(1 ( / &0 -&(.

( / + , )* & ' (

*
5 4 + 3 4 + 1 2 /0 . + - , + 2 3/ )
5 4 + 3 4 + 1 2 /0 . + - , 7 + 7 3 60 . / "56

7
3

HD+ G+ 97 . F 7 ' 1 +. 7 CD ? /97 1 + . @AB + . 8 ? 74> = < 9: ; 8

K J ?. + 3 = : I5 7 J 6 . 7? 8/=: ?. = : I5 . =
50

P< . 7 3O + 7 ABAQUS 3 6 4 N ' < > = M B ?5 GL 3 + = : I +I

+ ?. , U + ? : I T 0 FS 3 :9 R O 1 + AQ 9 5 3 ? = : I /=: 3:
4

I5 . 3 ?. K 1 + 0 ? 3 :9 HD+ 5 = : I5 /=: W Q @+ 3 =C ? + ?V
I GL 9 4 ? 8 ? ]Z . ? 9: %7 ? 4 5 9 [ 2 5 ? =Z -Y ? = HD+ 3 + I ? X+ ?
130-121 !"# 1399

. ? -? 3 /=0` _ ? : IKS ^ G+ 97 ? = :
AQ 9 5 b a 4Y & . = : I = . :9 : 9 , 8/-

The Effect of Orthotropic Graded Inter-Layer on the Contact Stress Field

Y. Alinia Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

M. Asadpor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

Abstract
In this study, the sliding contact problem between a rigid cylindrical punch and a hard coating/ graded interlayer/ substrate system is
considered. It is assumed that the hard coating and the substrate are both homogeneous- isotropic media. On the other hand, the
interlayer exhibits the material orthotropy and even variable mechanical properties through the thickness by an exponential variation.
The commercial finite element software ABAQUS is utilized to simulate the mentioned contact problem. The numerical solution is
provided under the plane strain condition. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis is performed to explore the effect of the material
orthotropy and the non-homogeneity parameters on the interior stress field as well as the interface stress distribution. The results
indicate that the orthotropic graded interlayer can alter the stress field by appropriate adjustment of the material parameters. For an
interlayer with a higher stiffness parallel to the contact surface with respect to the perpendicular direction, the maximum Von-Mises
stress within the substrate can decreased a factor of 7%. Moreover, the bonding strength over the interfaces can be enhanced by
increasing the thickness of the graded interlayer.
Keywords: Contact Mechanics; Orthotropic FGM layer; Finite Element Method; Internal stress field
> V ? / D^ ? 3 D^ O - W Q
= : W Q 6 + M > . < -1
= HD+ F 7 > 9 -, M > O GL =: + - Fc O C+ b + = 3 :9
= : F 8 =: ? .[1-2] 3 , AY @ d ` , 3: : Q e + 3 :. ? F ? d ` =
5 7 =: 74 + - 3 ; / Y 3 :9 +b 8 ? ? O ? 0 Af 3 :5 U :
? . Z S 3 :N Q + :5 G + 1 Z S = HD+ . + - M CDU 2 _ =- 9^ + =
1
O 5 W Q + M B8 ?4 = : 2 &4> 2 O 3 g @ F 7 + 8 =
K @+ Q ? + I? N b+ 3 AB , 1 Y i M j 74> 2 . 7? 2 , `
5 =: r . [3 ] + O 3 ,O + ? 3 ? 7 kA + ? - 6? Y 8 += 6? Y 1: ?
. 5 Z ? = : 5 0 0: ; _ [4] 2 . 7 b HD+ 8? DB 3 :
A? U . 7 ? N =C Ap= 8 4/ Y t Q a ^ &4> 2 = l X bD+ 3 :@ + , `
: u+ 5 1 2 _ = : ? 9: 9 + 2 3m 5 7 O nZ ? M j 2
?5 = u 7 ' . 7 + ? [5] 6 ? + . 7 bD+ N b +
50 V . + 7 7 b 3 4Y & O X + ? 5 7 l]_ 8/=: 3 : O p O 3 + ? 3 = :
. ? (5 3 ) + I 9 4 = [ 2 :
1
- 9: 3 x2] F? U _ ? = : I @+ ` I Slip zones
2
Stick zones
` + = F 7 > 3 ? = : I 3 =C P . ?
3
Functionally graded materials (FGMS)
[6] 5 =: 6 ? + u+ 5 1 X+ I
*
yaalinia@gmail.com : 1

97/09/09 : !
98/07/15 :& ' !
 P< = : 97 +I K = : 97 z 5 Z ? + I. O ' I ` . 7 + ?

