1 234 51 6 . 7+7 -( 8 -79 * : - ,-.

( /' 0 , 1% &'()' *( + (*
XU7JP/L3 7+7 -

. . / 0 12 3 4 / 2 5 4 5 6 72 ("# ;<
*
. . / 0 12 3 4 / 2 4 ' /'= >
. . / 6 8 9 9: ; <= 8 > ? @ 12@ A 4 @79# ( 1
3
50

0
. 4 5 M N 0 7 6 @. > > D 4 0 <I J K 3 6 <C= 6 @ 06 H 6 @BC5 > D 4 8 E F@ A G
4

Keropur-G ; 0 6 7 O 3 P 4 . 0GO 0Q G RC@ P 4 . 0 G O 0 I 4 S > D 4 0 0 7 6 @. > 4 G

O C@ 0 I 4 CM I 4 6 H 6 @BC5 > D 4 0 @ . 2 0 7 6 @. > > 4 0T . 4 5;7
113-105 !"# 1399

> D4 6 @ Y 2 Z:0 G RC@ . 0 F@ 6O A I 4 U V W0 9 F O 6O . 6O 2X . O

G0 6 G RC@ G0 I 6 @G0 @ 6 @ Y F@ .[ 6@ 2 FO Q46 H 6 @BC5
. X > \ I
. I 4U V <C= \ I6@ Y 6 H 6 @BC5 <I J K :, 6 , 1 A'.

Experimental study of the effects of multi-electrode spark plugs to improve engine

performance and reduce pollutants of the XU7JP/L3 engine

M. Safar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

F. Ommi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Z. Saboohi Aerospace Research Institute (ARI), Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
In this study, the effects of using multi-electrode spark plugs on the performance parameters of an internal combustion engine were
investigated using experimental tests. In this regard, experimental tests have been carried out using two types of lead-free gasoline,
as well as a combination of gasoline with commercial additive (Keropur-G). The results of experimental tests show that with the use
of multi-electrode spark plugs in conventional fuel and fuel with additive, the braking torque and braking power are increased and in
comparison the specific fuel consumption (SFC) is decreased. Also the use of multi-electrode spark plugs increases the emission of
nitrogen oxides and reduces the emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from the engine.
Keywords: Internal Combustion Engine, multi-electrode spark plugs, exhaust emissions, engine performance, fuel consumption.

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fommi@modares.ac.ir : 1

97/12/05 : !
98/06/04 :) * !
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- " ' - 7 ,-.( /' 0 . .- , 1% –2F

