PRACTICUM REPORT

DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATION

Class TT 2E
Khusnul Khotimah 1831130043

PROGRAM STUDY TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
STATE POLYTECHNIC MALANG
2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................i
TABLE OF FIGURES.................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF TABLES..................................................................................................iii
MATLAB SIMULATION OF DELTA MODULATION TECHNIQUE...................1
1.1 Ojective.............................................................................................................1
1.2 Basic Theory.....................................................................................................1
1.2.1 Analog to Digital Converter..............................................................................1
1.2.2 Delta Modulation-Demodulation basic principle..............................................1
1.3 Experiment Apparatus......................................................................................2
1.4 Procedure..........................................................................................................2
1.5 Measurement Result and Discussion................................................................3
1.6 Conclusion........................................................................................................9
1.7 References.......................................................................................................10

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 TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1. 1 Block Diagram ADC Converter.................................................................1

Figure 1. 2 Block Diagram Delta Modulation -Demodulation.....................................2

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 TABLE OF TABLES

Table 1. 1 Measurement Result of Delta Modulation...................................................9

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 MATLAB SIMULATION OF DELTA MODULATION TECHNIQUE

1.1 Ojective
1. To understand the operation theory of Delta modulation
2. To simulate BPSK Modulation using Multisim
1.2 Basic Theory
1.2.1 Analog to Digital Converter
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is an electronic device that
functions to convert analog signals (continuous signals) into digital signals.
ADC devices can be in the form of modules or electronic circuits or an IC
chip. ADC functions to bridge analog signal processing by digital systems.

Figure 1. 1 Block Diagram ADC Converter

1.2.2 Delta Modulation-Demodulation basic principle
Delta modulation is one of several types of digital modulation which
is an analog to digital signal conversion technique used for transmitting voice
information. Delta modulation is a modulation technique where an analog
signal can be encoded in digits (bits). Delta Modulation is a system based on
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). The working principle of Delta Modulation
is the sending of fixed width pulses, the polarity of which indicates whether
the integrator output must go up or down on each pulse. The output is made
up or down by a fixed step on each pulse. Delta modulator compares analog
signals and successive signals to Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) results
and transmits them with just 1 bit. Delta Modulator circuit consists of several

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 circuit blocks, which are comparison, encoder (D-Flip flop), discrete
integrator which is a staircase generator and clock generator. In order to be
transmitted through the air media output Delta Modulator included FSK
modulator and FM transmitter.

Figure 1. 2 Block Diagram Delta Modulation -Demodulation

1.3 Experiment Apparatus

1. Matlab Software
1.4 Procedure
1. Type the following script onto your M-File

clc;
clear all
close all
f=27 ; %freq in kHz
fs=100*f; %sampling frequency
t=0:1/fs:2/f;
A=1; %amplitude in Volt
m=A*sin (2*pi*f*t); %information signal
hold all;
d=1/f; %step size
%% start delta mod
for n=1:length (m)
if n==1
e(n)=m(n);
eq(n)=d*sign(e(n));
mq(n)=eq(n);
else
e(n)=m(n)-mq(n-1);
eq(n)=d*sign(e(n));
mq(n)=mq(n-1)+eq(n);
end
end
stairs(t,mq,'r-'); %plot staircase aproximation
of information signal m

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 2. %%start binary representation of starcase signal
diff=m-mq;
comp=zeros(1,size(diff,2));
for i=1:numel(diff)
if diff(i)>0
comp (i)=1;
elseif diff(i)<0
comp (i)=0;
else
if i==1
comp(i)=0
else
comp(i)=comp(i-1);
end
end
end
hold on
plot(t,comp,'b-') %delta modulated signal
grid on

Change the frequency f into your presence number

3. Observe the result. You can differentiate the plot into 3 sublots rether than
plotting in the same figure
1.5 Measurement Result and Discussion
1. What is the characteristic of delta modulation technique?
Following are some of the features of delta modulation.
 An over-sampled input is taken to make full use of the signal
correlation
 The quantization design is simple
 The input sequence is much higher than the Nyquist rate
 The quality is moderate
 The design of the modulator and the demodulator is simple
 The starir-case approximation of output wavefrom
 The step-size is very small, i.e., Δ (delta).
 The bit rate can be decided by the user
 This involves simpler implementation

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2. Write the Matlab source code that you used to generate the modulation
signal, including explanation of each code line!
 The source code that I used to generate the modulated signal:
clc;
 Used to clean the screen
clear all
 Used to clean up the previous variable
close all
 Used to close all workplace windows
f=11;%freq in kHz
 Used to create and determine the variable f value of 11 and
expressed in kHz
fs=100*f; %sampling frequency
 Used to create and determine the variable fs valued at 100 * f
t=0:1/fs:2/f;
 To declare a value of t,fs,f by describing dots (:)
A=1; %amplitude in Volt
 Used to create and express variable A (amplitude) of 1 volt
m=A*sin(2*pi*f*t); %information signal
 To declare the value of variable m according to the formula as
information signal
subplot (3,1,1);
 Is the number of rows (3), number of columns (1), and subplot
numbers (1)

plot(t,m,'k-');

 Intended to draw a curve by pairing the defined points t and m.

