participate.
rubber industry worldwide. N-nitrosoamines can be
RE-SOLVE INC.; US,ENVIRONMENTAL
generated during the cure and storage of rubber products
PROTECTION AGENCY
vulcanised with certain accelerators. This article reviews
USA
the impact of these regulations on the range of
sulphenamides available on the market as well as choices Accession no.377260
now available to the rubber compounder to avoid
nitrosamine generation and possible future choices. 6 refs. Item 376
BELGIUM; WEST GERMANY Plastics and Rubber Weekly
Accession no.382011 No.1286,20th May 1989,p.22-3
DUSTING DOWN RUBBER COMPOUNDING
Item 373 MIXES
Rubber and Plastics News Baker-Counsell J;Heathcote M;Lunney A;
18,No.22,15th May 1989,p.15 Smith A;Whitehead J
NETHERLANDS TOUGHENS ON Safe and clean powder handling is particularly important
NITROSAMINES IN TEATS with the enforcement later this year of the Control of
Shaw D Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) regulations.
All natural rubber babies teats have been removed from A major upgrading at Avon Rubber’s mixing division is
Dutch shops following a report by TNO that they exceed described. Four environmentally controlled dust
regulations on the migration of nitrosamines. The level extraction booths have been installed for the weighing of
is thirty times less than the UK limit and ten times less powders. The company is developing a fully automated
than the West German one. The nitrosamine rules weighing and ingredient bagging station.
combined with a list of approved chemicals effectively AVON RUBBER CO.LTD.
make all natural rubber teats illegal in the Netherlands. UK
NETHERLANDS Accession no.377120
Accession no.381081

102 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 377 York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.7/1-7/7. 921

Plasty a Kaucuk EXPOSURE LIMITS: TRENDS AND PROBLEMS
25,No.9,Sept.1988,p.275-9 Nutt A R
Czech BTR INDUSTRIES LTD.
RISKS OF WORK ON RUBBER TWO-ROLL (PRI)
MILLS - ANALYSIS
A brief history of standard setting for the control of
Janousek V
atmospheric industrial health hazards is given. Changes
VYZKUMNY USTAV BEZPECNOSTI PRACE
and problems generated by new maximum exposure
Hazards arising from working with two-roll mills are limits and occupational exposure standards are
discussed and factors influencing the implementation of discussed. 7 refs.
machine safety procedures are considered. Appropriate UK
measures will be incorporated into Czechoslovak Accession no.369840
Standard CSN 691 309, currently being revised by the
Labour Safety Research Institute of Prague in cooperation
with the national enterprise Buzuluk at Komarov. 8 refs. Item 381
Articles from this journal can be requested for translation Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber
by subscribers to the RAPRA produced International Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International
Polymer Science and Technology. Conference.
York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.11/1-11/5. 921
BUZULUK NATIONAL CORP.; CZECHOSLOVAK
CONTRACTOR IN YOUR FACTORY
LABOUR SAFETY RESEARCH INST.
Wade J F
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
UK,DEPT.OF EMPLOYMENT,HM FACTORY
Accession no.372526 INSPECTORATE
(PRI)
Item 378
Details are given of the dangers of building and
International Polymer Science and Technology
maintenance work in rubber or plastics factories with
13,No.7,1986,p.T/14
particular reference given to the legal and practical
FIRE HAZARDS AND TOXICITY PROPERTIES
problems of dealing with contractors.
OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE (A COMPONENT OF
UK
TEXTILE DIPPING COMPOUNDS) AND
SODIUM NITRITE (A HEAT TRANSFER Accession no.369837
AGENT)
2 refs. (Full translation of Kauch.i Rezina,No.2,1986,p.34) Item 382
USSR
Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber
Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International
Accession no.372291
Conference.
York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.4/1-4/9. 921
Item 379 PREDICTION OF ON-SITE PERFORMANCE
Plasty a Kaucuk FOR VULCANISATION FUME
25,No.7,July 1988,p.213-5 Smith R W B;Willoughby B G
Slovak RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD.
CARCINOGENICITY OF PHENYL-BETA- (PRI)
NAPHTHYLAMINE
Details are given of the role of gas chromatography/mass
Veghova E
spectrometry in studying vulcanisation fume emission.
A survey of literature data is presented on the suggested Its use in factory air studies is discussed. 6 refs.
carcinogenicity of phenyl-beta-naphthylamine UK
incorporated as an antioxidant in the first stage of mixing Accession no.369834
of rubber compounds. Based on epidemiological studies,
it is shown that the occurrence of carcinomas is no higher
in people exposed to phenyl-beta-naphthylamine than in Item 383
the rest of the population. 6 refs. Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International
Conference.
Accession no.370198
York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.3/1-3/10. 921
INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL FOR
Item 380 LONG TERM HAZARD OF FUME IN THE
Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber RUBBER INDUSTRY
Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. Blanden C R;Isherwood S A

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 103

 References and Abstracts

ASSOCIATED OCTEL CO.LTD.; UK,HEALTH & Details are given of the demand for dispersions of powders
SAFETY EXECUTIVE in the plastics and rubber industries. The advantages of
(PRI) dispersions are described in terms of health and safety,
economics and technical aspects.
The chemical composition and biological activity of fumes
UK
generated during the vulcanisation process were
investigated. Extracts, and their chemically separated Accession no.369385
fractions were tested for mutagenic activity in the Ames
test and were also analysed chemically by GC/MS. 14 refs. Item 387
UK Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber
Accession no.369833 Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International
Conference.
York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.1/1-10. 921
Item 384 SAFETY IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES - AN
Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber INSURANCE VIEWPOINT
Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International Bett K G W
Conference. ROYAL INSURANCE (UK) LTD.
York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.6/1-6/9. 921 (PRI)
CONTROL AT SOURCE FOR VULCANISATION
FUME Details are given of safety in process industries with
Willoughby B G emphasis given to the identification of the hazard, their
RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD. quantification in terms of frequency and effect, and their
(PRI) comparison with standard levels of acceptance.
UK
Details are given of reducing pollution from vulcanising
Accession no.369230
rubbers with particular attention being given to the
formulation or curing conditions. 12 refs.
UK
Item 388
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
Accession no.369725
No.1241,25th June 1988,p.22-3
RUBBER ADDITIVES UNDER THE
Item 385 MICROSCOPE
Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber
Rhein-Chemie Rheinau is reported to have just completed
Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International
an extensive, Europe-wide survey into the factors
Conference.
determining the use of pre-dispersed chemicals in the
York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.5/1-5/8. 921
rubber processing industry. The survey involved
CONTROL OF RUBBER PROCESSING FUMES
interviews with technical personnel at 120 companies in
AT 40.5 AUTOFORM TYRE CURING PRESSES
six countries. Some economic information is given.
Worwood J A
BTR INDUSTRIES LTD. RHEIN-CHEMIE RHEINAU GMBH
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE
(PRI)
Accession no.368415
Sources of rubber processing fume and methods for their
control are discussed with regard to 40.5 Autoform tyre
Item 389
curing presses. Air sampling results are given for two tyre
IISRP 28th Annual Meeting;Conference Proceedings.
curing shops. 3 refs.
Edinburgh,8-12 June 1987,Paper III-IV,pp.21. 012
UK
BUTADIENE OVERVIEW
Accession no.369572 Loeser E
BAYER AG
Item 386 (International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers)
Health and Safety in the Plastics & Rubber The results of different toxicity studies on butadiene are
Industries.Proceedings of the 3rd International analysed and the data on the metabolic fate of butadiene
Conference. in different animal species are discussed together with
York,15-16 Sept.1987,p.9/1-9/7. 921 human epidemiological data. An attempt is also made to
CHEMICAL DISPERSIONS arrive at an interpretation and integration of the knowledge
Garnett A A on the health related butadiene data in the process of
K & K GREEFF CHEMICALS LTD. evaluation of risk to human health.
(PRI) WEST GERMANY
Accession no.368239

104 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 390 A comprehensive case history is described relating to

Health & Safety at Work emergency procedures involved in the disposal of 45
10,No.7,July 1988,p.21/5 drums of MOCA curing agent which had been damaged
ARMING AGAINST HAZARDS TO HANDS by fire and water.
USA
Protective gloves are reported to be essential everyday wear
for millions of workers, providing protection from hazards Accession no.365531
ranging from live viruses to molten metal. Choosing the
correct glove, however, is said to be vital to ensure the Item 395
safety of employees. The main types on offer are examined, PMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing.
as a starting point to matching the glove to the hazard. Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.V 1-29. 43C6
UK TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING OF RAW
Accession no.367867 MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
URETHANE PARTS
Item 391 Stanton J L
PMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing. (Polyurethane Manufacturers Assn.)
Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.VIII 6-14. 43C6 A detailed account includes sources of information for
DETERMINATION OF MOCA CURING AGENT future reference, toxicological data on typical chemicals
IN AIR: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD used in the PU industry, handling recommendations
DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC. regarding these chemicals and relevant points concerning
(Polyurethane Manufacturers Assn.) attitudes towards safety.
The method is described in detail. USA
USA Accession no.365530
Accession no.366068
Item 396
Item 392 Rubber and Plastics News 2
PMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing. 9,No.22,15th Aug.1988,p.2
Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.VIII 15-23. 43C6 GROUPS SUPPORT AIR CONTAMINANT
DETERMINATION OF LIMITS
TOLUENEDIISOCYANATE IN AIR Moore M
DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.
Associations for both the rubber and PU industry support
(Polyurethane Manufacturers Assn.)
- with some reservations - the plan to tighten workplace
The method is described in detail. 1 ref. air contaminant standards put forward by the Occupational
USA Safety & Health Administration. An exposure limit of 20
Accession no.366067 parts of MOCA per billion parts of air is recommended;
brief details are noted.
Item 393 POLYURETHANE MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;
PMMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing. RUBBER MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;
Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.II 1-22. 43C6 US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
SAFE HANDLING OF ISOCYANATES, ADMINISTRATION
USA
SOLVENTS AND CURATIVES
Roman W Accession no.362831
(Polyurethane Manufacturers Assn.)
The possible risks involved in processing of polyurethanes Item 397
are detailed. 26th Annual Meeting;Conference Proceedings.
USA San Francisco,Ca.,13-17 May 1985,Paper II-3,pp.4.
012
Accession no.365562
US TOXICOLOGY
Thomas F B
Item 394 SHELL DEVELOPMENT CO.
PMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing. (International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers)
Glen Ellyn,Il.,c.1986,p.30-49. 43C6
EMERGENCY PROCEDURE CONCERNING The research situation in the USA with regard to the
MOCA DISPOSAL toxicity of 1, 3-butadiene is discussed and the work of
Salladin G P particular groups is identified, including the International
(Polyurethane Manufacturers Assn.) Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers and the Chemical

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 105

 References and Abstracts
Manufacturers Assn. The US,National Toxicology
Program’s mouse study is outlined and work being
undertaken by Du Pont is also noted.
DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.;
US,CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;
US,NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM
USA
Accession no.361699
Item 398
26th Annual Meeting;Conference Proceedings.
San Francisco,Ca.,13-17 May 1985,Paper II-2,pp.13.
012
EUROPEAN TOXICOLOGY
Loeser E
BAYER AG
(International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers)
The effect of the results of the long term inhalation study
with 1, 3-butadiene, done with mice in the USA, on the
regulatory and research activities in Europe is discussed.
The main regulatory actions in Germany are detailed and
a discussion of three laboratory groups’ research into the
metabolism and kinetics of butadiene in different animal
groups, conducted in Belgium and West Germany, is
presented.
BELGIUM; USA; WEST GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE-
GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.361608
Item 399
Developments in Rubber Technology-4.
Barking,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers
Ltd.,p.253-306. 021
HEALTH AND SAFETY
Willoughby B G
RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD.
Edited by: Whelan A;Lee K S
A detailed review is given of health and safety in the
rubber industry, with particular reference to accidents,
dust hazards, and vapours (especially in the workplace).
122 refs.
UK
Accession no.361004
Item 400
26th Annual Meeting;Conference Proceedings.
San Francisco,Ca.,13-17 May 1985,Paper II-4,pp.16.
012
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Johnson C
GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO.
(International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers)
A study on the mortality of workers employed for one
year or more in eight synthetic rubber production plants
in the USA and Canada during 1943-79 is reviewed.
106
Further results are also presented since the final report
on the study was published in 1982. Additional
epidemiological studies are called for to strengthen the
credibility of the original study which indicated that
butadiene presented no significant health risk to man.
USA
Accession no.361003
Item 401
26th Annual Meeting;Conference Proceedings.
San Francisco,Ca.,13-17 May 1985,Paper II-1,pp.19.
012
US REGULATORY OVERVIEW
Curcio L N
EXXON CORP.
(International Inst.of Synthetic Rubber Producers)
Some of the problems and issues associated with the
regulation of 1, 3-butadiene are illustrated as an example
of the complex issues that are faced when dealing with
toxic substances that may have long term health effects.
A chronological history of events on the uses of 1, 3-
butadiene is presented leading to the present proposed
legislation on exposure levels.
US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
ADMINISTRATION
USA
Accession no.360998
Item 402
European Rubber Journal
170,No.8,Sept.1988,p.25-7
RUBBER SLOWLY SHEDS ITS DARK IMAGE
Robinson S
According to a recent survey of various industry
associations, trade unions, processors and enforcement
agencies, cancer, toxic chemicals, noise and stress are the
main health and safety hazards confronting the rubber
industry in Europe. A separate rubber chemicals market
survey commissioned by Rhein-Chemie Rheinau is said
to provide some insights into how certain European
countries perceive both the importance of safety and
hygiene, and the influence of existing legislation. Details
are given.
RHEIN-CHEMIE RHEINAU GMBH
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.360254
Item 403
Sheffield, 1987, pp.36. 12ins. 15/1/88. 15
RUBBER. A LIST OF HSC/E PUBLICATIONS
RELEVANT TO THE INDUSTRY
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE
This publication lists currently available publications
produced by the Health and Safefty Executive relating to
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

dust and fume; electrical and electronic equipment; WORLD

environmental hygiene (workplace monitoring); Accession no.360249
harzadous substances (storage, transport and handling);
legislation; occupational injury and disease; plant,
machinery and maintenance work; radiation; safety Item 407
(policies, duties and compliance); and toxicity. A journals Plastics and Rubber Weekly
list is included. No.1238,4th June 1988,p.9
POINTS TO WATCH IN THE WORKPLACE
UK
Accession no.360253 Guidelines are given by the Health & Safety Executive
for reducing the risk of injury during handling activities.
Points considered are integrated handling system, rest
Item 404
periods, and supervision.
European Rubber Journal
170,No.8,Sept.1988,p.29 UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE
UK
REACTION TO NITROSAMINES
Davis B Accession no.357063

