56* 1 5 '* 1 9 :;5 8 +7 56* 3 !4 0 *12 /! '( ) *+ ,- * . !

-
</ 15'=

3 4 4 5/ 0 1 2 / - - ./ ( > ?* !
*
3 4 4 5/ 0 1 2 / / (2 0@ A B 2 5C#*
3 4 4 5/ 0 1 2 / 1 ( 'E F )G
3
50

H
. 1 A I J F 34 H - @ 7AB C 1 D 8 1 1 < EF G 7?;@ 7 8 6 9 : ;< = > 6
4

) TU1 . AO ;B O M 7L B = 6 9 ) N M 1 = A R S 1 3 Q ;< OP N M 1 = EF G - 7L B
- * O[ Z A W ;X = . 1 = < 6 = OF V P 3 1L 7L B 1 A W ;X O M 7L B - = 9 Y >
28-21 !"# 1399

7?;@ C 1 D Q;@ 8 . A ]1 !1 - < ; A B O QH \ A6 9 : OP [ 3 1L 7L B - =

0 4 QF3 3 X1 H !1 - < ; ] 1 . 1 A 3/ !1 - < ; 1 1 < EF G
< / <-N 1 A EF G 7?;@ ^ F = 9 A S1 3/ - X_ . 1 A 9 : H / T 6 =
. 1 A
.C 1 D 8 1 < EF G O X EF G 7 A B H :( I ( 9 =*1

Forced vibrations analysis of a rotating shaft with considering the nonlinear geometric
and inertia terms and the gyroscopic effect

M. Eftekhari Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

A. Dashti Rahmatabadi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

A. Mazidi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

Abstract
This paper has been devoted to the importance of considering the effects of nonlinear geometric and inertia terms and the effect of
gyroscopic term on the forced vibrations of an unbalance rotating shaft. The nonlinear partial differential equations have been
derived by using the extended Hamilton's principle and have been transformed to the ordinary differential equations by using the
Galerkin method. Then the method of multiple scales has been applied to the discretized ordinary differential equations and the
modulation equations describing interaction between modes have been obtained. By applying the solvability condition on the
resulting modulation equations and considering the stable conditions in the vibration analysis, the frequency response diagrams have
been plotted. The effect of the gyroscopic term, nonlinear geometric and inertia terms have been presented in the frequency response
diagrams. In plotting the frequency response diagrams of rotating shaft, its rotating speed has been considered very close to the
shaft’s forward natural frequency. Numerical results showed that the hardening type behavior has been observed in simulations due
to nonlinear terms.
Keywords: Rotating shaft, Nonlinear vibrations, Inertia and geometric nonlinearities, Gyroscopic effect.

= H 0 e = A -2 [ - 6 Q= .[3] F
.[4] 1 = - F1 1 < EF G 8 6 9 : L -1
7L B g< - = M i MQ ) 3 ;< 3 Q = 7 ` W> - = -2 A N - = H
!1 - = 7L B B ] 1 -L = - N ;< N 3 1 = 2@ 6 N A =
F Y 9 .[5] O[ EF G 3 ` - <] 1 7AB N 7AB N - = 3 >>H . 1 F=
6 O A -< / - = 9 0 !1 8 Q;@ N EF G O X 8 6 a;< H - @
1 - 3 .[6] 1 = /;F /a - < . BE ] 1 = 1 < EF G 8 C 1 D
3` 9 = ] 10 H F 7 1 g ;< - N1 3 = 34 H 0 0 3 ;< /
= H 7 A B 6 Q= .[7] 4 H 3; ) = !1 = 3 / B E 3 ;< 4 .[1] 1 = -
] .[ 4 ] ` 1 = 1 < S1 8 6 9 : 6Y f < .[2] e H =0 H H
W[ NU A; H 0 N 7 A B g ;< 0 < = H gF Y W [ 0 H 0 B E =

*
dashti@yazd.ac.ir : 1

97/08/23 : !
98/06/25 :) * !
- u W . 1 j H 7L B /a M1 N 7AB 4 = N @ . [8] 1 = gF Y

