Automatic Generation of Smart Earthquake-Resistant Building System - Hybrid System of Base-Isolation and Building-Connection

Received:
8 November 2015
Revised:
Automatic generation of
4 January 2016
Accepted:
21 January 2016
smart earthquake-resistant
Heliyon (2016) e00069 building system: Hybrid
system of base-isolation and
building-connection
M. Kasagi, K. Fujita, M. Tsuji, I. Takewaki *
Dept. of Architecture and Architectural Eng., Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: takewaki@archi.kyoto-u.ac.jp (I. Takewaki).
Abstract
A base-isolated building may sometimes exhibit an undesirable large response to

a long-duration, long-period earthquake ground motion and a connected building
system without base-isolation [3_TD$IF]may show a large response to a near-fault (rather
high-frequency) earthquake ground motion. To overcome both deficiencies, a
new hybrid control system of base-isolation and building-connection is proposed
and investigated. In this new hybrid building system, a base-isolated building is
connected to a stiffer free wall with oil dampers. It has been demonstrated in a
preliminary research that the proposed hybrid system is effective both for
near-fault (rather high-frequency) and long-duration, long-period earthquake
ground motions and has sufficient redundancy and robustness for a broad range
of earthquake ground motions.An automatic generation algorithm of this kind of
smart structures of base-isolation and building-connection hybrid systems is
presented in this paper. It is shown that, while the proposed algorithm does not
work well in a building without the connecting-damper system, it works well in
the proposed smart hybrid system with the connecting damper system.
Keywords: Engineering, Building, Mechanics, Structural engineering,

Civil engineering
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00069
2405-8440/© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Article No~e00069
1. Introduction
In the seismic resistant design of building structures, the concept of resilience is
becoming more and more important and it is highly desired to design building
structures safely for a broader class of possible earthquake ground motions
(Takewaki 2006, 2013; Takewaki et al., 2012). This is based on the common
understanding that earthquake ground motions are highly uncertain both in its
occurrence and property. It appears therefore difficult to predict the forthcoming
events precisely in time, space and character (Takewaki 2006, 2013;
Takewaki et al., 2011, 2012, 2013). It is also recognized that the properties of
building structural elements (especially the properties of base-isolation systems
and passive control systems, etc.) are not deterministic (Ben-Haim, 2001) and
their variation brings various difficulties in the seismic resistant design of
building structures in terms of robustness and redundancy ([4_TD$IF]AIJ, 2011). In fact, it
is code-specified in Japan to take into account the variability of mechanical
properties of isolators and dampers in the design of base-isolated buildings and
passively controlled buildings. In this design process, the worst combination of
mechanical properties of isolators and dampers is investigated (Ben-Haim 2001;
Elishakoff and Ohsaki, 2010; Takewaki et al., 2012) and all the design
conditions are checked for this worst case.
While base-isolated buildings are understood to be effective for high-frequency

(impulsive) ground motions [5_TD$IF]and base-isolation systems were used for rather rigid
super structures in an early stage (Jangid and Datta, 1994; Hall et al., 1995;
Heaton et al., 1995; Jangid, 1995; Jangid and Banerji, 1998; Kelly, 1999;
Naeim and Kelly, 1999; Jangid and Kelly, 2001; Morales, 2003; Takewaki, 2005;
Li and Wu, 2006; Takewaki,[6_TD$IF] 2008; Hino et al., 2008; Takewaki and Fujita, 2009),
they are not necessarily resistant for long-period [7_TD$IF]ground motions with the
characteristic period of 5–8s (Ariga et al., 2006; Irikura et al., 2004; Kamae et al.,
2004). Actually it is reported that a resonance of the base-isolated buildings with
the long-period ground motions was observed during the 2011 Tohoku (Japan)
earthquake. Nevertheless, the base-isolation system is used recently even for a
rather tall building especially in Japan and the long-period ground motions with
the characteristic period of 5-8s are of great interest in the structural design of
base-isolated buildings and super high-rise buildings. On the other hand, it is also
well understood that, while building structures including passive energy dissipating
systems are effective for long-duration, long-period ground motions (Takewaki
2007, 2015; Patel and Jangid, 2011; Takewaki et al., 2011, 2012), they are not
necessarily effective for near-fault (rather high-frequency) ground motions (Xu
et al., 2007; Takewaki and Tsujimoto, 2011). This is because the passive damper
systems cannot respond effectively to impulsive loadings. Smart resolution of these
two issues may be one of the most controversial issues in the field of seismic
resistant and control design (Koo et al., 2009; Petti et al., 2010; Karabork, 2011).
2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00069
Article No~e00069
In this paper, a new hybrid passive control system is investigated in which a