A new workplace environment rule, severely limiting

airborne nitrosamines, is reported to have West German
rubber companies struggling to find a solution, and the
rest of the world’s industry watching with interest. The
new guidelines allow only 2.5 micrograms of the
substance per cubic metre of air (approx 1 part per
thousand million; details are given.
CONTINENTAL AG; GOODRICH B.F.,CO.
CANADA; EUROPE-GENERAL; USA; WEST GERMANY
Accession no.360251
Item 405
European Rubber Journal
170,No.8,Sept.1988,p.31
MANAGING THE RISKS
The European Economic Community is said to be
proposing a directive, which names certain occupations in
the rubber industry such as ‘milling, extruding and
vulcanisation’ as ‘carcinogenic’. Currently the Commission
lists 31 chemicals, including acrylonitrile, epichlorohydrin
and N-nitroso-dimethylamine as carcinogens. The proposed
directive is planned to come into force throughout the
Community by 1st Jan.1991; details are given.
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.360250
Item 406
European Rubber Journal
170,No.8,Sept.1988,p.32
OTHER NATIONS PONDER LIMITS
Item 408
Macplas
12,No.91,Sept.1987,p.121-3
Italian
UNI DRAFT STANDARD: SAFETY DEVICES
FOR CALENDERS
This draft standard relates to safety devices used to reduce the
risk of operators being caught between the rollers of calenders.
ENTE NAZIONALE ITALIANO DI UNIFICAZIONE
ITALY
Accession no.356001
Item 409
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1240,18th June 1988,p.12
OF MICE AND BUTADIENE: WEIGHING UP
THE RISKS
Copeman J
The main message to emerge from the recent conference
held in Quebec, Canada by the International Institute of
Synthetic Rubber Producers is that the world’s synthetic
rubber industry finds itself facing many problems including
rationalisation, health and safety and information technology.
An outline is given of two papers, presented by Goodrich’s
manager of toxicology and American Synthetic Rubber’s
Director of Industrial Relations and Regulatory Affairs,
regarding the toxicity and exposure levels of butadiene.
AMERICAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER CORP.;
GOODRICH B.F.,CO.; INTERNATIONAL INST.OF
SYNTHETIC RUBBER PRODUCERS
CANADA; USA; WORLD

At least five European countries, Japan, several Latin Accession no.355993

American nations and the USA are reported to have enacted
or to be contemplating regulations limiting worker exposure Item 410
to 1,3-butadiene. Current or proposed standards range from Chimica e l’industria
50 parts per million in the Netherlands to a predicted 1ppm 69,No.12,Dec.1987,p.48-51
level for Latin American nations; brief details are noted. Italian
AMERICAN SYNTHETIC RUBBER CORP.; DANGER INDEX FOR POTENTIALLY
INTERNATIONAL INST.OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
PRODUCERS Societa Chimica Italiana

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 107

 References and Abstracts

A list is presented of 402 chemical substances defined by major trade unions to issue an emergency standard for
the Environmental Protection Agency as being potentially exposure to the PU curing agent MBOCA (4, 4'-
hazardous to health, together with the quantities of each methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)) is briefly discussed. The
which can present a hazard in the case of release. Details petition asks OSHA to limit exposure to workers to 3
are given of an empirical method for calculating highly micrograms/cu.m over an 8 hour, time-weighted average
dangerous quantities of chemicals released. 2 refs. and 10 micrograms/cu.m as a 15 min., short-term
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; exposure limit.
SAFETY ENGINEERING SRL US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
ITALY; USA ADMINISTRATION
Accession no.355163 USA
Accession no.350644
Item 411
Chimica e l’industria Item 414
69,No.12,Dec.1987,p.56-60 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
Italian 48,No.10,Oct.1987,p.867-72
SAFETY ASPECTS OF SUBSTANCES SUBJECT SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN THE
TO PEROXIDATION DISTRIBUTION OF INHALED BUTADIENE IN
Cardillo P;Ticozzi C TISSUES
MILANO,POLITECNICO; STAZIONE Bond J A;Dahl A R;Henderson R F;Birnbaum L S
SPERIMENTALE PER I COMBUSTIBILI LOVELACE BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL
RES.INST.; US,NATIONAL INST.OF
Consideration is given to hazards arising from the
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES
peroxidation of chemical substances, including vinyl
monomers which form peroxides which after Details are given of an investigation to determine if there
decomposition can initiate explosive polymerisation were differences in distribution in tissues of inhaled
reactions. Precautions to be observed in storage, labelling butadiene between rats and mice. 15 refs.
procedures, distillation and the use of oxidation inhibitors USA
are discussed. 23 refs. Accession no.348648
ITALY
Accession no.354741
Item 415
Journal of Occupational Medicine
Item 412 29,No.8,Aug.1987,p.675-80
Elastomerics MORTALITY OF WORKERS IN SBR POLYMER
119,No.11,Nov.1987,p.24-5 PRODUCTION
DOL BENZENE EXPOSURE RULES Matanoski G M;Schwartz L
ANNOUNCED JOHN HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
Kutz K
Details are given of a study reporting the mortality of
The new Benzene Exposure Standard announced by the workers employed in eight SBR manufacturing plants in
Occupational Safety & Health Administration in the the USA and Canada. Examination of risks by major work
USA is discussed. The effect of this standard, which areas such as production, utilities and maintenance are
reduces allowable worker exposure by 90%, on the tyre discussed. 15 refs.
industry is described. The cost to the industry of new USA
engineering controls and monitoring equipment is Accession no.347750
assessed and the debate over the toxicity of benzene
fumes is outlined.
Item 416
US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
Macplas International
ADMINISTRATION
USA
No.3,Feb.1987,p.102-3
ARE GLASS FIBRES DANGEROUS?
Accession no.351456
Carrino L
CENTRO MATERIALI COMPOSITI
Item 413
An examination is made of hazards associated with the
Urethanes Technology
handling of glass fibres. Reference is made to research
4,No.4,Dec.1987/Jan.1988,p.16
undertaken in the USA which examined the causes of
MBOCA WORRIES UNIONS
1,006 deaths among 7,049 workers exposed to glass fibres
A petition to the US Occupational Safety & Health for at least a year. It was concluded that there was no
Administration from a public-interest group and five increase in deaths from cancer when considering either

108 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

the total number with specific tumours of the digestive MORTALITY IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY
or respiratory system, and that there was no increase in
An investigation of the causes of death in workers employed
the mortality rate for respiratory diseases. 3 refs.
in the UK rubber industry between 1946 and 1980
ITALY; USA
(Brit.J.Ind.Med.,Vol.43,1986, p.363-73) has shown that the
Accession no.347204 risk from bladder cancer has disappeared. There now
appears, however, to be an excess number of deaths from
Item 417 lung cancer and stomach cancer. This abstract includes all
Health & Safety at Work the information contained in the original article.
9,No.10,Oct.1987,p.23-4 UK
DANGERS AT EVERY HAND Accession no.344410
Russell-Fell R
LRC PRODUCTS LTD. Item 421
The range of hazards to hands is described, and the Rubber and Plastics News
protection available from the different types of industrial 17,No.7,2nd Nov.1987,p.12
glove on the market is outlined. PMA STUDY TO EXPLORE PU ENGINEERING
UK
PROPERTIES
School R
Accession no.345785
The Polyurethane Mfrs.’ Assn. has plans to develop design
engineering data for PU elastomers and has formed a
Item 418 subcommittee (the Regulatory Strategy Ad Hoc
Macplas Committee) to study a report on cancer in workers exposed
12,No.89,June 1987,p.90-2 to MOCA. The goal of the design study is to develop
Italian dynamic property data for PU-oriented applications and a
SAFETY DEVICES FOR SMALL MIXING MILLS textbook on the design of cast PU engineering components
UNI will be produced as a result of the study. The newly formed
A shortened version of UNI draft standard No.9152 is subcommittee will work with NIOSH to evaluate tumours
presented. It is applicable to open mills for rubber and found in two of more than 300 employees of Anderson
plastics, having 2 horizontal rolls of diameter less than Development Co., who produced MOCA at the company’s
400mm. Michigan facility. Further details are provided.
UNI ANDERSON DEVELOPMENT CO.;
ITALY POLYURETHANE MANUFACTURERS ASSN.;
US,NATIONAL INST.FOR OCCUPAT.SAFETY AND
Accession no.345536
HEALTH
USA
Item 419 Accession no.343014
132nd Meeting,Fall 1987.Preprints.
Cleveland,Ohio,Oct.6-9,1987,Paper 84 Item 422
SAFE PEROXIDES FOR CROSSLINKING Chimica e l’industria
de Groot J J;Bollen A G 69,No.3,March 1987,p.44-6
AKZO CHEMIE BV Italian
(ACS,Rubber Div.) CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF
The properties of organic peroxides in relation to the HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS
processing techniques used in the rubber industry are Nebuloni M
analysed from a safety engineering point of view. DOW LEPETIT
Consideration is given to proper peroxide selection, Consideration is given to methods used in the control and
behaviour of peroxides at various operating temperatures, prevention of runaway chemical reactions, with reference
critical safety parameters for storage, compounding and to a course on this subject held in Amsterdam in November
processing, determination of safe processing times from 1986 by IBC Technical Service Ltd. Topics covered
induction time measurements and hazards involved when included fundamentals and theory of runaway chemical
peroxides are contaminated with accelerators. 9 refs. reactions, hazard evaluation and process design, chemical
NETHERLANDS plant and process safety analysis, hazards from the
Accession no.344650 exothermic decomposition of powders, the use of
calorimetry in determining the hazardousness of chemical
reactions, and trends in reaction vent design.
Item 420
BAYER AG; DOW CHEMICAL USA; FIKE
Health & Safety at Work
TECHNICAL SERVICES; HOECHST AG; IBC
8,No.8,Aug.1986,p.41

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 109

 References and Abstracts

TECHNICAL SERVICE LTD.; ICI; METTLER SPAIN

INSTRUMENTE AG; SANDOZ AG; TNO PLASTICS Accession no.339614
& RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE;
ZURICH,POLYTECHNIC
ITALY; NETHERLANDS; SWITZERLAND; UK; USA; WEST
Item 426
GERMANY American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
Accession no.340582 48,No.2,Feb.1987,p.155-9
PERMEATION OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS
BY TOLUENE
Item 423 Vahdat N
Farbe und Lack TUSKEGEE,UNIVERSITY
93,No.1,Jan.1987,p.19-21
German The relative effectiveness of protective clothing (mostly
HEALTH AND ISOCYANATES gloves) made from various materials against toluene was
Schueler D investigated. Materials tested for permeation resistance
were butyl-coated nomex, neoprene, PVAl and butyl
Isocyanates find widespread use in the coatings and rubber. Breakthrough time, steady-state permeation rate
adhesives industry as curing agents for PU systems. This and diffusion coefficient were determined at 25 and 45C
article reviews the types of health risks, such as skin and and the solubility of toluene in these materials determined
respiratory diseases, which can be caused by improper by weighing the materials before and after immersion.
handling of isocyanates and gives advice on preventative PVAl exhibited no breakthrough in 20h. 20 refs.
measures. 15 refs. USA
WEST GERMANY
Accession no.334103
Accession no.340581
Item 427
Item 424 NR Technology
Rubber and Plastics News 18,No.1,1987,p.1-12
17,No.3,7th Sept.1987,p.1/6 FORMULATING NATURAL RUBBER TO MEET
OSHA ADOPTS BENZENE EXPOSURE RULE REGULATORY NITROSAMINE LIMITS
OSHA has signed a standard which reduces the allowable Gorton A D T;McSweeney G P;Tidd B K
workplace exposure to benzene to 1ppm from the former MALAYSIAN RUBBER PRODUCERS’ RESEARCH
10ppm. Under the liquid exposure standard, no solvent ASSN.
may contain more than 0.5% benzene; after 2 years the The current situation with regard to nitrosamines and
allowable limit will be reduced to 0.1% benzene. The nitrosatable amines in rubber products is reviewed and
Rubber Manufacturers Association has expressed some investigations of these materials in raw NR and latex are
misgivings about the rule. reported. The detection system using the ‘Hall’ detector is
US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH described and discussed. The formulation of dry rubber
ADMINISTRATION; US,RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN. compounds and latex mixes to give low levels of
USA nitrosamine and nitrosatable amines is considered. For latex
Accession no.339926 mixes, special reference is made to the selection of the
accelerator for optimum characteristics. The use in
vulcanisates of possible ‘nitrosamine-inhibitors’ is briefly
Item 425
examined. 14 refs.
Hule Mexicano y Plasticos
UK
42,No.486,Jan.1987,p.18/24
Spanish Accession no.333188
CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND INDUSTRIAL
HYGIENE IN THE RUBBER PROCESSING Item 428
INDUSTRY SATRA Bulletin
Macias A 22,No.15,April 1987,p.330
INSTITUTO DE PLASTICOS Y CAUCHO ASSESSING SOLVENT VAPOUR HAZARD
An examination is made of toxic hazards of rubber Tame R
compounding ingredients and of precautions to be observed The method by which SATRA assesses the health risks
in the use of fillers, plasticisers, processing aids, from solvent vapours, which is endorsed by the Health &
accelerators, antioxidants, retarders, solvents and curing Safety Executive, is outlined and some of the findings of
and blowing agents. Consideration is also given to SATRA tests performed in 1986 using lapel badges to
environmental problems caused by vulcanisation fume and monitor solvent vapour exposure are reported.
to legislation concerning the use of hazardous chemicals. Recommendations to improve safety are presented.

