Glass casting

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A cast glass sculpture from a kiln firing

Glass casting is the process in which glass objects are cast by directing molten glass into a mould where it solidifies. The

technique has been used since the Egyptian period. Modern cast glass is formed by a variety of processes such as kiln casting,

or casting into sand, graphite or metal moulds.

Contents
  [hide] 

1 History

o 1.1 Roman period

2 Modern Techniques

o 2.1 Sand casting

o 2.2 Kiln casting

 2.2.1 Pâte de

verre

 2.2.2 Graphite

Casting

3 See also

4 References

[edit]History
[edit]Roman period

Roman cast-glass plate from the 3rd century, found in Cyprus.

During the Roman period moulds consisting of two or more interlocking parts were used to create blank glass dishes. Glass

could be added to the mould either by frit casting, where the mould was filled with chips of glass (called frit) and then heated to

melt the glass, or by pouring molten glass into the mould.[1] Evidence from Pompeii suggests that molten hot glass may have

been introduced as early as the mid-1st century CE.[1] Blank vessels were then annealed, fixed to lathesand cut and polished

on all surfaces to achieve their final shape. [2] Pliny the Elder indicates in his Natural History (36.193) that lathes were used in

the production of most glass of the mid-1st century.

Italy is believed to have been the source of the majority of early Imperial polychrome cast glass, whereas monochrome cast

glasses are more predominant elsewhere in the Mediterranean.[3] Forms produced show clear inspiration from the

Roman bronze and silver industries, and in the case of carinated bowls and dishes, from the ceramic industry. [4] Cast vessel

forms became more limited during the late 1st century, but continued in production into the second or third decade of the 2nd

century.[2] Colourless cast bowls were widespread throughout the Roman world in the late 1st and early 2nd century CE, and

may have been produced at more than one centre. [3] Some revival of the casting technique appears in the third or 4th century,

but appears to have produced relatively small numbers of vessels[2]

[edit]Modern Techniques
[edit]Sand casting
Sand casting involves the use of hot molten glass poured directly into a preformed mould. [5] It is a process similar to casting

metal into a mould. The sand mould is typically prepared by using a mixture of clean sand and a small proportion of the water-

absorbing clay bentonite. Bentonite acts as a binding material. In the process, a small amount of water is added to the sand-

bentonite mixture and this is well mixed and sifted before addition to an open topped container. A template is prepared

(typically made of wood, or a found object or even a body part such as a hand or fist) which is tightly pressed into the sand to

make a clean impression. This impression then forms the mould.

The surface of the mould can be covered in coloured glass powders or frits to give a surface colour to the sand cast glass

object. When the mould preparation is complete hot glass is ladled from the furnace at temperatures of about 1200 C to allow it
to freely pour. The hot glass is poured directly into the mould. During the pouring process, glass or compatible objects may be

placed to later give the appearance of floating in the solid glass object. [6] This very immediate and dynamic method was

pioneered and perfected in the 1980s by the Swedish artist Bertil Vallien.

[edit]Kiln casting
Kiln casting involves the preparation of a mould which is often made of plaster or plaster mixtures. [7] A model can be made of

any solid material such as wax, wood or metal and after taking a cast of the model, (a process called investment), the model is

removed from the mould. One method of forming a mould is by the Cire perdue or "lost wax" method. Using this, a model can

be made from wax and after investment the wax can be steamed or burned away in a kiln. The heat resistant mould is then

placed in a kiln with a funnel like refractory opening which is filled with solid glass granules or lumps. The kiln is heated to a

high temperature, normally between 800 and 1000 degrees Celsius, and as the glass melts it runs, settling into and filling the

mould.

Such kiln cast work could be made of very large proportions and was famously brought to a zenith in the glass art world by the

famous works of the Czechoslovakian masters Stanislav Libensky and Jaroslava Brychtova.[8] Kiln cast glass has become an

important material for contemporary artists and has been brought to new zeniths, as can be seen in the works of Karen

LaMonte.[9]

[edit]Pâte de verre

Three pate de verre vessels.

Pâte de verre is another form of kiln casting and literally translated means glass paste. [7][10] In this process, finely crushed glass

is mixed with a binding material, such as a mixture of gum arabic and water, and often with colourants and enamels. The

resultant paste is applied to the inner surface of a negative mould forming a coating. After the coated mould is fired at the

appropriate temperature the glass is fused creating a hollow object that can have thick or thin walls depending on the thickness

of the pate de verre layers. Daum, a French commercial crystal manufacturer, produce highly sculptural pieces in pate de verre.
[11]

[edit]Graphite Casting
 Graphite is also used in the hot forming of glass. Graphite moulds are prepared by carving into them, machining them into

curved forms or by stacking them into shapes. Molten glass is poured into the moulds then cooled until hard enough to be

removed and placed into an annealing kiln to cool slowly.

[edit]See also

 Glass art

[edit]References

1. ^ a b Stern, E.M., Roman Mould-blown Glass, Rome, Italy: L'Erma di Fretshneidur in

association with the Toledo Museum of Art.

2. ^ a b c Grose, D.F., Early Imperial Roman cast glass: The translucent coloured and colourless

fine wares, in Roman Glass: two centuries of art and invention, M. Newby and K. Painter, Editors. 1991,

Society of Antiquaries of London: London.

3. ^ a b Price, J., A survey of the Hellenistic and early Roman vessel glass found on the

Unexplored Mansion Site at Knossos in Crete, in Annales du 11e Congres. 1990: Amsterdam.

4. ^ Allen, D., Roman Glass in Britain, ed. J. Dyer. 1998, Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire:

Shire Publications.

5. ^ Henry Halem (1996) Glass Notes (3rd Edition). Franklin Mills Press

6. ^ Linda R Fraser Sculpture - Sandcast Glass Design Process and Art

7. ^ a b Peter Layton (1996) Glass Art. Craftsman House

8. ^ Dan Klein (1989) Glass A Contemporary Art. William Collins Sons and Co

9. ^ Bell, Nicholas. "In Conversation: Nicholas Bell on Karen LaMonte". Smithsonian Museum of

American Art. Retrieved 18 September 2011.

10. ^ Pate De Verre

11. ^ Clemente, Maribeth (2001). The Riches of Paris: A Shopping and Touring Guide. St. Martin's

Press. pp. 130. ISBN 0312269072.

[hide]

 V

 T

 E
Glass forming techniques
Commercial techniques
Float glass process
  

Blowing and pressing (containers)

Extrusion / Drawing (fibers, glasswool)

Drawing (optical fibers)

Precision glass moulding

Overflow downdraw method

Pressing

Casting

Cutting

Flame polishing

Chemical polishing

Diamond turning

Rolling
Artistic and historic techniques
Beadmaking

Blowing

Blown plate

Broad sheet

Caneworking

Crown glass

 
 Cylinder blown sheet

Engraving

Etching

Fourcault process

Fusing

Lampworking

Machine drawn cylinder sheet

Millefiori

Polished plate

Slumping

Stained glass fusing

Stained glass production

Glossary of glass art terms

See also  

Glass recycling

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