= : I P
. = ? 4 ? zZ 5 Z ? I O . @ ` 5 Z ? = : I.
M B ? 7', 3 :9: ; @Af = : `, P + ? 3 ? b 4Y & - . + 7F 0 5
3 , ? 8 2 Q+ 4 8 7 3O +K . 4 3 :9 3 ? = : I W Q M > : I GL
. : 50 Q O + 4 N .= ? [7] 5 =: ]Y . + 7 X + + =

.
Q+ K [ 5 Z ? . + :5 Q + & O 7 = : ? 71 5 Y ? 9 RO b a 4Y
M bXB 43 I Q + 4 3 3 =+] 3 p+ & ? 7 6 M > : 50 V . z G+ = :

...
Q+ 8 g=: .[16-15] 7 ? O HD+ ? 3O 5 7 _ ?N ? :O = : W Q
6
Q+4 3 ? ?3 G 0 I& ? 7 . : 9: Ap= 9 4 = 3 x2] F? U
]Z .[17-18] : O HD+ ? =Z 7 M bXB ? 7 + 3 { 1 . @AB | . 8 ? . +I = 3
5 =: C _ , N6 MC D + ? 8 ? : - . , C D [8] 5 =: 7 u+ .
-19-20] 7 ? ? = : Q+ 3 5 G + X+ += 0 8 C x ? b 3 4Y A Ab &
.[21-22 -97 3 . +I 1 Y 8 ? 0 + = 3 .
?5 1 1 +. ^ 8 l @ D ? Y ? 9 J ? . 7 + ? [9] 5 =: u+ z 3 :
(8 5 Z ?) = HD+ 3 ? G+ 97 . 8 , x < + @=A T DB 5 U ? b = 3 2 7?
(9 Y Z K S 5 Z ?) . = : I5 . 8 / MI C ? F : F & O X+ ? '
5 A? U } ^b 8 AB € : . , U + ? > : 5 0 - } ^b V . 7 F 7
1 + Y ? 3 :9 HD+ K = : I 3 :9 z 97 7? K @+ 6
. 7? < . 4 K ? FB 2 V ^ [10] 5 =: . O + P< -Y F? U 5 4 ? +=
G M > J ? = : . +I 74> =
P
`K O ' } ^b . + ? +I W Q
Q =ηP 7 X+ = : M B SQ 8 =G 3 ? 8/=: 3 I
R 3 ? T DB @ L 1 A Z = : I P :5 . +
y x
Homogeneous hard coating . C D HD+ 3 3 9 4 :9 R O
h1 E1 , ν 1
E0 X E 0Y -1 . @AB 1 Y . 8 ? 3 C? 74> = 3
E YY E XX
θ
FGOM ? Q 3 . 7 + ? [11] , u+ . 3{
h2
E iX E iY
? - + 7 3 ?K K / & O X+
E2 , ν 2
H . , - N ~ 7 8 / 3 C XY .
Isotropic homogeneous substrate F2 ? m 3 :3 A=Y ` O X + ? ' / MI C
? T DB @ L 3: P< . 7
L
&0 @ . A ( 3B /.>&? -1 = : 50 V . + ? = HD+ 3 :9 R O 3
R O ? -Y F? U P T DB @ L 3:
3 C)&D( -2 8 ? = < [12] 5 =: AZ . HD+ 3 3 :9
. @AB + . 8 ? 74> = < 9: ; 8 - . U + ? = : 97 . @AB A + .
-K ABAQUS 4 N .= ? 1 F 7 =: . +I 1 + 3 ? T DB @ L = : M B SQ P + ? ?
. +I 1 + 7 1F 7 D =: . 7 3O + . Q = O FB 2 3 :9 R O
(ℎ GL ?) = HD+ 3 ? G+ + I. F 7 ub . 3 + . 8 ? 74> =
: - . 7 C D [13] 5 =: , u+ = :.
+ = 3 :9 5 + ?3 ? 3 Z A Ab &
2
Micro-structure . 8 ? 74> = [14] 5]+ • . X+
3
Plasma spray t Y . + ? . = : 97 . @AB
4
Lamellar structure . 7 z G+ K / . O X+ ? < A Ab
5
Cleavage plane ? ' < 3O 3 ? b a 4Y & 8 g=:
6
Electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD)
7
GL T DB @ L + 5 O 2 :5 V . +
Columnar structure
8
Enamel
9 1
Dentino-Enamel Junction (DEJ) Peclet number

