Design of Retainning Wall

DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL

6.50 kN/m
119

RL 8 300

0
wall friction d= 22.500 b
0
face angle q= 90.000

0
ka1 = 0.274

6000
a

8500
0
d= 22.500

6000
0
q= 96.843
92.950 ka2= 0.323

RL 2.000
Heel side Toe side

1500
f
q
0
d= 22.50 0 900 300 0

2500
d g
0 600
q= 90.00

1000
B C A
ka3 = 0.274
400

RL -0.500
3300 1200 1100

5600

70.98 Equilibrium Condition 226.24 ok

116.68 Serviceability Condition 196.19 ok
2 2
kN/m kN/m

2
Safe bearing capacity of soil SBC = 100 kN/m
DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
1.MATERIAL DATA
Grade of steel Fe = 500
Grade of concrete M = 30
Condition of exposure = Moderate

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Back fill soil properties:-

2
Unit wt of soil g = 20 kN/m
0
Angle of internal friction f = 30
0
Angle of surcharge a = 0
0
Angle of wall friction d = 22.5
2
Safe bearing capacity of soil SBC = 100 kN/m
Design value of concrete compressive strength, fcd = 20 Mpa
Design yield strength of reinforcement, fyd = 435 Mpa
Modulus of elasticity of steel, Es 200000
Partial safety factor for concrete, γc = 1.50
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Partial safety factor for steel, γs = 1.15
Clear Cover to reinforcement in stem & return Walls = 40 mm
3.CALCULATION OF COEFFICENT OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

Active earth pressure co-efficient using Coulomb's theory

ka = sin 2 ( q - f )
sin 2 q sin ( q + d ) ( 1 + k ) 2
Where
q = Angle that the face of wall makes with the horizontal line in clockwise direction

0
Vertical face of retaining wall = 90.00
-1 0
Inclined face of retaining wall 90 + tan ( 900 / 7500 ) = 96.84
0
Vertical face of base slab = 90.00
1/2
k = sin ( f + d ) sin ( f - a )
sin ( q + d ) sin ( q - a )

Sl.no Parameters q
0
f0 d
0
a0 k ka kah
1 Vertical face of retaining wall 90 30 22.5 0 0.655 0.2963 0.2737
2 Inclined face of retaining wall 96.84 30 22.5 0 0.677 0.3498 0.3232
3 Vertical face of baseslab 90 30 22.5 0 0.655 0.2963 0.2737

4.STABILITY CHECK AT FOUNDATION LEVEL

a) Dead load of retaining wall
Considering 1m length of retaining wall and ignoring soil over toe slab
Sl. b d g Weight Cg @ toe Moment
Description 3
no m m kN/m kN m kNm
1 Crash barrier and bracket 6.50 1.281 8.33
2 Stem
rectangular portion 0.30 7.50 25 56.25 1.25 70.31
triangle portion0.50 0.90 7.50 25 84.38 1.70 143.44
3 Base slab
rectangular portion 5.60 0.40 25 56.00 2.8 156.80
triangle portion

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 Design of Retainning Wall

A. toe slab 0.5 1.10 0.60 25 8.25 0.73 6.05

B. heel slab 0.5 3.30 0.60 25 24.75 3.40 84.15
C. under stem 1.20 0.60 25 18.00 1.70 30.60
4 Soil over heel slab
Portion a 3.30 7.50 20 495.00 3.950 1955.25
Portion b 0.90 0.00 20 0.00 1.85 0.00
Portion c 0.50 0.90 7.50 20 67.50 2.00 135.00
Portion d 0.50 3.30 0.60 20 19.80 4.50 89.10
Total WDL= 836.43 Total MDL= 2679.03

Dist. of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 3.20 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 2.80 - 3.20 = -0.4029 m
Sl. b d g Weight Cg @ toe Moment
Description 3
no m m kN/m kN m kNm
Previous calculation 836.43 2679.03
5 Soil over Toe slab
Portion f 1.10 1.50 20 33.00 0.550 18.15
Portion g 0.50 1.10 0.60 20 6.60 0.367 2.42
Total WDL= 876.03 Total MDL= 2699.60

Dist. of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 3.08 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 2.80 - 3.08 = -0.2816 m
b. Active earth pressure
Height of earthfill upto FDL H = 6.50 m
Active earth pressure intensity pa = ka3 g H = 35.59 kN/m2
H. component of active earth pr. Pa = 0.5 pa H = 115.65 KN
This force acts at 0.42H from FDL LAa = 0.42 x 6.500 = 2.73 m
Moment due to this force = 115.65 x 2.73 = 315.73 KNm
c. Live load surcharge
Equavalent height of LL surcharge hLL = 1.2 m of soil
Intensity of pr. due to LL surcharge pLL = g hLL = 24.00 kN/m2
H. component of LL surcharge PLL = ka3 pLL H = 42.70 kN
This force acts at 0.5 H from FDL LALL = 0.5 x 6.500 = 3.25 m
Moment due to this force = 42.70 x 3.25 = 138.78 KNm

Total force due to earth pr.& LL surcharge = 115.65 + 42.70 = 158.36 KNm
moment due to earth pr.& LL surcharge = 315.73 + 138.78 = 454.52 KNm
d. Fluid pressure
The stress due to fluid pressure is calculated as per the provisions under Cl. 217.1 of IRC:6-2000.

2
Intensity of fluid pressure = 4.80 kN/m
Height of earthfill upto foundation level H = 6.50 m
2
Force due to fluid pressure = 4.80 x 6.50 / 2 = 101.40 kN
< 158.36 kN
Moment due to this force = 101 x 6.50 / 3 = 219.70 kN
< 315.73 kN
Earth pressure governs the design for overturning & Fluid for the sliding.

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Summary of Forces and Moments with soil over the TOE. ( Serviceability limit )
Sl.no Describtion Force kN L A from Moment Knm
Vertical Horizontal toe m Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall 876.03 3.20 2805.86
2 Active Earth pressure 115.65 2.73 315.73
3 Live load surcharge 42.70 3.25 138.78
4 Fluid pressure 101.40
Horizontal load
Total 876.03 158.36 2805.86 454.52

Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE. ( Serviceability limit )
Sl.no Describtion Force kN L A from Moment Knm
Vertical Horizontal toe m Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall 836.43 3.08 2577.56
2 Active Earth pressure 115.65 2.73 315.73
3 Live load surcharge 42.70 3.25 138.78
4 Fluid pressure 101.40
Horizontal load
Total 836.43 158.36 2577.56 454.52

e. Check for sliding with soil over toe ( Serviceability limit )

Total horizontal forces causing sliding Hs = 158.36 kN
Total horizontal forces aginst sliding HR = 0.6 x vertical loads
= 0.6 x 876.03 = 525.62 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = HR / Hs
= 525.62 / 158.36 = 3.32 > 1.5 safe
f. Check for sliding with no soil over toe ( Serviceability limit )
Total horizontal forces causing sliding Hs = 158.36 kN
Total horizontal forces aginst sliding HR = 0.6 x vertical loads
= 0.6 x 836.43 = 501.86 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = HR / Hs
= 501.86 / 158.36 = 3.17 >= 1.5 safe

g. Check for over turning with soil over toe ( Serviceability limit )
Total over turning moment MO = 454.52 kNm
Total resisting moment MR = 2805.86 kNm
Factor of safety aginst over turning = M R / MO
= 2805.86 / 454.52 = 6.17 > 2 safe
h. Check for safe bearing capacity at the foundation level
1. Stresses due to self weight
Stress at toe or heel = SV 1 + 6e
B B

Stress at toe = 876.03 1 + 6 x -0.2816

2
5.60 5.60 = 109.23 kN/m

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Stress at heel = 876.03 1 - 6 x -0.2816

2
5.60 5.60 = 203.64 kN/m

2. Stress due to lateral force

Moment = 454.52 kNm
Stresses due to this moment = 454.52 x 6
5.60 ^2 x 1
2
Stress at Toe side = 86.96 kN/m
2
Stress at Heel side = -86.96 kN/m

Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Serviceability limit )
2
Stress at Heel side = 116.68 kN/m
2
Stress at Toe side = 196.19 kN/m
3300 1200 1100

163.53 180.57
2 2
116.68 kN/m kN/m
kN/m2 196.19
kN/m2

Max. pressure developed at the bottom of foundation is well within the SBC of the soil at the
founding level and no tension at the foundation. Hence the section adopted is safe.

