Exercise 4C

 4  4  4
1 a (1 + x)4 = 14 +  13 x +  12 x 2 +  1x 3 + x 4
1  2  3
2 3 4
= 1 + 4x + 6x + 4x + x

 4  4  4
b (3 + x)4 = 34 +   33 x +   32 x 2 +   3 x3 + x 4
1  2  3
= 81 + 108x + 54x + 12x + x4
2 3

 4  4  4
c (4 − x)4 = 44 +   43 (− x) +   42 (− x) 2 +   4(− x)3 + (− x) 4
1  2  3
2 3 4
= 256 − 256x + 96x − 16x + x

6 6 6 6 6

d (x + 2)6 = x 6 +   x5 2 +   x 4 22 +   x 3 23 +   x 2 24 +   x 25 + 26
1  2  3  4 5
6 5 4 3 2
= x + 12x + 60x + 160x + 240x + 192x + 64

 4  4  4
e (1 + 2x)4 = 14 +  13 (2 x) +  12 (2 x) 2 +  1(2 x)3 + (2 x) 4
1  2  3
2 3 4
 = 1 + 8x + 24x + 32x + 16x

4
 1   4 1  4 1  4 1 1
f 1 − x  = 14 +  13 (− x) +  12 (− x) 2 +  1(− x)3 + (− x) 4
 2  1 2  2 2  3 2 2
3 1 1 4
= 1 − 2x + x2 − x3 + x
2 2 16

10  10  10 

2 a (1 + x)10 = 110 +   19x +   18x2 +   17x3 + . . .
1 2 3
= 1 + 10 × 1x + 45 × 1x2 + 120 × 1x3 + . . .
= 1 + 10x + 45x2 + 120x3 + . . .

5 5 5

b (1 − 2x)5 = 15 +   14(−2x) +   13(−2x)2 +   12(−2x)3 + . . .
1  2  3
= 1 × 1 + 5 × (−2x) + 10 × 4x + 10 × (−8x3) + . . .
2

= 1 − 10x + 40x2 − 80x2 + . . .

6 6 6

c (1 + 3x)6 = 16 +   15(3x) +   14(3x)2 +   13(3x)3 + . . .
1  2  3
= 1 × 1 + 6 × 3x + 15 × 9x + 20 × 27x3 + . . .
2

= 1 + 18x + 135x2 + 540x3 + . . .

8 8 8

d (2 − x)8 = 28 +   27(−x) +   26(−x)2 +   25(−x)3 + . . .
1  2  3
= 1 × 256 + 8 × (−128x) + 28 × 64x2 + 56 × (−32x3) + . . .
= 256 − 1024x + 1792x2 − 1792x3 + . . .

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 10 2 3
 1  10   1  10   1  10   1 
2 e  2 − x  = 210 +   29  − x  +   28  − x  +   27  − x  + . . .
 2  1  2  2  2  3  2 
= 1 × 1024 + 10 × (−256x) + 45 × 64x2 + 120 × (−16x3) + . . .
= 1024 − 2560x + 2880x2 − 1920x3 + . . .

7 7 7

f (3 − x)7 = 37 +   36(−x) +   35(−x)2 +   34(−x)3 + . . .
1  2  3
= 1 × 2187 + 7 × (−729x) + 21 × 243x2 + 35 × (−81x3) + . . .
= 2187 − 5103x + 5103x2 − 2835x3 + . . .

6 6 6

3 a (2x + y)6 = (2 x)6 +   (2 x)5 y +   (2 x) 4 y 2 +   (2 x)3 y 3 + . . .
1  2  3
6 5 4 2 3 3
= 64x + 192x y + 240x y + 160x y

5 5 5

b (2x + 3y)5 = (2 x)5 +   (2 x) 4 (3 y ) +   (2 x)3 (3 y ) 2 +   (2 x) 2 (3 y )3 + . . .
1  2  3
= 32x5 + 240x4y + 720x3y2 + 1080x2y3 + . . .

8 8 8

c (p − q)8= p8 +   p 7 (−q ) +   p 6 (−q ) 2 +   p 5 (−q )3 + . . .
1  2  3
8 7 6 2 5 3
= p − 8p q + 28p q − 56p q + . . .