base-isolated building is connected to another non-base-isolated building (free
wall) with oil dampers. A similar type of buildings without base-isolation is
being designed and constructed by Obayashi Corporation in Japan as an
apartment house with a car parking tower (Nishimura et al., 2008) and buildings
incorporating such hybrid system [8_TD$IF]are under construction in Tokyo by Obayashi
Corporation and Shimizu Corporation. It may also be interesting to note that, if
the free wall becomes stiffer, the connecting damper system yields a building
with dampers attached directly to the ground (Trombetti and Silvestri, 2004).
A preliminary investigation was conducted by Murase et al. (2013). However it
seems that more detailed and deeper investigations are required. An automatic
generation algorithm of this kind of smart structures of base-isolation and
building-connection hybrid systems is presented in this paper.
2. Model
[9_TD$IF]Base-isolated building interconnected to outer frame
A base-isolated building and a building with connecting dampers are two
representatives of passive controlled buildings (see Figs. 1(a), (b)). A [10_TD$IF]new
hybrid passive control system consists of a multi-story base-isolated main
building (apartment house), a free wall (car parking tower) and a group of
interconnecting oil dampers as shown in Fig. 1(c). Oil dampers are usually
installed as connecting dampers because of its sufficient stroke and damping
performance. The general earthquake response properties of these buildings
under near-fault and long-duration, long-period ground motions are explained in
Fig. 1. While the base-isolated building is vulnerable to the long-period ground
motion and the connected building is vulnerable to the near-fault ground motion,
the building with the proposed hybrid system is effective for both types of
[(Fig._1)TD$IG]
Fig. 1. Earthquake response properties under near-fault and long-duration, long-period ground
motions: (a) Base-isolated building, (b) Connected building, (c) Base-isolation, building-connection
hybrid system.
Article No~e00069
ground motions. The hybrid passive control system can resist for the near-fault
ground motion via the base-isolation mechanism and respond effectively to the
long-duration, long-period ground motion via the building connection
mechanism. Furthermore, the base-isolation mechanism is quite advantageous
for the energy consumption at the connecting dampers in all stories as shown in
Fig. 2.
[1_TD$IF]3. Theory
Automatic generation algorithm of hybrid control system
In this section, an automatic generation algorithm of the proposed base-isolation
and building-connection hybrid system is presented. The main purpose of
passive control systems is to reduce the acceleration and deformation of the
main buildings. Let yDIS ACC
max and ymax denote the maximum top-mass displacement
relative to the ground and acceleration of the main building and
DISðiniÞ ACCðiniÞ
let ymax and ymax denote the maximum top-mass displacement and
acceleration of the main building for the initial model. Although it is recognized
in general that, as the building stiffness becomes smaller, the acceleration
becomes smaller and the displacement becomes larger (see [12_TD$IF]Section 4.3), this
does not apply for the base-isolated building with the connecting-damper
system. As seen in the numerical examples in the following section, the
base-isolated building can make the top acceleration smaller with the top
displacement almost constant. It may be useful to introduce the following
[(Fig._2)TD$IG]
Fig. 2. Advantageous feature of base-isolation for the energy consumption at the connecting
dampers ([36_TD$IF]xmax : top displacement of initial model, [37_TD$IF]x′max: top displacement of hybrid system).
Article No~e00069
objective function in terms of deformation reduction and acceleration reduction