Note:- Since the foundation is kept less than 2.500 m below the ground level,
passive relief is considered in the design.

d.Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE (construction stage)
Sl.no Describtion Force kN Moment Knm
Vertical Horizontal Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall 836.43 2679.03
2 Active Earth pressure 115.65 315.73
3 Live load surcharge 0
4 Fluid pressure 101.40

Total 836.43 115.65 2679.03 315.73

Check for sliding ( Serviceability limit )
Horizontal force against sliding = 0.5 x 836.43 = 418.21 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = 418.21 / 115.65 = 3.62
> 1.50 Hence Safe
Check for overturning ( Serviceability limit )
Factor of safety against overturning = 2679.0 / 315.73 = 8.49
> 2.00 Hence Safe
Check for the Safe bearing capacity at the foundation level
Centre of gravity of the force = 2679.0 / 836.43 = 3.20
= 2.80 - 3.20 = -0.4029 m
1. Stresses due to self weight
Stress at toe = 836.43 1 + 6 x -0.4029
2
5.60 5.60 = 84.88 kN/m

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Stress at heel = 836.43 1 - 6 x -0.4029

2
5.60 5.60 = 213.85 kN/m
Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Serviceability limit )
2
Stress at Heel side = 126.88 kN/m
2
Stress at Toe side = 171.84 kN/m

Partial Safety factor for verification of Equilibruim Strength ( Basic Combination )

Summary of Forces and Moments with soil over the TOE ( Equilibruim )
Sl.n Resisting Overturni Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion
o Effect ng Effect Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall
0.95 1.05 832.22 0.00 2665.570 0.00
2 Active Earth pressure 0.00 1.50 0.00 173.48 0.000 473.60
3 Live load surcharge 0.00 1.20 0.00 51.24 0.000 166.54
4 Fluid pressure 0.00 1.00 0.00 101.40 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load
Total 832.22 224.72 2665.57 640.14
Dist. of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 3.20 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 2.80 - 3.20 = -0.4029 m
Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE. ( Equilibruim )
Sl.n Resisting Overturni Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion
o Effect ng Effect Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall
0.95 1.05 794.60 0.00 2448.685 0.00
2 Active Earth pressure 0.00 1.50 0.00 173.48 0.000 473.60
3 Live load surcharge 0.00 1.20 0.00 51.24 0.000 166.54
4 Fluid pressure 0.00 1.00 0.00 101.40 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load
Total 794.60 224.72 2448.69 640.14

Dist. of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 3.08 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 2.80 - 3.08 = -0.2816 m
e. Check for sliding with soil over toe ( Equilibrium limit )
Total horizontal forces causing sliding Hs = 224.72 kN
Total horizontal forces aginst sliding HR = 0.6 x vertical loads
= 0.6 x 832.22 = 499.33 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = HR / Hs
= 499.33 / 224.72 = 2.22 > 1.5 safe
f. Check for sliding with no soil over toe ( Equilibrium limit )
Total horizontal forces causing sliding Hs = 224.72 kN
Total horizontal forces aginst sliding HR = 0.6 x vertical loads
= 0.6 x 794.60 = 476.76 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = HR / Hs
= 476.76 / 224.72 = 2.13 >= 1.5 safe
g. Check for over turning with soil over toe (Equilibrium limit )
Total over turning moment MO = 640.14 kNm
Total resisting moment MR = 2665.57 kNm

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Factor of safety aginst over turning = M R / MO

= 2665.57 / 640.14 = 4.16 > 2 safe
h. Check for safe bearing capacity at the foundation level
1. Stresses due to self weight

Stress at toe or heel = SV 1 + 6e

B B

Stress at toe = 832.22 1 + 6 x -0.2816

2
5.60 5.60 = 103.77 kN/m

Stress at heel = 832.22 1 - 6 x -0.2816

2
5.60 5.60 = 193.46 kN/m
2. Stress due to lateral force
Moment = 640.14
kNm
Stresses due to this moment = 640.14
x 6
5.60
^2 x 1
2
Stress at Toe side = 122.48 kN/m
2
Stress at Heel side = -122.48 kN/m
Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Equilibrium limit )
2
Stress at Heel side = 70.98 kN/m
2
Stress at Toe side = 226.24 kN/m
3300 1200 1100

162.47 195.74
70.98 kN/m2 kN/m2
kN/m2 226.24
kN/m2

Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE. ( Equilibruim )
Sl.n Resisting Overturni Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion
o Effect ng Effect Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall
0.95 1.05 794.60 0.00 2545.075 0.00
2 Active Earth pressure 0.00 1.50 0.00 173.48 0.000 473.60
3 Live load surcharge 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00
4 Fluid pressure 0.00 1.00 0.00 101.40 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load
Total 794.60 173.48 2545.08 473.60
Check for sliding ( Equilibruim limit )
Horizontal force against sliding = 0.5 x 794.60 = 397.30 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = 397.30 / 173.48 = 2.29
> 1.50 Hence Safe
Check for overturning ( Equilibruim limit )
Factor of safety against overturning = 2545.1 / 473.60 = 5.37
> 2.00 Hence Safe
Check for the Safe bearing capacity at the foundation level
Centre of gravity of the force = 2545.1 / 794.60 = 3.20

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 Design of Retainning Wall

= 2.80 - 3.20 = -0.4029 m

1. Stresses due to self weight
Stress at toe = 794.60 1 + 6 x -0.4029
2
5.60 5.60 = 80.63 kN/m

Stress at heel = 794.60 1 - 6 x -0.4029

2
5.60 5.60 = 203.15 kN/m
Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Equilibruim )
2
Stress at Heel side = 80.68 kN/m
2
Stress at Toe side = 203.11 kN/m
3300 1200 1100
152.82 179.06
2 2
kN/m kN/m 203.11
80.68 kN/m2
2
kN/m

Partial Safety factor for verification of foundation Design (Combination -1 )

Summary of Forces and Moments with soil over the TOE. ( Foundation )
Sl.n Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion Comb - I
o Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall 1.35 1182.63 0.00 3787.915 0.00
2 Active Earth pressure 1.50 0.00 173.48 0.000 473.60
3 Live load surcharge 1.20 0.00 51.24 0.000 166.54
4 Fluid pressure 0.15 0.00 15.21 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load
Total 1182.63 224.72 3787.92 640.14
Dist. of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 3.20 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab= eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 2.80 - 3.20 = -0.4029 m
Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE. ( Foundation )
Sl.n Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion Comb - I
o Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall 1.35 1129.17 0.00 3479.711 0.00
2 Active Earth pressure 1.50 0.00 173.48 0.000 473.60
3 Live load surcharge 1.20 0.00 51.24 0.000 166.54
4 Fluid pressure 0.15 0.00 15.21 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load
Total 1129.17 224.72 3479.71 640.14

Dist. of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 3.08 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 2.80 - 3.08 = -0.2816 m
e. Check for sliding with soil over toe ( Foundation design )
Total horizontal forces causing sliding Hs = 224.72 kN
Total horizontal forces aginst sliding HR = 0.6 x vertical loads
= 0.6 x 1182.63 = 709.58 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = HR / Hs
= 709.58 / 224.72 = 3.16 > 1.5 safe
f. Check for sliding with no soil over toe ( Foundation design )

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Total horizontal forces causing sliding Hs = 224.72 kN

Total horizontal forces aginst sliding HR = 0.6 x vertical loads
= 0.6 x 1129.17 = 677.50 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = HR / Hs
= 677.50 / 224.72 = 3.02 >= 1.5 safe

g. Check for over turning with soil over toe (Foundation design )
Total over turning moment MO = 640.14 kNm
Total resisting moment MR = 3787.92 kNm
Factor of safety aginst over turning = M R / MO
= 3787.92 / 640.14 = 5.92 > 2 safe
h. Check for safe bearing capacity at the foundation level
1. Stresses due to self weight

Stress at toe or heel = SV 1 + 6e

B B
Stress at toe = 1182.63 1 + 6 x -0.2816
2
5.60 5.60 = 147.46 kN/m
Stress at heel = 1182.63 1 - 6 x -0.2816
2
5.60 5.60 = 274.91 kN/m
2. Stress due to lateral force
Moment = 640.14
kNm
Stresses due to this moment = 640.14
x 6
5.60
^2 x 1
2
Stress at Toe side = 122.48 kN/m
2
Stress at Heel side = -122.48 kN/m
Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Foundation Design)
2
Stress at Heel side = 152.44 kN/m
2
Stress at Toe side = 269.93 kN/m
3300 1200 1100
221.68 246.85
152.44 kN/m2 kN/m2
kN/m2 269.93
2
kN/m

