Lab Manual

STUDY OF FLOW BOILING UNIT

MISS ATIYA SADIQ

HITEC UNIVERISTY TAXILA 

Thermodynamics Lab ManualPrepared By: Miss Atiya Sadiq

 HITEC University Taxila
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Lab Manual

Study of Flow Boiling Unit

Objective:
a) Study of phases of Boiling.

b) Study of boiling by increasing the flow rate of heated water.

c) Study of boiling by increasing temperature of boiling water.

d) Study reduction in boiling point by decreasing the pressure.

e) Study of rate of condensation of the refrigerant with the temperature of water

running in the coil type condenser.

Theory:
In this experiment as we are discussing boiling point evaporation and
condensation. We first know what these terms actually are.

- Boiling:

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor

pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid
changes into a vapor.

A liquid in a vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is
at atmospheric pressure. A liquid at high-pressure has a higher boiling point
than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. In other words, the boiling
point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental
pressure. For a given pressure, different liquids boil at different temperatures.

Thermodynamics Lab ManualPrepared By: Miss Atiya Sadiq

 The normal boiling point (also called the atmospheric boiling point or
the atmospheric pressure boiling point) of a liquid is the special case in which
the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea
level, 1 atmosphere. At that temperature, the vapor pressure of the liquid
becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and allow bubbles of
vapor to form inside the bulk of the liquid. The standard boiling point is now
(as of 1982) defined by IUPAC as the temperature at which boiling occurs
under a pressure of 1 bar.

- Evaporation:

Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from

the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the
evaporating substance. The other type of vaporization is boiling, which is
characterized by bubbles of saturated vapor forming in the liquid phase. Steam
produced in a boiler is another example of evaporation occurring in a saturated
vapor phase.

For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near

the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic
energy to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces. When only a small
proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, the rate of evaporation is low.
Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature,
evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures. As the faster-
moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic
energy, and the temperature of the liquid decreases. This phenomenon is also
called evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the human
body. Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates
between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure.

Vapor Pressure:

Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure

exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases
(solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system. The equilibrium
vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate. It relates to the
tendency of particles to escape from the liquid (or a solid). A substance with a
high vapor pressure at normal temperatures is often referred to as volatile.

Thermodynamics Lab ManualPrepared By: Miss Atiya Sadiq

 Evaporation vs Boiling
Ordinary evaporation is a surface phenomenon - since the vapor pressure is low and
since the pressure inside the liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure plus the liquid
pressure, bubbles of water vapor cannot form. But at the boiling point, the saturated
vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, bubbles form, and the vaporization
becomes a volume phenomenon.

This experiment is to see the effects of boiling and for this the machine used is WL
210 Demo Unit Flow Boiling.

The Overall system is divided into 3 autonomous circuits.

- Evaporation Circuit
- Heating Circuit
- Cooling Circuit

Thermodynamics Lab ManualPrepared By: Miss Atiya Sadiq

Diagram:
The central component is a glass tube (1). The actual evaporation takes place inside
the tube. The top upper end of this tube opens into a glass container (2). This serves as
a condenser and collector for the evaporation fluid. A water cooled coil (3) provides
cooling.

In the top lid of the collector there is a pressure relief valve (4) and a vent (5), and a
manometer (6). The evaporation fluid flows from the collector back to the generating
tube. A flow control valve (7) controls flow rate.
By means of water jet air pump (8) a defined vacuum can be generated in the
evaporation circuit. The water jet is activated via the valve (9).

Heating Circuit:
The heating water is heated by the electrical heater (13) and the delivery
pump (12) into the expansion tank (10). From there the water flows into the
generating tuber (1). A thermometer (11) measures the intake air temperature. The
water temperature is thermostatically controlled and can be adjusted on the heater.

Cooling Circuit:
The cooling water, like the water for the jet pump is taken from the
water main (15). After passing through the condenser pipe (3) the water is fed into an
outlet (16). A valve (14) in the inlet allows the cooling power to adjust.

Evaporation fluid:
The evaporation fluid is a refrigerant, a substance which produces
cooling, SES 36/Solvay/solkathem.

- It has low boiling point 36.7°C

- Low heat of vaporization
- Non toxic
- Thermally stable
- No CFCs

All the components are mounted in a white board. The board is fitted with castors, and
is mobile.

Thermodynamics Lab ManualPrepared By: Miss Atiya Sadiq

The switch (17) activates the circulation pump and the heater. Cooling water is fed in
and it by way of the connections (15) and (16).

We will observe the following boiling phases.

Thermodynamics Lab ManualPrepared By: Miss Atiya Sadiq

 - Sub cooled region (1)
- Bubbly flow (2)
- Slug flow (3)
- Annular flow (4)
- Film flow(5)
- Dry saturated steam (6)
- Super-heated steam (7)

The cold water enters from the below pipe. As the temperature rises
little bubbles of steam occur. This is the sub cooled region. As the
temperature rises further steam bubbles appear in the pipe this is the
bubbly flow. The temperature is now at boiling point and remains
constant. The small bubbles go up and merge into large bubbles. As
they fill most of the cross section area of the pipe and go up, they are
known as in slug flow. After this occur the annular flow in which the
center is filled with only steam and droplets of water. Film flow
occurs at the end of ring flow. After this the steam gains more heat n moisture from it
is removed this is known as dry saturated steam. After this stage on gain more heat
some molecule heat contents become very high they are in super-heated form now.

Procedure:
The experiment is carried as given in the following steps.

1. Set the apparatus and turn on the machine.

2. Check all the things are in place and the instruments are clean and working.

3. Set the heater (13) to 60°C.

4. Fully open cooling water valve (14).

5. Open circulation control valve (7) half a turn.

6. Close vent valve (5).

7. Switch on heater and pump (17).

Thermodynamics Lab ManualPrepared By: Miss Atiya Sadiq

 8. Water temperature on the thermometer (11) rises.

9. Around 40°-50°C the first evaporation begins, and the pressure (6) in the
collector rises.

10. At around 60° and a little rise in pressure the boiling zones as discussed above
are formed in the evaporator pipe (1).

11. By setting the things right and controlling the temperatures and pressure we can
see all the phases of boiling clearly.

Filling in Refrigerant:

1. Connect cooling water to 15 and 16

2. Shut valve 14 completely
3. Open valve 9 completely
4. Start water-jet pump
5. Open valve 5 on top of the collector and produce vacuum
6. Connect valve 17 (lowest valve) and refrigerant supply with a hose in a way
that refrigerant can flow in the collector. If necessary pre-cool the refrigerant
7. Open valve 17 and fill collector with refrigerant up to a level approx. 2 cm
below overflow tube
8. Shut valve 17
9. Shut valve 5
10. Start heating circuit, if necessary bleed system via pressure-relief valve 4
11. If water-jet pump is not active, valve 5 has to be shut to avoid loss of

refrigerant.

Thermodynamics Lab ManualPrepared By: Miss Atiya Sadiq