Classification according to United Nations geoscheme

Main article:  United Nations geoscheme

In this list, the sovereign states and dependent territories are classified according to the geoscheme created by
the United Nations Statistics Division.[1] According to the UN, the assignment of countries or areas to specific
groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of
countries or territories.[2]

[edit]Africa
Main articles:  Africa  and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

Further information: Geography of Africa

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa with geographical data such as area, population,
and population density, see  here.

Flag Name Capital Status

Algeria Algiers

Angola Luanda

Porto-Novo (official)
Benin
Cotonou (seat of government)

Botswana Gaborone

Burkina Faso Ouagadougou

Burundi Bujumbura

Cameroon Yaoundé

Cape Verde Praia

Central African Republic Bangui

Chad N'Djamena

Comoros Moroni

Congo, Democratic Republic

Kinshasa
of (Congo-Kinshasa)

Congo, Republic of (Congo-

Brazzaville
Brazzaville)
Yamoussoukro (official)
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
Abidjan (seat of government)

Djibouti Djibouti

Egypt Cairo
Equatorial Guinea Malabo

Eritrea Asmara

Ethiopia Addis Ababa

Gabon Libreville

Gambia Banjul

Ghana Accra

Guinea Conakry

Guinea-Bissau Bissau

Kenya Nairobi

Lesotho Maseru

Liberia Monrovia

Libya Tripoli

Madagascar Antananarivo

Malawi Lilongwe

Mali Bamako

Mauritania Nouakchott

Mauritius Port Louis

Mayotte Mamoudzou Overseas territory of France

Morocco Rabat

Mozambique Maputo

Namibia Windhoek

Niger Niamey

Nigeria Abuja

Réunion Saint-Denis Overseas department of France

Rwanda Kigali

Saint Helena, Ascension and Jamestown (Saint Helena) Overseas territory of the United Kingdom
Tristan da Cunha Georgetown (Ascension Island)
 Edinburgh of the Seven
Seas(Tristan da Cunha)

Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé

Senegal Dakar

Seychelles Victoria

Sierra Leone Freetown

Somalia Mogadishu

De facto sovereign state lacking general

Somaliland Hargeisa international recognition
Recognized by the UN as de jure part of Somalia
Pretoria (administrative)
South Africa Cape Town (legislative)
Bloemfontein (judicial)

Sudan Khartoum

Mbabane (administrative)
Swaziland
Lobamba (royal and legislative)
Dodoma (official)
Tanzania Dar es Salaam (seat of
government)

Togo Lomé

Tunisia Tunis

Uganda Kampala

Disputed territory between Morocco and

Western Sahara El Aaiún (unofficial) the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (flag
displayed)

Zambia Lusaka

Zimbabwe Harare

[edit]Asia
Main articles:  Asia  and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia

See also:  Eurasia and  List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia

Further information: Geography of Asia

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia with geographical data such as area, population, and
population density, seehere.

Note: Sovereign states and dependent territories which are also often considered as belonging to Europe are marked
with  [Europe].

Flag Name Capital Status

Abkhazia [Europe] Sukhumi De facto sovereign state lacking general

international recognition
 Recognized by the UN as de jure part of
Georgia

Afghanistan Kabul

Akrotiri and Dhekelia [Europe] Episkopi Cantonment Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

Armenia [Europe] Yerevan

Azerbaijan [Europe] Baku

Bahrain Manama

Bangladesh Dhaka

Bhutan Thimphu

British Indian Ocean Territory Diego Garcia Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan

Cambodia Phnom Penh

China Beijing

De facto sovereign state lacking general

international recognition
China, Republic of (Taiwan) Taipei
Recognized by the UN as de jure part of
China

Christmas Island Flying Fish Cove External territory of Australia

Cocos (Keeling) Islands West Island External territory of Australia

Cyprus [Europe] Nicosia

Georgia [Europe] Tbilisi

Hong Kong — Special administrative region of China

India New Delhi

Indonesia Jakarta

Iran Tehran

Iraq Baghdad

Israel Jerusalem

Japan Tokyo

Jordan Amman

Kazakhstan Astana
Korea, Democratic People's Republic
Pyongyang
of(North Korea)