Summary of Forces and Moments with no soil over the TOE. ( Foundation )
Sl.n Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion Comb-2
o Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Dead load of retaining wall 1.35 1129.17 0.00 3616.686 0.00
2 Active Earth pressure 1.50 0.00 173.48 0.000 473.60
3 Live load surcharge 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00
4 Fluid pressure 0.15 0.00 15.21 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load
Total 1129.17 173.48 3616.69 473.60
Check for sliding ( foundation )
Horizontal force against sliding = 0.5 x 1129.17 = 564.59 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = 564.59 / 173.48 = 3.25

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 Design of Retainning Wall

> 1.50 Hence Safe

Check for overturning ( Foundation )
Factor of safety against overturning = 3616.7 / 473.60 = 7.64
> 2.00 Hence Safe
Check for the Safe bearing capacity at the foundation level
Centre of gravity of the force = 3616.7 / 1129.17 = 3.20
= 2.80 - 3.20 = -0.4029 m
1. Stresses due to self weight
Stress at toe = 1129.17 1 + 6 x -0.4029
2
5.60 5.60 = 114.58 kN/m

Stress at heel = 1129.17 1 - 6 x -0.4029

2
5.60 5.60 = 288.69 kN/m

Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Foundation )

2
Stress at Heel side = 166.22 kN/m
2
Stress at Toe side = 237.06 kN/m
3300 1200 1100

207.96 223.14
kN/m2 kN/m2 237.06
166.22 kN/m2
kN/m2

Design of section at the end of uniform section

a) Dead load of retaining wall
Considering 1m length of retaining wall and ignoring soil over toe slab
Sl. b d g Weight Cg @ toe Moment
Description 3
no m m kN/m kN m kNm
1 Crash barrier and bracket 6.50 0.181 1.18
2 Stem
rectangular portion 0.30 0.00 25 0.00 0.15 0.00

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Total WDL= 6.50 Total MDL= 1.18

Distance of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 0.181 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 0.15 - 0.18 = -0.031 m
Moment due to self weight = 6.50 x -0.03 = -0.202 kNm
b. Active earth pressure
Height of earthfill upto FDL H = 0.00 m
2
Active earth pressure intensity pa = ka3 g H = 0.00 kN/m
Pa
Hori. component of active earth pressure = 0.5 pa H = 0.00 KN
This force acts at 0.42H from FDL LAa = 0.42 x 0.000 = 0.00 m
Moment due to this force = 0.00 x 0.00 = 0.00 KNm
c. Live load surcharge
hLL
Equavalent height of live load surcharge = 1.2 m of soil
2
pLL =
Intensity of pressure due to live load surcharge g hLL = 24.00 kN/m
Horizontal component of Live load surcharge
PLL = ka3 pLL H = 0.00 kN
LAlevel
This force acts at 0.5 H from foundation LL = 0.5 x 0.000 = 0.00 m
Moment due to this force = 0.00 x 0.00 = 0.00 KNm
d. Fluid pressure
The stress due to fluid pressure is calculated as per the provisions under Cl. 217.1 of IRC:6-2000.
2
Intensity of fluid pressure = 4.80 kN/m
Height of earthfill upto foundation level
H = 0.00 m
2
Force due to fluid pressure = 4.80 x 0.00 /2 = 0.00 kN
> 0.00 kN
Moment due to this force = 0.0 x 0.00 / 3 = 0.00 kN
> 0.00 kN
Earth pressure governs the design

Summary of Forces and Moments ( Unfactored )

Sl.no Describtion Force kN L A from Moment Knm
Vertical Horizontal toe m Resisting Overturning
1 Moment Due to selfweight -0.20
2 Dead load of retaining wall 6.50 0.181 1.18
3 Active Earth pressure 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 Live load surcharge
Horizontal load 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 6.50 0.00 1.18 -0.20

Partial Safety factor for verification of Structural Strength ( Basic Combination )

Sl.n Basic Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion
o Comb Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Moment Due to selfweight
1.35 -0.27
2 Permanent Load 1.35 8.78 0.00 1.589
3 Active Earth Pressure 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000
4 Live Load Surcharge 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000
Horizontal load 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000
Total 8.78 0.00 1.59 -0.27

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 Design of Retainning Wall

Adopting a clear cover of 300 mm and Providing 12 mm dia. As the main rebar
Effective Depth available d = 300-40-6
= 254
Design ofMBending Moment = -1 kN.m
Design ofVShear
Ed force = 9 kN
Design ofHHorizontal = kN.m
Design of Main reinforcement
Determination of x/d
2 1/2
X/d = =1.2 - ((1.44 - (6.68Mu / fck b d ))
= 1.2-(1.44-(6.68*-1x10^6 )/ (30x 1000x254^2))1/2
= -0.001
To determine the Depth
d = √Mu/0.138fck b
= √-1x10^6/(0.138x30x1000)
= #NUM!
required d #NUM! < 254 mm ###
Determination of Lever arm 'z'
z = d - ( 1 - 0.416 x/d )
= 254* (1 - 0.416 x -0.001)))
= 254 mm < 0.95 d = 241 mm
= 254 mm
Tension Reinforcement Required from
As = M / (0.87 fy z)
= -1x10^6 / ( 0.87 x 500 x 254.106 )
= -9 mm
2

Δ Ftd = 0.5 VEd Cot θ IRC : 112-2011 Cl. 10.3.3.3 ( 6)

= 0.5 x 8.775 x Cot 33.5˚
0.5X8.775 x 1.511
= 6.629 kN
As = Δ Ftd / 0.87 x fyk
= 6.629X10^3/ (0.87 x 500)
15 mm2
Check minimum reinforcement
As min = 0.26 fctm b d / fyk
fctm = 0.259 (fck)^2/3
= 0.259*30)^2/3 = 2.501
As min = (0.26*2.501*1000*300)/(500)
= 391 mm2
Check maximum reinforcement
As max =
0.04 Ac
=
0.04*1000*300
=12000 mm
2
2
Main Steel Required = 391 mm
Required 12 mm and Providing 289 mm c/c
2
Provide 12 mm and Providing 120 mm c/c 943.00 mm OK a
Compression side Reinforcement @ Stem :
Minimum Steel of Tensionreinforcement= 391 mm2
Minimum steel = 25% of Astmin

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 Design of Retainning Wall

= 0.25x 391
2 2
= 97.75 mm < 97.75 mm
Required 10 mm and Providing 803 mm c/c
2
Provide 10 mm and Providing 120 mm c/c 655.00 mm OK b1
As per Cl.16.6.1.1.3 of IRC: 112 -2011
Secondary transverse reinforcement should be provided in one way slab. This should be at least 20% of the
main reinforcement
= 943 x 0.2
2
= 189 mm
Required 10 mm and Providing 416 mm c/c
2
Provide 10 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 393.00 mm OK c,c1
Check for Cracking
steel area greater =
than 0.12
0.12%x
% bd1000 x 254.106
2
= 304.9 mm
Spacing Less than 3d = 3 x 254 = 762 mm ( Required )
120 mm ( Provided)
OK Spacing of bar
Diameter of rod < d/8
Daimeter of Rod = 12 mm
d/8 =254.106 /8 = 31.76 mm
OK Diameter of bar
Normal shear stress τv = Vu 8775
= = 0.0061692
bd 1422400
Percentage of Steel = 0.154
Table - 19 Design Shear strength of Concrete - IS 456 :2000
Grade of Concrete = M30
τc = 0.293 0.15 0.290
0.25 0.370
% of main steel provided = 0.154 %
2
Permissible shear stress in concrete for the above % of steel = 0.293 N/mm
2
Actual shear stress tv = 8.78 x 10 3 = 0.035 N/mm
1000 x 254
2 2
= 0.293 N/mm > 0.035 N/mm OK
Punching shear resistance of Slabs
1/3
VRd,c = [0.18/ γc k (80 ρ1 fck ) + (0.1σcp) > Vmin (0.1σcp)
IRC112-Pg.No:103-Eq.No:10.33
3/2 1/2
v min = 0.031 k fck IRC112-Pg.No:104
= 0.440
k = 1 + √(200/d) ≤ 2.0 IRC112-Pg.No:103-Eq.No:10.34
= 1.887
ρ1 = √ρly * ρlz ≤ 0.02

