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3.5 Certain precautions must be exercised in interpreting 5.3.1 Determine the weight, S, of each test specimen after
and using results from these test methods. All four property boiling and while suspended in water in grams to the nearest
values are interrelated by at least two of the three base data 0.1 g.
values generated during testing. Thus, an error in any base data 5.3.2 This weighing is usually accomplished by suspending
value will cause an error in at least three of the property values the specimen in a loop or halter of AWG Gage 22 (0.643-mm)
for a given test specimen. Certain of the properties, that is, copper wire hung from one arm of the balance. The balance
apparent specific gravity and bulk density, are functions of shall be previously counter-balanced with the wire in place and
other factors such as product composition, compositional immersed in water to the same depth as is used when the
variability within the same product, impervious porosity, and refractory specimens are in place.
total porosity. Generalizations on or comparisons of property 5.4 Saturated Weight, W—After determining the sus-
values should only be judiciously made between like products pended weight, blot each specimen lightly with a moistened
tested by these test methods or with full recognition of smooth linen or cotton cloth to remove all drops of water from
potentially inherent differences between the products being the surface and determine the saturated weight, W, in grams by
compared or the test method used. weighing in air to the nearest 0.1 g. Perform the blotting
operation by rolling the specimen lightly on the wet cloth,
4. Test Specimens
which has previously been saturated with water, and then press
4.1 When testing 9-in. (228-mm) straight brick, use a only enough to remove such water as will drip from the cloth.
quarter-brick specimen by halving the brick along a plane Excessive blotting will induce error by withdrawing water
parallel to the 9 by 2-1⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm) face and from the pores of the specimen.
along a plane parallel to the 4-1⁄2 by 2-1⁄2 or 3-in. (114 by 64 or
76-mm) face. Four of the surfaces of the resultant quarter-brick 6. Calculation
specimen include part of the original molded faces.
6.1 Exterior Volume, V—Obtain the volume, V, of the test
4.2 When testing other refractory shapes, cut, drill, or break specimens in cubic centimetres by subtracting the suspended
from each shape a specimen having volume of approximately weight from the saturated weight, both in grams, as follows:
25 to 30 in.3 (410 to 490 cm3). The specimen shall include
V, cm 3 5W2S (1)
interior and exterior portions of the shape. NOTE 1—This assumes that 1 cm3 of water weighs 1 g. This is true
4.3 Remove all loosely adhering particles from each speci- within about 3 parts in 1000 for water at room temperature.
men. 6.2 Volumes of Open Pores and Impervious Portions—
Calculate the volume of open pores and the volume of the
5. Procedure impervious portions of the specimen as follows:
5.1 Dry Weight, D: Volume of open pores, cm3 5W2D (2)
5.1.1 Dry the test specimens to constant weight by heating 3
Volume of impervious portion, cm 5D2S (3)
to 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C) and determine the dry weight,
D, in grams to the nearest 0.1 g. 6.3 Apparent Porosity, P—The apparent porosity ex-
5.1.2 The drying procedure may be omitted only when the presses as a percentage the relationship of the volume of the
test specimens are known to be dry, as may be the case with open pores in the specimen to its exterior volume. Calculate P
samples taken directly from kilns. as follows:
5.1.3 The drying of the specimens to constant weight and P, %5 @ ~ W2D ! /V # 3 100 (4)
the determination of their dry weight may be done either before
6.4 Water Absorption, A—The water absorption, A, ex-
or after the saturation operation (Section 6). Usually, the dry
presses as a percentage the relationship of the weight of water
weight is determined before saturation. However, if the speci-
absorbed to the weight of the dry specimen. Calculate A as
mens are friable or evidence indicates that particles have
follows:
broken loose during the saturating operation, dry and weigh the
specimens after the suspended weight, S, and the saturated A, %5 @ ~ W2D ! /D # 3 100 (5)
weight, W, have been determined, as described in Sections 5.3 6.5 Apparent Specific Gravity, T—Calculate the apparent
and 5.4. Use this second dry weight in all appropriate calcu- specific gravity, T, of that portion of the test specimen which is
lations. impervious to boiling water as follows:
5.2 Saturation: T5D/ ~ D2S ! (6)
5.2.1 Place the test specimens in water and boil for 2 h.
6.6 Bulk Density, B:
During the boiling period, keep them entirely covered with
6.6.1 The bulk density, B, of a specimen in grams per cubic
water, and allow no contact with the heated bottom of the
centimetre is the quotient of its dry weight divided by the
container.
exterior volume, including pores. Calculate B as follows:
5.2.2 After the boiling period, cool the test specimens to
room temperature while still completely covered with water. B, g/cm 3 5D/V (7)
After boiling keep the specimens immersed in water for a 6.6.2 This test method of determining bulk density is useful
minimum of 12 h before weighing. for checking bulk density values obtained by direct measure-
5.3 Suspended Weight, S: ment of Test Methods C134.
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NOTE 2—While it is more accurate than the direct measurement TABLE 2 Precision and Relative Precision
method, and generally gives higher values (by about 0.02 to 0.04), the Precision Relative Precision
direct measurement method is better suited for plant and field testing, Test Repeat- Reproduc-
since it is a less involved technique. The present method is preferable for Property ability, ibility % Ir % IR
specimens that are branded deeply or irregular in contour. Ir IR
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