122
 . 8/=: ? . (ℎ GL ?) 1. = : I5 .
{1 C? 6 O . + 1K Y < + : C? 3 :5 , F=b + I 9^ RU . + (L × H C? ?)
AZ

? < + ƒ^ 6? Y ^ 8 ? ? + • 4? ? 6 O . 7? 9 + ? ? ^ = O 7 7
XDS

N= { 1 8 O uQ 6? Y 8 ? . + : Q XB 6 . +I ? + 97 W Q 8 ? €] Q
. 7 b M -Y I 8 ? ? 7 : Q - T 0 FS • 4? 3 :9 ?
+

KS ^ 9 4 €] Q 8 €'2 x ? = :
&0 @ . 3B , @ D0/ -1 E-
. 7 X + T 0 FS
ℎ (mm) ℎ (mm) H (mm) L (mm) R (mm)
5 5 1000 2000 100 -K X i MATLAB ? 5 ?O + ? K O.
? = : 97 x 8 ?. -Z ? = : 97 3O +
8/=: : {1 G+ 97 7 7 „] U D =: W Q N : : I 8 . 7 23O + 7 I O 3 C
{1 97 W Q. 7 , x . 4 F / ? : I 8 ~ =6 . QWQ 4
M SG0 + j ? NOI . + 2 K Y - Y 3 : ,; : F 0 = : 97 GL
1 5 zZ ? i {1 4 ? i 97 7 3O +K I O . ? = : 97 K N U .
. + 5
5 . 7 FB 2 NOI /=: ? 94 : I O C V ?
. + ? GL 3 + = : I W Q >
&0 @ . 3B H/.I -2 E- = N ? R? 8 . 7 • C ‚G0 R?
ν E (Gpa) 5 O : W QRO ' R? . 7 ? f ? P DQ
0/3 116/36 G+ 97 . 8 C I
0/3 20 ? 3 + = : I W Q M > 9: ; 8
I +I K M > 8 ? ? 7 J = GL
OM B ?. = : IM SG0 8 g=:
: ? : Q OM B ? = :
:[16 ] 7 , x
E X X ( y) = E 0X e γ ( y + h1 ) , − (h1 − h 2 ) < y < − h 1 (1)
EX = 116.36 Gpa, EY = 90.43 Gpa, μ XY = 38.21Gpa ( 4)
E Y Y ( y) = E 0 Y e γ ( y + h1 ) , − (h1 − h 2 ) < y < − h 1 (2)
υXY = 0.28, υXZ = 0.27, υZX = 0.21, υ ZY = 0.14 ( 5)
K M > + /=: €C γ 6
U ?. . . +I ? P 8 ? O u? 8 ? ]Z
. K = : GL 3 + +I
: +
υXY υ υXZ υ υ YZ υ
I +I K ^ €C E E ? P 8 g=:
EX
= XZ ,
EY EX
= ZX ,
EZ EY
= YZ
EZ
( 6) . 7? G+ 97 ? 5 T 0 FS = :
? i = : I5 M SG0 + j ? NOI ? = : I 3 ? ( Γ) X+ Q u? + ?
6
. 7? N O O YZKS : 7 • C OM B
b b a 4Y & 3O +K F2 8 AB O E iX E
Γ= = iY (3)
8 . + 1 Y HD+ ? :5 = 5 W S Q 73 ? 7 E 0X E 0Y

I +I K ^ €C E E ? P 6
- 3O +K 3 bXB 9 u 7 b x < 9: ;
X+ RU . 7? ? ? :5 T 0 FS = :
3 bXB 9 ) CPE8R 3 :5 = O 5 3 ? 7 3 ? 7
= : I GL 3 + +I K M > €C
[A[ bD+ 3 bXB 9 ) CPE3 (2 DQ f -Y -`
AB 3 : -Y € C Y X 3 : b + j ? NOI . +
. + 7 X + (3
. : = : I
2 4 O 5 7 ? 7 2F 7 D =:
:5 = 4 = 3b ? ? : Q 7 3 ? 7 =
:5 = 4 = F? ^ . ? : Q = AQ + ƒ^ ABAQUS /F+/ G& @ 3 9 E -3
/=: 3 _ ? ? : Q 0? ? = 2 € _ P Y Q 3: ? + @AB + 7 J 6
. 7 8 ={ t Y 3O + 7 x ? 8 g=: .(1 F 7) 5 4 ?Q
3 + ?P Z + ? + 7 J 74> = u 7
9Q ` 3RY D^ 5 Z ? 5 4 2 x b