H 0 - @ 7 A B O QH
- /a O A n /F Y [ - N @ 9 Y > ) N M1 = 3` ] 10 - @
mX /a 7 A B 6 = A -N 1 A _ . A = 9 Y > ) N M1 =3 N [ .[9] F
]1 3 N o [ = 4 F - < ; 6 a;< . < 3/ 3 ;< k F .[10] BE H N 7AB
.[23] 1 ; .[11] i >H H -< /
- N X1 = H 0 O QH = @ @ 6 a;< 7 8 6 9 : = H N 7AB k F [
7 A B - = s 4= - 2Q A n 8 .[24] 1 F n O[ k F [ .[12] 1 = 1 H EF G

... 8 j H =
0 \1 X F H= X 1 N H 0 O X 6 9 : = H = -< / - = - X
A 1 = 3 ;< - ;H \1 9 0 H -D q N 7 A B N 3 ? .[13] k. // EF G
H 0 [ \1 5 O QH .[25] 1 ;X -N \ A - F 1 = H -
- L3 Y7 8 9 ` 1 = 5 ;< NU AO m X /a - 2 [ l 7? .[14] BE
.[26] 1 A 1 = ] 1 !1 = N U - < 97 P B E ; VP gF Y W [ H
H 0 e =A 5F A [ \1 - 5 B E ) N 2 . 1 A 9 : n 3 N =- N X1
/ v F .[27] 1 A 1 = = 8 - N X 1 = - = H 0 =] [- 7L B O - =6 9
Q` A \1 0 H =3 > 3 > H 0 A .[15] M1 ;B O M 7L B = 1 9
. O X 1 2 i >H .[28] 1 A O QH 5 6 9 : = gF Y W [ 3 > H 7 A B k F Q`
- 0 H 4 A3 > k XO =0 H @ 1 0 H 1 - 2< 9 ;< = EF G O X
w ] 1 / 1 3 / 2 6 a;< . A = VP QP H 2@ /;F M1 W B
H - !1 3 > k X 2 N < =- O M 7L B O[ - = 9 Y > )
O= ` 8 3 > k X 2 N 0 [ *9 8 o m N B= 3 X = 5F A - < ; =
. ] 1 !1 - @ = 9 Y > ) _ ; ) 49 2 . ; ]1
H 0 - @ 7AB EF G O QH = i >H 6 W 0 f D Y .[16] =F S;< - X -N 1 A
7?;@ 8 7L B R S 1 . A F 34 p^ 3` = ] 10 O A 1 2 - =
8 < w s 4= - <O A n O = 1 < EF G /F Y 1 8 BE 6 . ` BE 1
6 a;< H ^ 1 @ O = 1 EF G 7?;@ . 1 A 1 = ] 1 - = ] 1 4
n 1 A x 6 a;< . 1 A j H C 1 D 8 6 < ] 1 = oX- = X?^ 7 > >H 6 _
4 y k XZA * 1 3 : P O= ` H W ^ .[17] 1 8 = gF Y W [ - 2 A = oX
7L B TU1 . 1 A 9 : [ 7L B R S 1 QP = EF 3 > gF Y W [ H 0 7AB Q5
= BE 6 . 1 9 R S 1 m X 2@ [ m X 7 A B gS @ 6 .[18] 1 = /;F
6 a;< 1 1 < EF G 7?;@ 6 9 : ;< 7L? F ) = ] [ 7L B O /a 7 A B =
. 1 A F VQ S AB -< C 1 zD 8 /F Y 1 C 1 D 7 8 i >H 6 3/ . O[
H - [ A B !1 = @ 1 3 ; 8 6 a;< jH 7 1H @ F QF A= O A n
8 6 9 : ;< 3 A {S/ 2@ . 1 A 1 = 4 * p EB H 0 N O / 3 / \1 A l W .
[ 2Y C 1 D Q;@ 8 1 1 < EF G 7?;@ k @ 4 6 a;< . 1 A q` 3 = 0 0 A=
5 =_ 1 A 1 = ] 1 - @ !1 VQ S H W^ 6 = = gF Y W [ H =iE H
(1 : <O|} A = 1 = [ 2Y . 1 A > /a /9 < 3/ _ . @ -4 N R F
1 < EF G 7?;@ C 1 D N OP [ 7?;@ 6 9 : P 10 / = E> A W ;X -4 0 =
1 < EF G 7?;@ 8 \> 6 9 : (2 1 < g< / O ]< = 7 A B [ = >
6 9 : 3 = (4 C 1 D 8 \> 6 9 : (3 1 3` 9 - H N 7AB N 3 .[19]
.C 1 D 8 EF G 7?;@ 8 ; 1 = 1 A M1 A; : N
gF Y W [ H 0 - @ 7AB / .[20]
MI B +N2 , 1 4O P5Q -2 0 .[21] VP QF 8 6 9 : =
: = H 0 - @ 7 A B O[ = > 6 - 2 .= @ = gF Y W [ H -0 ] 1 0 -
. A F C 1 D 8 6 a;< EF G 7?;@ 6 9 7AB = W .[22] 1 A 4 f Y f Y \1 s 4=
s 4= - 2Q A n = W ^ n 3 = 0 7 P = H = [ 7L B O[ 3 4 - = /a mX
/F Y 1 7?;@ ] [ 7L B . A 9 : EF G 1 1 = -t 9L 0 N M1
8 4 3/ /a m X 7AB 6= f Q