110 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

SHOE & ALLIED TRADES RESEARCH ASSN.; industry. The cohort investigated comprised all male
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY EXECUTIVE workers hired by a large Italian tyre factory from 1962 to
UK 1972, the cohort being monitored up to January 1983.
Accession no.332870 The number of deaths from all causes and from malignant
neoplasms was determined and compared with the
expected number of deaths calculated from mortality rates
Item 429
for the province in which the population of the plant lived.
Rubber and Plastics News 2
18 refs.
8,No.15,27th April 1987,p.1/8
ITALY
TYRE-UNIT ASBESTOS POSES LITTLE RISK -
STUDY Accession no.329789
Moore M
According to an interim report by NIOSH, potential cases Item 432
of asbestos-related disease among rubber workers are far Health & Safety at Work
less on the average than the data from a private litigation 9,No.1,Jan.1987,p.21
group suggests. The report was commissioned by the PLASTICS INDUSTRY CHEMICALS SHOW
United Rubber Workers International union and involved CANCER RISKS
a study of chest X-rays from workers under 40 at plants A summary is presented of data on the carcinogenicity of
owned by Armtek Corp., Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. and chemicals (especially monomers) used in the polymer
Firestone. Reasons for the disparities between the findings industry which are included in Volume 39 of the
of the two reports are briefly examined. International Agency for Cancer Research’s Monographs
ARMTEK CORP.; FIRESTONE TIRE & RUBBER on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
CO.; UNIROYAL-GOODRICH TIRE CO.; UNITED to Humans.
RUBBER WORKERS INTERNATIONAL UNION; INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH
US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFETY INTO CANCER
& HEALTH USA
USA
Accession no.328813
Accession no.332213
Item 433
Item 430 Rubber World
Rubber and Plastics News 195,No.4,Jan.1987,p.12-3
16,No.15,9th Feb.1987,p.1/3 AN ETU ALTERNATIVE?
DROPPED SUIT ENDS MOCA CONFLICT Menough J
Moore M HOLZ RUBBER CO.
The Labor Department has dropped its appeal of a 1985 Ethylene thiourea (ETU) has been reported to be a
decision by OSHA, thus exonerating Kastalon Inc. and carcinogen and teratogen and is known to affect the
Conap Inc. of charges that they endangered employees thyroid gland. While studies in the rubber industry have
through exposure to MOCA, an alleged cancer-causing not pointed to any definitive problems with thyroid
curative used by PU processors. tumours in exposed rubber workers, precautions have
CONAP INC.; KASTALON INC.; been mandated. In most of these, the use of any material
US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH that might result in dust is to be avoided. Ricon M.A.D.,
ADMINISTRATION derived from adducted maleic anhydride, produces
USA compounds which are very similar to ETU cured
Accession no.329790 compounds. The use of Ricon M.A.D. is described,
particularly in black and clay filled neoprene compounds,
and compared with ETU control compounds.
Item 431
USA
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
44,No.3,March 1987,p.187-91 Accession no.328353
CANCER MORTALITY IN AN ITALIAN
RUBBER FACTORY Item 434
Bernardinelli L;De Marco R;Tinelli C Farbe und Lack
PAVIA,UNIVERSITY 92,No.9,Sept.1986,p.848-54
The results are reported of a study carried out to assess German
the mortality experience of an Italian cohort of male INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL WORKERS
rubber workers and to identify any occupational cancer EXPOSED TO SOLVENTS IN A PAINT FACTORY
hazard that could be affecting men employed in this Kampmann K;Henkler R D

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 111

 References and Abstracts
Studies carried out in West Germany relating to the effects
of solvents on health of painters and decorators as well
as chemical workers employed in the paint industry are
described and findings reported. Solvents investigated on
these studies are listed. No evidence of solvent-induced
damage to workers’ health was found.
WEST GERMANY
Accession no.328273
Item 435
Rubber Developments
39,No.4,1986,p.86-7
NITROSAMINES - A CHALLENGE MET
The discovery that teats and soothers could contain up to
300 parts of nitrosamines per thousand million by weight
led to legislation by, e.g. the Federal German
Bundesgesundheitsampt and the US FDA. The maximum
permitted nitrosamine level under the BGA legislation is
now 10 ppb. The response of the rubber industry to meet
these regulations is described. The accelerators used in
vulcanisation, particularly zinc diethyldithiocarbamate,
were identified as the main source of nitrosamines in
rubber products. Changes in the formulations used,
especially the use, where permitted, of zinc
dibenzyldithiocarbamate, which gives rise to a non-
carcinogenic nitrosamine of low water solubility, have
enabled teats and soothers to meet the new regulations.
6 refs.
UK
Accession no.328076
Item 436
Chemistry & Industry
No.22,17th Nov.1986,p.770-9
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS. III.
Blackburn G M;Kellard B
SHEFFIELD,UNIVERSITY
The carcinogenicity of various C1 halocarbons (including
carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dihalomethanes and
vinylidene chloride) and of higher haloalkanes and
polychlorinated biphenyls is discussed. The activity of
hormones as carcinogens is considered and the hazards of
various types of radiation are examined. Brief descriptions
are given of the ability of cells to repair damage to their
DNA and of the test systems currently used for
identification of potential carcinogens. Some of the
evidence available to identify the occupational risk to
people who make or handle chemicals is surveyed. 54 refs.
UK
Accession no.324874
Item 437
Rubber and Plastics News
16,No.12,29th Dec.1986,p.1/4
STUDY - ‘ASBESTOS ILLNESSES AFFECT 5,000’
Moore M
112
A Los Angeles attorney has tested about 19,000 rubber
workers and found 5,000 tested positive for asbestos-
related diseases, although Firestone dispute these figures.
The National Tire Workers’ Litigation Project has found
wide variation between tyre plants; this fluctuation
appears to be dependent on age of the plant and of the
workers. Many companies deny there is anywhere near
the rate of asbestos-related disease among rubber workers
as the attorney claims.
FIRESTONE TIRE & RUBBER CO.; NATIONAL
TIRE WORKERS’ LITIGATION PROJECT
USA
Accession no.324292
Item 438
Planters’ Bulletin
No.186,March 1986,p.38-44
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HYGIENE
OF NR LATEX CONCENTRATE FACTORIES
John C K;Latiff L;Ahmat A
RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA
Destablisation of NR latex is primarily due to the build-
up of acids produced by bacteria mainly colonising the
tapping panel, tree lace and the cup used in collecting the
latex after tapping. The methods of ensuring stability of
a batch of concentrated latex are described. Quaternary
ammonium compounds were found to be more effective
than many other chemicals screened for their disinfectant
activity. The use of the Diversey Fog Gun is also
recommended.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.322821
Item 439
Health & Safety at Work
8,No.11,Nov.1986,p.18
RUBBER DUST EXPOSURE LIMIT
A control limit for occupational exposure to rubber
process dust has been adopted by the Health & Safety
Commission on the recommendation of its Advisory
Committee on Toxic Substances and the Rubber Industry
Advisory Committee. The limit will apply from 1st Jan.
1987 to the mixtures of dusts arising at various stages in
the manufacture of articles from NR or synthetic rubbers.
It will necessitate control so that workers’ exposure to
total inhalable mixed dust does not exceed 8 milligrammes
per cubic metre of air (as a time-weighted average over 8
hours). This abstract includes all the information
contained in the original article.
RUBBER INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE;
UK,HEALTH & SAFETY COMMISSION
UK
Accession no.322145
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

Item 440 investigation are outlined together with the results of

Middlebury,Ct., 1985, pp.11. 11ins. 8/10/86. Brochure different mean air concentrations of NDI. 24 refs.
AP-110.1. 43C6-921 SWEDEN
TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING OF Accession no.317045
ADIPRENE
UNIROYAL INC.,CHEMICAL DIV.
Item 443
The possible health hazards associated with the handling American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
of Adiprene urethane rubber are reviewed. Precautions 47,No.6,June 1986,p.312-21
against exposure to isocyanate vapours from small CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINANTS AT
quantities of residual free isocyanate in the uncured MIXERS AND MILLS USED IN TYRE
polymer are discussed, with suggestions for preventive MANUFACTURING
measures to minimise workers’ exposure. Advice on Heitbrink W A;McKinnery W N
storage and handling of uncured Adiprene is also given US,NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPA.SAFETY
to prevent deterioration by moisture and heat. & HEALTH
USA
A study was made of control techniques for airborne
Accession no.321455 vapours and particulates in tyre manufacturing. Emphasis
was given to local exhaust ventilation of Banbury mixers
Item 441 and the processor’s ability to prevent and contain
Rubber and Plastics News 2 particulate emissions. 12 refs.
7,No.22,21st July 1986,p.1/8 USA
ASBESTOS STUDY PROMPTS DEBATE IN Accession no.316036
TYRE INDUSTRY
Moore M
Item 444
A Los Angeles attorney claims that medical testing of 129th Meeting - Spring.
tyre workers shows a large incidence of asbestosis and New York,NY,April 8-11,1986,Paper 55,pp.9. 012
other asbestos-related diseases. The Rubber OSHA COMPLIANCE - THE NEED FOR A
Manufacturers Assn. and tyre makers refute this claim. WORKING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
Asbestos is present in talc and soapstone used to make SUPPLIER AND CUSTOMER IN THE RUBBER
the rubber less tacky, and in insulation for pipes and other INDUSTRY
equipment. A National Tyre Workers’ Litigation group Green D H;Szwarc J J
has been set up. All the law suits so far have been directed LORD CORP.
against the producers of asbestos, talc and soapstone. (ACS,Rubber Div.)
NATIONAL TIRE WORKERS’ LITIGATION
Ways in which Lord Corp., Chemical Products Group
PROJECT; UNITED RUBBER WORKERS;
communicates information on physical safety and health
US,RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN.
USA
hazards to its employees and customers are discussed in
relation to compliance with the US, Safety & Health
Accession no.317825
Administration’s Hazard Communication Standard.
Particular attention is paid to labels (in-plant and shipped
Item 442 product labels), material safety data sheets, in-plant
Archives of Environmental Health training, and similarities to and differences from customer
41,No.2,March/April 1986,p.85-9 plants.
EXPOSURE TO NAPHTHALENE- US,OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
DIISOCYANATE IN A RUBBER PLANT: ADMINISTRATION
SYMPTOMS AND LUNG FUNCTION USA
Alexandersson R;Gustafsson P;Hedensherna G;Rosen G Accession no.316035
HUDDINGE HOSPITAL; KAROLINSKA
HOSPITAL; SWEDEN,NATIONAL BOARD OF
OCCUPA.SAFETY & HEALTH Item 445
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
A study on the effects of industrial exposure to 43,No.6,June 1986,p.363-73
naphthalene diisocyanate and its effects on pulmonary CANCER MORTALITY IN THE BRITISH
function in a modern rubber industry environment in RUBBER INDUSTRY: 1946-80
Sweden, is reported. The crystalline aggregates formed Sorahan T;Parkes H G;Veys C A;Waterhouse J A H
at room temperature from the NDI used in tyre making BIRMINGHAM UNIVERSITY; BRITISH RUBBER
are described and the materials and methods used in the MANUFACTURERS ASSN.