Korea, Republic of (South Korea) Seoul

Kuwait Kuwait City

Kyrgyzstan Bishkek

Laos Vientiane

Lebanon Beirut

Macau — Special administrative region of China

Kuala Lumpur (official)
Malaysia
Putrajaya (seat of government)

Maldives Malé

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar

Myanmar (Burma) Naypyidaw

De facto sovereign state lacking general

[Europe] international recognition
Nagorno-Karabakh  Stepanakert
Recognized by the UN as de jure part of
Azerbaijan
De facto sovereign state lacking general
[Europe] international recognition
Northern Cyprus  Nicosia
Recognized by the UN as de jure part of
Cyprus

Nepal Kathmandu

Oman Muscat

Pakistan Islamabad

Ramallah (West Bank seat of
Territory occupied by Israel
government)
Palestinian territories State of Palestine (flag displayed) proclaimed
Gaza (Gaza Strip seat of
on territory
government)

Philippines Manila

Qatar Doha

Saudi Arabia Riyadh

Singapore Singapore

De facto sovereign state lacking general

international recognition
South Ossetia [Europe] Tskhinvali
Recognized by the UN as de jure part of
Georgia

Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte

 Syria Damascus

Tajikistan Dushanbe

Thailand Bangkok

Timor-Leste (East Timor) Dili

Turkey [Europe] Ankara

Turkmenistan Ashgabat

United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi

Uzbekistan Tashkent

Vietnam Hanoi

Yemen Sana'a

Notes

1.  Russia, classified as a European country by the United Nations Statistics Division, is generally considered as

belonging to both Asia and Europe. Geographically most of its territory is in Asia, but most of its population and also its

capital are in Europe, and it has close political and historical ties with Europe.
[edit]Europe
Main articles:  Europe  and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

See also:  Eurasia and  List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia

Further information: Geography of Europe

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe with geographical data such as area, population,
and population density, see  here.

Flag Name Capital Status

Autonomous region of Finland (recognized by

Åland Islands Mariehamn
international treaty)

Albania Tirana

Andorra Andorra la Vella

Austria Vienna

Belarus Minsk

Belgium Brussels

Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo

Bulgaria Sofia
Croatia Zagreb

Czech Republic Prague

Denmark Copenhagen

Estonia Tallinn

Faroe Islands Tórshavn Self-governing territory of Denmark

Finland Helsinki

France Paris

Germany Berlin

Gibraltar Gibraltar Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

Greece Athens

Guernsey Saint Peter Port Crown dependency of the United Kingdom

Hungary Budapest

Iceland Reykjavík

Ireland Dublin

Isle of Man Douglas Crown dependency of the United Kingdom

Italy Rome

Jersey Saint Helier Crown dependency of the United Kingdom

De facto sovereign state lacking general international

Kosovo Pristina recognition
Recognized by the UN as de jure part of Serbia

Latvia Riga

Liechtenstein Vaduz

Lithuania Vilnius

Luxembourg Luxembourg

Macedonia Skopje

Malta Valletta

Moldova Chişinău

Monaco Monaco
 Montenegro Podgorica

Amsterdam (official)
Netherlands The Hague (seat of
government)

Norway Oslo

Poland Warsaw

Portugal Lisbon

De facto sovereign state lacking general international

Pridnestrovie (Transnistria) Tiraspol recognition
Recognized by the UN as de jure part of Moldova

Romania Bucharest

Russia Moscow

San Marino San Marino

Serbia Belgrade

Slovakia Bratislava

Slovenia Ljubljana

Spain Madrid

Special territory of Norway (recognized by international

Svalbard Longyearbyen
treaty)

Sweden Stockholm

Switzerland Bern

Ukraine Kiev

United Kingdom London

Vatican City Vatican City

Notes

1. The following sovereign states and dependent territories are also often considered as belonging to Europe:

  Armenia,   Azerbaijan,   Cyprus,   Georgia, and   Turkey, classified as Asian countries by

the United Nations Statistics Division, are also often considered as belonging to Europe, since geographically they

are either partly in Europe or in the vicinity of Europe(for the geographical boundaries between Asia and Europe,

see  here), and they have close political and historical ties with Europe.
    Abkhazia,    Nagorno-Karabakh,    Northern Cyprus, and   South Ossetia, all sovereign states

lacking general international recognition, are also often considered as belonging to Europe, as they are recognized

by the UN as de jure part of a country listed above.