22
 .[10] 1 = N \= N < .= @ - 2 . A : P A =-2 A n N A jH 4 1 D
HQ

ρ = v w + ⋯ .,## # s 4= H ) s 4= - 2Q A n O A EF G O X
nP - S

ρ = −w′′ + w # u## + u# w ## + 5 6 v # w ## + > 6 . A= 1 (s 4= - <3

( 7)
v # w #v ## + w ## w # + ⋯ ., 4 .= @ - < M 5 = o = , , , , ,
ρ = v ## − v # u### − u# v ## + 5 6 w # v ## − v ## v′ + ⋯. W^N s3 mX @ ^ 7 2@ H 1 <
A

8 3 @ F - <- N OP [ -N . N M1 = 7?;@ 6 9 : . N . A = t :H H 3;
;[

: 9 : N 7 P = R4 - . EF G O QH C 1 D 8 1 1 < EF G
X - =

δW*G = −cH v − cIw ds, ( 8) ;< 1 = = i >H 6 * A = L = 7 1 H ].[ =

A F ] 1- @ 7AB <8 6 6 9 :
. A= @4 o m cI = cH = c 3
- 4

3 _ - N 8 2 6 9 : -
3; ds O A n 3 ; 6 = E= 1 | = kNL
. g< 7 1 H ].[ : P 2 N
. A 1H NW N ds# O A n
mW ^ [ = k @ LW ^ = H 0 .
ds # = ds J 1 + u# + v′ + w′ ( 9) ] 1 A B 7L B . 5= : 1 -4 N R F -
: P H ^ 2@ W^ n N . 6 a;< A R S 1 3 Q ;< OP 0; = m X HMP
E= 7 P = (9) E= 6 = = . A = ds = ds * 1 A
#
] 1 O -D / @ -D 3 1 = =N 3
. A 1 (10) H / @ -D . A = @ F - < N OP [ 6 a;<
1 + u# + v′ + w′ = 1 (10) . 1 = N E= N
v 2@ .= @ o [ = 3 u 2@ .= @ * T = m u s, t + v s, t + w s, t ds +
(1 )
. A N7 P = w I ω s, t + I ω s, t + I ω s, t ds,

1 3; o =" =" " H W^ [ =k@ !