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 113

 References and Abstracts

A study was made of the mortality experienced by a cohort PU FIRMS MAY FACE METHYLENE
of 36,445 rubber workers, all male operatives first CHLORIDE REGULATION
employed in any one of the 13 participating factories in School R
1946-60 and all having worked continuously in the industry
The issuing of an advance notice by the Environmental
for a minimum period of one year. The method of regression
Protection Agency in the USA, on a possible increase in the
models in life tables was used to compare the duration of
exposure standard for methylene chloride, used in PU
employment in the industry, the duration in “dust-exposed”
processing, is discussed. The possible carcinogenic effects of
jobs and the duration in “fume and/or solvent exposed”
methylene chloride are outlined and its use as a machine
jobs of those dying from causes of interest with those of
cleaning solvent by Superior Tire & Rubber Corp. is described.
all matching survivors. A causal association between the
risks of lung and stomach cancer and certain occupational SUPERIOR TIRE & RUBBER CORP.;
exposures was established. 11 refs. US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
USA
UK
Accession no.311753
Accession no.312543

Item 449
Item 446
Rubber and Plastics News 2
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
7,No.14,31st March 1986,p.4
No.1139,24th May 1986,p.3
STUDY INDICATES FORMALDEHYDE NOT A
BLADDER CANCER NO LONGER A PROBLEM -
CARCINOGEN
BRMA
According to a study by the National Cancer Institute
The BRMA and BRITD vice president has emphasised the
entitled ‘Mortality among Industrial Workers Exposed to
continuing progress being made by the rubber industry in
Formaldehyde’, formaldehyde is not the carcinogen that
health and safety, research and development, education and
some authorities believe. The study, which evaluated the
training. Work carried out over the previous 18 years, he
mortality rates of 26,561 workers employed in facilities
claims, has demonstrated that the industry no longer has a
making or using formaldehyde, found “slight excesses”
problem with bladder cancer; but there are some indications
of Hodgkin’s disease and lung and prostate cancer. Various
of problems concerning lung and stomach cancer. Brief
groups, such as the United Auto Workers’ union, are
details of Tony Mitchard’s speech are presented.
sceptical of the study because two major companies
BRITISH RUBBER INDUSTRY TRAINING helped design and write it. The OSHA has recently
ORGANISATION; BRITISH RUBBER proposed a rule limiting the workplace exposure to
MANUFACTURERS ASSN. formaldehyde to either 1 or 1.5 parts per million parts of
UK
air on an 8h., time-weighted base.
Accession no.312497
US,NATIONAL CANCER INST.
USA
Item 447 Accession no.309931
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
51,No.355,Jan.1986,p.77/89
Item 450
Spanish
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND INDUSTRIAL
No.1127,1st March 1986,p.8-9
HYGIENE IN THE RUBBER PROCESSING
LOOKING AFTER THE HEALTH OF RUBBER
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY WORKERS
Macias A
Townsend P
INSTITUTO DE PLASTICOS Y CAUCHO
The work of the BRMA Health Research Unit, from its
Consideration is given to health hazards associated with rubber
introduction in 1957 to the present day, is described with
compounding ingredients, including fillers, plasticisers, curing
reference to the work of Dr. Guy Parkes, the medical
agents, accelerators, anti-scorch agents, antioxidants, blowing
director. Books published on the safe handling and toxicity
agents and solvents, and with vulcanisation fume. Legislation
of rubber chemicals are detailed and the investigations
relating to the use of hazardous materials in the rubber industry
into bladder cancer, begun in the 1950’s, are also outlined.
is reviewed. 82 refs.
Present cooperation with other occupational safety and
SPAIN
health organisations is described and current research
Accession no.311755 projects are briefly discussed.
BRITISH RUBBER MFRS.’ ASSN.
Item 448 UK
Rubber and Plastics News Accession no.307972
15,No.21,5th May 1986,p.8

114 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

Item 451 Jacobs B W;Billing C E

Macplas
The operation investigated involved the use of two induction
10,No.66,March 1985,p.46
furnaces for removal of rubber from tracked-vehicle treads.
Italian
A laboratory-scale simulation of the field operation was
RISK ANALYSIS OF CYLINDER MIXERS
employed to generate emissions at 399C and 677C. Emission
A brief examination is made of hazards associated with samples were collected using glass fibre filters and Tenax as
the operation of cylinder mixers, and some accident the sampling media. High-pressure liquid chromatography
prevention measures are reviewed. and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to
Accession no.307103 characterise emissions. The polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) were profiled as subsets and graphically
displayed as micrograms of emissions per kilogram of rubber
Item 452 and as percentages of total emissions. 24 refs.
Wilmington,Del., c.1985-, looseleaf. 11ins. 3/6/85.
USA
42D14-6A1-921
ELASTOMERS FOR ADHESIVES: Accession no.303069
ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE BUILDUP WHEN
HANDLING NEOPRENE Item 455
DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& Macplas International
CO.INC.,ELASTOMERS DIV. No.4,March 1985,p.48-50
STORAGE AND METERING OF SMALL
Neoprene chips generate static electricity when poured from INGREDIENTS
containers. Many of the solvents used with Neoprene in Guicciardi A
the manufacture of adhesives are flammable. This brochure SIM BIANCA
therefore, aims to provide a basic understanding of some
An examination is made of automated systems for the
aspects of static electricity and to relate these to the handling
storage, conveying, weighing and handling of small
of Neoprene. Test results on static buildup pouring of
quantities of compounding ingredients for feeding into
Neoprene are included, as is a useful bibliography. 7 refs.
PVC and rubber processing machines.
USA
ITALY
Accession no.304998
Accession no.301586

Item 453 Item 456

Journal of Occupational Medicine
27,No.11,Nov.1985,p.835-40
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF WORKERS
EXPOSED TO ACRYLONITRILE: AN UPDATE
O’Berg M T;Chen J L;Burke C A;Walrath J;Pell S
DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.
A previous report (J.Occup.Med.22,245-252,1980)
presented the cancer mortality experience through 1976
of a cohort of 1,345 male employees with potential for
exposure to acrylonitrile at a fibres-producing plant. This
study has now been updated through 1983 for cancer
incidence and through 1981 for mortality. Overall, 43
cancer cases have occurred with 37.1 expected based on
company rates. An excess of lung cancer and prostate
cancer cases is reported upon. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.304698
Item 454
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
46,No.10,Oct.1985,p.547-54
CHARACTERISATION AND TEMPERATURE
DEPENDENCE OF PAH EMISSIONS FROM A
SIMULATED RUBBER COMBUSTION
OPERATION
Paper, Film & Foil Converter
59,No.8,Aug.1985,p.46-8
SOLVENT VAPOUR RECOVERY UNIT
PROVIDES NECESSARY CONTROL
The control of toluene vapour at ODC, a manufacturer of
coated fabrics, is discussed showing the importance of the
use of an Edwards Engineering Corp.’s solvent vapour
recovery unit in order to comply with the current USA
regulation on volatile organic chemicals emissions. A
description of the use of toluene at ODC during the coating
of fibreglass with silicone is presented and the refrigeration
type vapour recovery system outlined. Safety, economic
savings and production organisation benefits are briefly
detailed.
ODC INC.
Accession no.279802
Item 457
Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology
1,No.2,March 1985,p.1-17
INSTRUMENTAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
POLYMERS
Lawson G
A review is presented of the literature on the above,
covering spectroscopic, chromatographic, thermal

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 115

 References and Abstracts

analytical and surface study techniques. Applications of are discussed. Particular reference is made to the reduction
instrumental analysis are discussed with reference to in the number of accidents occurring at Continental
polymer identification, determination of properties of Gummi-Werke.
polymer chains, additive analysis, surface analysis and WEST GERMANY
analyses relating to aspects of health and safety. 170 refs. Accession no.274928
UK
Accession no.278815 Item 461
Progress of Rubber Technology.Vol.46.
Item 458 Barking,Elsevier Applied Science Publishers
British Journal of Industrial Medicine Ltd.,1984,p.143-95. 012
42,No.7,July 1985,p.481-87 VULCANISATION FUME - ITS NATURE,
MUTAGENICITY STUDIES IN A TYRE PLANT. ORIGIN AND THE OPTIONS FOR ITS
IN VITRO ACTIVITY OF WORKERS’ URINARY CONTROL
CONCENTRATES AND RAW MATERIALS Willoughby B G
Crebelli R;Paoletti A;Falcone E;Aquilina G; RUBBER & PLASTICS RESEARCH ASSN.OF
Fabri G;Carere A GT.BRITAIN
Edited by: Morrell S H
The possible contribution to urinary mutagenicity of
(PRI)
occupational exposures in the rubber industry was studied
by assaying the urine concentrates of 72 workmen (44 The nature and origins of vulcanisation fume are discussed
smokers) employed in a tyre plant. The in vitro with reference to volatile components of the unvulcanised
mutagenicity of the major raw materials in use at the plant mix and to volatile products of chemical reactions, e.g.
were also determined using the plate incorporation assay hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide, amines,
with various S typhimurium strains. Smoking habits, but nitrosamines, isothiocyanates, peroxide by-products and
not occupation, were statistically significantly related to blowing agent degradation products. Options for control
the appearance of urinary mutagenicity. The study of raw of vulcanisation fume are considered, including
materials showed that three technical grade materials were engineering approaches (containment or dispersal) and
weakly active as mutagens. 22 refs. chemical approaches (control at source). 66 refs.
ITALY UK
Accession no.277492 Accession no.274927

Item 459 Item 462

Industria della Gomma SATRA Bulletin
29,No.2,Feb.1985,p.20-5 21,No.14,March 1985,p.36
Italian HELPING PEOPLE WITH ALLERGIES
EQUIPMENT FOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN Blackwell B
THE WORKPLACE
The most common allergens in footwear are identified
A review is made of industrial safety and accident prevention and a table is presented which lists various allergens,
equipment produced or supplied by Italian companies. This where they may be found and what alternatives are
includes gas and dust filters, respirators, fire extinguishers, available.
ear muffs, heat and fire resistant gloves, safety masks, visors, UK
spectacles and helmets, fire resistant cables, signs indicating Accession no.270932
the presence of hazardous chemicals, and equipment for
detecting toxic gases and vapours.
ITALY
Item 463
Rubber and Plastics News 2
Accession no.275901
6,No.12,4th March 1985,p.8
REPORT INDICATES CURRENT BENZENE
Item 460 LEVELS DANGEROUS
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
An updated study by the National Institute of
38,No.4,April 1985,p.291-2
Occupational Safety and Health indicates that workers
German
exposed to current allowable benzene levels may be more
LABOUR SAFETY IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY
than 30 times more at risk of contracting leukaemia than
Stenzel E
those not exposed. Public Citizen and several trade unions
CONTINENTAL GUMMI-WERKE AG
have filed a lawsuit against the Occupational Safety and
General aspects relating to the safety of the workforce in Health Administration over its failure to issue a proposed
the rubber industry are considered and safety measures rule on a revised benzene standard.

116 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH of the solvent exposure histories of 15 cases of

ADMINISTRATION; RUBBER MANUFACTURERS’ lymphocytic leukaemia from this cohort and 30 matched
ASSN.; US,NATIONAL INST.FOR OCCUPATIONAL industry controls, are presented. Cases were 4.5 times as
SAFETY & HEALTH likely as controls to have had direct exposures to both
USA benzene and other solvents. 46 refs.
Accession no.270247 USA
Accession no.250280
Item 464
Plastics and Rubber Weekly Item 467
No.1070,12th Jan.1985,p.15 Switzerland, 1982, pp.486. LS.24.50. 10ins. 27/1/83.
CASE OF ‘PHYSICIAN HEAL THYSELF’ FOR IARC Monographs Vol.28. 921
DUST CONTROL FIRM RUBBER INDUSTRY: IARC MONOGRAPHS ON
Brief details are given on a new 200,000 pounds sterling THE EVALUATION OF THE CARCINOGENIC
pollution control system which has been installed at Walk RISK OF CHEMICALS TO HUMANS. VIEWS
Off Mats Polymers. The system was designed by Extract AND EXPERT OPINIONS OF AN IARC
Technology. It provides for extraction from a Banbury WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATION OF
mixer and rubber mill used to produce the mat backing THE CARCINOGENIC RISK OF CHEMICALS
compound. Special dust control hoods were designed to TO HUMANS, LYON, FEBRUARY 16-23, 1981
serve the carbon black loading chute. Collected dust is INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON
ducted to a reverse jet cleaned cartridge collector. CANCER
EXTRACT TECHNOLOGY LTD.; WALK OFF MATS This volume is concerned with evaluation of the
POLYMERS LTD. carcinogenic risks of exposures to man in the rubber
UK industry. Particularly discussed is tyre manufacturing and
Accession no.267061 repair sector, the cable - making sector and the
manufacture of rubber goods. Natural rubber, synthetic
rubber and chemical additives are used in the industry;
Item 465
however only those exposures incident to the mixing of
Chemical Marketing Reporter
elastomers with chemicals and their subsequent
227,No.1,7th Jan.1985,p.41
conversion into products are discussed.
FDA NITROSAMINE LIMITS DESIGNED TO
REDUCE EXPOSURE OF INFANTS Accession no.229843

The toxicity of N-nitrosamine in rubber is discussed.