√ρly = 943 / (1000*254.106) = 0.0037

√ρlz = 655 / (1000*254.106) = 0.0030
ρ1 = √0.0037*0.003

13
 Design of Retainning Wall

= 0.003 0.33 %
σcp = ( σcy + σcz ) /2
σcy = NEd.Y / Acy
= 8.775x10^3 / (1000 x 254.106)
= 0.035
σcp = 0.035 = 0.035
VRd,c = (0.18/1.5) *1.887*((80*0.01*)^(1/3))+(0.1*0.035
> Vmin+(0.1x0.035)"
= 0.456 > 0.444
Hence the section do not require shear reinforcement

DESIGN OF STEM
A ) At bottom
PL1 6.570 300
H1 = 0.00

c
a

Pa1 0.000
0.000 PL2 7.756
6.50

14
 Design of Retainning Wall

H2 =
b d

42.012 Pa2 900 300

Total depth of Foundation = ### m Active Earth pressure = 0.50

Earth pressure force due to active earth pressure
= 0.50 x 0.00 x 0.00 = 0.000 kN
= 0.00 x 6.50 = 0.000 kN
= 0.50 x 42.01 x 6.50 = 136.538 kN
= 136.538 kN
Moment due to active earth pressure
= 0.42 x 0.00 + 6.50 x 0.00 = 0.000 kNm
= 0.50 x 6.50 x 0.00 = 0.000 kNm
= 0.42 x 6.50 x 136.54 = 372.750 kNm
= 372.750 kNm
Earth pressure force due to Live load surcharge
= 6.570 x 0.00 = 0.000 kN
= 7.756 x 6.50 = 50.414 kN
= 50.414 kN
Moment due to Live load surcharge
= 0.50 x 0.00 + 6.50 x 0.00 = 0.000 kNm
= 0.50 x 6.50 x 50.41 = 163.846 kNm
= 163.846 kNm
Earth pressure & Live load surcharge force
= 136.54 + 50.41 = 186.953 kN
Earth pressure & Live load surcharge Moment
= 372.75 + 163.85 = 536.596 kNm

Stresses due to self weight

Considering 1m length of retaining wall and ignoring soil over toe slab
Sl. b d g Weight Cg @ toe Moment
Description 3
no m m kN/m kN m kNm
1 Crash barrier and bracket 6.50 0.181 1.18
2 Stem
rectangular portion 0.30 7.50 25 56.25 0.150 8.44
triangle portion0.50 0.90 7.50 25 84.38 0.600 50.63
3 Soil over Slope portion
Portion b 0.90 0.00 20 0.00 0.750 0.00
Portion c 0.50 0.90 7.50 20 67.50 0.900 60.75
Total WDL= 214.63 Total MDL= 120.99

Distance of Resultant Force from the toe = LADL = MDL / WDL = 0.564 m
Eccentricity w.r.t center of base slab = eDL = B/2 - LADL
= 0.600 - 0.56 = 0.036 m
Moment due to self weight = 214.63 x 0.04 = 7.786 kNm

15
 Design of Retainning Wall

Moment due to Fluid pressure

Height of section = 7.50 m
2
Intensity of fluid pressure = 4.80 kN/m
Height of earthfill upto foundation level
H
2
Force due to fluid pressure = 4.80 x 7.50 /2 = 135.00 kN
< 136.54 kN
Moment due to this force = 135 x 7.50 / 3 = 337.50 kN
< 372.75 kN
Earth pressure governs the design
Design of stem at top of foundation
Summary of Forces and Moments ( Unfactored )
Sl.no Describtion Force kN L A from Moment Knm
Vertical Horizontal toe m Resisting Overturning
1 Moment due to self weight 7.79
2 Dead load of retaining wall 214.63 0.564 120.99
3 Active Earth pressure 136.54 372.75
4 Live load surcharge
Horizontal load 50.41 0.00 163.85
Total 214.63 186.95 120.99 544.38

Partial Safety factor for verification of Structural Strength ( Basic Combination )

Sl.n Basic Vertical Horizontal Moment kNm
Describtion
o Comb Load Load Resisting Overturning
1 Moment Due to selfweight 1.35 10.51
2 Permanent Load 1.35 289.74 0.00 163.336 0.00
3 Active Earth Pressure 1.50 0.00 204.81 0.000 559.12
4 Live Load Surcharge 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00
Horizontal load 1.20 0.00 60.50 0.000 196.62
Total 289.74 265.31 163.34 766.25
Adopting a clear cover of 1200 mm and Providing 16 mm dia. As the main rebar
Effective Depth available d = 1200-40-8
= 1152
Design ofMBending Moment = 767 kN.m
Design ofVShear
Ed force = 290 kN
Design ofHHorizontal = 265 kN
Design of Main reinforcement
Determination of x/d
2 1/2
X/d = =1.2 - ((1.44 - (6.68Mu / fck b d ))
= 1.2-(1.44-(6.68*767x10^6 )/ (30x 1000x1152^2))1/2
= 0.055
To determine the Depth
d = √Mu/0.138fck b
= √767x10^6/(0.138x30x1000)
= 430.4
required d 430.4 < 1152 mm Safe
Determination of Lever arm 'z'
z = d - ( 1 - 0.416 x/d )
= 1152* (1 - 0.416 x 0.055)))
= 1126 mm < 0.95 d = 1094 mm

16
 Design of Retainning Wall

= 1126 mm
Tension Reinforcement Required from
As = M / (0.87 fy z)
= 767x10^6 / ( 0.87 x 500 x 1125.642 )
2
= 1566 mm
Δ Ftd = 0.5 VEd Cot θ IRC : 112-2011 Cl. 10.3.3.3 ( 6)
= 0.5 x 289.744 x Cot 33.5˚
0.5X289.744 x 1.511
= 218.9 kN
As = Δ Ftd / 0.87 x fyk
= 218.878X10^3/ (0.87 x 500)
2
503 mm
= 1566 + 503
= 1784.9 mm2
Check minimum reinforcement
As min = 0.26 fctm b d / fyk
fctm = 0.259 (fck)^2/3
= 0.259*30)^2/3 = 2.501
As min = (0.26*2.501*1000*1200)/(500) = 1561 mm2
Check maximum reinforcement
As max = 0.04 Ac
= 0.04*1000*1200
= 48000 mm2
Main Steel Required = 1566 mm2 pt = 0.1359375
Required 16 mm and Providing 128 mm c/c
2
Provide 25 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 2455.00 mm a1
2
Provide 20 mm and Providing 200 mm c/c 1571.00 mm OK a2
4026.00
Compression side Reinforcement @ Stem :
Minimum Steel of Tensionreinforcement= 1566 mm2
Minimum steel = 25% of Astmin
= 0.25x 1785
2 2
= 391.5 mm < 391.5 mm
Required 12 mm and Providing 289 mm c/c
2
Provide 12 mm and Providing 120 mm c/c 943.00 mm OK b1

As per Cl.16.6.1.1.3 of IRC: 112 -2011

Secondary transverse reinforcement should be provided in one way slab. This should be at least 20% of the
main reinforcement
= 1566 x 0.2
2
= 313 mm
Required 10 mm and Providing 251 mm c/c
2
Provide 10 mm and Providing 150 mm c/c 524.00 mm OK c2 ,c3

Check for Cracking

steel area greater =
than 0.12
0.12%x
% bd
1000 x 1125.642

17
 Design of Retainning Wall

2
= 1351 mm
Spacing Less than 3d = 3 x 1152 = 3377 mm ( Required )
200 mm ( Provided)
OK Spacing of bar
Diameter of rod < d/8
Daimeter of Rod = 16 mm
d/8 =1125.642 /8= 140.7 mm
OK Diameter of bar
Punching shear resistance of Slabs
1/3
VRd,c = [0.18/ γc k (80 ρ1 fck ) + (0.1σcp) > Vmin (0.1σcp)
IRC112-Pg.No:103-Eq.No:10.33
3/2 1/2
v min = 0.031 k fck IRC112-Pg.No:104
= 0.214
k = 1 + √(200/d) ≤ 2.0 IRC112-Pg.No:103-Eq.No:10.34
= 1.417
ρ1 = √ρly * ρlz ≤ 0.02