Whereas 'g-' shows if the color of the curve requested is black
with a solid line

xlabel ('Time');

 Label the X axis with the word 'Time'

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ylabel ('Amplitude');

 Label the Y axis with the word 'Amplitude'

title ('Information Signal');

 Title the plot area with the name 'Information Signal'

hold all;

 To ‘hold’ all of the previous image so that it is not erased when a

new image is overwritten

d=1/f; %step size

 To declare the value of variable d according to the formula as
step size
%% start delta mod
 As a delimiter from the script

for n=1:length(m)

 To repeat a command in a user-specified amount based on the

fulfillment of the expression function n=1:length (m)

if n==1

 If has the statement n==1, which will be executed if the input

variable matches the statement

e(9n)=m(n);

 To change size on every loop iteration (within a script)

eq(n)=d*sign(e(n));

 To change size on every loop iteration (within a script).

Operation for first step sample

mq(n)=eq(n);

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 The if command we can insert it in the program, and the if
command will run if a count shows a number that matches the
statement carried by the if command it self.

else
 Else is a command that functions as an exception to the if
command, so when a number appears and does not enter the if
statement statement criteria, then the else command will run
e(n)=m(n)-mq(n-1);
 To change size on every loop iteration (within a script)

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eq(n)=d*sign(e(n));

 To change size on every loop iteration (within a script).

Operation for first step sample

mq(n)=mq(n-1)+eq(n);

 The if command we can insert it in the program, and the if

command will run if a count shows a number that matches the
statement carried by the if command it self.

end

 States the conditional statement has ended. So that it can

proceed to the program command afterwards

end

 States the conditional statement has ended

subplot (3,1,2);
 Is the number of rows (3), number of columns (1), and subplot
numbers (2)
stairs(t,mq,'r-'); %plot staircase approximation
of information signal m
 The function for making graphs on t and mq. Whereas 'r-' shows
if the color of the curve requested is red with a solid line

xlabel ('Time');

 Label the X axis with the word 'Time'

ylabel ('Amplitude');

 Label the Y axis with the word 'Amplitude'

title ('Integrated Signal');

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  Title the plot area with the name 'Integrated Signal'

%% start binary representation of staircase

signal

 As a delimiter from the script

diff=m-mq;

 To declare the value of variable diff according to the formula as

information signal

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comp=zeros(1, size(diff,2));

 To declare the value of variable comp according to the formula

as information signal

for i=1:numel(diff)

 To repeat a command in a user-specified amount based on the

fulfillment of the expression function i=1:numel (diff)

if diff(i)>0

comp(i)=1;

 The if command we can insert it in the program, and the if

command will run if a count shows a number that matches the
statement carried by the if command it self

elseif diff(i)<0

comp(i)=0;
 Else if used to create multiple group commands in one function
else
 Else is a command that functions as an exception to the if
command, so when a number appears and does not enter the if
statement statement criteria, then the else command will run
if i==1
comp(i)=0;
 if command we can insert it in the program, and the if command
will run if a count shows a number that matches the statement
carried by the if command it self
else
comp(i)=comp(i-1);

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 Else is a command that functions as an exception to the if
command, so when a number appears and does not enter the if
statement statement criteria, then the else command will run

end

 States the conditional statement has ended. So that it can

proceed to the program command afterwards

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end
 States the conditional statement has ended. So that it can
proceed to the program command afterwards
end
 States the conditional statement has ended

hold on
 To ‘hold’ the previous image so that it is not erased when a new
image is overwritten
subplot (3,1,3);
 Is the number of rows (3), number of columns (1), and subplot
numbers (3)
plot(t,comp,'b-') % delta modulated signal
 Intended to draw a curve by pairing the defined points t and
comp. Whereas 'b-' shows if the color of the curve requested is
blue with a solid line

xlabel ('Time');

 Label the X axis with the word 'Time'

ylabel ('Amplitude')

 Label the Y axis with the word 'Amplitude'

title ('Delta Modulated Signal');

 Title the plot area with the name 'Delta Modulated Signal'

grid on

 To make scale lines on the graph

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 Table 1. 1 Measurement Result of Delta Modulation

Frequency
No Output Signal
(kHz)
Information Signal

Fi
gure 1. 3 Information Signal

Integrated Signal

1 11

g
ure 1. 4 Integrated Signal

Delta Modulated Signal

n
al

1.6 Conclusion
 Delta modulation is one of several types of digital modulation which is an
analog to digital signal conversion technique used for transmitting voice
information.
 Delta modulation is a simple alternative to PCM that only uses 1 bit for the
encoding process, with only 1 bit. There are two conditions that can be coded

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 The higher of frequency, the delta modulated signal will be more tenuous.
Conversely, the smaller of frequency, the modulated delta signal will be
denser.

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1.7 References
[1] Antosupri, “Analog to Digital Coverter”, November 2017 [Online].
Available: http://blog.unnes.ac.id/antosupri/adc-analog-to-digital-converter/
[Accesed on April 28, 2020]
[2] Budihardja Murtianta, “Delta Modulation” April 2011 [Online]. Available:
http://ojs.jurnaltechne.org/index.php/techne/article/view/50. [Accessed April
29, 2020]
[3] Tutorial Spoint, “Delta Modulation,”. November 2016 [Online]. Available:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_communication/digital_communicatio
n_delta_modulation_htm. [Accessed April 29, 2020]
[4] Wikipedia, “Delta-Sigma modulation,” March 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltasigma_modulation#Analog_to_digital_con
version. [Accessed April 29, 2020]

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