The permissible level for N-nitrosamine in rubber baby Item 468
bottle nipples for consumer and hospital use has been British Journal of Industrial Medicine
reduced to 10 parts per billion for any individual 39,No.3,Aug.1982,p.209-220
nitrosamine by the Food and Drug Administration from CANCER MORTALITY IN THE BRITISH
the 1st January 1985. The original level was 60ppb. RUBBER INDUSTRY
Despite complaints by the rubber industry, the FDA Parkes H G; Veys C A; Waterhouse J A H; Peters A
claim it is feasible to produce rubber nipples with only 33815 men, who first started work in the rubber industry
10ppb. of nitrosamine. between 1 January 1946 and 31 December 1960, have
US,FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION been followed up to 31 December 1975 to ascertain the
USA number of deaths attributable to malignant disease and to
Accession no.265428 compare these with the expected number calculated from
the published mortality rates applicable to the male
population of the UK. The findings confirm the absence
Item 466
of any excess mortality from bladder cancer among men
Journal of Occupational Medicine
entering the industry after 1 January 1951 (the presumed
25,No.8,Aug.1983,p.598-602
bladder carcinogens were withdrawn from production
LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA AND
processes in July 1949), but they confirm also a
EXPOSURES TO BENZENE AND OTHER
statistically significant excess of both lung and stomach
SOLVENTS IN THE RUBBER INDUSTRY
cancer mortality. 56 refs.
Arp E W;Wolf P H;Checkoway H
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA Accession no.223201

Previous epidemiological studies on one cohort of rubber

industry workers indicated that observed mortality Item 469
excesses from lymphocytic leukaemia were related to Journal of Occupational Medicine
solvent exposures. The results of a detailed examination 23,No.10,Oct.1981,p.677-84

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 117

 References and Abstracts
MORTALITY AMONG RUBBER WORKERS. III.
CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, 1940-1978
Delzell E; Monson R R
This report describes mortality occurring between 1940
and mid-1978 among 29,087 men and women employed
in a rubber plant for at least two years. There was an excess
of deaths from bladder cancer and leukaemia among white
male employees. In addition, there were excess deaths
from several cancers during 1974 through 1978 only,
including cancers of the esophagus, large intestine, biliary
system and liver, brain and lymphatic tissues and multiple
myeloma. The present findings suggest that occupational
exposures etiologically relevant to these diseases may not
have been reduced in recent years or that sufficient time
has not elapsed for such reductions to result in decreased
mortality. 26 refs.
Accession no.216966
Item 470
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
38,No.3,Aug.1981,p.240-6
CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF BLADDER
CANCER IN THE UNITED STATES RUBBER
AND TYRE INDUSTRY
Cheekoway H; Smith A H; McMichael A J; Jones F S;
Monson R R; Tyroler H A
The study included 220 male cases of bladder cancer, each
of which was matched individually with two industry
controls. On contrasting work histories, it was found that
cases were more likely than controls to have worked in
milling and calendering operations. The relative risk
estimates for both operations exhibited linear trends of
increase with duration of exposure. Milling and
calendering jobs entail potential exposures to volatilised
reaction products from heated rubber stock. A better
understanding of the aetiological factors, requires further
characterisation of suspect carcinogens in the working
environment. 25 refs.
USA
Accession no.200142
Item 471
Journal of Occupational Medicine
23,No.2,Feb.1981,p.103-8
CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF LEUKAEMIA IN
THE US RUBBER INDUSTRY
Wolf P H; Andjelkovich D; Smith A; Tyroler H
A matched case-control study was conducted for 72 cases
of leukaemia occurring among employees of four rubber
and tyre manufacturing companies during the period from
1964 to 1973, to determine if certain environmental
exposures were related to the risk of developing
leukaemia. This study, weakly confirms the previously
reported association of fatal chronic lymphatic leukaemia
with work histories of potential solvent exposure in one
rubber plant. There was no such association in the plants
118
of the other companies studied. No significant association
of fatal myeloid leukaemia with work histories of potential
solvent exposure was detected. 17 refs.
Accession no.171469
Item 472
Journal of Occupational Medicine
22,No.8,Aug.1980,p.533-41
CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF PROSTATE
CANCER WITHIN A COHORT OF RUBBER AND
TYRE WORKERS
Goldsmith D F; Smith A H; McMichael A J
A matched case-control study was conducted to test the
hypothesis that prostate cancer is associated with
employment in the compounding area of a rubber and
tyre manufacturing plant. A search of death certificates
from the years 1964 to 1975 led to the identification of
88 cases of prostate cancer. These were individually
matched with 258 controls on the factors of age, race and
entry into the plant. The batch preparation work area
showed statistically significant (PL less than 0.025) risk
ratios over three exposure periods - more than one month,
more than 24 months, and more than 60 months. 46 refs.
Accession no.158666
Item 473
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
33, No.4, Nov.1976, p.249-64
SURVEY OF OCCUPATIONAL CANCER IN THE
RUBBER AND CABLEMAKING INDUSTRIES:
ANALYSIS OF DEATHS OCCURING IN 1972-74
Fox A J; Collier P F
This analysis compares the mortality pattern for 1972-74
with that previously reported for 1968-71 for 40,867 men
employed for at least one year in the rubber and
cablemaking industries. It indicates a significant excess
of death due to cancer of the bladder throughout the
industry, including men who had not been exposed to
acknowledged bladder carcinogens. The need to set up a
search for possible causes of these deaths is emphasised.
18 refs.
Accession no.102040
Item 474
Journal of Occupational Medicine
17, No.4,APRIL 1975, p.234-9/-PH.
SOLVENT EXPOSURE AND LEUKEMIA
AMONG RUBBER WORKERS: AN
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY
McMichael A J; Spiritas R; Kupper L L; Gamble J F
The findings of the study indicate an association of death
from lymphatic leukemia with a history of having worked
in solvent exposure jobs. 14 refs.
Accession no.56037
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

Item 475
British Journal of Industrial Medicine
31, No.2,APRIL 1974, p.140-51
SURVEY OF OCCUPATIONAL CANCER IN THE
RUBBER AND CABLEMAKING INDUSTRIES:
RESULTS OF FIVE-YEAR ANALYSIS, 1967-71
Fox A J; Lindars D C; Owen R
A mortality rate study of 40867 subjects employed in the
rubber and cablemaking industries is reported. No evidence
is found of a continued excess risk and neoplasms of the
bladder in people who entered the industry after 1949. For
those employed before that date, during the period when
known bladder carcinogens were in use, standardised
mortality ratios are higher than predicted, indicating that
men are still dying with occupationally induced tumours.
In some sections of the industry there was an excess of
bronchial carcinoma. 42 refs.
Accession no.39377

© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited 119

 References and Abstracts

120 © Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited


A 296 315 316 317 318 337 348
ABRADING, 188
ABSORPTION, 96 126 201
ACCELERATED CURING, 49
ACCELERATOR, 7 16 26 41 71 73
74 87 91 101 102 109 113 114
118 125 126 130 135 155 162
178 189 190 192 199 221 225
227 230 236 243 247 248 249
250 251 252 253 254 272 273
293 295 296 315 330 354 358
372 399 404 419 425 427 433
435 447 458 462 468
ACCIDENT, 1 2 67 119 122 133
151 152 159 163 173 184 192
206 286 289 312 341 352 355
359 377 399 407 408 411 422
451 452 459 460
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION,
159 274
ACCIDENT PREVENTION, 1 2
122 134 136 151 152 159 173
192 195 260 312 341 355 377
408 422 451 452 459 460
ACETALDEHYDE, 244
ACETIC ACID, 26 130
ACETONE, 7 135 297
ACID, 21 144 226
ACID ANHYDRIDE, 232
ACID MIST, 203
ACOUSTIC INSULATION, 88
ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENT,
369
ACRYLIC ACID, 411
ACRYLONITRILE, 71 101 411
453
ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE
COPOLYMER, 156
ACTIVATOR, 7 26 130 247 248
249 250 295
ADDITIVE, 7 8 15 16 20 21 26 29
30 35 36 38 41 44 50 51 52 53
54 59 64 65 66 68 71 73 74 78
87 94 95 96 101 102 103 104
108 109 113 116 118 119 125
126 130 135 141 145 150 155
159 161 171 173 177 178 179
181 184 188 189 190 192 198
199 201 210 220 221 226 229
230 235 236 238 244 247 248
249 250 251 252 253 254 255
279 281 284 287 293 294 295
Subject Index
Subject Index
353 365 366 370 376 379 388
395 402 404 405 410 413 425
441 447 455 457 458 461 462
465 467
ADHESIVE, 29 89 142 232 269
423 452
ADSORPTION, 118 144 201 250
252 254 273 275
AEROSOL, 30 71 95 97 101 108
144 145 146 199 231 346
AGEING, 73 248 250 272 433
AIR CONDITIONING, 456
AIR FILTER, 459
AIR FLOW, 17 231
AIR POLLUTION, 28 30 32 71 97
101 144 148 157 185 207 212
220 247 250 252 253 311 327
346 347 363 374 378 380 391
392 396 399 412 425 429 439
442 445 449 454 456 466
AIR SAMPLING, 26 71 97 101
144 209 247 382 384 385 391
392
AIRBORNE, 32 97 99 144 145 183
232 246 252 255
ALARM, 119 122 144
ALCOHOL, 71 101 135
ALDEHYDE
DEHYDROGENASE, 223
ALKALINE, 21
ALKALINE EARTH, 227 252
ALKYL HYDROXIDE, 71 101
135
ALKYLATING AGENT, 102
ALLERGEN, 9 13 14 32 57 107
166 183 219
ALLERGY, 16 18 20 22 23 27 28
31 32 39 55 57 61 62 63 75 76
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 92
93 110 111 112 120 124 137
138 139 143 145 153 156 162
174 182 183 197 205 215 216
217 218 219 221 228 235 270
416 462
ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL, 272
AMINE, 26 41 71 87 101 102 109
113 118 126 130 135 144 145
155 168 173 189 198 199 201
209 227 229 236 247 248 249
250 251 252 254 315 317 319
337 354 399 427 461 470
AMINO COMPOUND, 393 395
AMINOBIPHENYL, 108 173
AMINOISOCYANATE, 168
AMMONIA, 13 82 131 228 248
AMMONIUM BISULFIDE, 108
ANALYSIS, 7 16 26 28 30 64 71
101 106 117 126 130 135 144
152 159 168 171 173 181 182
184 209 211 218 219 238 243
245 247 249 250 251 253 254
255 263 264 283 293 294 310
346 347 354 370 391 392 394
399 411 422 427 436 454 457
459
ANILINE, 49 234 330
ANIMAL TESTING, 13 26 30 118
127 130 149 170 173 181 198
208 237
ANTHRACENE, 108
ANTI-SCORCH AGENT, 236 251
425 447
ANTIBODY, 28 92
ANTIDEGRADANT, 130
ANTIGEN, 197 219
ANTIOXIDANT, 13 118 130 154
225 234 250 288 314 319 330
332 342 353 379 425 447 458
468 470
ANTIOZONANT, 225
ANTITACK AGENT, 184
APPLICATION, 9 13 14 15 18 25
26 28 29 39 54 57 75 83 84 85
90 107 108 110 111 120 123
124 142 146 147 184 244 438
AQUEOUS, 21 147 266 275
ARAMID FIBRE, 417
AROMATIC, 181 255 316 342 454
AROMATIC AMINE, 130 173 199
AROMATIC OIL, 121 130 181 188
192
ARSENIC COMPOUND, 108
ARTIFICIAL SALIVA, 26 130
ARYLAMINE, 158
ASBESTOS, 44 71 101 108 173
208 258 437 441 475
ASBESTOSIS, 351 429
ASCORBIC ACID, 249 299
ASSOCIATION, 26 67 101 102
159 161 192 214 242 253 256
446
ASTHMA, 145 146 174 187 221
241 265 338
ASYMPTOTIC, 126
AUTOCLAVE, 27 48 228
121

