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5 ORTHOGONAL ARRAYS
(Updated Spring 2003)
Benefits:
1. Conclusions valid over the entire region spanned by the control factors
and their settings
2. Large saving in the experimental effort
3. Analysis is easy
A
Airplane Taguchi Experiment
B
The students that performed this experiment suggest that the S/N ratio
graph should be critically examined to select the desired variable levels.
Variable levels: A2 / B1 / C3 / D1
C
With Orthogonal Arrays / Taguchi Methods, the approach to design of
experiments, the philosophy towards interaction effects is different. Unless
an interaction effect is explicity identified a-priori and assigned to column
in the orthogonal array, it is assumed to be negligible. Thus, unless
assumed otherwise, interactions at all levels are assumed to be negligible.
Taguchi encourages users to select variables that do not interact with one
another. A VERY INTERESTING IDEA! However, this idea may be hard
to realize in practice.
Example
Nine variables and four two factor interactions were studied using a
L16(215) orthogonal array as shown
D
Test A G AG H AH GH B D E F I e e C AC
1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2 - - - - - - - + + + + + + + +
3 - - - + + + + - - - - + + + +
4 - - - + + + + + + + + - - - -
5 - + + - - + + - - + + - - + +
6 - + + - - + + + + - - + + - -
7 - + + + + - - - - + + + + - -
8 - + + + + - - + + - - - - + +
9 + - + - + - + - + - + - + - +
10 + - + - + - + + - + - + - + -
11 + - + + - + - - + - + + - + -
12 + - + + - + - + - + - - + - +
13 + + - - + + - - + + - - + + -
14 + + - - + + - + - - + + - - +
15 + + - + - - + - + + - + - - +
16 + + - + - - + + - - + - + + -
Let’s take a hard look at this experiment using what we know about
fractional factorial designs.
E
D H G A B E F I C
Test
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 - - - - - - - - -
2 + - - - - + + + +
3 - + - - + - - - -
4 + + - - + + + + -
5 - - + - + - + + +
6 + - + - + + - - -
7 - + + - - - + + -
8 + + + - - + - - +
9 - - - + + + - + +
10 + - - + + - + - -
11 - + - + - + - + -
12 + + - + - - + - +
13 - - + + - + + - -
14 + - + + - - - + +
15 - + + + + + + - +
16 + - + + + + - + -
Defining relations
F
confounding pattern is as follows:
The main effects are still confounded with at least one two factor
interaction. But 8 out of the 9 main effects are confounded with only one 2
factor interaction.
G
Another point to note is that all the 2 factor interactions (associated with
the main effects) have variable 9 in them
CONCLUSION:
• Idea of publishing a standard set of designs (orthogonal arrays is a great
idea) -- Taguchi brought the field of DOE to the masses
• Select variables that don’t interact -- interesting!! Assuming that inter-
actions do not exist doesn’t mean they aren’t there!
• As a precaution select design generators that give best design design
resolution and that provide desirable confounding structure.
• Other??