u = − L M ( v# + w# ds, (11)
2 . A= H - E` ^-< H W [ H @ 1
N OP [ -N . O -D / @ -D - *5 @ = . A 1 H N E= N H - N X 1
1 A | (12) E= 3 Q < OP @ F-< ω = v#w# + ϕ + Ω + ⋯
O
( δ T*++ + T − δU + δW*G dt = 0, (12) ω = −w # + w # u# + ϕv# + u# w # + v # w # +
O v #w#v# + w #w # + ϕ w# + ⋯ ( 2)
. A OP [ ] [ - 7L B
ω = v − v u + ϕw − u v − w v − v v −
# # # # # # # # # #

1 H 0 - = m X .= @ - < M 6 9 : = ϕ v# + ⋯
A 3 = N 7 P = kn A B =0 4 1
- H ^ 2@ W [ ga N > ϕ u E=
v s, t = √2qH t sin nπs , w s, t = (13) 1 7?;@ = > /a 1 k a Y . A=
√2qI t sin nπs
1 = N E= N 3 3 A = : P O= ` m X M1
[ 7L B = 3 6 9 ) - 9 = = 6 a;<
.[11]
. 1 N 7 P = ;B O M 7L B k = EF G
δv: qS H + n π I qS H + n π I Ω qI + cqH + ϕ s, t = − ( v′′w′ds ( 3)
n= π= qH = Ω eTI s sin Ωt − 5 6 n= π= qS H qH −
N H -4 N R F N OP [ / @ -D 6 a;<
5 6 n= π= qS IqH qI + 5 6 n π qH qH +
U
.[30,29] A OP [ N E=
(14)
5 6 n π qS IqH qI − 5 6 n= π= qH qH + 5 6 n π qH qS H
U U
T*++ = −mΩ ,v e. s sin Ωt + e1 s cos Ωt +
+5 6 n π qH qI − n= π= qH qI − nV πV qH , + w −e. s cos Ωt + e1 s sin Ωt
4
− 5e. s + (4 )
U

nV πV qIqH e1 s 67 ds

. A M 1 (5) E= N / -D 3 1 = 2@
δw: qS I + n π I qS I − n π I Ω qH + cqI +
n= π= qI = Ω eTH s sin Ωt +Ω eTI s cos Ωt − U= D ρ +D ρ +D ρ ds, (5 )
5 6 n= π= qS IqI − 5 6 n= π= qS H qIqH +
. 1 = N7 P =D D -< (5) E=
5 6 n π qIqH + 5 6 n π qS H qIqH − (15) πd =
πd =
U U
D =G ,D =@ =E ( 6)
32 64
n π qI qH + 5 6 n π qI qS I + 5 6 n π qI qI −
= =
U U
E` d f W A =W o =E Gu E=
5 6 n= π= qIqI − nV πV qH qI − nV πV qI ,
. A= H
7?;@ \F 0 = C 1 D 8 = Z = Q;@ L = \= o [ = EF G - 2 O A H - H -< M

23
 = k = A A ol m 3 = =
(24) (23) 7L B 8 = Z = 7?;@ \F = 1 8 = Z= EF G

H 0 - @ 7 A B O QH
A = p − iq e A = p − iq e]g_`Z 7 P
]g_`Z
EF G 7?;@ . A 3 / \F 1 = 1 < EF G
- < > >[ - 2 -N 1 @ - * O[ \ A W ;X 2@ .= @ A= H ^ 1 O = 1
3 1 = 2@ 1 q ,p ,q ,p o [ = L B = 3 . A \ mX 7 2@ .= @ = (11) E= i ^ ^
\= N A ` MP OP [ \= N7> / O[ H ) s 4= - <O A n O = 1 < EF G 7?;@ 6 a;<
. 1 1 H O= ` 7 A B a = Jp + q a = Jp + q . A = (s 4= - <3 s 4=
7J S 3 9 Y > W? F ) N M 1 =
\ = W W [ N 7 P = qI t