AUTOMATION, 25 48 119 184
195 294 342 355 451 455
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION,
25 26 225
AZIRIDINYL COMPOUND, 108
B 390 399 417
BABY FEED BOTTLE, 135
BACTERICIDE, 438
BADGE, 428
BALLOON, 183 253 270
BAN, 22
BARIUM HYDROXIDE, 252
BARRIER PROPERTIES, 31 57 85
90 112 183
BASICITY, 250 254
BENTONITE, 184
BENZANTHRACENE, 181
BENZENE, 4 49 71 101 108 131
173 212 255 357 363 412 424
463 466
BENZIDINE, 108 158 173 304
BENZOFLUORANTHENE, 181
BENZOIC ACID, 250
BENZOPYRENE, 4 130 173 181
255 454
BENZOTHIAZOLE, 7 249
BENZOTHIAZOLE
SULFENAMIDE, 236 251 252
BENZYL CHLORIDE, 29
BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE, 288
314 319 468
BINDER, 21 142 144 244 245
BIOASSAY, 28
BIOAVAILABILITY, 188
BIOCOMPATIBILITY, 183
BIOFILTRATION, 201
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, 227
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, 223
BISDICHLOROACETYL
DIAMINE, 354
BITUMEN, 108
BLADDER, 154 202 319
BLISTERING, 184
BLOOMING, 190 250 251
BLOWING AGENT, 130 145 186
207 225 297 425 447 461
BORON COMPOUND, 245
BOTTLE, 135
BREATHING, 145 146
BREATHING APPARATUS, 95
146 459
BROMINE, 192
BROMOACETIC ACID, 108
BRONCHITIS, 416
BUILDING APPLICATION, 295
BURNING, 226
122
Subject Index
BUTADIENE, 127 149 157 160
173 212 336 340 356 360 361
389 397 400 401 406 409 411
414
BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE
COPOLYMER, 18 113 156 215
250 251 254 271 272 295 383
BUTADIENE-STYRENE
COPOLYMER, 8 25 113 188
225 243 250 251 252 254 255
271 272 295 349 356 383 400
415
BUTYL GLYCOL ACETATE, 244
BUTYL RUBBER, 15 250 383 426
BUTYLAMINE, 247
BUTYLBENZOTHIAZOLE
SULFENAMIDE, 247 248 249
BY-PRODUCT, 173 249 332
C CFC-113, 245 266
CABLE, 29 459 473 475
CADMIUM, 108 127 192 245
CALCIUM CARBONATE, 71 101
184 226
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, 252
CALCIUM OXIDE, 252
CALENDER, 274 333 408 470
CALENDERING, 115 184 233
CANCER, 33 58 94 154 194 202
203 204 259 262 264 286 288
319 335 360 361 362 364 365
366 367 420 421 431 445 466
468 470 472 473 475
CARBAMATE, 7 254
CARBIDE, 359
CARBOCATION, 26 102 198
CARBON BLACK, 26 41 44 51 53
71 86 101 102 103 104 113 118
130 141 167 170 178 180 200
201 210 214 225 243 250 252
254 271 272 273 279 311 332
342 433 464
CARBON DISULFIDE, 49 222
253 461
CARBON MONOXIDE, 212
CARBON SULFIDE, 71 101
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, 15
108 142 203 436
CARCINOGEN, 4 13 16 26 29 30
33 35 36 43 44 45 56 60 71 73
87 94 101 102 103 105 106 108
109 114 118 121 127 128 129
130 134 135 141 149 154 155
158 159 160 161 167 170 171
172 173 181 184 186 194 196
199 207 208 209 212 213 234
236 243 245 247 248 250 251
252 253 254 255 258 259 271
272 286 288 290 297 299 301
304 314 316 319 326 330 332
335 341 342 356 357 358 360
361 362 363 364 365 366 367
372 375 379 383 389 394 395
396 397 398 401 402 404 405
406 409 413 414 416 420 421
429 430 431 432 433 435 436
437 445 446 447 448 449 453
454 463 466 467 470 471 473
474
CARRIER, 318
CASE HISTORY, 142 193 194
CATHETER, 57 183 253 270 292
CBS, 7 16 126 249 250
CELLULAR MATERIAL, 17 130
145 321 363 425
CELLULOSE ACETATE, 108
CERAMIC FIBRE, 194
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, 21
132
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, 1 6 25
58 114 133 134 136 140 152
160 225 240 245 304 359
CHINA CLAY, 71 101
CHLORINATED RUBBER, 21 142
CHLORINATION, 18 27 142 228
CHLORINE, 192
CHLOROFLUOROCARBON, 245
266
CHLOROFORM, 15 108 436
CHLOROMETHANE, 15
CHLOROPRENE, 127 149 411
CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE,
411
CHROMATE, 245
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 3 7 26 71
86 101 106 130 135 144 293
337 346 457
CHRYSENE, 181
CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS, 108
CLASSIFICATION, 16 30 37 61
107 158 159 163 167 171 173
178 183 199 342
CLAY, 184 226 433
CLEAN ROOM, 350
CLEANING, 184 192 201 266
CLINOPTILOLITE, 34
CLOTHING, 28 78 83 138 146 174
390 417
COATED FABRIC, 426 456
COATING, 15 18 29 54 108 117
146 156 184 244 423 434
CODE OF PRACTICE, 38 226 283
333

COLD-FEED EXTRUSION, 184
COLOPHONY, 232
COLOURANT, 130 199
COLOURIMETRY, 144 182 346
347
COMBUSTION, 226 282 284 454
COMPOSITE, 117 155 172 184
194 196 234 241 271 283 416
COMPOUNDING, 38 41 119 151
184 214 216 285 317 376 419
427 433 435 447 455 472
COMPUTER AIDED
FORMULATION, 119
COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS
CONTROL, 48 119 455
CONCENTRATION, 29 32 106
113 182 193 216 217 218 223
244 263
CONCENTRATION
DEPENDENCE, 110
CONDOM, 39 57 112 164 182 183
270 292 362
CONFERENCE, 9 60 101 102 107
135 144 145 146 150 151 152
159 184 192 226 247 248 249
250 251 252 253 254 255 293
294 295 300 409 422 446
CONTACT TIME, 130
CONTAMINATION, 11 38 154
182 184 226 237 253 288 419
CONTINUOUS
VULCANISATION, 126
CONTRACEPTIVE, 26 39 57 112
164 253 270 292 362
CONTROL SYSTEM, 119 122 283
455
CONVERTER, 22
CONVEYING, 119 184 455
CORN STARCH, 61
CORROSION, 21 30 199 237 266
284 390
CREATINE, 223
CREOSOTE, 108
CURING, 27 41 49 86 91 131 155
156 201 214 220 231 235 246
254 293 295 299 304 374 440
CURING AGENT, 7 11 12 16 26
29 71 73 74 86 91 101 102 118
126 130 161 162 173 178 189
196 198 199 220 225 226 227
229 238 243 247 248 249 250
251 252 261 272 297 315 317
332 337 358 366 372 373 391
393 394 399 413 419 423 425
427 430 433 440 447 462 465
CURING TEMPERATURE, 7 102
118 126 248 251 252
CUTANEOUS, 20
Subject Index
CYANIDE, 8 245
CYCLOHEXANE, 43 71 101 181
255
CYCLOHEXYL
BENZOTHIAZOLE
SULFENAMIDE, 247 295
CYCLOHEXYL
BENZOTHIAZYL
SULPHENAMIDE, 7 16
CYCLOHEXYL
THIOPHTHALIMIDE, 249
CYCLOHEXYLAMINE, 249
CYTOTOXICITY, 34 298
D DIMETHYL AMINE, 71 101 243
DATABASE, 132 150 281
DBDPO, 68
DECABROMODIPHENYL
OXIDE, 68
DECAHYDRONAPHTHALENE,
254
DECANE, 244 254
DECOMPOSITION, 7 11 26 102
118 220 399 411 422
DEGRADATION, 73 188 229 411
422 433
DEGREASING, 245 266
DENTAL APPLICATION, 270 292
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID,
118
DEPROTEINISATION, 93 183
228
DERMATITIS, 20 85 143 166 206
286 462
DESIGN, 35 97 113 122 126 154
341 342 422
DESORPTION, 26 71 101 254 294
DETECTION LIMIT, 26 71 101
130 144 182 209
DETERGENT, 192 266
DETERMINATION, 209 273 370
DI-TERT-BUTYL-P-CRESOL, 7
DIALKYLAMINE, 118
DIAMINE, 168 347
DIAMINODIPHENYL, 108
DIANISIDINE, 158
DIAPHRAGM, 362
DIARYLPHENYLENE
DIAMINE, 458
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH, 34
DIBENZOFURAN, 311
DIBROMOMETHANE, 436
DIBUTYLAMINE, 168 254
DICHLOROBENZENE, 254
DICHLOROBENZIDINE, 158
DICHLOROETHYLENE, 108
DICHLOROMETHANE, 7 71 101
135 253 275 436
DICUMYL PEROXIDE, 226
DIETHANOLAMINE, 128
DIETHYLAMINE, 71 101 118 229
243 251 252 254
DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMIC
ACID, 102 118
DIHEXAMETHYLENETHIURAM
DISULFIDE, 251
DIIODOMETHANE, 436
DIISOBUTYLAMINE, 236 251
DIISOCYANATE, 145 146 392
DIISOPROPYL XANTHOGEN
DISULFIDE, 248
DIISOPROPYLAMINE, 251
249 251 252 254 275
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE, 307
DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE, 181
DIMETHYLAMINE, 71 101 243
275
DIMETHYLDISULFIDE, 131
DIOL, 440
1,4,-DIOXANE, 208
DIOXINE, 311
DIPHENYL ETHER, 7
DIPHENYL GUANIDINE, 16 126
249 462
DIPHENYL OXIDE, 68
DIPHENYL
PHENYLENEDIAMINE, 16
DIPHENYLMETHANE, 108
DIPHENYLMETHANE
DIISOCYANATE, 144 145 146
DIPPING, 55 156 162 184 378
DIPROPYLAMINE, 254
DIRECTIVE, 16 17 26 30 37 71 88
101 108 122 130 148 159 173
183 199 209 220 221
DISEASE, 70 145 146 288 341
DISINFECTANT, 438
DISULPHURAM, 354
DITHIOCARBAMATE, 126 236
248 249 250 251 252 253 317
DITHIODIMORPHOLINE, 126
249
DITHIOPHOSPHATE, 126 189
190 227
DNA, 118
DODECANE, 254
DOSE-RESPONSE, 145
DRYING, 184 217 353
DUMMY, 26 130 209 247 248 253
435
DUST, 17 28 70 71 72 134 144 167
180 183 184 233 286 343 367
399 403 416 433 445 452 459
464
123

DUST CONTROL, 184 185 279
343 353 399
DUST EXTRACTION, 459 464
DUST-FREE, 114 348
DUST-SUPPRESSED, 185 439
455
DYE, 232 234 347
E ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE
EAR MUFF, 459
EDUCATION, 276
EFFLUENT DISPOSAL, 184
ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 15
223 403
ELECTRICITY, 122
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY,
309
ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE,
176 320
ELUTION, 135 144 197
EMISSION, 15 43 46 47 48 49 71
101 108 114 126 142 144 157
173 191 192 201 211 212 233
244 247 248 249 250 252 254
255 290 293 343 357 363 374
454 461
EMISSION CONTROL, 72 101
134 231 233 260 322
EMPLOYEE, 29 37 107 111 112
123 147 157 158 163 169 170
208 212 213 223 234 237
ENDOCRINE, 37 54
ENDOTOXIN, 183
ENGINEERING APPLICATION,
421
ENVIRONMENT, 15 16 30 38 68
71 73 88 101 109 150 152 159
175 191 192 199 211 212 220
226 244 245 247 248 249 251
252 253 256 266 269 284 311
314 322 327 334 341 342 348
350 359 363 375 403 424 425
ENVIRONMENTAL
LEGISLATION, 16 71 157 207
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION, 21 25 30 71
101 114 147 192 220 253 259
260 281 311 341 342
ENZYME, 27 110 219
EPDM, 25 86 113 114 126 189 190
227 247 248 250 251 254 271
272 295 383
EPICHLOROHYDRIN, 71 101
EPIDEMIOLOGY, 16 32 43 45 52
144 180 194 208 213 255 259
267 286 400 416 453
EPOXY RESIN, 21 108 232 245
124
Subject Index
ERGONOMICS, 6 342
1,2-ETHANEDIAMINE, 237
ETHANOL, 26 130 135 224 234
ETHOXYETHANOL, 267
ETHYL METHYL
NITROSAMINE, 373
ETHYLAMIDE, 29
ETHYLBENZENE, 149
ETHYLENE THIOUREA, 433
COPOLYMER, 254 271
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-
DIENE TERPOLYMER, 25 86
113 114 126 189 190 227 247
248 250 251 254 271 272 295
383
ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE
COPOLYMER, 119
ETHYLIDENE NORBORNENE
TERPOLYMER, 126
EXAMINATION GLOVE, 27 90
156
EXPLOSION, 17 226 328 345 359
368 395 411 422
EXPLOSIVITY, 30 226
EXPOSURE, 36 42 43 45 46 48 50
154 170 180 187 193 237 263
264 267 294 297 343 344
EXPOSURE LEVEL, 29 37 71 72
134 145 157 167 169 172 173
185 186 208 209 212 222 223
224 226 231 241 242 253 330
332 336 389 396 397 398 399
401 404 405 406 412 413 439
EXPOSURE LIMIT, 12 16 29 30
37 71 88 101 121 127 144 145
146 147 148 149 158 160 173
207 222 223 233 234 242 247
248 249 251 252 253 254 259
267 399 413
EXPOSURE TIME, 145 242 416
EXTRACTABILITY, 27 61 183
217 218 293 435
EXTRACTION, 7 26 130 135 162
181 182 247 250 253 255 293
435
EXTRUSION, 184 233 250 405
EYE DAMAGE, 146 416
EYE IRRITATION, 30 145 146
226 284
EYE PROTECTION, 146
F
FEEDING, 17 119 184
FEEDSTOCK, 15 273
FIBER, 26 29 194 453
FIBER DIAMETER, 416
FIBRE GLASS, 144
FIBROUS FILLER, 194 437
FILLER, 26 35 36 50 52 53 64 71
86 94 101 102 103 104 108 113
118 119 130 141 167 178 180
184 200 201 209 210 214 225
243 250 252 254 271 275 279
311 315 317 342 348 365 366
425 433 447 464
FILM, 13 235 239
FILTER, 17 144 234
FILTRATION, 17 201 255
FIRE, 133 261 328 378 394
FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT, 459
FIRE HAZARD, 17 30 152 226
266 284 345 368 459
FIRE PROTECTION, 152 395
FIRST AID, 159 284
FLAME PROOFING, 8 68
FLAME RETARDANT, 8 68 192
225 318
FLAMMABILITY, 8 11 17 24 30
108 199 226 266 269 282 284
321 328 342 378 452 454 459
FLUORANTHENE, 181
FLUORIMETRY, 130
FLUORINE COMPOUND, 245
FOAM, 17 130 145 186 207 261
363 425
FOAMING, 184
FOAMING AGENT, 130 145
FOOD-CONTACT
APPLICATION, 26 38 130 235
253
FOOD PACKAGING, 253
FOOD SIMULANT, 26 130
FOODSTUFF, 13 130
FOOTWEAR, 428 462
FORK LIFT TRUCK, 187
FORMALDEHYDE, 71 101 130
203 208 264 308 449
FORMULATION, 13 41 47 74 117
119 211 216 238 244 427
FUME, 48 49 71 72 101 134 173
192 201 206 211 231 233 246
247 248 249 250 251 252 255
286 310 343 367 382 383 384
385 399 403 425 428 445 447
454 461 470
FUME REMOVAL EQUIPMENT,
185
FURFURAL, 29
FURNITURE, 213
G
GAS, 16 30 95 126 173 275 327 459
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 3 7