indices.
yDIS yACC
max ; ymax ¼ a DISðiniÞ þ b ACC ðiniÞ
f yDIS ACC max max
(1)
ymax ymax
[13_TD$IF]where a and b are the weighting coefficients.
In order to obtain a better design with a lower objective function, a sensitivity-

based method is introduced. The stiffness of the free wall is fixed and only the
stiffness of the main structure is treated as the design variable. The isolation-story
stiffness can also be treated as a design variable by regarding this story stiffness as
the isolation-story stiffness (insert of the isolation system at any floor is possible).
If the gradient-based algorithm is not used, the structural designer cannot find
directly the most appropriate location to decrease the stiffness at the first stage.
Furthermore each set of stiffnesses of the main structure at each step obtained by
the gradient-based algorithm provides the structural designers with useful
information on structural design (the efficient location of stiffness). One of the
popular sensitivity-free methods is GA (genetic algorithm). When GA is used,
a complicated setting of GA parameters is necessary and this procedure may be
cumbersome for most of structural designers.
The algorithm of the proposed method is very simple and can be summarized as
follows.
1. Model the connecting building system into N-story shear buildings with
connecting dampers
2. Consider N candidates with a slightly reduced story stiffness in only one story
3. Compute the responses of the above N candidates under a design ground
motion and evaluate the objective function in terms of top acceleration and
top displacement
4. Find the design with the lowest objective function among the above
N candidates (the stiffness reduction is alternatively applied to each floor)
5. If the smallest story stiffness is violating a determined lower constraint, stop
the procedure. Otherwise return to [Step 2].
Fig. 3 shows the schematic diagram of the proposed sensitivity-based automatic
generation algorithm of the proposed smart hybrid systems.
[14_TD$IF]4. Example
In order to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method, some numerical
examples are shown in this section. As stated before, the stiffness of the free
wall is fixed and only the stiffness of the main structure is treated as the design
variable.
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[(Fig._3)TD$IG]
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of sensitivity-based automatic generation algorithm of smart hybrid

system.
4.1. Earthquake ground motions

The general properties of this hybrid system under near-fault (rather
high-frequency) and long-duration, long-period ground motions have been
disclosed in the previous work (Murase et al., 2013). In this paper, general
design ground motions compatible with a specific code-specified design
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response spectrum in Japan is used. These ground motions are used in Japan for
the design of high-rise buildings and base-isolated buildings. Two representative
phase properties are employed to represent the two types of ground motions,
i.e. El Centro NS 1940 for the near-field (impulsive) ground motion and
Hachinohe NS 1968 for the far-field (long-duration) ground motion. Fig. 4
shows the acceleration time history and the acceleration response spectrum with
the code-specified design acceleration response spectrum in Japan.
4.2. Hybrid building system