1
Spark plug Housing
2
Side Sparking
3
Yttrium

106
Db mt 1 KL2 4 &'M + . -'7 -4 , 1 7+7 -( 8 7 4 - ; , 1( ' -3
8 O /7 q 9: G D4 C ] G 7
h

. X ] 4 0 @ 12 > <I J K 6 @ <C= . > C/ 0

G O 0 R . 0 > 0 .O 0 > = 4 E
K b @>

*( + 7 4 - - " ' -'7 -4-1 .[14] G M \ I. 2X

P 4. 0GO 0 W 5 q 9: G D4 6@ I 4 2X 8 ] <I J K <C= 6 @. >
D4 O . 50 O 0 GO 0 Q 61 O 3 6 . 5 6 X> 3 p4 • C=
= @ FO O G . 50 q 9: G . 5 WV 0. : 5 0F >
WK 0 G . 5 0 . C BASF 5 I4 GO 0 . 0 @ } x € Nb 5 0
W > G RC@ 6> 4€ . WI 8 0 4 . 5 V: € Nb m . ] 3 4 . 4 WV 4
i V: > C 3 W 5 . k : 4 I4 m 4 2X K 0 5 t 0 M 4 . 4
. @ .2 2 O 6 7 q } 0 > > D4 0 4 . i M 6 0 ;>Y
4 : > 8 V0 T 2X .[5] 5 7
. 5
T = F .b ( 1)
p4 P 8 ] . 4 i C= 6 > 0 b F
=4 (T) 2X P l Wb K 0 0 5 P*\
. 4 6 >
P = 2π NT ( 2)
M >0 . 50 • W =4N J M
: 0 4 0 0 SI K <<C G 0 m 4 (2)
rev
P (KW ) = 2π N (
[16] 7 .(6 -.M>' -3F
).T (N .m ).10−3 ( 3)
min
. 6 0 . > K I 4 ; \ .O
XU7JP/L3 7+7 & QHL -4-2 . 5 I4 \ 0 5 >4
<I J K 5 M I4 O <C= 0 > /\ mf
m& f = ( 4)
0 i CM } 0 . G . 4 5 P a XU7JP/L3 time
A I I. 5 I4 6@ I> @ X 6 \ 0 p4 I 4U V <C= 0 > 6 @. >
WI lK iK 5 . 4 5 QV GLX405 D . 5 6 X> . > K 06 =; \ M
. 0 4 O G Pa <= . 5 O 2 I4 0 0 0 0 50 (SFC) A I 4U V > KG
XU7JP/L3 8 Va2 . 4 0 . WI . . C G . 4 (P) \ I 8 ] K 0 ( ) V
.[17] 4 5 | 1 i \ . 4 6 0 I 4> D4 . > 6 M
m& f
[17] 7 4 - 7 7+7 & QHL -1 R. SFC = ( 5)
P
LFZ i 6 X > 6O . (5) M k . b
I. >4 I 1
> 8 b 0 6O A I 4 U V 50 p4 5
81.4 * 83 mm <4 N]
. X M
1761 cm3 m7K
m& f
9.25 : 1 m BSFC = (6)
8 ‚ 4 M Pb
100 hp (74.57 kw) 6000 rpm . 20
153 N.m 3500 rpm 2X 20

2 1
Keropur-G Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

107
 5 D 4 BC5 S 4 > 0 7 . > G . 0E - 4- 3

4 0
/H 3 6 @BC5 W 5 @BC5 G 0 X . \ > 2X . 6 X > 6 0

H 6 @BC5 8 E 0 7
6@ 6 0 <C= . > BC5 S > 3 @ 6 0 . 5 0 (MPA) F . 4 / 5 p4 5 I4
3000 2500 2000 1500 K /H 6 `< a 12 > 5 QV > C 4W 5. 5 D4
30 @ R @. > C . 4 * ;7 ( 9 ] 0 ) • W 4 0. X : 6 <4 0 G . @ .2
bI O ; < 4 0 I8 b 0 50 >0% 2X . . O 0 0 i C= 0 5 Wb
X 9 ] 5 8 0 5 i C= 0 . 5 i C= 0 ] 6 Y 6 kD: 3 . . @ F C @
q } > 2X . . 4 0 K 0 <C=

6
0 0 0 i C= . 5 m@ ; 1 @ ;>Y C 4 X
Ig 5 3 I8 b 0 56 X>

... /\
q }> O ; 3C 0 4 I8 b
4 5 M 61 K I4UV 6 X > 6 0. 5 . X ;7
. i4 6 0 i 1 4 8 b 0 . \ = .O
D 4 WCK W0 ] .Oa 3 > I 4 f <a > D4 6 0
1 K 4 5 Wb .Oa . C@ 0 O 2X 0 I 4 . 5
1 4 1 K . @ .2 M] I 4 U V 50 ]
i} @ Y .O X ] T4 Y
ƒ a 4 1 4 > 5 ‚ H 8 b 0 `< a 6 @ F >
5 OC 5ƒ I > 1 K . > @. . 5
G 14 <C= ] 4 2 . 6 6
2 I4UV 2X . k @ Va2 yz4 .
N0 c Gc 2 > OX \ I 2 @ Y
6@ . = 0 `< a 6 @ BC5 S @ 0
!" # $ -4
@ 4 h l 0 ;>Y . X ] 9 6 <C=
0 > k 0 6 <C= 6 @. > 6 <C=
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. 4 5 ) OX E / 234 , 1 S ,( S ' ' -4-4
Y 1 4 > XU7JP/L3 6> X 6 @ Y F7 4 6 0
V!* . U2 -6 0 0 4 6 0 . X D 4 CAPELLC 5 I4 74
T . X | 0 7 6 @. > > Wb K T Fa0 G C . 5 M > OX \ I 4 0 I 4 q ] 9
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1 Fa0 > \ I 6 @ Y 2 0 @BC5 … M E . @ .2 > \ I 6 @> X
. 4 6 <C= 6 @ 0 @BC5 … M E 4 0 W 5