26 71 86 101 106 130 135 144
181 234 249 251 255 293 294
305 307 310 374 382 383 454
GAS EMISSION, 126 132 226 374
GAS EVOLUTION, 284 374 382
GAS OIL, 173
GASOLINE, 192
GENETIC ENGINEERING, 25
GENOTOXIC, 16 30 108
GLASS FIBRE, 144 194 234 416
GLOVE, 9 10 13 18 23 25 27 28 31
32 57 61 62 63 75 78 83 85 90
107 111 112 120 123 137 138
146 156 164 197 216 217 218
219 253 270 390 417 426 459
GLUCURONIDE, 337
GLYCOL ETHER, 267
GUANIDINE, 7
GUAYULE, 39 57 153
GUM STOCK, 248
H INDUCTION PERIOD, 7 419
HALF-LIFE, 144
HANDLING, 2 11 38 50 114 119
146 179 184 185 189 195 199
220 226 227 231 277 279 282
284 296 300 376 393 394 395
403 407 440 450 452 455
HAZARDOUS WASTE, 30 150
220 226
HEADSPACE
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 250
254 293
HEALTHCARE APPLICATION, 9
HEAT DEGRADATION, 131
HEATING, 118 126 135 145 146
226
HEAVY METAL, 130 184 192
HEAVY-VEHICLE TYRE, 25
HELIUM, 181
HEVEA BRASILIENSIS, 32 57 92
438
HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANE,
68
HEXACHLOROETHANE, 108
HEXAMETHYLENE IMINE, 251
HEXANE, 244 297
HEXATRIACONTANE, 118
HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 7 130
144
HIPPURIC ACID, 223
HISTORY, 230 253 319
HORMONE, 54
HOSE, 48 295
HUMIDITY, 47 130 144 184 234
HYDROCARBON, 19 101 130
Subject Index
142 173 181 200 201 255 454
HYDROCHLORIC ACID, 15
HYDROGEN SULFIDE, 131 461
HYDROLYSIS, 7 102 228 337
HYDROXYBENZENE, 108 130
HYGIENE, 144 145 152 159 177
213 262 294 297 403 417
HYPOALLERGENIC, 18 39 57 78
153 156
I L
IGNITION, 320 452
IMMERSION, 130 426
IMMUNOASSAY, 28 137 219
IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, 28 92
IMMUNOLOGY, 145 221
IMPLANT, 292 298 364
IMPURITY, 30 173
IN-VITRO, 92 221
IN-VIVO, 221
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE, 144 159
180 187 294 402
INDUSTRIAL INJURY, 159 163
195 222 274 341
INDUSTRIAL WELFARE, 163
INFLAMMATION, 34
INFORMATION SOURCE, 62 283
325 395 444 450
INGESTION, 118 284
INHALATION, 98 108 145 146
165 173 221 224 226 237 267
284 308 361 393 414 416 425
447
INHIBITOR, 125 209 272 332 427
INNER TUBE, 191 288
INSTALLATION, 119 122 464
INSTITUTION, 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 14 17
19 20 21 26 28 29 32 33 34 35
36 37 43 44 45 47 48 51 52 53
54 57 58 69 71 79 80 81 82 83
84 87 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 99
100 101 102 106 109 110 113
117 118 123 127 131 132 154
180 187 193 194 200 203 204
245 254 262 263 264 425 447
461
INSURANCE, 151
INTERNAL MIXER, 133
INTERNAL STANDARD, 7 135
181
INVENTORY, 25 150
IRRITANT, 20 30 90 110 129 145
146 166 199 221 226 284
ISOCYANATE, 144 145 146 168
187 221 232 261 282 297 300
338 346 347 393 395 423 440
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL, 173
ISOPROPYL PHENYL
PHENYLENE DIAMINE, 16
ISOTHIOCYANATE, 461
K
KAOLIN, 71 101
KETONE, 71 101 395
LABELLING, 11 14 16 22 30 61
108 111 122 147 159 173 199
205 220 226 228 284 316 342
395 411
LATENCY, 264
LATEX, 9 10 13 14 18 20 22 23 25
27 28 31 32 39 55 57 61 62 63
74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
84 90 92 93 107 110 111 112
120 124 137 138 139 153 156
161 162 164 174 182 183 197
205 209 215 216 217 218 219
228 235 239 244 248 253 270
292 298 417 427 438
LATEX SENSITIVITY, 22 28 39
57 93 110 120 139
LEACHING, 18 27 110 162 216
217 228
LEAD, 71 101 108 173 192
LEAKAGE, 144 364 395
LEAKPROOF, 30
LEGISLATION, 6 9 10 13 14 16
17 19 26 30 36 37 51 52 56 59
60 64 66 71 74 75 76 88 101
105 108 111 116 118 122 130
143 146 148 150 151 157 159
161 162 171 173 179 189 192
199 214 220 221 226 227 235
238 245 247 248 249 253 256
258 259 266 267 269 274 276
277 278 281 282 284 286 291
293 295 311 312 313 314 322
329 331 339 340 342 345 351
363 372 373 390 402 403 404
405 406 409 425 430 435 444
446 447 463
LEUKAEMIA, 409 463 466 471
LIABILITY, 23 63 120
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY, 7
130 144 454
LITIGATION, 23 63 156 322
LUBRICANT, 56 59 112
LYMPHOCYTE, 466
125

M METHYLENE CHLORIDE, 15
MACHINE GUARD, 286
MACHINERY, 17 88 119 122 151
152 159 163 231 274 286 291
329 333 341 342 355 377 403
408 418 451 455 464
MAGNESIUM, 21
MAINTENANCE, 119 122 151
152 184 192 233 341 381 403
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, 433
MASS SPECTROMETRY, 7 130
181 238 249 255 310 337 374
382 383 454
MASTERBATCH, 251 252 273
296
MASTICATION, 256
MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 18
25 37 56 59 73 74 84 87 91 112
114 117 125 142 147 153 156
162 173 174 188 190 192 215
228 235 245 250 266 317
MATERIALS HANDLING, 119
134 146 274 342
MBS, 273
MBT, 7 16 126 130
MDI, 144 145 146 261
MECHANISM, 26 94 101 102 113
118 254 271 411
MEDICAL APPLICATION, 14 15
18 28 39 57 75 83 84 85 90 107
110 111 120 123 124 215 219
235 239 253 270 292 298 362
435 465
MELAMINE RESIN, 108
MERCAPTAN, 131
MERCAPTOBENZTHIAZOLE, 7
16 86 126 130 249 462
MERCURY COMPOUND, 108
METABOLISM, 26 198
METABOLITE, 263 337
METHANOL, 15 71 101 135 275
METHOXYETHANOL, 267
METHOXYMETHYLETHOXY
PROPANOL, 29
METHOXYPROPANOL, 96
METHOXYPROPYL ACETATE,
29
METHYL CHLORIDE, 15
METHYL CHLOROFORM, 69
108
METHYL CYANOACRYLATE,
29
METHYL ETHYL KETONE, 96
METHYL ISOCYANATE, 169
METHYL METHACRYLATE, 411
METHYLBENZENE, 96
METHYLBENZOTHIAZOLE, 7
126
Subject Index
135 186 203 207 213 266 448
METHYLENEBIS(2-
CHLOROANILINE), 12 196
261 297 337 391 394 396 413
421 430
MIGRATION, 26 27 130 253 255
373
MILL, 274 333 355 377 418
MILLING, 134 405 418 443 464
470
MINERAL OIL, 316
MIXER, 119 274 451 455
MIXING, 41 113 119 134 151 184
256 285 374 376 443 451 455
464
MOCA, 12 196 261 297 394 396
421 430
MONITORING, 42 43 44 45 46 47
48 72 123 134 144 182 206 212
231 280 337 343 346 347 350
392 394 399 403 412 428 431
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, 197
MONOMER, 71 101 108 130 145
146 173 199 203 221 368 397
398 410 411 432 436 449
MORBIDITY, 154
MORDENITE, 34
MORPHOLINE, 71 101 243 249
251 252 254 275
MORPHOLINOTHIOBENZOTHIAZOLE,
295
MORTALITY, 58 180 193 203 262
264 288 365 366 367 415 416
420 431 445 449 466
MUTAGEN, 248 252 383 398 458
MUTAGENICITY, 16 30 108 173
398 458
N 118 126 130 229 248 249 250
N-OXYDIETHYLENE
DITHIOCARBAMYL-N’-
OXYDIETHYLENE
SULPHENAMIDE, 273
N-OXYDIETHYLENE
DITHIOCARBAMYL-N’-
TERTIARYBUTYL
SULPHENAMIDE, 273
NAPHTHA, 173 214 253
NAPHTHALENE, 108 181
NAPHTHALENE
DIISOCYANATE, 187 442
NAPHTHENE, 171
NAPHTHENIC OIL, 255 285
NAPHTHYLAMINE, 108 173 304
NATURAL RUBBER, 9 10 13 18
20 22 25 27 28 32 55 61 62 63
75 76 77 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
90 92 93 107 111 112 113 117
124 137 139 142 153 156 157
162 174 182 183 197 215 216
217 218 219 228 235 238 239
247 248 249 250 251 253 254
271 272 285 292 295 298 373
383 417 427 435 438 467
NBR, 113 156 215 271 272 383
NEOPRENE, 18 149 215 228 390
426 433 452
NICKEL, 108 173
NICKEL SULFATE, 462
NIP, 345
NIPPLE, 26 130 135 162
NITRATE, 71 101
NITRILE RUBBER, 18 156 250
251 254 295 390 399 417
NITRITE, 26 71 101
NITROBENZALDEHYDE, 108
NITROBENZENE, 234
NITROGEN DIOXIDE, 131 212
229
NITROGEN OXIDE, 26 71 101
102 118 130 135 227 248 249
250 252 254 275
NITROGEN TETROXIDE, 229
NITROSAMINE, 3 4 13 26 41 44
71 73 74 86 87 91 101 102 106
109 113 118 126 130 135 155
161 162 165 192 198 209 214
225 227 229 235 236 243 247
248 249 250 251 252 253 254
259 271 272 273 275 286 293
294 295 296 299 315 317 332
341 342 373 404 435
NITROSAMINE-FREE, 126 135
189 190 192 238 247 248 249
250
NITROSATION, 26 71 101 102
251 252 253 254 259 271 273
275
NITROSO COMPOUND, 229 427
NITROSOAMINE, 3 4 13 26 41 44
71 73 74 86 87 91 101 102 106
109 113 118 126 130 135 155
161 162 165 192 198 209 214
225 227 229 235 236 243 247
248 249 250 251 252 253 254
259 271 272 273 275 286 293
294 295 296 299 311 315 317
332 341 342 372 373 404 427
435 461 465 468
NITROSOBENZENE POLYMER,
458
NITROSODIBENZYLAMINE, 26
NITROSODIBUTYLAMINE, 26