Consider a 30-story building with the hybrid system. The parameters of the
original main building and the original free wall are shown in Table 1. For
simple investigation, the building is condensed into a three-mass model. The
parameters of such simplified three-mass model (mass and story stiffness) are
presented in Table 2. It should be noted that, although the original model has
been reduced to a three-mass model and the terminology of ‘story’ may not be
appropriate, the expression ‘story’ has been used here. This is because it is
intended to demonstrate, if the reduction of stiffness (insertion of base-isolation
story) is effective, which floor level is most effective. The insertion of base-
isolation story (insertion into one story of the original MDOF model) induces
[(Fig._4)TD$IG]
Fig. 4. Design earthquake ground motions compatible with the design response spectrum in Japan:
(a) Phase of El Centro NS 1940, (b) Phase of Hachinohe NS 1968.
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Table 1. Parameters of main building and free wall.
Main structure Free wall
Number of stories 30 30
3
Floor mass (kg) 900 × 10 144 × 103
Fundamental natural period (s) 2.4 1.0
Structural damping ratio 0.03 0.03
(stiffness-proportional)
the reduction of the stiffness of the reduced element including the base-isolation
story. Since it is useful to indicate the level of the element in the reduced
model, this terminology ‘story’ is used in the sense of element. The structural
damping ratios of the main structure and the free wall are 0.03 as stated in
Table 1 for the original models. The connecting dampers are located uniformly
at every mass level. The effect of higher modes will be discussed in Section 4.5
using the transfer functions.
The initial model of the main building is designed so as to have the fundamental
natural period of 2.4(s) and a straight-line fundamental mode. On the other
hand, the free wall is designed so as to have the fundamental natural period of
1.0(s) and a straight-line fundamental mode. The parameters in Eq. (1) are
specified as[15_TD$IF] a = 1, b = 1, i.e. the objective function is a simple sum of top
displacement ratio and top acceleration ratio.
Fig. 5 shows the transition of story stiffness and the variation of top
displacement, top acceleration and objective function (linear combination of top
displacement and top acceleration) for gradual decrease of the main structure
stiffness. The sum of damping coefficients of connecting dampers has been
given as [30_TD$IF]3.0 × 107 (N/(m/s)) after some investigations. [17_TD$IF]The damping ratio of the
connecting dampers corresponding to the initial design is 0.16. This value has
Table 2. Simplified three-mass model (‘story’ is used here to designate the

element of stiffness in reduced three-mass model).
Main structure Free wall
Mass at each node (kg) 9000 × 103 1440 × 103

Story stiffness Third story 1.85 × 108 1.71 × 108
(N/m)
Second story 3.08 × 108 2.84 × 108
First story 3.70 × 108 3.41 × 108
Fundamental natural period (s) 2.4 1.0
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[(Fig._5)TD$IG]
Fig. 5. Transition of story stiffness and variation of top displacement, top acceleration and objective
function for gradual decrease of main structure stiffness: (a) top displacement, (b) top acceleration,
(c) objective function (Phase: El Centro NS 1940) (‘story’ is used here to designate the element of
stiffness in reduced three-mass model[38_TD$IF]).
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been derived from the actual design of an apartment building in Tokyo by

Obayashi Corporation. The phase of the ground motion is that of El Centro
NS 1940. [18_TD$IF]Since the parameters in Eq. (1) are specified as [19_TD$IF]a = 1, b = 1, the
objective function for the initial model is 2.0. The variations of top displacement
and top acceleration are also plotted at each step in order to monitor the
response. It can be observed that, while the proposed algorithm does not work
well in the building without the connecting-damper system (see Section 4.3),
it works well in the proposed smart hybrid system with the connecting damper
system.
On the other hand, Fig. 6 shows the corresponding figures for the ground
motion with the phase of Hachinohe NS 1968. It can be understood that a
similar transition of story stiffness is seen regardless of the variation of ground
motions.
Fig. 7 shows the variation of top displacement and top acceleration with respect
to the damping coefficient of the connecting damper for the initial model and
the automatically generated soft first-story model under the ground motion with
the phase of El Centro NS 1940. The damping coefficient [31_TD$IF]1.0 × 107 (N/(m/s)) in
each story corresponds to the sum [32_TD$IF]3.0 × 107 (N/(m/s))of damping coefficients of
connecting dampers employed in Section 4.2. As stated before, the connecting
dampers are located uniformly at every mass level. It can be observed that the
damping coefficient [31_TD$IF]1.0 × 107 (N/(m/s)) exhibits a desirable response reduction
both in the top displacement and top acceleration. As for the optimal damper
location, in the proposed hybrid system the damper performance is not affected
much by the damper distribution because the base-isolation induces large
horizontal displacements at all the mass levels.
Fig. 8 illustrates the acceleration and displacement transfer functions for the
initial model of uniform story stiffness and the automatically generated soft
first-story model. It can be seen that the soft first-story model exhibits an
excellent performance in the acceleration and displacement transfer functions.
The energy transfer function as a general transfer function for energy input is an
effective index for demonstrating the energy absorption capacity of structural
elements (Takewaki 2004, 2007, 2015). The energy transfer function can be
obtained by applying the Fourier transformation and the inverse Fourier
transformation to the expression of the total earthquake input energy in time
domain. The integration in frequency domain of the energy transfer function
multiplied by the squared Fourier amplitude of the input ground
acceleration provides the total input energy. The area of the energy transfer
function in frequency domain is relating directly to the input energy under the
ground motion with the constant Fourier amplitude. Fig. 9 shows the energy
transfer functions of the connecting dampers in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd stories for
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[(Fig._6)TD$IG]
Fig. 6. Transition of story stiffness and variation of top displacement, top acceleration and objective
function for gradual decrease of main structure stiffness: (a) top displacement, (b) top acceleration,
(c) objective function (Phase: Hachinohe NS 1968) (‘story’ is used here to designate the element of
stiffness in reduced three-mass model).
the initial model (Fig. 9(a)) and the soft first-story model (Fig. 9(b)). It can be
observed that, while a large variability exists in the initial model, a fairly
common distribution is realized in the soft first-story model. This indicates that
the soft first-story model enables the uniform energy consumption at the
connecting damper in every story.
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[(Fig._7)TD$IG]
Fig. 7. Variation of response with respect to damping coefficient of connecting damper for the
initial model and the automatically generated soft first-story model (Phase: El Centro NS 1940):
(a) Top displacement, (b) Top acceleration (‘story’ is used here to designate the element of stiffness
in reduced three-mass model).
4.3. Application of sensitivity-based algorithm to