7+7 ' .(E , 1 234 (* % W27X+ ( ) + -1-6

Z= 0 FO 5 @2 6W 5 }. C@
= 4F O 0. H. X I 6 @G0 @ 2 F@
2 6 @i \ . 0 F@ > 8 K i9 b
I 6 @ G0 @ F@ b .O Q 0 3
0 6 /H 6 @ BC5 CM G O 0 0 . >
. 4 6 3 BC5

% - E7 , 1Y*(6. 1 L ' 51 6 'M -2 R. 7+7 ' .(E , 1 S M / 4 K - -5F

/7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 ,-.( /' .-
3000 2500 2000 1500
*( + , 1 7 4 T. -5
3/26 3/09 2/04 5/55 /0 b
9 G RC@ 6 <C= 6 @ 6 X> 6 0
. 50 > 8 b 0 F > ; 7 WK lK @ Y
K 9 ] 10 8 0 5 6> G5 0

108
Db mt Gasoline+Keropur 0% - E7 , 1Y*(6 . 1 L ' 51 6 'M -3 R.
Single electrode spark plug /7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 ,-.( /'
90 Dual electrod spark plug
3000 2500 2000 1500
h

platinum+4 spark plug

85 7/6 7/21 5/10 7/04 /0 b
HC(ppm vol)
K b @>

80

75

70

65
1500 2000 2500 3000
speed (rpm)

'( 1 Y2M * ' - " ' * E7 , 1Y*(6 . 1 &'( Z+ -7 F

7+7 , 6 G H , 1 .- - -.M>' *

> 5 p9 .[ 6@> OX
.[ . @ (NO2) .[ 6 (NO) 3
6 G 0 0. @ .2 F Y0 6 0 .A
Y2M * ' - " ' * E7 , 1Y*(6 . 1 &'( Z+-6 F
NOX W 2 6 0 <b <= .A . 0 4 Y0
7+7 , 6 G H , 1 .- - /7 X
G W 2 . O J K kD: W J K W 0. 50
J K . O F O <= 0 Y 0 6 @ . 0 FO O
6@ I 6 @G0 @ 2 . O 7 W 5 q0 N
.O <4 X i 9 . O F@ GM > >0 3
BC5 6 0 3000 rpm 1500 rpm > 6 `< a
. \ 0 NOX W 2 6 0 4 0 Y0 8 K
O 0 C@ G O 0 > D4 0 6 /H 6
2000 1500 rpm 6 @ CM G O 0 8W 5 q0 N
6 @ BC5 > D 4 k N C@ . X @2
. X @ 2 .[ 6@ 2 . O 3000 2500
kD: 2 G Y 0 J K 6 F O Z= 0 6 H
.[ 6@ 2 F O b . O 7 6i \
4i \ . 50 @ 2 W0 ] G X J K
06 3 0 6 /H 6 6 @BC5
GO 0. > I 6 @G0 @ 2 F@ b . O 5
. X @2 CM G O 0 > D 4
0 6 /H 6 @BC5 > D 4 0 O 0 C@
. 4 6 3 BC5
.- % - A.( ,1 6' L ' 52'M>' 'M -6R.
/7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 ,-.( /' % - E7 , 1Y*(6. 1 L ' 51 6 'M -4R.
3000 2500 2000 1500 -.M>' * Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 ,-.( /' .-

2/24 2/83 2/15 1/66 /0 b 3000 2500 2000 1500

1 1/1 0/85 1/18 /0 b
0% - A.( ,1 6' L ' 52'M>' 'M -7R.
/7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 ,-.( /' 0% - E7 , 1Y*(6. 1 L ' 51 6 'M -5R.
3000 2500 2000 1500 -.M>' * Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 ,-.( /'

3/37 4/24 2/78 2/5 FO b 3000 2500 2000 1500

1/4 2/2 2/3 1/72 /0 b

109
 Normal gasoline
7+7 -( 8 , 1( ' (* W27X+ ( ) + -2-6

4 0
195
Single electrode spark plug
0 G FO O 2X 9 FO 0 185

07
Dual electrod spark plug
6@ = 4 . 5 0 yD <K <4. 5 <= 0 175 platinum+4 spark plug

H 6 @BC5 8 E
NOx (ppm.vol)
W }0 < 4 C yD . > <= 0 2500 rpm > Y 0 165
. 0 F@ 2X 7 5 C 155
6O 5 @ 2 10 W 5 2X N C@ 145
135
G 50 @ 2 W0 ] 6 `< a 6 @