4
Alumina
5 1
3M ESPE Z100 Functionally graded orthotropic inter – layer (FGOM)
6 2
Zirconia Multi sub-layers
7 3
Meshing Reference point

123
 P

= : I P
(• )
Q =ηP
R
y x

.
E2 , ν 2

...
Homogeneouse substrate

-0.01
( t)
-0.02

&0 @ . 3B 9 0 J -2 =
σ yy -0.03

E2
K) J 2/ -4
-0.04

-0.05
8 O FB 2 H , N 6 3O + K 6+ Z x ?
η = 0.5
-0.06 . , ^ :9: ; + V ? W Q 3 : 2 } ^b
-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

x R 8 ? 74> = [23] 5 =: 4A : u+ 7 N 6 9: ;
-N OP , 9 Q+L ) 9/&0 FM3 A ( /.>&? -C3/ -3 = 7 + ? A Ab M B ? . 4 ? . + .
- F , 1,-R 0 S.0& ,@ .A ( U5 9- &0 LV W 1 ( X) .( 9: ; ? L 2 } ^b V 3O +5 3 ? .(• 3 F 7) +
0 @- ! 9/F / Z- 0 S.0& = : YI - [23] / , ? ?0 5 M B ?1 +F W Q '
.(! ." #$% . R=100mm , ) 2 ? i V 3 F 7 . 7 , x . 4
x=1 (N) x=0 (C3/) } ^b V 7 :0 D =: . : 50 '
. ? Q l D [23] RY V ? L 2
P . 3 + . 8 ? = [24] 5 + r
(• )
4 F 7) + ? 8/=: . 4 ? /97 1 +
R
y •A G ^ 3 ? ? P ? . 3 O ? + = 0 R O .(•
x
h1 Homogeneouse coating E1 , ν 1 . + 4F 7 ? ? 97 +I K
[24] RY L 2 } ^b V 8 ? ? Q l D 1: 6
E2 , ν 2
. 7
Homogeneouse substrate . @AB + . 8 ? 74> = < 8 ? ]Z
+ 7 + ? [12] 5 =: AZ u+ = : 97
(t) L 2 9: ; b a 4Y K u+ ' < .(• 5 F 7)
E1 /E2 = 4
E1 /E2 = 2 [12] RY Q 9: ; O + ? V . , 3O + 7
1.5 E1 /E2 = 1
E1 /E2 = 0.5
4 6 . + z – t 5 F 7 nb? < 3 ?
E1 /E2 = 0.25 j ? NOI . , x2] 9: ; V 8? + l D
σ yy 1.0
. 7 ? η 0.5 ? ? T DB @ L ^ +
p0
0.5

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

x a0
& 0 /1 . L ) 9/&0 A ( 3B /.>&? -C3/ -4 =
E- ^J C _ &)@ < 9/ / 0 ( `+ X) .( (N OP ,
S.5I - [24] /. 3 - a : 1,-R 0 S.0& ,@ ) */
&" R=100mm , c 0 @- ! b/F / Z- 0 S.0&
.( ( " . ! ." #$% ''

124
 + , )* */ E- ^J & 'B( -1-5 P
(• )
L 9 ,1 ( ` 0 9- &0 -&(.( / Q =ηP
AZ

? . = : 97 r K P< 7 F 7 R
E0 y x
XDS

_5 =: . : 9 = ? Y ? 3 :9 0?
h1 ν1 FGM coating
+

9 0? +I K 94 ? , x2] E2
8 ? ]Z . ? 9: %7 8/=: ? + 4 5 E2 , ν 2
< ? i + 4 5 3 :9 0?M > B
Homogeneous substrate
4 3K Y @ ? 2 1 3 :K ? ^ Q
X + M > B + b 3 ? O u? O x 8 ? . + 0.04
: 7 ( t)
0.02
el(1 − 2) current problem
σ mod − σ Von
σ Diff
Von =
Von × 100 ( 7)
mod el(1 − 2) 0.00
σ Von
mod el(1 − 2)
σ xx
current problem
σTr − σ Tr -0.02
Diff
σT r = mod el(1 − 2)
× 100 ( 8)
σ Tr
E2 -0.04