   Akrotiri and Dhekelia are also often considered as belonging to Europe, as they are geographically

surrounded by Cyprus.
[edit]North America
Main articles:  North America and  List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America

See also:  Americas and  List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas

Further information: Geography of North America

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America with geographical data such as area,
population, and population density, see  here.

Flag Name Capital Status

Anguilla The Valley Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

Antigua and Barbuda Saint John's

Constituent country of the Kingdom of the

Aruba Oranjestad
Netherlands

Bahamas Nassau

Barbados Bridgetown

Belize Belmopan

Bermuda Hamilton Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

Bonaire Kralendijk Special municipality of the Netherlands

British Virgin Islands Road Town Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

Canada Ottawa

Cayman Islands George Town Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

Clipperton Island — Overseas territory of France

Costa Rica San José

Cuba Havana

Constituent country of the Kingdom of the

Curaçao Willemstad
Netherlands

Dominica Roseau

Dominican Republic Santo Domingo

El Salvador San Salvador

Greenland Nuuk Self-governing territory of Denmark

Grenada Saint George's

Guadeloupe Basse-Terre Overseas department of France

Guatemala Guatemala City

Haiti Port-au-Prince

Honduras Tegucigalpa

Jamaica Kingston

Martinique Fort-de-France Overseas department of France

Mexico Mexico City

Plymouth (official)
Montserrat Brades (seat of Overseas territory of the United Kingdom
government)

Navassa Island — Insular area of the United States

Nicaragua Managua

Panama Panama City

Puerto Rico San Juan Insular area of the United States

Saba The Bottom Special municipality of the Netherlands

Saint Barthélemy Gustavia Overseas territory of France

Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre

Saint Lucia Castries

Saint Martin Marigot Overseas territory of France

Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint-Pierre Overseas territory of France

Saint Vincent and the

Kingstown
Grenadines

Sint Eustatius Oranjestad Special municipality of the Netherlands

Constituent country of the Kingdom of the

Sint Maarten Philipsburg
Netherlands

Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain

Turks and Caicos Islands Cockburn Town Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

United States Washington, D.C.

 United States Virgin Islands Charlotte Amalie Insular area of the United States

[edit]South America
Main articles:  South America  and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America

See also:  Americas and  List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas

Further information: Geography of South America

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America with geographical data such as area,
population, and population density, see  here.

Flag Name Capital Status

Argentina Buenos Aires

Sucre (official)
Bolivia La Paz (seat of
government)

Brazil Brasília

Chile Santiago

Colombia Bogotá

Ecuador Quito

Falkland
Stanley Overseas territory of the United Kingdom
Islands

French Guiana Cayenne Overseas department of France

Guyana Georgetown

Paraguay Asunción

Peru Lima

Suriname Paramaribo

Uruguay Montevideo

Venezuela Caracas

[edit]Oceania
Main articles:  Oceania  and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania

See also:  Australia (continent) and  Pacific Islands

Further information: Geography of Oceania

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania with geographical data such as area, population,
and population density, see  here.
Flag Name Capital Status
American Samoa Pago Pago Insular area of the United States

Ashmore and Cartier

— External territory of Australia
Islands

Australia Canberra

Baker Island — Insular area of the United States

Territory in free association with New

Cook Islands Avarua
Zealand

Coral Sea Islands — External territory of Australia

Fiji Suva

French Polynesia Papeete Overseas territory of France

Guam Hagåtña Insular area of the United States

Howland Island — Insular area of the United States

Jarvis Island — Insular area of the United States

Johnston Atoll — Insular area of the United States

Kingman Reef — Insular area of the United States

Kiribati South Tarawa

Marshall Islands Majuro

Micronesia Palikir

Midway Atoll — Insular area of the United States

Nauru Yaren (seat of government)

