Engineering and Scientific International Journal (ESIJ) ISSN 2394-7187(Online)

Volume 2, Issue 4, October – December 2015 ISSN 2394 - 7179 (Print)

Optimal sitting and sizing of Distributed Generation

Gagandeep Kaur#1, Gagandeep kaur*2
1
AP ,EEE Deptt. U.I.E.T PU Chandigarh
dhimangirl85@yahoo.com,
2
AP,Electrical Engg Deptt. P.I.T Jalandhar
gagan2channi@gmail.com

Abstract— Matlab is one the important programming 2. Benefits of The Implementation of DG In

stream and consider as hottest research area now a day’s,
this area has very vast application in real world. Efficient
methods and technologies are highly required to this world
to reduce the calculations and perform the operation in
precise manner. The power system is very abstruse subject
so there is a need of optimum solutions with which the
system becomes optimized and economical by solving
complex problem. There are many benefits to install a DG
in system but the problem is there is need to do complex
calculation to know the size and the placement of DG.
Benefits of employing DG are analysed using Voltage
Profile Improvement Index (VPII) and Line Loss Reduction
Index (LLRI). The optimal size and location of DG for a
distributed system is the basic purpose of this paper.
Keywords— Distributed generation, Benefit Index(BI),
Line loss reduction Index(LLRI), Voltage profile Index
(VPII)
Distributed System
• DGs deliver safe, clean, reliable, and efficient electrical
energy at low price.
• Provide power in the vicinity of the loads and help in
reducing the loadings on feeders.
• Minimization possibilities as well as randomness of faults.
• Achieve reliability, and voltage profile requirements.
• The capital cost of DG is low and also it returns back the
benefit with in short period of time.
• Implementing DGs for distribution system planning
minimizes the investment risk due to reduced capital cost
and less installation time.
• Customer-owned DGs can help customers by providing
some portion of their demands during their peak load
periods and by feeding the excess power to the grid
during their light load periods. This way, they can get
some revenue back from the electric utility.

1. Introduction 3. Methodology

Distributed generation can be considered as small scale
generation which is not directly connected to bulk
transmission and is not centrally dispatched. Distributed
power generation is a small-scale power generation
technology that provides electric power at a site closer to
customers than the central generating stations. Distributed
resources are strategically located and operated in the
system to defer or eliminate system upgrades, improve
voltage profile, reduce system losses, reinforce grid, and to
improve system reliability and efficiency. Efficient clean
fossil fuels technologies such as micro-turbines, fuelcells,
and environmental-friendly renewable energy technologies
such as biomass, solar/photovoltaic arrays, small wind
turbines and hydro turbines, ranging from sub-kW to multi-
MW are growingly used for new distributed generation
systems. Distributed generation technologies can enhance
the efficiency, reliability, and operational benefits of the
distribution system. Its impact on distribution systems may
be either positive or negative depending on the system’s
operating condition DGs characteristics and location.
In order to evaluate and quantify the benefits of
distributed generation suitable mathematical models must
be employed along with distribution system models and
power flow calculations to arrive at indices of benefits.
Among the many benefits three major ones are
considered:
• Voltage profile improvement,
• Line loss reduction
• Benefit Index.
Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generation (Effect of
Siting and Sizing of DG)
• Quantification of Technical Benefits
3.1 Voltage Profile Improvement Index (VPII)
The ratio of the sum of all the voltage at all the buses
when DG is connected to the system to the sum of all the
voltage at every bus when system is running without DG is
defined as VPII.