CL x < 1 + A _ ? 3K Y ? Y ?
-0.06
E2 / E0 = 4
4 5 9 [ 2 3b ? 1K ? 3 t AD
-0.08 E2 / E0 = 1
K Y ?0 _ ?. ? 9: 1K ? %30 ? E2 / E0 = 1/4
-0.10
< ? i + 4 5 3 :9 0?M > B 4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
- x2] D =: . 2K ? x x/h
0.00
+I K ? . = : 97 3 ? 7 (z)
^ O = %7 ? + 4 5 9 [ 2 **+ 3
,
-0.01
. + 2K 3 ? i
σ yy
-0.02
P (• ) E2
Q =ηP -0.03 E2 / E0 = 4
R E2 / E0 = 1
y x E2 / E0 = 1/4
-0.04

h1 E1 , ν 1 -2 -1 0 1 2
Hard coating x/h
=I/@ 1 ( X) .( -N &0 @ . 3B /.>&? -C3/ -5 =
E2 , ν 2 Z- 0 S.5I) U5 9- 9@. 2 1 ( X) .( -d U5 9- !"#
c /@ / [12] / ,- 2 1,-R 0 ,@ - @- ! e/F /
Homogeneous substrate )" &" '' . ! " $% R=100mm, .
( ) .
(t )
Q =ηP 3B ^ > = !( -5
R
y x = : I /=: 3: P< 9G? 8
E1 , ν 1 ?. 7 CD x < Y ? 3 :9 R O ?
h1 Hard coating
AQ 9 5 ?. = : I P< -? T x
E1 Isotropic FGM inter layer
h2 5 0 3 :K V ? Q < O FB 2 V 5 1 +
E2
1K 7 x2] D =: . ^ 6F 7 7
2 7? . 4 ? . 8/=: 97 . O F 0
Homogeneous substrate
= : I . 8/=: 97 . O F 0 2 K
- g-&(-F)/ OP , 1 . ) /= ` 1E -C3/ -6 = . + . 4 ?. e 4
) /= ` 2E -N 0 g-&(-F)/ OP , & 0 )
) - -&(-F)/ + , )* ) g-&(-F)/ OP , 1 .
.^ / g-&(-F)/ OP , & 0

125
 9: nZ ? GL 94 + 5 O 2V 0.0215

= : I P
(• )
. 7 + 4 5 3 :9 ^ /=0` 0.0210

0.0205

3B @ j @. - 0 9 ,1 ( ` 0 i/& M( # @ -4 E- σ Von 0.0200

! " $% R 100mm . )2E 0 ^J &k @ . E2

.
( 2 " ""3. 3 . & /&" " 0.0195

? = : 97 G+ 97

...
45 0.0190
η=0
7 7 7 46 9 η = 0.5
0.0185
٠/۵ ٠ ٠/۵ ٠ ٠/۵ ٠ 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
E X EY
0.0240
0/24 0/12 -9/13 -11/1 0/5 1/62 0/5
-5 (t )
2/72 2/7 -6/51 -8/21 -0/65 -1/9 1 0.0235
4
7/67 7/86 -3/47 -4/24 -4/34 -13 3
0.0230
0/78 0/69 -4/24 -5/67 0/53 1/25 0/5
σ Tr 0.0225
3/08 3/07 -3/65 -4/81 -0/7 -1/4 1 +
E2
7/56 7/73 -4/35 -4/72 -4/6 -9/8 3 0.0220

0.0215
η=0
` 0 &0 -&(.( / #/ 9 ,^ )-/ & 'B( -3-5 η = 0.5
0.0210

L @ j @. - 0 9 ,1 ( 0.5 1.0 1.5

E X EY
2.0 2.5 3.0

? 3 :9 0? ? AB 3 : -Y 3 O P< @ &( -N F .+ -C3/ 9 ,1 ( ` 0 i/& M( -7 =

€ b ? A _ ?. 7 9F 7 ? Y . ) */ E- ^J C _ &)@ < 9/ / 0 & 0
4 5 3 :9 θ 0 ;
^ O AB 3 : -Y O . & /&" " ! " $% R 100mm
( ""3. 3
3 b ? ? : QM X 1 + •A G 3 :9G? + 2 "