New Caledonia Nouméa Overseas territory of France

New Zealand Wellington

Territory in free association with New

Niue Alofi
Zealand

Norfolk Island Kingston External territory of Australia

Northern Mariana Islands Saipan Insular area of the United States

Palau Melekeok

Palmyra Atoll — Insular area of the United States

Papua New Guinea Port Moresby

Pitcairn Islands Adamstown Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

Samoa Apia

Solomon Islands Honiara

 — (each atoll has its own administrative
Tokelau Dependent territory of New Zealand
centre)

Tonga Nukuʻalofa

Tuvalu Funafuti

Vanuatu Port Vila

Wake Island — Insular area of the United States

Wallis and Futuna Mata-Utu Overseas territory of France

[edit]Antarctica
Main article:  Antarctica

Further information: Geography of Antarctica

Antarctica is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60°S, and
has no government and belongs to no country. However, the following territorial claims in Antarctica have been made:

 Argentina: Argentine Antarctica
 Australia: Australian Antarctic Territory
 Brazil: Brazilian Antarctica (unofficial)
 Chile: Antártica
 France: Adélie Land
 New Zealand: Ross Dependency
 Norway: Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land
 United Kingdom: British Antarctic Territory
 (Unclaimed: Marie Byrd Land)

Moreover, the following dependent territories are situated in the wider Antarctic Region:

Flag Name Capital Status

Bouvet Island — Dependent territory of Norway

Alfred Faure (Crozet Islands)

Port-aux-Français (Kerguelen Islands)
French Southern Territories Overseas territory of France
Martin-de-Viviès (Saint
Paul and AmsterdamIslands)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands — External territory of Australia

South Georgia and the South Overseas territory of the United

King Edward Point
Sandwich Islands Kingdom
[edit]Geographical boundaries of continents
Main article:  Borders of the continents

In this section, the geographical boundaries of the continents are used to divide the world into continents, where
differences from the previous list according to the United Nations geoscheme are noted.

[edit]Boundaries of Africa
For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries of Africa, see  here.
[edit]Suez Canal

Considering the Suez Canal as a boundary between Africa and Asia, the following change from the previous list
occurs:

 Egypt: Africa, west of the Suez Canal; to the east, Asia.

[edit]Continental shelf of Africa

Considering the continental shelf of Africa, the following changes from the previous list occur:

 French Southern Territories: sub-Antarctic territory; the Îles Éparses (Bassas da India, Europa Island,

the Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island) in Africa.
 Italy: Europe; Pantelleria and the Pelagie Islands in Africa.
 Malta: Africa.
 Portugal: Europe; Madeira (including the Desertas Islands and the Savage Islands) in Africa.
 Spain: Europe; the Canary Islands and the plazas de soberanía in Africa (some of the plazas de soberanía,
including Ceuta and Melilla, are on mainland Africa).
 Yemen: Asia; Socotra in Africa.
[edit]Boundaries between Asia and Europe
For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries between Asia and Europe, see  here.
[edit]Sea of Marmara and Turkish Straits

Considering the Sea of Marmara and the Turkish Straits (the Bosporus and the Dardanelles) as a boundary

between Asia and Europe, the following change from the previous list occurs:

 Turkey: Asia, east and south of the Sea of Marmara and the Turkish Straits; to the west and north, Europe.
[edit]Ural definitions

Considering the Ural definition that follows the watershed of the Ural Mountains, and then the Ural River until
the Caspian Sea, as a boundary between Asia and Europe, the following changes from the previous list occur:

 Kazakhstan: Asia, east of the Ural River; to the west, Europe.

 Russia: Europe, west and north of the Ural Mountains watershed and the Ural River; to the east and south,
Asia.