√ρly = 4026 / (1000*1125.642) = 0.0036

√ρlz = 943 / (1000*1125.642) = 0.0008
ρ1 = √0.00358*0.00084
= 0.002 0.17 %
σcp = ( σcy + σcz ) /2
σcy = NEd.Y / Acy
= 289.744x10^3 / (1000 x 1125.642) 0.03855
= 0.257
σcp = 0.257 = 0.257
VRd,c = (0.18/1.5) *1.417*((80*0.01*)^(1/3))+(0.1*0.257
> Vmin+(0.1x0.257)"
= 0.374 > 0.240
Hence the section do not require shear reinforcement
Percentage of Steel = 0.150
Table - 19 Design Shear strength of Concrete - IS 456 :2000
Grade of Concrete = M30
τc = 0.290 0.15 0.290
0.25 0.370
% of main steel provided = 0.150 %
2
Permissible shear stress in concrete for the above % of steel = 0.290 N/mm
3 2
Actual shear stress tv = 289.74 x 10 = 0.257 N/mm
1000 x 1126
2 2
= 0.290 N/mm > 0.257 N/mm OK
DESIGN OF TOE SLAB
Moment calculation
Pressure distribution for no soil at Toe
5.6
0.917 0.183
0 3.3 1.2 1.10

18
 Design of Retainning Wall

166.2 kN/m2

208.0 kN/m2

kN/m2

237.1 kN/m2
223.1 kN/m

234.7
Critical section for bending moment is at the face of stem.
a) Bending moment due to soil pressure at the face of stem

M1 = 237.06 + 223.14 x 1.10 2x 237.06 + 223.14 x 1.10

2 237.06 + 223.14 3

= 140.615 kNm
Bending moment due to self weight of concrete
= 1.1 x 0.40 x 25 x 1.10 / 2 = 6.050 kNm
= 0.0 x 0.60 x 25 x 0.00 / 2 = 0.000 kNm
= 1.1 x 0.60 x 0.5 x 25 x ( 1.10 / 3 + 0.00 ) = 3.025 kNm
= 9.08 kNm

Net moment at the face of stem M = 140.62 - 9.08 = 131.54 kNm

Pressure distribution with soil at Toe
5.6
0.917 0.183
0 3.3 1.2 1.1
152.44 kN/m2

221.68 kN/m2

246.85 kN/m2

266.09 kN/m2

269.93 kN/m2

Critical section for bending moment is at the face of stem.

a) Bending moment due to soil pressure at the face of stem

M1 = 269.93 + 246.85 x 1.10 2x 269.93 + 246.85 x 1.10

2 269.93 + 246.85 3
= 158.655 kNm
b) Bending moment due to self weight of concrete = 9.075 kNm
BM due to over burden of earth
= 1.1 x 0.60 x 0.5 x 20 x ( 1.10 x2/3 + 0.00 ) = 4.840 kNm
= 1.1 x 1.50 x 20 x 1.10 / 2 = 18.150 kNm
= 32.07 kNm

Net moment at the face of stem M = 158.66 - 32.07 = 126.59 kNm

Thickness of Footing Slab based on shear
2
qu = 270 kN/m
2
= 0.270 N/m
One - Way Shear
The Critical Section is at distance 'd' from the Stem face

Vu1 = 0.27 x 5600 x( 1100- d )

= 1512x( 1100- d )

19
 Design of Retainning Wall

= 1663200 - 1512.0 d N
Percentage of Steel = 0.183
Table - 19 Design Shear strength of Concrete - IS 456 :2000
Grade of Concrete = M30
τc = 0.316 0.15 0.290
0.25 0.370
One - way Shear Resistence Vc1 = 0.316 x 5600 x d
= 1770 d N
Vu1 < Vc1 = 1663200 - 1512d < 1769.6d
1663200
d = = 507 mm
3281.6

Two - Way Shear

The Critical Section is at distance 'd/2' from the periphery of the Stem
Vu2 = 0.27 x (5600^2 - (1200+ d )^2
Assuming d = 507 mm
Vu2 = 7680 x 10^3 N
Two - way Shear Resistence Vc2 = ks τc x ( 4 x ( 1200 + d ) d)
Where ks = 1
τc = 0.25x Sqrt (30)
= 1.369 Mpa ( refer Cl.31.6.3.1 of the code )
Vc2 = 1 x 1.369x 4d x (1200+d)
2
= 6571.2 d + 5.476 d
Vu2 < Vc2 = 7680000 < 6571.2+5.476
= -6571.2+sqrt(6571.2^2-4x5.476x-7680000)/2x5.476
d = 727.59 mm < 1000 mm Safe
Evidently, in this Case, Two - way Shear is governs the thickness
Hence Provided Overall Depth = 1000 mm
Effective Depth = 1000-75-8 = 917
Design of Flexural Reinforcement
Factored moment Mu = 127.00 kNm
= 127 x 10^6
Mu/ bd2 = 0.151 N/mm2
M30
= 1- sqrt(1 - 4.598 x 0.151/30)
2x 500
Pt = 0.035
= 0.035x1000x917/100 = 321 mm2
Check minimum reinforcement
As min = 0.26 fctm b d / fyk
fctm = 0.259 (fck)^2/3
= 0.259*30)^2/3 = 2.501
As min = (0.26*2.501*1000*917)/(435)
2
= 1371 mm
Pt Min = 100X1676/(917x1000)
= 0.183
= 1371 mm2
Required 16 mm and Providing 147 mm c/c
Provide 16 mm and Providing 240 mm c/c 838.00 mm2 d
Provide 16 mm and Providing 240 mm c/c 838.00 mm2 f

20
 Design of Retainning Wall

1676.00 OK
Compression side Reinforcement @ toe Slab:
Minimum Steel of Tensionreinforcement= 1676 mm2
Minimum steel = 25% of Ast
= 0.25x 1676
= 419 mm2
Required 16 mm and Providing 480 mm c/c
2
Provide 16 mm and Providing 240 mm c/c 838.00 mm OK g

Distribution Reinforcement @ toe Slab: As per Cl.16.6.1.1.3 of IRC: 112 -2011

Secondary transverse reinforcement should be provided in one way slab. This should be at least 20% of the
main reinforcement
= 1371 x 0.2
2
= 274 mm
Required 10 mm and Providing 286 mm c/c (e)
2
Provide 10 mm and Providing 175 mm c/c 449.00 mm OK
Check for Cracking
steel area greater =
than 0.12
0.12%x
% bd1000 x 1000
= 1200 mm2
Spacing Less than 3d = 3x = 2751 mm ( Required )
838 mm ( Provided)
OK Spacing of bar
Diameter of rod < d/8
Daimeter of Rod = 16 mm
d/8 =/8 = 114.6 mm
OK Diameter of bar
Calculation of intensity of pressure at the critical section for shear
The critical section for shear is taken at a distance of effective depth from
the face of stem = 917.000 m from the face of stem
Intensity of pressure at the face of stem with no soil at toe
237.06 - 166.22
2
= 166.22 + x 5.417 = 234.75 kN/m
5.600

269.93 - 152.44
2
= 152.44 + x 5.417 = 266.09 kN/m
5.600

Shear force due to soil pressure

= 237.06 + 223.14 x 0.183 = 42.108789 kNm
2
= 269.93 + 246.85 x 0.183 = 47.286016 kNm
2
Depth of slab at critical section
= 400 x (600 / 1100 ) x 183 = 500 mm
Eff. Depth available d = 500 - 75 - 8 = 417 mm

Self weight of toe portion = 0.400 x 0.183 x 25 = 1.830 kNm

21
 Design of Retainning Wall

= 0.100 /2x 0.183 x 25 = 0.228 kNm

overburden earth = 1.500 x 0.183 x 20 = 5.490 kNm

= 0.100 /2x 0.183 x 20 = 0.183 kNm

Total With soil = 7.731 kNm

Without soil = 2.058 kNm

Net shear force VEd

With soil = 42.109 - 7.731 = 34.378 kNm
Without soil = 42.109 - 2.058 = 40.050 kNm

With soil = 47.286 - 7.731 = 39.555 kNm

Without soil = 47.286 - 2.058 = 45.228 kNm
Bending moment due to soil pressure
234.75 + 237.06 2x 237.06 + 234.75 0.183
M1 = x 0.183 x
2 237.06 + 234.75 3
= 3.96 kNm
Bending moment due to soil pressure
269.93 + 246.85 2x 269.93 + 246.85 0.183
M1 = x 0.183 x
2 269.93 + 246.85 3
= 4.39 kNm
Bending moment due to self weight of concrete
= 0.40 x 0.18 x 25 x 0.18 / 2 = 0.167 kNm
= 0.10 / 2 x 0.18 x 25 x 0.18 / 3 = 0.014 kNm
= 0.18 kNm
BM due to over burden of earth
= 1.50 x 0.18 x 20 x ( 0.18 / 2 ) = 0.502 kNm
= 0.10 / 2 x 0.18 x 20 x 0.18 x2/3 = 0.022 kNm
= 0.52 kNm
Total hogging moment
With soil = 0.706 kNm
Without soil = 0.181 kNm
With soil = 3.957 - 0.706 = 3.251 kNm
Without soil = 3.957 - 0.181 = 3.775 kNm
With soil = 4.391 - 0.706 = 3.685 kNm
Without soil = 4.391 - 0.181 = 4.210 kNm