non-connecting building
In order to investigate the applicability of the present sensitivity-based algorithm
to non-connecting buildings, consider the same main structure as treated in
Section 4.2. Fig. 10 shows the transition of story stiffness and the variation of
top displacement, top acceleration and objective function (linear combination of
top displacement and top acceleration). The phase of the ground motion is that
of El Centro NS 1940. [18_TD$IF]Since the parameters in Eq. (1) are specified as [19_TD$IF]a = 1,
b = 1, the objective function for the initial model is 2.0. No clear tendency of
the reduction of story stiffness is seen (like the soft first-story type observed for
the hybrid system) and the top displacement increases gradually from the
beginning. This result indicates that the proposed algorithm does not work well
for the building without connecting mechanism and the proposed algorithm is
suitable for the proposed smart hybrid system with the connecting damper
system and the base-isolation system.
[2_TD$IF]4.4. Energy response to simulated high-frequency ground

motion
Fig. 11 shows the energy consumptions at connecting dampers in the 1st,
2nd and 3rd stories for the initial model (Fig. 11(a)) and the automatically
generated soft first-story model (Fig. 11(b)) under the ground motion of the
phase of El Centro NS 1940. It can be understood that almost uniform energy
consumption at connecting dampers is realized in all stories in the soft
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[(Fig._8)TD$IG]
Fig. 8. Acceleration and displacement transfer functions for initial model of uniform story stiffness
and automatically generated soft first-story model: (a) Acceleration, (b) Displacement.
[(Fig._9)TD$IG]
Fig. 9. Energy transfer functions of connecting dampers in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd stories for the initial
model and the automatically generated soft first-story model: (a) Initial model, (b) Soft first-story
model (‘story’ is used here to designate the element of stiffness in reduced three-mass model).
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[(Fig._10)TD$IG]
Fig. 10. Transition of story stiffness and variation of top displacement, top acceleration and
objective function for non-connecting building (linear combination of top displacement and top
acceleration) (Phase: El Centro NS 1940) (‘story’ is used here to designate the element of stiffness
in reduced three-mass model).
first-story model. Furthermore, Fig. 12 presents the energy time histories for the
initial model (Fig. 12(a)) and the soft first-story model (Fig. 12(b)) under the
ground motion of the phase of El Centro NS 1940. It can be found that the total
input energy to the whole hybrid system, the total consumption energies
at the connecting dampers, the total consumption energies at the structures and
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[(Fig._1)TD$IG]
Fig. 11. Energy consumption at connecting dampers in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd stories for the initial
model and the soft first-story model: (a) Initial model, (b) Soft first-story model (phase:
El Centro NS 1940) (‘story’ is used here to designate the element of stiffness in reduced
three-mass model).
the vibration energy (kinetic energies and elastic strain energies in structures) in
the soft first-story model are smaller than those in the initial model although the
consumption energy at the connecting dampers is almost constant regardless of
the models.
The response of the adjacent structure (free wall) is not important because
the design margin for safety in the adjacent structure is rather large compared
to the main structure and such response does not exhibit undesirable response
compared to the connected model without base-isolation system and the
unconnected model. Although the model parameters are somewhat
different from the present model, the responses of adjacent structures are
shown in the previous paper (Figs. 19 and 20 in Murase et al. (2013)).
4.5. Overall assessment of proposed hybrid system against