? F? ^ . + [ 2 ? ? :9 θ 90; 3O ?
3B @ j @. - 0 9 ,1 ( ` 0 i/& M( # @ -3 E-
Q FU 2 ? I 5 G+ 97 :9 θ 90; 3O
! " $% R 100mm . ) 1E 0 ^J &k @ .
. + ( ""3. 3 . & /&" "
2 "
Y ? 3 :9 0?M > B 8 ? ]Z ? G+ 97
45
6K Y θ 0; 2 ? θ •A G ^ 3O ? 1 + 9
7 0 7 0 7 0.5 7 0 46
97 4 5 9 [ 2θ 90; 3O ? ` , . +
~L 8 … Z8 ? 9: %4 = : I5 31/58 31/56 0/88 26/06 0/5
3 ?. + l B ? Y ? 3 :9 0?3 ? 33/28 33/32 -0/28 23/35 1 4 5
36/67 36/86 -3/95 14/72 3
? AB 3 : -Y O > + ?V
31/19 31/16 0/48 28/18 0/5
. , = B θ 0; ^
32/79 32/81 -0/76 26/18 1 +
0.030
35/9 36/04 -4/68 20/11 3
(• )
0.025 ` 0 &0 -&(.( / + , )* ^ _l & 'B( -2-5
L @ j @. - 0 9 ,1 (
σVon 0.020
-9 0? ?. = : I GL P< 8 F 7
E2
94 ? 7 x2] _5 =: . : 50 ? 3:
0.015
- 9: ? + 4 5 3 :9 0 ? ℎ /ℎ
Y ? 3 :9 0? M > B 5 K Y . ?
0.010
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 u? O x 8 ? : 5 0 889 1 GL 1 +
:
h2 h1
: 7 X+ O
h 2 h1 h 2 h 1 =1
σ Von − σ Von
σ Diff
Von = × 100 (9)
h 2 h1
σ Von
h h1 h h =1
Diff σ Tr2 − σ Tr2 1
σT r = h 2 h1
× 100 (10)
σTr

126
 0.035
AZ + 9- &0 + , )* H/.I - 9 D & 'B( -6 (t)
n& ` =6+ 9 ,1 ( 0.030

FS 3 ? Y ? 3 :9 M > 9G? 8
XDS

0.025

. 7 + ? 8/=: ? G+ 97 ? = : I T 0 σ Tr
+

0.020
3 O ? :T 0 FS 3 ? bXB FQ 9 R O x 8 ? E2
3 : -Y O GL +I K •A G ^ 0.015

. 7 = : I X+ AB
0.010
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

0.025 h2 h1
η=0 (• ) 9/ / 0 & 0 @ &( -N F .+ -C3/ 9 ,1 ( ` 0 -8 =
0.024 η = 0.5
R=100mm, ) -&(.( / + , )* ^ _l C _ &)@ <
0.023
σ Von . &" '' 2
! " $% .
0.022 =
E2 ( > " ""3. 3
0.021

0.020 0& 0 @ j @. - 0 9 ,1 ( ` 0 i/& M( # @ -5 E-

0.019 -&(.( / + , )* ^ _l ^J C _ &)@ < 9/ /
2
0.018 . &" '' ! " $% R=100mm, . )
=
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(
θ > " ""3. 3
0.030 97 h
η=0
? G+ 97 9
( t) = : h
η = 0.5
0.028
-26/38 24/75 -5/57 0/5
σ Trs 0.026 18/71 45/43 4/17 1/5 4 5
E2 31/51 47/1 7/43 2
0.024
-26/08 -25/93 -3/27 0/5
18/65 9/4 2/79 1/5 +
0.022
31/44 12/82 5/14 2
0.020
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

θ @. - 0 9 ,1 ( &0 " ^J & 'B( D3 5 -4-5

9/ / 0 & 0 @ &( -N F .+ -C3/ 9 ,1 ( ` 0 -9 = L @ j
+ , )* -&(.( / #/ 9 ,^ )-/ C _ &)@ <
&
-9 R O ? = : I X+ P< C D x ?
2
. " R=100mm ! " $% )
&" = - , x 10 F 7 =: 1 + x < 3:
( > " ""3. 3
(• 10 F 7) 1 1 + T 0 FS + j ? NOI . 7
7? 5 = : I G+ 97 +I K
0L @ j @. - 0 9 ,1 ( ` 0 i/& M( # @ -6 E-
= : I +I K (t10 F 7) 2 1 + 3 ? 2
! " $% ) ^3 > 0 ^J -&(.( / #/ 9 ,^ )-/ & M(
& 2 @ 9 0 ?M > B . 7? 5 T 0 FS ?
. " R=100mm
&"
(
=
""3. 3
? i X+ •A G ^ 3O ? + 4 5
> "