Considering the Ural definition that follows the watershed of the Ural Mountains, and then the Ural River until it
reaches Kazakhstan's border for the first time, and then the Or River and the Emba River, as a boundary
between Asia and Europe, the following changes from the previous list occur:

 Kazakhstan: Asia, east of the Or River and the Emba River; to the west, Europe.
 Russia: Europe, west of the Ural Mountains watershed and the Ural River (until it reaches Kazakhstan's
border for the first time); to the east, Asia.
[edit]Caucasus definitions

Considering the Caucasus definition that follows the watershed of the Greater Caucasus of the Caucasus

Mountains as a boundary betweenAsia and Europe, the following changes from the previous list occur:
 Azerbaijan: Asia, south of the Greater Caucasus watershed; to the north, Europe (very small area).
 Georgia: Asia, south of the Greater Caucasus watershed; to the north, Europe (very small area).
 Russia: Europe, north of the Greater Caucasus watershed; to the south, Asia (very small area).

Considering the Caucasus definition that follows the Meso-Caucaso, marked by the Rioni River and the Kura
River (from Tbilisi on), as a boundary between Asia and Europe, the following changes from the previous list occur:

 Azerbaijan: Asia, south of the Kura River; to the north, Europe.

 Georgia: Asia, south of the Rioni River and the Kura River (from Tbilisi on); to the north, Europe.

Considering the Caucasus definition that follows the Kuma-Manych Depression, marked by the Kuma River and

the Manych River, as a boundary between Asia and Europe, the following change from the previous list occurs:

 Russia: Europe, north of the Kuma River and the Manych River; to the south, Asia.

Though very rare, considering the Caucasus definition that follows the watershed of the Lesser Caucasus of
the Caucasus Mountains as a boundary between Asia and Europe, the following changes from the previous list occur:

 Armenia: Europe; isolated spots in the south in Asia.

 Azerbaijan: Europe; isolated spots in the south in Asia.
 Georgia: Europe; isolated spots in the south in Asia.
 Iran: Asia; isolated spots in the northwest in Europe.
 Turkey: Asia; isolated spots in the northeast in Europe.
[edit]Continental shelfs of Asia and Europe

Considering the continental shelfs of Asia and Europe, the following change from the previous list occurs:

 Greece: Europe (including Crete, the Ionian Islands, the Cyclades, and near mainland Greek islands);
the Aegean Islands, theDodecanese, and nearby islands in Asia.
[edit]Boundaries between Asia and North America
For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries between Asia and North America, see  here.
[edit]Continental shelfs of Asia and North America

Considering the continental shelfs of Asia and North America, the following change from the previous list occurs:

 United States: North America; the Near Islands and St. Lawrence Island in Asia.

[edit]Boundaries between Europe and North America
For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries between Europe and North America, see here.
[edit]Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Though very rare, considering the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as a boundary between Europe and North America, the following
change from the previous list occurs:

 Iceland: Europe, east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; to the west, North America.
 Portugal: Europe (including São Miguel, Santa Maria, Terceira, Graciosa, São Jorge, Pico, and Faial of
the Azores); Flores and Corvo of the Azores in North America.
[edit]Boundaries between North and South America
For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries between North and South America, see here.
[edit]Panama Canal

Considering the Panama Canal as a boundary between North and South America, the following change from the
previous list occurs:

 Panama: North America, west of the Panama Canal; to the east, South America.
[edit]Continental shelfs of North and South America

Considering the continental shelfs of North and South America, the following changes from the previous list occur:

 Aruba: South America.

 Bonaire: South America.
 Colombia: South America; the Archipelago of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina in North America.
 Curaçao: South America.
 Trinidad and Tobago: South America.
 Venezuela: South America; Isla Aves in North America.
[edit]Boundaries of Oceania
For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries of Oceania, see  here.
[edit]Asia-Australasia divisions

Considering the Asia-Australasia division that follows the anthropologic Melanesian Line as a boundary

between Asia and Oceania, the following changes from the previous list occur:

 Indonesia: Asia (including Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, Sumba, and Flores); the Maluku

Islands, Buru, Seram, Timor, andNew Guinea in Oceania.
 Timor-Leste: Oceania.