6 6 6

d (3x − y)6 = (3 x)6 +   (3 x)5 (− y ) +   (3 x) 4 (− y ) 2 +   (3 x)3 (− y )3 + . . .
1  2  3
6 5 4 2 3 3
= 729x − 1458x y + 1215x y − 540x y + . . .

8 8 8

e (x + 2y)8 = x8 +   x 7 (2 y ) +   x 6 (2 y ) 2 +   x5 (2 y )3 + . . .
1  2  3
8 7 6 2 5 3
= x + 16x y + 112x y + 448x y + . . .

9 9 9

f (2x − 3y)9 = (2 x)9 +   (2 x)8 (−3 y ) +   (2 x)7 (−3 y ) 2 +   (2 x)6 (−3 y )3 + . . .
1  2  3
9 8 7 2 6 3
= 512x − 6912x y + 41 472x y − 145 152x y + . . .

8 8 8

4 a (1 + x)8 = 18 +   17x +   16x2 +   15x3 + . . .
1  2  3
2 3
= 1 + 8x + 28x + 56x + . . .

6 6 6 3

b (1 − 2x)6 = 16 +   15(−2x) + 14   (−2x)2 + 3
  1 (−2x) + . . .
1  2  3
= 1 − 12x + 60x − 160x3 + . . .
2

10 2 3
 x 10   x  10   x  10   x 
c 1 +  = 110 +  19   +  18   +  17   + . . .
 2  1  2  2  2  3  2
45 2
= 1 + 5x + x + 15 x3 + . . .
4
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 5 5 5
4 d (1 − 3x)5 = 15 +   14(−3x) +   13(−3x)2 +   12(−3x)3 + . . .
1  2  3
2 3
= 1 − 15x + 90x − 270x + . . .

7 7 7

e (2 + x)7 = 27 +   26x +   25x2 +   24x3 + . . .
1  2  3
= 128 + 448x + 672x + 560x3 + . . .
2

 3  3
f (3 − 2x)3 = 33 +   32(−2x) +   3(−2x)2 + (−2x)3
1  2
= 27 − 54x + 36x − 8x3
2

6 6 6

g (2 − 3x)6 = 26 +   25(−3x) +   24(−3x)2 +   23(−3x)3 + . . .
1  2  3
2 3
= 64 − 576x + 2160x − 4320x + . . .

 4  4  4
h (4 + x)4 = 44 +   43 x +   42 x 2 +   4 x 3 + . . .
1  2  3
= 256 + 256x + 96x2 + 16x3 + . . .

7 7 7

i (2 + 5x)7 = 27 +   26(5x) +   25(5x)2 +   24(5x)3 + . . .
1  2  3
= 128 + 2240x + 16 800x + 70 000x3 + . . .
2

6 6
5 (2 − x)6 = 26 +   25 (− x) +   24 (− x) 2 + . . .
1  2

= 64 − 192x + 240x2 + . . .

5 5
6 (3 − 2x)5 = 35 +   34 (−2 x) +   33 (−2 x) 2 + . . .
1  2
= 243 − 810x + 1080x2 + . . .

5 2 3 4 5
 1 5 5 4  1   5 3  1  5 2  1   5  1   1 
7  x +  = x + 1 x   +  2  x   +  3 x   +  4  x   +  
 x   x   x   x   x x
10 5 1
= x 5 + 5 x 3 + 10 x + + 3 + 5
x x x

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Challenge

 4  4  4
a (a + b)4 = a 4 +   a 3b +   a 2b 2 +   ab3 + b 4
1  2  3
= a + 4a b + 6a b + 4ab + b4
4 3 2 2 3

 4  4  4
(a − b)4 = a 4 +   a 3 (−b) +   a 2 (−b) 2 +   a (−b)3 + (−b) 4
1  2  3
4 3 2 2 3 4
= a − 4a b + 6a b − 4ab + b

(a + b)4 − (a − b)4 = (a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4) − (a4 − 4a3b + 6a2b2 − 4ab3 + b4)
= 8a3b + 8ab3
= 8ab(a2 + b2)

b 82 896 = 174 − 54
a = 11 and b = 6
= 8 × 11 × 6 × (112 + 62)
= 8 × 11 × 6 × 157
= 23 × 11 × 2 × 3 × 157
= 24 × 3 × 11 × 157

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