? = : 97 G+ 97 O u? x 8 ?. + 7 K Y 2 1 3 :1 +
7 7 7 θ(deg) 9 : 7 X+
0/5 0 0/5 0 0/5 0 σΓ = 0.1 Γ
Von − σ V on
σ Diff
Von = × 100 (11)
-2/02 0/51 -8/95 -12 1/62 2/02 30 σΓ = 0.1
Von
-15/4 -13/7 -0/6 -3/4 3/79 6/75 60 -5 σΓ = 0.1 Γ
− σ Tr
D iff
σT r =
Tr × 100 (12)
-26/1 -26/4 4/15 3/56 4/07 8/63 90 4 σΓ
Tr
= 0.1

-1/62 -4/14 -11/2 -10 0/88 4/43 135 2 1 + ? 1 1 + 7 x2] D =:

-1/2 1/45 -8/83 -11 1/86 1/52 30 4 5 9 0? 3b ? 7 : Q t AD A=Z
-15/3 -13/3 1/04 -2/1 4/13 5/29 60 2 + ? V 8 ? ]Z . ? 9: %10 2 ?
+
-26/6 -26/9 6/41 6/43 4/27 6/85 90 9: @Y 1 1 + 3 ? X+ 94 + 5 O
-0/5 -3/16 -11/67 -9/7 0/75 3/42 135 2 7 : Q < Y ? 3 :9 0?
. + l B21 + 3 ? @AD 8 … Z

127
 .
FQ 9 ^ = : I GL 9 4 ? + 5 O Hard coating

= : I P
. ? 9: T 0 FS : bXB (• )
E0 X = 200 Gpa E0 X = 200 Gpa E0 X = 200 Gpa

=6+ 9- 9 ,1 ( X) .( &0 " ^J & 'B( -3-6 FGOM

n& `

.
EiX = 50 Gpa EiX = 20 Gpa EiX = 10 Gpa
FS 3 ? bXB FQ 9 R O ? X+ P<

...
D =: . + 13 F 7 2 1 1 + 3 :T 0 Isotropic substrate
I G+ 97 T 0 FS 11 +3 ? 7 x2] (a)
Hard coating (t)
- 9: bXB FQ 9 ^ X+ 94 ? = :
E0 X = 300 Gpa E0 X = 200 Gpa E0 X = 100 Gpa
8 … Z ? = : I T 0 FS 2 ?
9 X+ 9: ? 2 1 + 8 g=: . : d @AD FGOM
. ? 9: bXB FQ
EiX = 20 Gpa EiX = 20 Gpa EiX = 20 Gpa
0.03
Model 2 η = 0
Isotropic substrate
Ex / Ey = 0.5
0.02 Ex / Ey = 1 (• ) 2L /.>&? -N 1 L‫(ﺏ‬b) /.>&? -C3/ -10 =
Ex / Ey = 3

σ xx 0.01

E2 &0 + , )* */ E- ^J & 'B( -1-6

0.00
n& ` =6+ 9- 9 ,1 ( X) .(
-0.01 3 O ? 1 + 3 :T 0 FS 3 ? bXB FQ 9 R O
F 7. + 11 F 7 +I K •A G ^
-0.02
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
7? = : I G+ 97 T 0 FS ? ƒ ? • 11
x h1 . 7? ? = : I T 0 FS ? i t 11 F 7
0.004
η = 0 x < Y ?9 7 x2] D =:
9: ? K 2 8 ? . + 2 K 3 ? i ^ O , 4?
0.002
(t)
. 9: 9 8 ^ 5 +I K
σ xx 0.000

E2 0 3B @ j @. - 0 9 ,1 ( ` 0 i/& M( # @ -7E-
-0.002
&
Model 2 &"
" E " '' P=10KN) " ^J C _ &)@ < 9/ /
Ex / Ey = 0.5 2
-0.004 () . " "
E x / Ey = 1 =