Considering the Asia-Australasia division that follows the zoologic Wallace Line as a boundary

between Asia and Oceania, the following changes from the previous list occur:

 Indonesia: Asia (including Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Bali); Sulawesi, Sumba, Flores, the Maluku

Islands, Buru, Seram, Timor, andNew Guinea in Oceania.
 Timor-Leste: Oceania.

Though very rare, considering the Malay Archipelago as being part of Oceania, the following changes from the
previous list occur:

 Brunei: Oceania.
 Indonesia: Oceania.
 Malaysia: Asia; Labuan, Sarawak, and Sabah in Oceania.
 Philippines: Oceania.
 Singapore: Oceania.
 Timor-Leste: Oceania.
[edit]Pacific Islands

Considering all Pacific Islands as being part of Oceania, the following changes from the previous list occur:
 Chile: South America; Easter Island and Sala y Gómez in Oceania.
 Clipperton Island: Oceania
 Japan: Asia; the Bird Islands (Okinotorishima and Minamitorishima) in Oceania.
 United States: North America; Hawaii in Oceania.
[edit]Boundaries of Antarctica
For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries of Antarctica, see  here.
[edit]Sub-Antarctic islands

Considering sub-Antarctic islands north of 60°S which are fully integrated with its country, the following changes from
the previous list occur:

 Australia: Oceania; Macquarie Island, sub-Antarctic territory.

 New Zealand: Oceania; the New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands (the Antipodes Islands, the Auckland Islands,
the Bounty Islands, theCampbell Islands, and the Snares Islands), sub-Antarctic territory.
 South Africa: Africa; the Prince Edward Islands, sub-Antarctic territory.
[edit]Continental intergovernmental organizations
Main articles:  List of continental intergovernmental organizations  and Continental union

There are a number of intergovernmental organizations with continental scope and having the most wide and possibly
non-overlapping membership:

 Africa: African Union
 Asia: Asia Cooperation Dialogue
 Europe: Council of Europe
 Not to be confused with the European Union (EU)
 Americas: Organization of American States
 South America: Union of South American Nations
 Oceania: Pacific Islands Forum

Therefore, a member of one of these organizations may be considered as belonging to that particular continent
according to political criteria. Considering this, the following changes from the previous list occur:

 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, and Turkey are members of the Council of Europe. In particular,

Cyprus is a EU member, while Turkey is a candidate.
 Russia is a member of both the Council of Europe and the Asia Cooperation Dialogue.

However, in general only internationally recognized sovereign states are members of intergovernmental organizations,
and not every one of them is a member of one of the organizations listed above.

[edit]Dependent territories
Dependent territories, through political ties with their mother countries, may be associated with another continent other
than its own geographical continent. For example, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion, all overseas
departments of France, are part of the EU and use the euro as their official currency. Other dependent territories of
EU members, such as Greenland, while not part of the EU, enjoy special relationships with the EU.
The following dependent territories, all of them sparsely-populated islands remote from continental mass, may be
grouped into more than one continent, as there is no general convention as to which continent they belong to:

 The British Indian Ocean Territory is geographically located in the Indian Ocean, about equidistant from Africa
and Asia. Politically they are administered from the United Kingdom, while historically it is part of Mauritius. They
may be grouped into either Africa or Asia.
 Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are geographically located in the Indian Ocean, much closer to
Asia than to Australia. Politically they are administered from Australia. They may be grouped into Asia or Oceania.
 Clipperton Island is geographically located in the Pacific Ocean, much closer to North America than to other
Pacific Islands. Politically they are administered from France, previously from French Polynesia. They may be
grouped into North America or Oceania.
 The French Southern Territories, which exclude the Antarctic territorial claim of Adélie Land, are
geographically located in the Indian Ocean; the Îles Éparses are close to Madagascar, while other islands are
approximately equidistant from Africa, Antarctica and Australia. Politically it is administered from Réunion. It may
be grouped into Africa or Antarctica.
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is geographically in the Atlantic Ocean, about equidistant from
South America and Antarctica. Politically it is administered from the Falkland Islands. It may be grouped into
South America or Antarctica.