Design shear force VEd.red = V' - M tanb

d
= 40.05 - 3.78 x 0.6 / 1.1 = 35.1 kN
0.417
= 34.38 - 3.25 x 0.6 / 1.1 = 30.1 kN
0.417
= 45.23 - 4.21 x 0.6 / 1.1 = 39.7 kN
0.417
= 39.56 - 3.69 x 0.6 / 1.1 = 34.7 kN
0.417

22
 Design of Retainning Wall

% of main steel provided = 0.183 %

2
Permissible shear stress in concrete for the above % of steel = 0.316 N/mm
2
Actual shear stress tv = 39.72 x 10 3 = 0.095 N/mm
1000 x 417
2 2
= 0.316 N/mm > 0.095 N/mm OK

Hence the section do not require shear reinforcement

DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB
Intensity of pressure at the face of stem with no soil at toe

2
= 166.22 + 237.06 - 166.22 x 3.300 = 207.96 kN/m
5.600
Intensity of pressure at the face with soil at toe

2
= 152.44 + 269.93
- 152.44 x 3.300 = 221.68 kN/m
5.600
a) Bending moment due to soil pressure at the face of stem

M1 = 166.22 + 207.96 x 3.30 2x 166.22 + 207.96 x 3.30

2 166.22 + 207.96 3

= 980.817 kNm

M1 = 152.44 + 221.68 x 3.30 2x 152.44 + 221.68 x 3.30

2 152.44 + 221.68 3
= 955.683 kNm
Bending moment due to self weight of concrete
= 3.3 x 0.40 x 25 x 3.30 / 2 = 54.450 kNm
= 0.00 x 0.60 x 25 x 0.00 / 2 = 0.000 kNm
= 3.30 x 0.60 x 0.5 x 25 x ( 3.30 / 3 + 0.00 ) = 27.225 kNm
= 81.68 kNm

BM due to over burden of earth

= 3.30 x 0.60 x 0.5 x 20 x ( 3.30 x2/3 + 0.00 ) = 43.560 kNm
= 3.30 x 7.50 x 20 x 3.30 / 2 = 816.750 kNm
= 941.99 kNm

Design bending moment for Heel M = 941.99 - 980.82 = -38.83 kNm

= 941.99 - 955.68 = -13.70 kNm
Thickness of Footing Slab based on shear
qu = 237 kN/m2
2
= 0.238 N/m
One - Way Shear
The Critical Section is at distance 'd' from the Column face

Vu1 = 0.238 x 5600 x( 1100- d )

= 1332.8x( 1100- d )
= 1466080 - 1332.8 d N
Percentage of Steel = 0.183
Table - 19 Design Shear strength of Concrete - IS 456 :2000
Grade of Concrete = M30

23
 Design of Retainning Wall

τc = 0.316 0.15 0.290

0.25 0.370
One - way Shear Resistence Vc1 = 0.316 x 5600 x d
= 1770 d N
Vu1 < Vc1 = 1466080 - 1332.8d < 1769.6d
1466080
d = = 473 mm
3102.4
Two - Way Shear
The Critical Section is at distance 'd/2' from the periphery of the Column
Vu2 = 0.238 x (5600^2 - (1200+ d )^2
Assuming d = 473 mm
Vu2 = 6798 x 10^3 N
Two - way Shear Resistence Vc2 = ks τc x ( 4 x ( 1200 + d ) d)
Where ks = 1
τc = 0.25x Sqrt (30)
= 1.369 Mpa ( refer Cl.31.6.3.1 of the code )
Vc2 = 1 x 1.369x 4d x (1200+d)
2
= 6571.2 d + 5.476 d
Vu2 < Vc2 = 6798000 < 6571.2+5.476
= -6571.2+sqrt(6571.2^2-4x5.476x-6798000)/2x5.476
d = 665.47 mm < 1000 mm Safe
Evidently, in this Case, Two - way Shear is governs the thickness
Hence Provided Overall Depth = 1000 mm
Effective Depth = 1000-75-8 = 917
Design of Flexural Reinforcement
Factored moment Mu = -14.00 kNm
= -14 x 10^6
2 2
Mu/ bd = -0.017 N/mm
M30
= 1- sqrt(1 - 4.598 x -0.017/30)
2x 500
Pt = -0.004
= -0.004x1000x917/100 = -37 mm2
Check minimum reinforcement
As min = 0.26 fctm b d / fyk
fctm = 0.259 (fck)^2/3
= 0.259*30)^2/3 = 2.501
As min = (0.26*2.501*1000*917)/(435)
= 1371 mm2
Pt Min = 100X1676/(917x1000)
= 0.183
2
= 1371 mm
2
Provide 16 mm and Providing 240 mm c/c 838.00 mm f
2
Provide 16 mm and Providing 240 mm c/c 838.00 mm d
1676.00 OK
Compression side Reinforcement @ toe Slab:
Minimum 1676 mm2
Steel of
Minimum steel = 25% of Ast
= 0.25x 1676
= 419 mm2

24
 Design of Retainning Wall

Required 16 mm and Providing 480 mm c/c

2
Provide 16 mm and Providing 240 mm c/c 838.00 mm OK h

Distribution Reinforcement @ toe Slab: As per Cl.16.6.1.1.3 of IRC: 112 -2011

Secondary transverse reinforcement should be provided in one way slab. This should be at least 20% of the
= 1371 x 0.2
2
= 274 mm
Required 10 mm and Providing 286 mm c/c
2
Provide 10 mm and Providing 175 mm c/c 449.00 mm OK (e)

Check for Cracking

steel area greater =
than 0.12
0.12%x
% bd1000 x 1000
2
= 1200 mm
Spacing Less than 3d = 3x = 2751 mm ( Required )
838 mm ( Provided) OK Spacing of bar

Diameter of rod < d/8

Daimeter of Rod = 16 mm
d/8 =/8 = 114.6 mm
OK Diameter of bar
Calculation of intensity of pressure at the critical section for shear
The critical section for shear is taken at the face of stem
Shear force due to soil pressure
= 166.22 + 207.96 x 3.300 = 617.39583 kNm
2
= 152.44 + 221.68 x 3.300 = 617.28344 kNm
2
Self weight of toe portion = 3.300 x 0.400 x 25 = 33.000 kNm
0.000 x 0.600 x 25 = 0.000 kNm
= 3.300 /2x 0.600 x 25 = 24.750 kNm
overburden earth = 3.300 x 7.500 x 20 = 495.000 kNm
= 3.300 /2x 0.600 x 20 = 19.800 kNm
Total = 572.550 kNm
Net shear force = 572.550 - 617.396 = -44.846 kNm
= 572.550 - 617.283 = -44.733 kNm
Induced shear stress in the section
= -44.733 x 1000 = -0.049 Mpa
1000 x 917
% of main steel provided = 0.183 %
2
Permissible shear stress in concrete for the above % of steel = 0.316 N/mm
2
> -0.049 N/mm OK
Hence the section do not require shear reinforcement

25
 Design of Retainning Wall

26
 Design of Retainning Wall

DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL (SEISMIC CONDITION) : -

SOIL PARAMETERS:-
0
Angle of Repose, f = 30 or 0.5236 rad
0
Angle of wall friction , d = 0 or 0.0000 rad
0
Angle of Surcharge, b = 0 or 0.0000 rad
0
Angle of Internal wall slope, q = 90 or 1.5708 rad
Angle of Inclination of earthfill with the horizontal I = 00 or 0.0000 rad
Unit weight of soil g = 18 kN/cum
Safe Bearing Capacity of Founding Strata = 150 kN/sqm

a ) Active Earth pressure

Ref. : Cl. 222 of IRC:6 - 2000 and Cl. 8 of IS:1893 -1984
Height of stem above GL = 6.000 m
Height of stem below GL = 1.500 m

I ) Active seismic earth pressure force

Horizontal seismic coefficient ah = Z/2 x Sa/g
For Zone II = R/I
Zone factor as per table 2 of IS: 1893 (Part1) :2002 Z= 0.16
Sa/g = 2.50
Response reduction factor R= 2.50
Importance factor I = 1.20

Horizontal seismic coefficient ah = Z/2 x Sa/g

R/I
ah = 0.08 x 2.5
2.083
= 0.096
Vertical seismic coefficient av = 0.00

MATERIAL DATA:-
Exposure = Moderate
Grade of concrete for RCC = M 30
Permissible Flexural Compressive stress in PCCM30 = 15 Mpa
PermissibleTensile stress in RCC M30 = 300 Mpa

LC-403
The design is based on the provisions of the following IRC codes.