single-mechanism models via transfer function
In the previous sections, the performance assessment of the proposed hybrid
system has been conducted principally for the ground motions with rather high
frequencies. In order to demonstrate more general properties of the proposed
hybrid system for a broader range of frequency, the transfer functions are shown
in this section.
Consider a 40-story base-isolated main building, a free wall of 26 stories and a

set of oil dampers as shown in Fig. 13. The oil dampers are installed at 4, 8, 12,
16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26th floor levels. The floor mass of the main building is
1.7 [3_TD$IF]× 106 (kg) and that of the free wall is 2.2 [34_TD$IF]× 105 (kg). The base-isolation
floor mass is 5.1 [35_TD$IF]× 106 (kg). The story height is 3.5(m) in all the stories. The
super-structure of the main building is designed so as to have the fundamental
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[(Fig._12)TD$IG]
Fig. 12. Energy time histories for the initial model and the soft first-story model: (a) Initial model,
(b) Soft first-story model (phase: El Centro NS 1940).
natural period of 3.0(s) and a straight fundamental mode for a fixed base model.
On the other hand, the free wall is designed so as to have the fundamental
natural period of 0.63(s) and a straight fundamental mode.
The fundamental natural period of the hybrid system is 6.72(s). The higher-
mode natural periods of the hybrid system are 1.72(s), 0.965(s), 0.672(s) and
0.640(s). The fundamental natural period (0.63s) of the free wall corresponds to
the natural period 0.640(s) of the 5th mode of the hybrid system. The structural
damping ratio of the super-structure (stiffness-[26_TD$IF]proportional damping) is set to
0.03 and the damping ratio of the base-isolation story for a rigid super-structure
is 0.15. The oil dampers are allocated uniformly to the specific floors mentioned
above and the approximate lower-mode damping ratio for a rigid free wall is set
to 0.15 under non-modal-coupling approximation.
[(Fig._13)TD$IG]
Fig. 13. Hybrid system consisting of a 40-story base-isolated main building, a free wall of
26 stories and a set of interconnecting oil dampers (Murase et al., 2013).
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[(Fig._14)TD$IG]
Fig. 14. Acceleration transfer functions at top of main frame for the hybrid system, the base-isolated
model without interconnection and the interconnecting model without base-isolation (Murase et al.,
2013).
The transfer characteristics of the present hybrid system to the base input are
shown here. Fig. 14 shows the acceleration transfer functions at the top of the
main frame for the hybrid system, the base-isolated model without
interconnection and the interconnecting model without base-isolation. On the
other hand, Fig. 15 presents the displacement transfer functions (deformation of
base-isolation story) for the two models including the base-isolation story among
three. It can be observed that the hybrid system is superior to other two single-
mechanism models (base-isolated building and connected buildings without
base-isolation) both in the acceleration and displacement transfer properties.
Especially the hybrid system possesses an effective control performance at
the fundamental natural period of the base-isolated main building. It can also be
found that the lowest two eigenmodes are predominant. This fact supports the
[(Fig._15)TD$IG]
Fig. 15. Displacement transfer functions (deformation of base-isolation story) for the hybrid system
and the base-isolated model without interconnection (Murase et al., 2013).
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validity of the simplification of the original model into the model with three
degrees of freedom in Section 4.2.
5. Conclusions
The following conclusions have been derived.
(1) An automatic generation algorithm of the proposed smart base-isolation and