6
125
12 11 i \ 5 D4 CM G O 0 > @. >
115

... /\
/H 6 @BC5 6O 2X F O b . O 1500 2000 2500 3000
GO 0 > D4 0 6 3 BC5 0 6 speed (rpm)

. 50 @ 2 W0 ] CM - /7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * A.( ,1 6' &'( Z+-8F

7+7 , 6 G H , 1 .-
,-.( /' .- % - ,M (+ . LS 52'M>' 'M -11 R.
/7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 6@ O C@ 0 G O 0 0 6 @. > 9 W 5 q0 N
3000 2500 2000 1500 .[ 6@ 2 . O rpm 3000 2500 2000 1500
1/95 3/33 1/95 2/7 /0 b 6 @BC5 > D 4 X @2 N C@ . X @2
. 4 X .[ 6@ F O Z= 0 6 H
,-.( /' 0% - ,M (+ . LS 52'M>' 'M -12 R. .[ 6@ 2 FO b . O 10 9i \
/7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' +% * :9 06 3 0 6 /H 6 6 @BC5
3000 2500 2000 1500 . X @2 O 0 C@ G O 0 > D 4
2/98 3/57 2/98 2/57 /0 b

Normal Gasoline .- % - A.( ,1 6' L ' 52'M>' 'M -9 R.

-.M>' * Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 ,-.( /'
45
3000 2500 2000 1500
Brake Torque (N.m)

1/64 1/05 0/67 1/07 FO b

40 0% - A.( ,1 6' L ' 52'M>' 'M -10 R.

Single electrode spark plug

-.M>' * Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 ,-.( /'
Dual electrod spark plug 3000 2500 2000 1500
platinum+4 spark plug

35 1/64 1/84 2/16 1/76 /0 b

1500 2000 2500 3000
speed (rpm)
Gazoline+keropur
195
- /7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * 7+7 ,M (+ . LS &'( Z+-10 F Single electrode spark plug

7+7 , 6 G H , 1 .- 185 Dual electrod spark plug

platinum+4 spark plug
175
NOx (ppm.vol)

0 GO 0 > D 4 0 6O 2X 8 x 11 W 5 q0 N 165
. 4 @ 2 W0 ] 0 7 . > `< a 6 @ O C@ 155
> D 4 0 6O 2X /0 b . O 14 13 i \ q0 N 145
0 6 /H 6 @BC5 0 O C@ 0 G O 0
135
. 4 @ 2 W0 ] 6 3 BC5
125
1500 2000 2500 3000
,-.( /' .- % - ,M (+ . LS 52'M>' 'M -13R. speed (rpm)
-.M>' * Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 * '( 1 Y2M * ' - " ' * A.( ,1 6' &'( Z+ -9 F
3000 2500 2000 1500 7+7 , 6 G H , 1 .- - -.M>'
0/87 0/13 0/24 0/36 /0 b

110
Db mt Normal Gasoline
11
Single electrode spark plug 0% - ,M (+ . LS 52'M>' 51 6 'M -14R.
Dual electrod spark plug
-.M>' * Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 ,-.( /'
h

10 platinum+4 spark plug

Brake Power (kW)

3000 2500 2000 1500

K b @>

0/98 0/31 0/51 0/59 /0 b

9

8
Gasoline+keropur
50
Single electrode spark plug
7 Dual electrod spark plug
1500 2000 2500 3000 platinum+4 spark plug

Brake Torque (N.m)

speed (rpm)
45
, 1 .- - /7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * ,M (+ '7+ &'( Z+ -12F
7+7 , 6 G H
40
0 G O 0 > D 4 0 6O . F O . O 13 W 5 q0 N
. O 18 17 6 @i \ . 5 0 @ 2 W0 ] O C@
35
0 O C@ 0 G O 0 > D 4 0 6O . F O b 1500 2000 2500 3000
speed (rpm)
5 6 3 BC5 0 6 /H 6 @BC5
. 4 * '( 1 Y2M * ' - " ' * 7+7 ,M (+ . LS &'( Z+ -11 F
7+7 , 6 G H , 1 .- - -.M>'
:9 ,-.( /' .- % - ,M (+ '7+ 52'M>' 'M -17 R.
-.M>' * Y2M * ' - " ' * -.( /' + * F O 0 6O . X @ 2 12 W 5 N C@
3000 2500 2000 1500 . FO 0 7 m9 N0
0/75 0/9 1/2 0/7 /0 b Nb 8 D< F O 0 }> . 0 F O 6O
> D 4 0G 6@ 6O . G 0 U_ I . 0 FO
:9 ,-.( /' 0% - ,M (+ '7+ 52'M>' 'M -18R. F O 0 50 /2 06 /H BC5
-.M>' * Y2M * ' - " ' * -.( /' + * . 5 3 O 1 0 @ C F@ U_ I G
3000 2500 2000 1500 D 4 0 6O . F O b . O 16 15 6 @i \ q0 N
1/3 1/1 2/15 1/7 /0 b 0 6 /H 6 6 @BC5 0 CM G O 0 >
. 4 @ 2 W0 ] 6 3 BC5
Gasoline+ keropur .
11
Single electrode spark plug :9 ,-.( /' .- % - ,M (+ '7+ 52'M>' 'M -15R.
Dual electrod spark plug
/7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + *
10 platinum+4 spark plug
Brake Power (kW)