... 8 j H =
R' -3 . qH t W
) N
H - @ EF G 7 A B i >H 6 qH t = εqH s, T , T + ε qH s, T , T + ⋯. (16)
< ; o ` - X_ 1 A 1 = 9 Y > qI t = εqI s, T , T + ε qI s, T , T (17)
9 : 7 P = H qE> •E1 . 1 A OP [ + ⋯.
k . - X O QH A = D = D I = 2I * 1 A N \= N M1 =
Y
/ ‚ T > @ 1 3; A = D + εD + ⋯ .,
YO
1 / B ^T =0 4 X1 H YZ (18)
= D + 2ε D D + ⋯ .,
YOZ
. 1 A 1W @ W )B
ε ε 7L B O[ ε VQ S ol m -N 1 @ =
. A= N7 P =
15 1 15T , )Q ( 9 U I5? -1 S1
3;
:ε 7L B
1
1 + n π I D qH + n π I Ω D qI + (19)
@ n= π= qH [ ,
" = m=1 i = 9.90019 i = 9.77880
0.000625 1 + n π I D qI + n π I Ω D qH +
m=2 i = 39.9747 i = 38.04950 (20)
n= π= qI [ ,
m=3 i = 91.3998 i = 81.78514
W 7L B
m=1 i = 10.1889 i = 9.00489 1 + n π I D qH + n π I Ω D qI +
" =
m=2 i = 45.4870 i = 27.48250 n= π= qH =
0.00625
m=2 i = 133.182 i = 38.09474 −2D D qH − cD qH − 2n π I D D qH −
n π I ΩD qI − 5 6 n= π= D qH −
/
B ^T =0 4 H X1 = @ = 5 6 n= π= qH qI D qI + 5 6 n π qH D qH + (21)
U
a _ A 0 H a 1 A 9 : 5 6 n π q H qI D q I − n π qH − n π q I qH −
V V V V
U

o [ =a 2 . 1 1 = MP 5 6 n= π= qH D qH + 5 6 n π qH D q H +
U

. 1 A]1 σ / Np H 5 6 n π q H D qI − 5 6 n= π= qH D qI ,
U

6 - = !1 - < ; _ .1 X- = 1 + n π I D qI − n π I Ω D qH +
E ;< . A 3/ 1O A AB 6 1 n= π= qI =
−2D D qI − cD qI − 2n π I D D qI +
= = Fu E < ; 1 A 3 / (R) (V ) 1 O A n π I ΩD qH − 5 6 n= π= D qI −
. A = [11] q@ 5 6 n= π= qH qI D qH + 5 6 n π qI D qH + (22)
U
EF G 7?;@ C 1 D 7?;@ 8 3 2 - <O A 5 6 n π q H qI D q H − n π q I − n π q H q I −
V V V V
U
- = 1 1 < EF G 7 8 = Z = 7?;@ O A 5 6 n= π= qI D qI + 5 6 n π qI D qI +
U
eO = JeH + eI H -4 N R F n = H A B 5 6 n π qI D qI − 5 6 n= π= qI D qH ,
U
2Q A 6 . 1 9 ` BE W AB 1 . A= N7 P =ε 7L B O[
N OP [ 7?;@ 6 9 : (1 : 1 A 1 = [ 2Y qH = A T e]^_`a + A T e]^Z`a + bccc, (23)
8 2 (2 1 1 1 < EF G 7?;@ C 1 D
qI = −iA T e ]^_`a
+ iA T e ]^Z`a
+ bccc, (24)
(4 3 C 1 D 8 2 (3 2 1 1 < EF G 7?;@
8 1 1 < EF G 7?;@ 8 6 9 : 3 = . 1 6 / - 2 \Q S R 4 5 = bccc u E=
H / B ^-2 ω ω -2
1
Nonlinearity Terms and Gyroscopic Effects (Non. T. and Gy. =0 4 H 3 X1 . . A= i = √−1 A=
Eff.)
2
A 9 : Ω = ω1 + ε2 σ1 7 P = / B ^ T
Nonlinearity Terms (Non. T.)
3
Gyroscopic Effect (Gy. Eff.) N M1 = . A / N p H e 1