2. IRC:6-2000
3. IRC:78-2000

If the allowable
96 tensile stress is allowed beyond 300 Mpa upto 300 Mpa
special precautionary measures as stipulated in Cl.303.3 of IRC:21-2000
shall be matriculusly adhered to during the execution of work.

Calculation of coefficient of earth pressure for different wall slope

27
 Design of Retainning Wall

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

The intensity of earth pressure is calculated using Coulomb's Formula and coefficients of
Active and Passive earth pressure are calculated as follows
Lever arm for the earth pressure is taken as0.42 h
Active earth pressure co-efficient using Coulomb's theory

2
ka = 1+- a v cos ( f - q - l )
2 2
cos q cos ( q + d + l ) cos ( l ) ( 1 + k )
Where
q = Angle that the face of wall makes with the horizontal line in clockwise direction
94.5
0
Vertical face of retaining wall = 0.00 or 0.0000 rad
1st Inclined face of retaining wall tan-1( 0.9 / 7.5 ) = 6.8
0
or 0.1194 rad
0
Vertical face of base slab = 0.00 or 0.0000 rad
1/2
k = sin ( f + d ) sin ( f - I - l ) 300
cos ( q + I ) cos ( q + d + l ) 300

-1 -1
l = tan ah = tan 0.096 300
46 1+- a v 1+- 0.00
2000 1000
0
l = 5.4836 = 0.09571 rad

Parameters q f d I l k ka
Ver.face of retaining wall 0.0000 0.5236 0.0000 0 0.0957 0.457 0.3938
1st Inclined face 0.1194 0.5236 0.0000 0 0.0957 0.462 0.4407
Vertical face of baseslab 0.0000 0.5236 0.0000 0 0.0957 0.457 0.3938

AT END OF UNIFORM SECTION

Earth pressure
Static 190
Heigth of earth fill h = 0 m
2
Earth pressure P = Ka g h / 2 500
Earth pr. Force Pa2 = 0.2737355 x 18 x 0.00 ^2/2 = 0.000 kN
Moment
Earth pressure acts at = 0.42 h
= 0 x 0.42 x 0.00 = 0.000 kNm
Dynamic
Dynamic Shear pa = 0.5 g h2 kaH1 = 0.000 kN
Dynamic increament = 0.000 - 0.000 = 0.000 kN
Moment Ma = 0.50 x 0.00 x 0.00 = 0.000 kNm
Total Moment = 0.000 + 0.000 = 0.000 kNm
Live Load surcharge
Static
Earth pressure P = Ka g H
Earth pressure Force = 1.2x 18 x 0.00 x 0.2737 = 0.000 kN
Moment = 0 x 0.50 x 0.00 = 0.000 kNm

28
 Design of Retainning Wall

Dynamic
Dynamic Shear P = 1.2x 18 x 0.00 x 0.3938 = 0.000 kN
Dynamic increament = 0.000 - 0.000 = 0.000 kN
Moment Ma = 0.66 x 0.00 x 0.00 = 0.000 kNm
Total Moment = 0.000 + 0.000 = 0.000 kNm
Design moment = 0.000 x 0.500 = 0.000 kNm

Self weight
Considering 1m length of retaining wall and ignoring soil over toe slab
Sl. b d g Weight Cg @ toe Moment
Description 3
no m m kN/m kN m kNm
1 Crash barrier and bracket 6.50 0.450 2.93
2 Stem
rectangular portion 0.30 0.00 24 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total WDL= 6.50 Total MDL= 2.93
Seismic Self weight = 6.500 x 0.096 = 0.624 kN
Eccentricity = 2.925 / 6.500 = 0.450 m
Moment = 0.624 x 0.450 = 0.281 kNm

AT TOP OF FOUNDATION
Earth pressure
Static
Force Pa2 = 0.000 kN
Moment M = 0.000 x 0.42 x 0.00 + 7.50 = 0.000 kNm

Force Pa3 = 0.3231678 x 18 x 0.00 x 7.50 = 0.000 kN

Moment M = 0 x 0.50 x 7.50 = 0.000 kNm
Force Pa3 = 0.3231678 x 18 x 7.50 ^2/2 = 163.604 kN
Moment M = 163.60372 x 0.42 x 7.50 = 515.352 kNm

Total Force = 163.604 kN

Total moment = 515.352 kNm

Fluid pressure
Dynamic
Force Pa2 = 0.3938 x 18 x 0.00 = 0.000 kN/sqm
= 0.500 x 0.00 x 0.00 = 0.000 kN
Force Pa3 = 0.4407 x 18 x 0.00 = 0.000 kN/sqm
= 0.00 x 7.50 = 0.000 kN
Force Pa3 = 0.4407 x 18 x 7.50 = 59.495 kN/sqm
= 0.500 x 59.49 x 7.50 = 223.105 kN

Total Force = 0.000 - 0.000 = 0.000 kN

= 0.000 - 0.000 = 0.000 kN
= 223.105 - 163.604 = 59.502 kN
= 223.105 kN = 59.502 kN

Total moment = 0.000 x( 0.5 x 0.00 + 7.50 )= 0.000 kNm

= 0.000 x( 0.5 x 7.50 ) = 0.000 kNm
59.502 x( 0.5 x 7.50 ) = 223.131 kNm
= 223.131 kNm

29
 Design of Retainning Wall

Total design moment at the bottom of stem

= 515.352 + 223.131 = 738.483 kN
Live Load surcharge
Static
Earth pressure = Ka q h H
Earth pr. Force Pa2 = 1.2x 18 x 0.00 x 0.2737 = 0.000 kN
Moment = 0 x 0.50 x 0.00 + 7.50 = 0.000 kNm

Earth pr. Force Pa3 = 1.2x 18 x 7.50 x 0.3232 = 52.353 kN

Moment = 52.35319 x 0.50 x 7.50 = 196.324 kNm

Total Force = 52.353 kN

Total moment = 196.324 kNm
Dynamic
Earth pr. Force Pa2 = 1.2x 18 x 0.00 x 0.3938 = 0.000 kN
Earth pr. Force Pa3 = 1.2x 18 x 7.50 x 0.4407 = 71.394 kN
Total Force = 0.000 - 0.000 = 0.000 kN
= 71.394 - 52.353 = 19.041 kN
= 71.394 kN 52.353 kN = 19.041 kN

Total moment = 0.000 x ( 0.66 x 0.00 + 7.50 )= 0.000 kNm

= 19.041 x ( 0.66 x 7.50 ) = 94.251 kNm
= 94.251 kNm
Total Moment = 94.251 + 196.324 = 290.575 kNm
Design moment = 290.575 x 0.500 = 145.288 kNm
Self weight
Considering 1m length of retaining wall and ignoring soil over toe slab
Sl. Cg about
b d g Weight Moment
Description top of
no m m kN/m3 kN Footing kNm
1 Crash barrier and bracket 6.50 7.950 51.68
2 Stem
rectangular portion 0.30 6.000 24 43.20 4.50 194.40
triangle portion 0.50 0.72 6.000 24 51.84 3.50 181.44
3 Soil over Heel rec 1 0.72 0.000 18 0.00 7.50 0.00
Soil triangle 2 0.50 0.72 6.000 18 38.88 5.50 213.84
Soil Rectangle 3 3.48 6.000 18 375.84 4.50 1691.28
Total WDL= 516.26 Total MDL= 2332.64
Seismic Self weight = 516.260 x 0.096 = 49.561 kN
Eccentricity = 2332.635 / 516.260 = 4.518 m
Moment = 49.561 x 4.518 = 223.933 kNm

Total Design moment = 738.483 + 145.288 - 223.933 = 659.838 kNm

When Seismic load is considered the stresses are allowed to exceed by 50 %

Correspondingly reduced moment 439.89 kNm OK
This moment is less than that of normal case
Hence seismic is not governing