3000 2500 2000 1500

1/38 1/67 2/44 1/16 /0 b
9

,-.( /' 0% - ,M (+ '7+ 52'M>' 'M -16 R.

8
/7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9
3000 2500 2000 1500
7
1500 2000 2500 3000 2/47 1/24 3/57 3/82 /0 b
speed (rpm)

- -.M>' * '( 1 Y2M * ' - " ' * ,M (+ '7+ &'( Z+ -13F

7+7 , 6 G H , 1 .-

CM G O 0 > D 4 0 I 4 \ 0 8 x 14 W 5
= 4F O . i 0 F O 0. 4 5 .2
6 0 F O J K kD: 0 6 6 @ =4 • W

111
 Gasoline+keropur \ 0 1 i_ I H I 4 0 @ > .

4 0
6
Single electrode spark plug
0 F@ . O 20 19i \ . 0 FO 0 I4

07
Dual electrod spark plug
platinum+4 spark plug 3 BC5 0 6 /H BC5 I4 \

H 6 @BC5 8 E
Fuel cons (lt/hr) 5.5 . 4 @ 2 W0 ] CM G O 0 > D4 06

,-.( /' .- % - :E7 ( *- 51 6 'M -19R.

5
/7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * -.( /' + * :9
3000 2500 2000 1500

6
4.5 0/63 0/45 0/39 0/42 /0 b

... /\
1500 2000 2500 3000
Speed (rpm)

0% - :E7 ( *- 51 6 'M -20R.

* '( 1 Y2M * ' - " ' * :E7 ( *- &'( Z+-15 F
/7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * -.( /' + * :9 ,-.( /'
7+7 , 6 G H , 1 .- - -.M>'
3000 2500 2000 1500
6O A I 4U V 5 @ 2 16 W 5 }. C@ 0/5 0/35 0/73 0/94 /0 b
8 K 8 D< . > . 5 W 0 =4F O 0
Normal Gasoline
W 0 Y0 6@ = 4 0 F@ IH } 6.5
Single electrode spark plug
UV }> . 0 FO I4UV > Nb 8 D< Dual electrod spark plug
platinum+4 spark plug
. 0 m9 N0 I4 \ 0 0 6O A I4 6
U V F@ . O 24 23 6 @i \ . y = N0 6O Fuel cons (lt/hr)
BC5 0 6 /H 6 @BC5 6O A I4 5.5
. 4 CM G O 0 > D4 06 3
5
.- % - ,M (+ \2. :E7 ](Q 51 6 'M -23 R.
/7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 ,-.( /' 4.5
1500 2000 2500 3000
3000 2500 2000 1500 Speed (rpm)
0/88 1/2 0/85 0/58 /0 b
- /7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * :E7 ( *- &'( Z+ -14F

0% - ,M (+ \2. :E7 ](Q 51 6 'M -24R. 7+7 , 6 G H , 1 .-

/7 X Y2M * ' - " ' * ,-.( /' + * :9 ,-.( /'

3000 2500 2000 1500 0 8 x `< a 6 @BC5 0 O C@ 0 G O 0 . >
22 21 6 @i \ q0 N . 5 0 15 W 5 0 q0 N I 4 \
1/04 1/2 0/74 1/05 /0 b
6 /H 6 @BC5 I4 \ 0 F@ . O
Normal Gasoline O C@ 0 G O 0 > D 4 0 6 3 BC5 0
Single electrode spark plug . 4
Dual electrod spark plug
platinum+4 spark plug
BSFC (Lit/kW.hr)

0.65 ,-.( /' .- % - :E7 ( *- 51 6 'M -21R.