24
 o = @ 1 3 ; 3 2 - <O A .1 C 1 D
HQ
(R)
6 . 1 A 9 : I = 0.00625 I = 0.000625
nP - S

Present -\F = W B Z> Z EF = W B Z > 2Q A

0.015 Ref. [11]
. 1 A 3/ 6Y
ev=ew=0.00002
3 4 g 4 = 1 {S/ 3 2 - <O A N E ;<
A

6 a;< . = g 4 AB > -4 N R F
;[

ev=ew=0.000001
Amplitude

0.01

1 = [ 2Y 6 = N 1 = -4 N R F H
X - =

ev=ew=0.000005
1 A j H EF G 7?;@ 7 8 L[ 1 A
0.005
= . C 1 D 8 6 9 : . A </
- 4

C 1 D 8 3 jH . A ] 1 AB g4
<. 1 2/ 9 ; j H EF G 7?;@ 8 L[
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
σ1 7 8 / = 1 3; = [ L= AB -< Y
(EI5 * V15; W B 50 ' A4 B X *2/ -1 . N R F g4 = . 1 2/ C 1 D EF G 7?;@
(op = q. qqqrps) = A /=4 1 = [4 p? F -4
n=3 2/ \ / (V) n=2 2/ \ 12 (]) n=1 2/ \ 41* ([4*) 1 = [ 4 < 6 -4 N R F > 5 X
N R F 34 L= AB -< Y9. =/ -
. ] 1 AB = - / = 8 -4
(V )

(V )
0.3 0.12

Present
0.1 Ref. [11]
Non. T. and Gy. Eff.
0.2 Gy. Eff.
a1

Non. T.
Without Non. T. and Gy. Eff. 0.08
ev=ew=0.0005
Amplitude

0.1 0.06
ev=ew=0.0003

0.04 ev=ew=0.0001

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
et 0.02

(ƒ) 0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4
σ1
Non. T. and Gy. Eff.
0.5 Gy. Eff.
Non. T.
Without Non. T. and Gy. Eff. (ƒ)
0.04
0.4

Present
Ref. [11]
0.3
a1

0.03

ev=ew=0.0001
0.2
Amplitude

0.02 ev=ew=0.00005

0.1
ev=ew=0.00001

0 0.01
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
et

-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

σ1

1
Without Nonlinearity Terms and Gyroscopic Effects (Without
Non. T. and Gy. Eff.)

25
 H 0 - @ 7 A B O QH
1.8 Non. T. and Gy. Eff.
Non. T. and Gy. Eff. 1.2
Gy. Eff. (R )
1.6 Gy. Eff. 1.1 Non. T.
Non. T. Without Non. T. and Gy. Eff.
Without Non. T. and Gy. Eff. 1
1.4
0.9
1.2 0.8
0.1

1 0.08 0.7

a1
a1

0.06 0.6 0.04

0.8
0.04
0.5
0.02
0.02
0.6 0.4

... 8 j H =
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
0.4 0.3 0
0.001 0.002
0.2
0.2
0.1
0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
et et
(EI5 * V15; W B 50 ' A4 B X *2/ -3 . (EI5 * V15; W B 50 ' A4 B X *2/ -2 .
(op = q. qqrps) (op = q. qqqrps)
2/ \ / (V) n=2 2/ \ 12 (]) n=1 2/ \ 41* ([4*) 2/ \ / (V) n=2 2/ \ 12 (]) n=1 2/ \ 41* ([4*)
n=3 n=3

(V ) (V )
0.03

0.028

0.025 0.026 0.3

0.024

0.02 0.022
Non. T. and Gy. Eff.
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.2 Gy. Eff.
a1

Non. T.
a1

0.015 Without Non. T. and Gy. Eff.

0.01 0.1

Non. T. and Gy. Eff.

