Manufacturing

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Assembly of Section 41 of a Boeing 787 Dreamliner

Manufacturing is a process which involves tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may
refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied
to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed intofinished goods on a large scale. Such
finished goods may be used for manufacturing other, more complex products, such as aircraft,household
appliances or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to
end users – the "consumers".

Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems. In a free market economy, manufacturing
is usually directed toward themass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist
economy, manufacturing is more frequently directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In
free market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of governmentregulation.
Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a
product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the
term fabrication instead.

The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major

manufacturers in North Americainclude General Motors Corporation, General Electric, and Pfizer.
Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia
include Toyota, Samsung, and Bridgestone.

Contents
  [hide] 

1 History and development

o 1.1 Manufacturing systems: changes in methods of

manufacturing

2 Industrial policy

o 2.1 Economics of manufacturing

o 2.2 Manufacturing and investment

3 Manufacturing processes

4 Manufacturing categories

5 Theories

6 Control

7 See also

8 References

9 Sources

10 External links

[edit]History and development

 In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single

skilled artisan with assistants. Training was by apprenticeship. In much of
the pre-industrial world the guild system protected the privileges and trade
secrets of urban artisans.

 Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural

areas, where household-based manufacturing served as a supplemental
subsistence strategy to agriculture (and continues to do so in places).
 Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a
single enterprise through the putting-out system.

 Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized

equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second
firm.
[edit]Manufacturing systems: changes in methods of manufacturing

 Craft or Guild system

 Tropicana system

 English system of manufacturing

 American system of manufacturing

 Soviet collectivism in manufacturing

 Mass production

 Just In Time manufacturing

 Lean manufacturing

 Flexible manufacturing

 Mass customization

 Agile manufacturing

 Rapid manufacturing

 Prefabrication

 Packaging and labeling

 Ownership

 Fabrication

 Publication
[edit]Industrial policy

Main article:  industrial policy

[edit]Economics of manufacturing
According to some economists, manufacturing is a wealth-producing sector of an economy, whereas
a service sector tends to be wealth-consuming.[1][2] Emerging technologies have provided some new growth
in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States.
Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and fornational defense.

On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-
up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it.
Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. Developed countries regulate manufacturing
activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to
regulations and pollution taxes to offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities. Labor
Unions and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages.
Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in
the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing.

Manufacturing may require huge amounts of fossil fuels. Automobile construction requires, on average, 20
barrels of oil.[3]

[edit]Manufacturing and investment

Surveys and analyses of trends and issues in manufacturing and investment around the world focus on
such things as:

 the nature and sources of the considerable variations that occur cross-
nationally in levels of manufacturing and wider industrial-economic
growth;

 competitiveness; and

 attractiveness to foreign direct.

In addition to general overviews, researchers have examined the features and factors affecting particular
key aspects of manufacturing development. They have compared production and investment in a range of
Western and non-Western countries and presented case studies of growth and performance in important
individual industries and market-economic sectors.[4][5]

On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its
manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too
much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive
demand.[6] A total of 3.2 million – one in six U.S. manufacturing jobs – have disappeared between 2000 and
2007.[7] In the UK, EEF the manufacturers organisation has led calls for the UK economy to be rebalanced
to rely less on financial services and has actively promoted the manufacturing agenda.

[edit]Manufacturing processes

 List of manufacturing processes

 Manufacturing Process Management

[edit]Manufacturing categories
 Chemical industry

 Pharmaceutical

 Construction

 Electronics

 Semiconductor

 Engineering

 Manufacturing engineering

 Production engineering

 Process Engineering

 Industrial Engineering

 Biotechnology

 Emerging technologies

 Nanotechnology

 Synthetic biology, Bioengineering

 Energy industry

 Food and Beverage

 Agribusiness

 Brewing industry

 Food processing

 Industrial design

 Interchangeable parts

 Metalworking

 Smith

 Machinist

 Machine tools

 Cutting tools (metalworking)

 Free machining

 Tool and die maker

 Global steel industry trends

 Steel production

 Metalcasting

 Plastics

 Telecommunications
  Textile manufacturing

 Clothing industry

 Sailmaker

 Tentmaking

 Pulp and paper industry

 Transportation

 Aerospace manufacturing

 Automotive industry

 Bus manufacturing

 Tire manufacturing

 Shipbuilding
[edit]Theories

 Taylorism/Scientific management

 Fordism
[edit]Control

 Management

 List of management topics

 Total Quality Management

 Quality control

 Six Sigma
[edit]See also

Main article:  Outline of manufacturing

 Howstuffismade
[edit]References

1. ^ Friedman, David (2006). "No Light at the End of the Tunnel". Los

Angeles Times. New America Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-12.

2. ^ Joseph, Keith (1976). "Monetarism Is Not Enough". Center for Policy

Studies. Margaret Thatcher Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-12.

3. ^ "World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected, warn
scientists". The Independent. June 14, 2007.
 4. ^ Manufacturing & Investment Around The World: An International
Survey Of Factors Affecting Growth & Performance, ISR

Publications/Google Books, revised second edition, 2002. ISBN 978-0-

906321-25-6.

5. ^ Research, Industrial Systems (2002-05-20). Manufacturing and

Investment Around the World: An International Survey of Factors

Affecting Growth and Performance. ISBN 9780906321256.

6. ^ Bailey, David and Soyoung Kim (June 26, 2009).GE's Immelt says U.S.
economy needs industrial renewal.UK Guardian.. Retrieved on June 28,

2009.

7. ^ "Factory jobs: 3 million lost since 2000". USATODAY.com. April 20,

2007.

[edit]Sources

1. Kalpakjian, Serope; Steven Schmid (August 2005). Manufacturing,

Engineering & Technology. Prentice Hall. pp. 22–36, 951–
988. ISBN 0-1314-8965-8.
[edit]External links

Look up manufacturing in
Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has

media related
to: Manufacturing

 Cato Institute article:Thriving in a Global Economy: The Truth about U.S.

Manufacturing and Trade

 How Everyday Things Are Made: video presentations.

 TIME Magazine article on American manufacturing's global effectiveness

 Grant Thornton IBR 2008 Manufacturing industry focus

 MFGWatch - Quarterly Survey of North American Manufacturers

 - EEF, the manufacturers' organisation - industry group representing uk

manufacturers
  - Industry Today - Industrial and Manufacturing Methodologies

[show]

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