AT BOTTOM OF FOUNDATION
Static

30
 Design of Retainning Wall

Active earth pressure

Pa = 0.2737355 x 18 x 8.500 = 41.882 kN/sqm
H. component of active earth pr. Pa = 0.5 pa H = 178.00 KN
This force acts at 0.42H from FDL LAa = 0.42 x 8.500 = 3.57 m
Moment due to this force = 178.00 x 3.57 = 635.45 KNm

Liveload surcharge
Equavalent height of LL surcharge hLL = 1.2 m of soil
Intensity of pr. due to LL surcharge pLL = g hLL = 21.60 kN/m2
H. component of LL surcharge PLL = ka3 pLL H = 50.26 kN
This force acts at 0.5 H from FDL LALL = 0.5 x 8.500 = 4.25 m
Moment due to this force = 50.26 x 4.25 = 213.60 KNm

Dynamic
Active earth pressure
Pa = 0.3938 x 18 x 8.500 = 60.251 kN/sqm
Force = 60.25 x 0.5 x 8.500 = 256.065 kN
Moment = 256.07 x 0.5 x 8.500 = 1088.278 kNm

Difference in Force = 256.065 - 177.997 = 78.069 kN

Difference in Moment = 1088.278 - 635.448 = 452.830 kN

Stresses due to this moment = + M/Z

= 452.830 x 6
1 x 5.6^2
Stress at Toe side = 86.638 kN/sqm
Stress at Heel side = -86.638 kN/sqm

Live Load surcharge

Force = 21.60 x 0.3938 x 8.500 = 72.301 kN
Moment = 72.30 x 0.66 x 8.500 = 405.607 kNm

Difference in Force = 72.301 - 50.258 = 22.043 kN

Difference in Moment = 405.607 - 213.596 = 192.012 kN
Stresses due to this moment = + M/Z
= 192.012 x 6
1 x 5.6^2
Stress at Toe side = 36.737 kN/sqm
Stress at Heel side = -36.737 kN/sqm

Self weight
Considering 1m length of retaining wall and ignoring soil over toe slab
Sl. Cg about
b d g Weight Moment
Description Bot of
3
no m m kN/m kN Footing kNm
1 Crash barrier and bracket 6.50 8.950 58.18

31
 Design of Retainning Wall

2 Stem
rectangular portion 0.30 6.00 24 43.20 5.50 237.60
triangle portion 0.50 0.72 6.00 24 51.84 4.50 233.28
3 Soil over Heel rec 1 0.72 0.000 18 0.00 8.50 0.00
Soil triangle 2 0.50 0.72 6.000 18 38.88 6.50 252.72
Soil Rectangle 3 3.48 6.000 18 375.84 5.50 2067.12
Total WDL= 516.26 Total MDL= 2848.90

Seismic Self weight = 516.260 x 0.096 = 49.561 kN

Eccentricity = 2848.895 / 516.260 = 5.518 m
Moment = 49.561 x 5.518 = 273.494 kNm

Stresses due to this moment = + M/Z = 273.494 x 6

1 x 5.6^2
Stress at Toe side = 52.327 kN/sqm
Stress at Heel side = -52.327 kN/sqm

Summary of stress
Sl.no Stresses due to Stress on Toe side Stress on Heel side
kN/sq.m kN/sq.m
1
Active or Fluid pressure = 86.638 kN/sq.m -86.638 kN/sq.m
2
Live load surcharge = 36.737 kN/sq.m -36.737 kN/sq.m
3
Self weight static = 109.228 kN/sq.m 203.638 kN/sq.m
4
Self weight seismic = 52.327 kN/sq.m -52.327 kN/sq.m
Total Stresses = 284.930 kN/sq.m 27.936 kN/sq.m
Maximum stress developed = 284.930 kN/sq.m < 125 kN/sqm
Minimum stress developed = 27.936 kN/sq.m >
Check for sliding
Summary of sliding force
Active earth pressure = 78.07 kN
Live load surcharge = 0.5 x 22.04 = 11.02 kN
Seismic force = 49.56 kN
= 138.65 kN
Horizontal force against sliding = 0.5 x 836.43 = 418.21 kN
Factor of safety against sliding = 418.21 / 138.65 = 3.02
> 1.25 Safe
Check for overturning
Total Stresses due to self weight and Lateral force ( Serviceability limit ) = 452.83 kNm
Seismic force = 273.49 kNm
= 726.32 kNm
Factor of safety against overturning = 2679.03 / 726.32 = 3.69
> 1.50 Safe
Summary of Forces and Moments with soil over the TOE ( Equilibruim )

DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB UNDER SEISMIC CONDITION

The critical section of the BM is at the face of stem

0 3.3 1.2 0.800

32
 Design of Retainning Wall

27.94 kN/m2

187.95 kN/m2

246.14 kN/m2

276.06 kN/m2

284.93 kN/m2
5.3 0.617 0.183
Summary of Forces and Moments
284.93 with- no soil
27.94
over the TOE. ( Equilibruim )
2
= 27.94 + x 3.300 = 187.95 kN/m
5.300
Bending moment due to soil pressure
27.94 + 187.95 2x 27.94 + 187.95 3.300
M1 = x 3.300 x
2 27.94 + 187.95 3
= 442.54 kNm
Bending moment due to self weight of concrete
= 0.40 x 3.30 x 24 x 3.30 / 2 = 52.272 kNm
= 0.60 / 2 x 3.30 x 24 x 3.30 / 3 + 0.00 = 26.136 kNm
= 0.60 x 0.00 x 24 x 0.00 / 2 = 0.000 kNm
= 78.41 kNm

BM due to over burden of earth

= 7.50 x 3.30 x 18 x ( 3.30 / 2 ) = 735.075 kNm
= 0.60 / 2 x 3.30 x 18 x 3.30 x2/3 + 0.00 = 39.204 kNm
= 774.28 kNm

f. Check for sliding with no soil over toe ( Equilibrium

Total hogging
limit ) moment = 852.687 kNm
Design bending moment for Heel = 852.687 - 442.54 = 410.147 kNm
When Seismic load is considered the stresses are allowed to exceed by 50 %
Correspondingly reduced moment 273.43 kNm
This moment is less than that of normal case
g. Check for over turning with soil over toe (Equilibrium limit)
DESIGN OF TOE SLAB UNDER SEISMIC CONDITION
The critical section of the BM is at the face of stem
5.3
0.617 0.183
0 3.3 1.2 0.800
27.94 kN/m2

187.95 kN/m2

246.14 kN/m2

276.06 kN/m2

284.93 kN/m2

Pressure distribution for no soil over TOE

284.93 - 27.94
= 27.94 + x 3.30 + 1.20
5.300
2
= 246.14 kN/m

Bending moment due to soil pressure

33
 Design of Retainning Wall

284.93 + 246.14 2x 284.93 + 246.14 0.800

M1 = x 0.800 x
2 284.93 + 246.14 3

12 200 = 87.04 kNm

Bending moment due to self weight of concrete
= 0.40 x 0.80 x 24 x 0.80 / 2 = 3.072 kNm
= 0.60 / 2 x 0.80 x 24 x 0.80 / 3 + 0.00 = 1.536 kNm
= 0.60 x 0.00 x 24 x 0.00 / 2 = 0.000 kNm
= 4.61 kNm

Design bending moment for Heel = 87.040 - 4.61 = 82.432 kNm

Pressure distribution for soil over TOE

284.93 - 27.94
= 27.94 + x 3.30 + 1.20
5.300
2
= 246.14 kN/m
Bending moment
10 due to soil pressure200
284.93 + 246.14 2x 284.93 + 246.14 0.800
M1 = x 0.800 x
2 284.93 + 246.14 3

= 87.04 kNm

Bending moment due to self weight of concrete

= 0.40 x 0.80 x 24 x 0.80 / 2 = 3.072 kNm
= 0.60 / 2 x 0.80 x 24 x 0.80 / 3 + 0.00 = 1.536 kNm
= 0.60 x 0.00 x 24 x 0.00 / 2 = 0.000 kNm
= 4.61 kNm
BM due to over burden of earth
= 1.50 x 0.80 x 18 x ( 0.80 / 2 ) = 8.640 kNm
= 0.60 / 2 x 0.80 x 150 x 0.80 x2/3 + 0.00 = 19.200 kNm
= 27.84 kNm
Total hogging moment = 32.448 kNm

Design bending moment for Toe = 87.040 - 32.45 = 54.592 kNm

When Seismic load is considered the stresses are allowed to exceed by 50 %

Correspondingly reduced moment 36.39 kNm
This moment is less than that of normal case
Hence seismic is not governing

34