0.005 Gy. Eff.
Non. T. 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Without Non. T. and Gy. Eff. et
0
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
σ1
(ƒ)
0.6 Non. T. and Gy. Eff.
(ƒ ) Gy. Eff.
Non. T.
0.15 Non. T. and Gy. Eff. 0.5 Without Non. T. and Gy. Eff.
Gy. Eff.
Non. T.
Without Non. T. and Gy. Eff. 0.4
a1

0.114
0.3
0.1 0.112

0.11

0.108
0.2
a1

0.106

0.104
0.0525
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04
0.1
0.052
0.05
0
0.0515 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
et
2.07 2.08 2.09 2.1 2.11

(R)
0
-1 0 1 2
σ1

(R)

26
 0.4
HQ
0.25 0.26

Non. T. and Gy. Eff. 0.25

Non. T. and Gy. Eff.
Gy. Eff.
nP - S

0.24 Gy. Eff.

Non. T. 0.23 Non. T.
0.3 Without Non. T. and Gy. Eff. 0.2
0.22 Without Non. T. and Gy. Eff.
-0.04 -0.02 0 0.02
A

0.12 0.046
0.15
0.1 0.0458

a1
a1

0.2
;[

0.08
0.0456
0.06
0.1 0.0454
X - =

0.04

0.02 0.0452
10 15 20 25 30
0.1 7.965 7.97 7.975 7.98

0.05
- 4

0 0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 -2 0 2 4 6 8
σ1 σ1

(EI5 * V15; W B 50 ' A4 B X *2/ -5 . (EI5 * V15; W B 50 ' A4 B X *2/ -4 .

(op = q. qqrps) (op = q. qqqrps)
2/ \ / (V) n=2 2/ \ 12 (]) n=1 2/ \ 41* ([4*) 2/ \ / (V) n=2 2/ \ 12 (]) n=1 2/ \ 41* ([4*)
n=3 n=3

[4 H !1 ; 5 4 - 2Q A
EF G 7?;@ 7 8 6 9 : . 1 A 1 = :
(V )
- </ E ;< . 1 ;< 4l [ H EF G 0.035 Non. T. and Gy. Eff.
Gy. Eff.
- 1 ;1 = < H 3 A ]F = . EF G 7 8 A 0.03
Non. T.
Without Non. T. and Gy. Eff.
S1 7 8 . < ] 1 9 A S1 5 = 9
0.025
5 X = . 1 2/ L = A B - < 9 A
@ 1 3; - = W )B - = O A 6 = i= E 0.02
a1

H !1 = C 1 D 8 EF G 7?;@ 7 8 6
0.015
g 4 = . C 1 D 8 3 jH . 4 = 8
•m 3 7 8 / = 1 3 ; - = Y 9 9 AB 0.01

. 1
0.005

-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2

(5 ^ -4 σ1

1 34H 0 EF G BE 6 (ƒ )
0.16 Non. T. and Gy. Eff.
) 6 9 ) . 1 9 ` 1 = AB W Gy. Eff.
Non. T.
9 = O M 7L B O[ 2@ 9 Y > W? F 0.14 Without Non. T. and Gy. Eff.

O A s 4= - <O A n ) 1 < EF G 7?;@ 8 . 1 A 0.12 0.12

C 1 D 8 1 ( H s 4= - <3 s 4= - H 0.1
0.1

0.08

7 A B O[ 1 | O= ` . A 9 : 7L B 0.06
a1

0.08 -0.2 0 0.2

EF G 7?;@ 6 9 : 9 {S/ N _ - @ 0.053

0.06 0.052
C 1 D 8 1 1 < EF G 7?;@ O A
0.051

L= AB -< Y < 4 = 8 )B W 0.04

0.05
1.76 1.78 1.8 1.82

= . 2 6 5 : 1 @ O= ` 7?;@ 6 ;< 0.02

7 P = EF G 7?;@ 7 8 . A _ - A p? F 0
-1 0 1 2
8 C 1 D Q;@ Y < A < ‚ 9 A S1 σ1

„ [g4 = . 9 A S1 Y (R )
. A L=)B -< - @ O= ` 7 P = A B

_ *5 -5
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