E x / Ey = 3 ? 97 G+ 97
-0.006
= : 9
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Γ sys
x h1 η η η
+ , )* n& ` =6+ 9- &0 !"# =I/@ 1 ( X) .( -11 = ٠/۵ ٠ ٠ /۵ ٠ ٠/۵ ٠
2/74 2/78 -3/7 -3/7 -1/1 -2 0/05
E- C _ &)@ < 9/ / 0 OP , & 0 (N - ^_ 1 . (C3/ 0 1
& 10/8 10/9 2/93 2/96 0/89 2/1 0/25 -5
. ! " $% " R=100mm) */
&" -3/2 -3 9/47 9/71 -3/4 -12 0/2 4
( 2 " ""3. 3 2
3/63 3/59 -1/1 -1/5 2/03 6/6 0/06
2/9 2/93 -3/6 -3/6 -1/2 -1 0/05
0.04 1
η = 0 (• ) h2 / h1 = 0.5 12/1 12/3 2/89 2/92 0/96 1/5 0/25
0.03 h2 / h1 = 1 +
h2 / h1 = 2
-3/2 -3/1 -3/2 9/71 -3/6 -8/3 0/2
2
0.02
3/72 3/67 3/72 -1 2/15 4/6 0/06
σ xx 0.01

E2 0.00
9 ,1 ( X) .( &0 + , 1 . ^ _l & 'B( -2-6
-0.01
n& ` =6+ 9-
-0.02
I T 0 FS 3 ? bXB FQ 9 R O 12 F 7
-0.03
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 2V . : 50 GL •A G ^ 3O ? = :
x h1

128
 0.004 0.006
system (2) η = 0 h2 / h1 = 0.5

(t ) h2 / h1 = 1
AZ
0.004
0.002
() h2 / h1 = 2
0.002
σ xx
XDS

0.000

σ xx E2 0.000
+

-0.002
E2 -0.002
Model 2
-0.004 Γ = 0.066 -0.004
Γ = 0.1
Γ = 0.2 -0.006
-0.006
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-2 -1 0 1 2
x h1
x h1
+ , )* n& ` =6+ 9- &0 !"# =I/@ 1 ( X) .( -13 = + , )* n& ` =6+ 9- &0 !"# =I/@ 1 ( X) .( -12 =
&)@ < 9/ / 0 OP , & 0 -@ - N - ^_ 1 . -d - C3/ 0 ^ _l C _ &)@ < 9/ / 0 OP , & 0 (N - ^_ 1 . (C3/ 0
2
! " $% R=100mm, . ) " ^J C _ . ! " $% 2
R=100mm) + , )*
=
=
x=1( ""3. 3 . ( 2 " ""3. 3
2 "

0.04
9& o -7 Model 2 system (1)
Γ = 0.05
. @AB + . 8 ? 74> = < } ^b 8 0.03
Γ = 0.1
Γ = 0.25
= : I 5 . G+ 97 . O F 0 . +I 1 + 0.02 (• )
x 8 ?. , U + ? 8/=: ?. . σ xx 0.01

. , 3O + 7 ABAQUS 4 N nb? < E2

0.00
3 ? = : I GL /=: 3: P<
7z G+ V + ? . 7 C D 1 + AQ 9 5 -0.01

: †D OM 5 -0.02
-2 -1 0 1 2
= HD+ M O ? = : I +I K 94
x h1
? 0 ? 3 :9 = HD+ ? =Z 3 + ? 0.015
system (1) Model 2
. : 9: ? Y Γ = 0.05
Γ = 0.1
? G+ 97 GL ? = : I GL 9 4 0.010
Γ = 0.25

9: 1 + Y ? 3 :9 HD+ 3 /=0` _
σ xx (t )
. : 0.005

E2
HD+ 3 + ? AB 3 : -Y O >
0.000
? 7 : Q = : I t AD A=Z 9: ? 6 =
F? U 9 4 1 + Y ? 3 :9 0? 3b
-0.005
. 3 x2] -2 -1 0 1 2
x h1
3 ? bXB FQ 9 5 4 = : I GL 9 4 ? 0.06
< 8 ? 9: 1 + 3 :T 0 FS Model 2 system (2)
Γ = 0.066
. 0G? -? : I K S ^ 0.04
Γ = 0.1
Γ = 0.2 (z)

X /& -8 σ xx
0.02

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