building-connection hybrid system has been proposed.
(2) It has been demonstrated that, once an objective function in terms of top
displacement and top acceleration under a design ground motion is
introduced and a sensitivity-based algorithm is devised, a smart hybrid
system consisting of a base-isolation system and a building connection
system can be generated automatically.
(3) While the proposed algorithm does not work well in a building without the
connecting-damper system, it works well in the proposed smart hybrid
system with the connecting damper system. The smart hybrid system has a
soft first-story mechanism and the mechanism indicates that the automatic
introduction of the base-isolation system is possible and desired in the main
structure from the viewpoint of performance upgrade.
(4) It has been made clear from the energy analysis that the proposed smart
hybrid system makes the connecting damper at every floor level effective.
Declarations
Author contribution statement
Masatoshi Kasagi: Conceived and designed the experiments; Analyzed and
interpreted the data; Wrote the paper.
Kohei Fujita, Masaaki Tsuji: Analyzed and interpreted the data.
Izuru Takewaki: Conceived and designed the experiments; Wrote the paper.
Funding statement
This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of Japan
Society for the Promotion of Science (No.15H04079).
Competing interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
No additional information is available for this paper.
Article No~e00069
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Automatic Generation of Smart Earthquake-Resistant Building System - Hybrid System of Base-Isolation and Building-Connection

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A base-isolated building may sometimes exhibit an undesirable large response to

Keywords: Engineering, Building, Mechanics, Structural engineering,

While base-isolated buildings are understood to be effective for high-frequency

In this paper, a new hybrid passive control system is investigated in which a

objective function in terms of deformation reduction and acceleration reduction

[13_TD$IF]where a and b are the weighting coefficients.

In order to obtain a better design with a lower objective function, a sensitivity-

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of sensitivity-based automatic generation algorithm of smart hybrid

4.1. Earthquake ground motions

4.2. Hybrid building system

Table 1. Parameters of main building and free wall.

Main structure Free wall

Table 2. Simplified three-mass model (‘story’ is used here to designate the

Main structure Free wall

Mass at each node (kg) 9000 × 103 1440 × 103

been derived from the actual design of an apartment building in Tokyo by

4.3. Application of sensitivity-based algorithm to

[2_TD$IF]4.4. Energy response to simulated high-frequency ground

4.5. Overall assessment of proposed hybrid system against

Consider a 40-story base-isolated main building, a free wall of 26 stories and a

(1) An automatic generation algorithm of the proposed smart base-isolation and

Kohei Fujita, Masaaki Tsuji: Analyzed and interpreted the data.

Competing interest statement

Ben-Haim, Y., 2001. Infomation-gap decision theory: Decisions under severe

Elishakoff, I., Ohsaki, M., 2010. Optimization and anti-optimization of

Jangid, R.S., 1995. Optimum isolator damping for minimum acceleration

Jangid, R.S., Banerji, P., 1998. Effects of isolation damping on stochastic

Karabork, T., 2011. Performance of multi-storey structures with high damping

Morales, C.A., 2003. Transmissibility concept to control base motion in isolated

Patel, C.C., Jangid, R.S., 2011. Dynamic response of adjacent structures

Takewaki, I., 2005. Uncertain-parameter sensitivity of earthquake input energy

Takewaki, I., 2006. Critical excitation methods in earthquake engineering.

Takewaki, I., 2007. Earthquake input energy to two buildings connected by

Takewaki, I., 2008. Robustness of base-isolated high-rise buildings under

Takewaki, I., Fujita, K., Yoshitomi, S., 2013. Uncertainties in long-period

Takewaki, I., 2015. Fundamental properties of earthquake input energy on single

Trombetti, T., Silvestri, S., 2004. Added viscous dampers in shear-type

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