135 251
NITROSODIETHYLAMINE, 26
118 135 229
NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE, 26
113 118 126 135 251 275
NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE,
468
NITROSODIPROPYLAMINE, 26
135 251
NITROSOHEXAMETHYLENE
IMINE, 251
NITROSOMORPHOLINE, 26 135
247 251 252 273 275 468
NITROXYL RADICAL, 130
NOISE, 88 206 222 369
NOISE ABATEMENT, 88 313 339
342 345 369 402 459
NON-TOXIC, 21 87 247 316
O 468
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE,
32 95 96 98
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
STANDARD, 127 147 148 149
157 158 194 200 203 204 212
222 223 224 233 234
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE, 99
147 187
OCTABROMODIPHENYL
OXIDE, 68
ODOUR, 142 248 256
OIL, 119 130 171 181 192 255
OLFACTOMETRY, 256
OLIVE OIL, 26 130
ORGANIC PEROXIDE, 11 220
226
ORGANOTIN COMPOUND, 108
ORTHOTOLUIDINE, 234 330
OXYDIETHYLENE
DITHIOCARBAMYL-
OXYDIETHYLENE
SULPHENAMIDE, 273
OXYDIETHYLENE
DITHIOCARBAMYL-
TERTIARYBUTYL
SULPHENAMIDE, 273
OZONE DEPLETION, 16 30 266
297
P POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
PACKAGING, 16 22 30 108 111
119 342
PACKAGING OF CHEMICALS,
16 30 108 119 184 199 220 284
PAINT, 54 108 142 146 244 305 434
Subject Index
PALMITIC ACID, 7
PARAFFIN OIL, 130 173 181 255
PARAPHENYLENE DIAMINE,
462
PELLET, 184
PENICILLAMINE, 354
PENTABROMODIPHENYL
OXIDE, 68
PENTACHLOROPHENOL, 108
PENTANOL, 244
PERCHLOROETHYLENE, 69 266
PEROXIDE, 11 130 201 220 226
235 247 248 411 419 461
PERSONAL SAFETY AID, 97
PERYLENE, 181
PESTICIDE, 234
PETROLEUM, 173 181 255
PHENOL, 108 130
PHENYL BETA-
NAPHTHYLAMINE, 154 379
PHOSPHATE, 108 189 190
PHOSPHORUS, 125 310
PHTHALATE, 54
PIGMENT, 21 108 130 184 192
PIPERIDINE, 243 252 254
PLANT SHUTDOWN, 142 163
PLASTICISER, 54 130 171 181
214 225 316 368 425 447
POLLUTION, 16 28 30 32 38 71
95 97 101 142 144 148 157 201
212 220 226 244 247 248 249
250 251 252 253 255 259 284
311 322 327 346 347 363 374
375 378 380 382 391 392 396
399 412 425 429 439 442 445
449 454 455 456 461 464 466
POLLUTION CONTROL, 72 185
212 256 464
POLY-P-DINTROSOBENZENE,
458
POLYACRYLAMIDE, 92
POLYBUTADIENE, 25 142 250
251 252 255 295
POLYBUTYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE, 108
POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYL, 108 375 436
POLYCHLOROPRENE, 18 149
156 215 228 390 417 426 433
452
HYDROCARBON, 121 130
173 181 188 255 286 316
POLYETHYLENE, 108 119 142
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE, 108
POLYISOPRENE, 7 118
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC
HYDROCARBON, 71
POLYOXYMETHYLENE, 249
POLYPROPYLENE, 108 142
POLYSTYRENE, 108 245
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE,
144
POLYURETHANE, 12 60 108 112
134 144 145 146 168 186 196
207 215 237 261 282 297 300
331 346 347 363 364 391 392
393 394 395 396 413 421 423
430 440 448
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 18 108
174 215
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE, 462
POWDER, 14 17 50 61 101 107
108 111 112 123 173 183 184
279 376 386 399 422
POWDER-FREE, 31 61
PROCESSING, 3 15 71 88 101 109
113 122 131 142 146 158 159
184 206 210 218 233 244 245
282 327 332 342 387 393 419
425 447 455
PRODUCT LIABILITY, 23 63 120
PRODUCTION, 13 25 53 88 158
200 210 235 272 273 332 359
363
PROPYLENE GLYCOL ETHER, 267
PROSTHESIS, 364
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, 40
146 164 173 185 270 278 390
426 459
PROTEIN, 14 18 20 28 55 75 76
77 78 79 80 81 90 93 110 137
138 139 162 174 182 197 205
215 216 217 218 219 228
PROTEIN REMOVAL, 23 55 110
124 182
PROTEIN SENSITIVITY, 10 25
27 61 110 120 156 183
PVC, 18 108 174 215 390 399 417
455
PYRIDINE, 128
Q
QUALITY CONTROL, 42 119 135
144 150 175 183 184 192 219
220 294
QUARTZ, 34 94 184 245
R
RADIAL TYRE, 25
RADIATION CURING, 27 156
127

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY, 28
REGULATION, 6 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 19 36 38 51 52 56 59 60 61
64 66 68 75 76 105 111 116 130
134 143 156 157 161 162 178
179 185 205 207 209 214 227
233 235 238 241 242 245 256
258 259 260 266 267 269 276
277 278 279 280 281 282 283
291 300 311 312 313 314 316
322 329 331 332 334 336 339
340 345 348 351 355 357 360
372 373 376 390 396 398 401
402 404 405 406 409 427 430
435 437 439 446 448 456 463
465
REINFORCED PLASTIC, 117 172
194 196 234 241 283
REINFORCED RUBBER, 271
REINFORCEMENT, 210 416
REPAIR, 140 467
REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY, 6
RESIDUAL ADDITIVE, 130
RESIDUAL CURING AGENT,
130
RESIDUAL MONOMER, 130
RESIDUE, 7 173 181 184
RESORCINOL, 101 371
RESORCINOL
FORMALDEHYDE RESIN,
117
RESPIRATION, 50 221
RESPIRATOR, 40 95 146 336 459
RESPIRATORY DISEASE, 70 145
146 180 184 194 200 205 221
261 297 338 416 423 442
RESPONSIBLE CARE, 114 192
RETREADING, 67 72 134 188 312
REVIEW, 5 20 75 83 84 90 91 94
106 110 125 154 171 177 178
180 193 194 200 210 211 227
230 262 270 283 286 288 304
310 311 344 346 370 372 395
399 403 423 436 447 457 461
RISK ASSESSMENT, 16 29 30 37
46 71 98 99 100 112 122 156
159 169 170 172 173 183 192
203 204 208
ROCK WOOL, 194
ROUND ROBIN TEST, 253
S SOLVENT RECOVERY, 456
SAFETY DEVICE, 17 40 122 152
408 418 451 459
SAFETY GLOVE, 146
SAFETY GOGGLES, 459
SAFETY GUARD, 122 345 451
128
Subject Index
SAFETY HELMET, 459
SALT BATH VULCANISATION,
26 118
SAMPLING, 26 71 97 101 134 144
146 152 247 251 263 346 382
384 385 391 392
SBR, 8 25 113 188 225 243 250
251 252 254 255 271 272 295
349 356 383 400 415
SCAVENGER, 209 247 248 250 299
SCORCH, 126 248 249 251 295
SCREENING, 144 187 231
SCRUBBER, 201
SECONDARY AMINE, 26 71 87
101 102 118 126 130 135 247
248 249 250 251 252 254 271
275 317
SENSITISATION, 30 145 221 371
SENSITIVITY, 16 22 28 39 57 93
110 120 139 205 228
SERUM, 92
SILICA, 26 34 35 36 50 51 55 64
70 71 94 101 118 214 225 250
SILICONE RUBBER, 26 130 228
253 364 435 456
SILICOSIS, 94
SKIN, 96
SKIN IRRITATION, 20 90 110 129
145 146 166 221 226 248 284
371 416 423 425 447
SKIN-CONTACT, 108 144 145
146 221 255 267
SMOKE GENERATION, 8 24
SMOKING, 366
SOAPSTONE, 441
SODIUM DODECYLSULPHATE,
92
SODIUM HYDROXIDE, 378
SODIUM NITRITE, 378
SOLVENT, 7 15 19 26 43 65 66 69
71 89 95 96 101 108 128 135
145 147 173 181 186 192 193
203 206 208 222 223 224 234
237 245 246 253 254 263 266
267 275 286 287 290 302 303
305 306 307 309 324 327 328
345 357 363 367 368 393 395
410 411 412 425 428 434 436
445 447 448 452 463 466 471
474
SOLVENT EXTRACTION, 7 26
135 181 209 247 253 456
SOUND ATTENUATION, 88
SOXHLET EXTRACTION, 7 26
135
SPILLAGE, 145 146 260 284 395
SPRAYING, 144 145 146
SQUALENE, 118
STANDARD, 6 7 12 17 29 42 51
61 88 90 122 135 157 175 183
192 199 209 212 253 261 291
325 332 340 342 350 355 357
368 369 377 380 396 401 408
412 413 418 424 444 463
STATIC ELECTRICITY, 452
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, 34 69
204 262 294 431
STATISTICS, 1 2 11 15 25 27 53
56 58 134 140 147 156 160 164
169 170 191 195 200 205 225
232 234 257 265 270 274 286
312 330 336 339 360 361 388
399 429 473
STEAM, 144
STEARIC ACID, 7 102 118 250
273
STERILISATION, 85
STORAGE, 11 13 16 17 27 119
151 199 220 226 228 229 252
253 254 269 273 284 300 372
403 411 419 440 455
STRONTIUM, 21
STYRENE, 203 222 349 411
STYRENE EMISSION, 172
SULFENAMIDE, 7 26 102 118
189 192 248 249 250 251 252
295 372
SULFONAMIDE, 126
SULFUR, 7 26 102 118 126 130
201 247 249 250 251 252 272
315
SULFUR DIOXIDE, 131 212
SURGICAL APPLICATION, 18 25
27 28 31 57 61 75 83 85 90 111
292 298 362 364 435 465
SURGICAL GLOVE, 18 25 27 28
31 57 61 75 83 85 90 174 182
183 205 216 217 228 239 292
SWELLING, 248 433
SYNERGISM, 248 250 251
SYNTHETIC FIBRE, 194
SYRINGE, 183
T
TALC, 44 71 101 112 365 366 441
TAPPING, 32 438
TAR, 173 192
TASTE, 248
TDI, 144 145 146 168 261 347 393
TEAT, 26 130 135 162 183 209 247
248 253 373 435 465
TERATOGEN, 433
TERTIARY AMINE, 251 252
TETRABENZYLTHIURAM

DISULFIDE, 126 247 248 250
295
TETRACHLOROETHANE, 108
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE, 69
TETRACHLOROMETHANE, 15
108 142 203
TETRAETHYLTHIURAM
DISULFIDE, 16 102 118 358
TETRAETHYLTHIURAM
DISULPHIDE, 16 102 118 358
TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, 411
TETRAHYDROFURAN, 96 149
TETRAISOBUTYLTHIURAM
DISULFIDE, 236 251
TETRAISOBUTYLTHIURAM
MONOSULFIDE, 236 251
TETRAISOPROPYLTHIURAM
DISULFIDE, 251
TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM
DISULFIDE, 13 41 86 247 248
249 251 458
TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM
MONOSULFIDE, 462
TEXTILE, 108 237 378
THERMAL DEGRADATION, 7
26 131 168 216 226 433
THERMAL EXTRACTION, 26
THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMER, 130
THIOCARBAMYL
SULFENAMIDE, 227 252
THIOUREA, 102
THIRAM, 13 41 86
THIURAM, 7 26 102 118 221 247
249 251 252 254
THIURAM DISULFIDE, 236 248
251 252 295
THRESHOLD VALUE, 26 30 71 101
144 146 247 248 249 253 255 284
368 393 410 425 447 463
TISSUE, 193
TITANIUM, 21 70
TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 51
TMTD, 13 41 71 86 113 126 458
TOCOPHEROL, 249 250 251 252
272 299
TOLUENE, 96 131 181 222 223
287 306 324 426 456
TOLUENE DIAMINE, 168
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE, 144
145 146 168 261 338 347 392
393
TONER, 210
TOXICOLOGY, 52 68 192 210 259
281 395
TOYS, 10 26 108 183 253
TRADE UNION, 152 404 463
TRAINING, 116 136 151 152 159
Subject Index
195 260 274 276 280 342 352
444
TRANSPORTATION, 11 25 184
220 226 284 300
TREAD, 454
TRIAZINE, 189 227
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID, 263
TRICHLOROBENZENE, 29
TRICHLOROETHANE, 69 108
266
TRICHLOROETHANOL, 263
TRICHLOROETHYLENE, 69 147
193 222 245 263 266 302 303
TRIMETHYLPENTANEDIOL
DIISOBUTYRATE, 244
TUMOUR, 173 247
TYRE, 25 33 48 59 67 72 87 91
102 117 134 140 154 157 159
180 183 184 188 191 214 225
231 234 250 255 262 288 295
296 304 312 314 319 331 342
351 363 365 367 371 385 412
429 431 437 441 442 443 458
466 467 470 472
TYRE INDUSTRY, 6 25 357 429
441 471 472
U WATER SOLUBLE, 110 182 183
UREA, 249 250
UREA RESIN, 108
URINE, 337
V 203 204 265 332 341 344 407
VAPOUR, 71 95 101 144 145 146
173 201 266 267 393 399 428
456 459
VAPOUR DEGREASING, 263
VAPOUR PRESSURE, 144 145
146
VENTILATION, 146 185 233 244
246 249 279 284 342 345 393
395 399
VENTING, 226 422
VINYL ACETATE, 244 411
VINYL CHLORIDE, 71 101 108
173 411
VINYL CYANIDE, 71 101
VINYL PYRIDENE, 411
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE, 411
436
VIRUS, 57
VITAMIN E, 118 332
VITREOUS, 194
VOLATILITY, 7 26 71 101 108
130 132 135 155 211 244 247
248 249 252 253 327 399 456
461
VULCANISATE, 7 113 126 130
132 209 210 248 250 251 252
272 273
VULCANISATION, 7 13 26 41 49
71 87 101 102 114 118 126 130
135 192 211 220 226 233 243
246 247 248 249 250 251 252
253 254 272 273 275 293 295
299 310 315 327 332 343 382
383 384 385 399 405 425 427
447 461
W
WASHING, 184 270
WASTE, 30 152 184 191 192 220
226 284
WASTE DISPOSAL, 25 150 184
188 220 226 282 284 342 375
394 440
WASTE REDUCTION, 114 150
152 192
WATER, 7 26 130 144 192 275 394
WATER POLLUTION, 16 30 188
220 226 259
WATER-BASED, 192
WAX, 119 173
WEIGHING, 119 134 135 181 279
376 455
WOOD FLOUR, 108
WORKING CONDITIONS, 193
424
X
XANTHATE, 227
XANTHOGEN DISULFIDE, 247
XANTHOGENATE, 189
XYLENE, 96 222 287 309 466
Z
ZINC, 21 184
ZINC BORATE, 192
ZINC
DIBENZYLDITHIOCARBAMATE,
247 248 317
ZINC
DIBUTYLDITHIOCARBAMATE,
16 126 247 248 435
ZINC
DIBUTYLDITHIOPHOSPHATE,
126 249 250
129
 Subject Index

ZINC DICYANATODIAMINE,
250 272
ZINC
DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE,
16 102 118 247 248 435
ZINC
DIISONONYLDITHIOCARBAMATE,
248
ZINC
DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE,
247
ZINC DITHIOCARBAMATE, 26
118 247 248 249 251
ZINC DITHIOPHOSPHATE, 247
ZINC OXIDE, 7 13 16 71 101 102
118 184 251 272 273
ZINC STEARATE, 71 101 184
ZINC SULFIDE, 102

130