-.M>' * Y2M * ' - " ' * -.( /' + * :9
3000 2500 2000 1500
0.6
0/5 0/72 0/39 0/41 /0 b

0.55 ,-.( /' 0% - :E7 ( *- 51 6 'M -22R.

1500 2000 2500 3000 -.M>' * '( 1 Y2M * ' - " ' * -.( /' + * :9
speed (rpm)
3000 2500 2000 1500
Y2M * ' - " ' * ,M (+ \2. :E7 ](Q &'( Z+-16 F
0/53 1/27 0/42 0/82 /0 b
7+7 , 6 G H , 1 .- - /7 X

U V 8 x `< a 6 @BC5 0 O C@ 0 G O 0 . >

U V F@ b . 5 0 17 W 5 0 q0 N 6O A I4

112
Db mt .[ 6@ 2 6 0 @ Y .O 4 0 26 25 i \ q0 N 6 H 6 @BC5 0 6O A I4
6 0 %2/23 6 BC5 CM G O 0 > D 4 K . 50
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Optimization of In-Cylinder Tumble Motion for the Gasoline+keropur
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[3] Hiroya I. and Keiji K., Super Carbon Fouling Resistive

BSFC (Lit/kW.hr)
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Fine Center & Ground Electrodes Reprinted From :
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[5] Pulkrabek W. W., Engineering fundamentals of the 0.56
internal combustion engine. McGraw Hill, 1988.
[6] Kamiński T., Wendeker M., Urbanowicz K., and Litak
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Dynamics and noise level estimation Combustion 0.54
1500 2000 2500 3000
process in a spark ignition engine : Dynamics and noise speed (rpm)
level estimation, Vol. 461, No. 2004, 2013.
[7] R. Van Basshuysen and F. Schafer, Modern engine
technology from A to Z, SAE international (2006). Y2M * ' - " ' * ,M (+ \2. :E7 ](Q &'( Z+-17 F
[8] Lee Y. G. and Boehler J. T., Flame Kernel 7+7 , 6 G H , 1 .- - -.M>' * '( 1
Development and its Effects on Engine Performance
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2005, No. 724, 2018. ,( S -7
[9] Taylor C. F., The Internal Combustion Engine in
Theory and Practice. M.I.T, 1966. 0 <C= /0 Z= 0 6 /H 6 @BC5 > D 4
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2018. rpm 3000 1500 6 @ G1 } 0 6O 2X
[11] Hori T. and Shibata M., Super Ignition Spark Plug with
Fine Center & Ground Electrodes Reprinted From : CM G O 0 > D 4 K 6O 2X F O . O
New SI Engine and Component Design, No. 724, 2018.
F O %3/24 6 /H BC5 %2/48 6 BC5
[12] Lee M. J., Hall M., Ezekoye O. A., and Matthews R.,
Voltage, and Energy Deposition Characteristics of BC5 O 0 GO 0 > D4 K G RC@ 4
Spark Ignition Systems Reprinted From: SI Combustion
and Direct Injection SI Engine Technology, No. 724, %0/6 . O 0 6 /H BC5 % 0/4 . O 0 6
2018. 6O . 4 0 . X @ 2 6O 2X F O
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internal combustion engine. McGraw Hill, 1988. 3000 1500 6 @ 6 BC5 CM G O 0 6 0
[14] Cussons Educational technology, Dynamometer,
Catalogue of Multi-Cylinder Engine test bed with
%3/09 6 /H BC5 6 0 %1/63 G 1 } 0 rpm
Hydraulic, 1998. BC5 O C@ 0 G O 0 5 @2 . F O
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combustion, the combustion institute. pittsburgh, 1991. 6O . %1/56 6 /H BC5 6 0 %0/86 6
[16] BASF’s KEROPUR® G. [Online]. D4 K 6O A I 4U V . 0 FO
Available:https://products.basf.com/en/Keropur-G.html.
[17] XU7JP/L3. [Online]. Available: http://ip- 6 0 0/44 G 1 } 0 CM G O 0 6 BC5 >
co.com/contents/view/45.
- F@ 6O A I 4 U V % 0/62 6 /H BC5
6 BC5 6 0 O C@ 0 G O 0 0 6 @. > . 0
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. 5 @2

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