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Engineering and Scientific International Journal (ESIJ)
Volume 2, Issue 4, October – December 2015
VPII = Voltage Profile With DG
Voltage Profile Without DG
• VPII < 1, DG has not beneficial,
• VPII = 1, DG has no impact on the system voltage
profile,
• VPII > 1 DG has improved the voltage profile of
the system.
The general expression for VP is given as,
N Where,
VP = ∑𝑉𝑖 Li Ki
I=1
and
N •
∑ Ki=1
I=1
Where,
Vi= voltage magnitude at bus i in per-unit,
Li = load represented as complex bus power at bus i in per-
unit,
Ki = weighting factor for bus i,
The weighting factors are chosen based on the importance
and criticality of the different loads.
N= total number of buses in the distribution system.
As defined, the expression for VP provides an
opportunity to quantify and aggregate the importance,
amounts, and the voltage levels at which loads are being
supplied at the various load busses in the system. In general,
the highest value of VPII implies the best location for
installing DG in terms of improving voltage profile.
3.2 Line Loss Reduction Index (LLRI)
During the installation of DG it is necessary to keep the
line loss reduction index LLRI in mind because it is the
major factor of DG. It represents the line losses so for better
result it should be minimum as much as possible. By
installing DG, line currents can be reduced, thus helping to
reduce electrical line losses.
LLRI = LLW/DG
LLWO/DG
Where,
LLW/DG =total line losses in the system with the
employment of DG and is given as
M 2
LLW/DG= ∑𝑅𝑖 Ii Di
I=1
Where Ii=per-unit line current in distribution line i with the
employment of DG,
Ri = line resistance for line I (pu/km),
ISSN 2394-7187(Online)
ISSN 2394 - 7179 (Print)
Di = distribution line length (km)
M=number of lines in the distribution system.
LLWO/DG is the total line losses in the system with the
employment of DG and is given as
M 2
LLWO/DG = ∑𝑅𝑖 Ii Di
I=1
Ii= per-unit line current in distribution line I without DG.
Therefore conclusions made as:
• LLRI < 1 DG has reduced electrical line losses,
• LLRI = 1 DG has no impact on system line losses,
LLRI > 1 DG has caused more electrical line
losses.
This index can be used to identify the best location to install
DG to maximize the line loss reduction. The minimum
value of LLRI corresponds to the best DG location scenario
in terms of line loss reduction.
3.3 Overall Benefit Index (BI)
The BI is a composite index proposed to quantify the
overall benefits of DG.There are several benefits offered by
DG are explained but only two major ones are considered in
this paper:
i.e voltage profile improvement and line-loss reduction
index.
BI = (BWVPI) (VPII) + (BWLLR) / (LLRI)
With 0 ≤ BWVPI ≤ 1
and 0 ≤ BWLLR ≤ 1
BWVPI + BWLLR = 1
Where,
BWVPI =weighting factors for voltage profile improvement
BWLLR =weighting factors for line-loss reduction.
In this paper the weight factor is same for each bus and
moreover the two indices i.e. VPII and LLRI also have the
same weighing factor. However, if DG is installed to
mitigate a particular parameter than the corresponding
parameter will get higher weight than the other.
4. Problem Formulation
In this paper an algorithm has proposed by maximizing
the value of benefit index (BI) to determine the best
location and size of DG. Because of the high costs of
investment and power production of DG, there is
considerable risk in its implementation, therefore the best
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Volume 2, Issue 4, October – December 2015
locating, and proper sizing is very important. DG
placement and sizing should be such that the revenue
associated with the risk from this investment must be
optimized.
Assumptions:-
• Maximum size of the DG which is 10% of the total
system load.
• Value of VPII, LLRI and BI is kept 1 for bus number 1
for each and every size of DG with respect to every test
systems .
• Classical algorithm is restricted to put DG on bus
Number 1 of each and every test system as it is a slack
bus.
5. Proposed Algorithm
Computational Procedure for Siting & Sizing of DG Using
Classical Algorithm:
Step 1: A IEEE 14 bus system is taken. System model is
implemented load flow is performed using MATLAB code
using N-R Algorithm.
Step 2: The given data in terms of bus data and branch data
of the given test system is prepared and designed in
MATLAB code and the basic load flow is executed using
MATLAB code. The voltage at each bus and total system
losses are calculated and stored.
Step 3: Classical Algorithm is proposed is implemented in
MATLAB code. This algorithm connect the DG of various
size at each possible location and run the load flow using N-
R algorithm for each case and also calculate the objective
function i.e. Benefit Index for each case. The optimum
location and size is calculated by using this Classical
Algorithm approach.
6. Case Study
IEEE 14 bus test system is selected and the above
mentioned algorithm is used to calculate for optimum
sitting and sizing of DG.
Table 1: Execution Result
VPII 1.0762
LLRI 0.6848
BI 1.1530
DG at Bus No 13
Size of DG(MW) 25.90
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ISSN 2394 - 7179 (Print)
Fig 1: Relation between BI, Bus no,
%DG size for 14 bus system.
7. Conclusion
The introduction of DG in a distribution system offers
several benefits such as relieved transmission and
distribution congestion, voltage profile improvement, line
loss reduction, improvement in system, and enhanced
utility system reliability. The outcome of classical
algorithm approach is used to justify the imp act of DG
sizing and allocation on distribution system. This proposed
work has presented an approach to quantity some of the
benefits of DG namely voltage profile improvement, line
loss reduction and improvement of system load ability. The
results of the proposed method as applied to IEEE-14 bus
System clearly show that DG can improve the voltage
profile and reduce electrical line losses and improve voltage
stability index. Both ratings and locations of DG have to be
considered together very carefully to capture the maximum
benefits of DG.
References
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[2] P. Chiradeja and R. Ramakumar, ―Benefits of distributed generation-
a simple case study,‖ in Proc. 32nd Annual Frontiers of Power Conf.,
Stillwater, UK, pp. X 1–9,1999
[3] Sandeep Kaur and Vivek Goyal ―Classical approach for Optimal
Allocation of Distributed Generation in a Distribution System‖
International Conference on deregulated energy and environment
management at Chitkara University, July 2011.
[4] R. E. Brown and L. A. A. Freeman, ―Analyzing the reliability impact
on distributed generation,‖ in IEEE Power Engineering Society
Summer Meeting, vol. 2, July.2001, pp. 1013–1018.
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