Objective:

- To determine the eutectic temperature and the composition of the eutectic mixture for
the naphthalene and p-nitrotoluene system.

Apparatus:

1) Boiling tube
2) Weighing Boat
3) Thermometer
4) Water bath
5) Conical flask

Chemicals:

1) Naphthalene, C10H8
2) p-nitrotoluene

Procedure:

1) 3g of naphthalene was placed into a boiling tube and was melted it by immersing the
boiling tube in a hot water bath.
2) When the solid was completely melted, the boiling tube was immediately transferred
into a conical flask. The boiling was set up vertically in the conical flask by using a
clamp.
3) The liquid was gently stirred using thermometer and the temperature was recorded
for every one minute interval until the liquid completely solidifies.
4) Step 1 until 3 was repeated by addition of p-nitrotolune.

Mass of Naphthalene (g) 3 3 3 3 0 1 2

Mass of p-nitrotolune (g) 0 1 2 3 3 3 3
% p-nitrotolune in the 0 25 40 50 10 75 60
mixture 0
Discussion:

The effect of adding p-nitrotoluene to the naphthalene will contribute to the decreasing of
freezing point for naphthalene. This is because p-nitrotoluene (solutes) increases the boiling
point and decreases the freeing point. Solutes can change the boiling point of the solvent.
When the solute is added in a solvent, the boiling point of the solution increases. For
example, if salt is added to the water then the boiling point of water will increases to 100
degree Celsius. This happens because the boiling point is the temperature where the vapour
pressure of the solvent becomes equal to the external atmospheric pressure. When solute is
added in the solvent then solvent molecules take more time and temperature to make vapour
pressure and cause the boiling point of the solvent increases.

Next, by adding a solutes to a solution, it will decrease the freezing point, because it will
interface with the frozen solution’s crystal structure. That means the temperature will have to
be cold to overcome it and freeze the mixture anyway. Freezing point depression is a
colligative property observed in solutions that results from the introduction of solute
molecules to a solvent. The freezing points of solutions are all lower than that of the pure
solvent and is directly proportional to the molality of the solute. When substance starts to
freeze, the molecules slow down due to the decreases in temperature and intermolecular
forces start to take over. The molecules will then arrange themselves in a pattern and thus
turn into a solid.

From the experiment, we can conclude that phase diagram freezing temperature against
percentage of p-nitrotoluene where the freezing point decreases as the percentage of p-
nitrotoluene added to the naphthalene increases. This phenomenon is called as freezing point
depression which depends on the concentration of solute particles that associated of solutions
that dependent on the number of dissolved particles in solution but not the identities of the
solutes.

Conclusion:

Based on this experiment, we can conclude that the eutectic temperature and the composition
of the eutectic mixture for the naphthalene and p-nitrotoluene system was determined.
Questions:
1) Define the following terms:
a) Component
-Component is a minimum number of different substances required to describe the
composition of all phase in the system.

b) Phase
-Phase is define as homogenous part of heterogenous system.

c) Triple point
-Triple point is where the condition of temperature and pressure at which all three
phases of a substance coexist at equilibrium.

d) Critical temperature
-Critical temperature is where substance change phase and a point on pressure
temperature curve which liquid and vapor are distinguish and merge to form single
phase.

2) Determine the number of components and phase in :

a) A salt solution.
-2 components (salt and water)
-1 phase (liquid)
b) An aqueous solution of potassium chloride and sodium nitrite.
-3 components (water, potassium chloride and sodium nitrate)
-1 phase ( liquid)
c) An aqueous solution of potassium nitrate.
-2 components (water and potassium nitrate)
-1 phase (liquid)
d) A saturated solution of copper sulphate stored in a closed bottle.
-1 components (copper sulphate)
-1 phase (liquid)
e) A mixture of ethanol and distilled water.
-2 components (ethanol and water)
-1 phase (liquid)
References:

1) ThoughtCo. (2018). Eutectic Definition and examples: What is a eutectic system?

Retrieved (November 30, 2018) from https:// www.thoughtco.com- definitons
-and-examples-608317.
2) Micheal G. , N. Manoloto, R. Reyes, (2011). Binary system of m-nitrotolune and
p-nitrotoluene with naphthalene , p-toluidene and o-nitrophenol. Retrieved
(November 30, 2018) from https:// www. dc . lib.unc.edu/cgi-bin/showlife.exe
? CISROOT=/jncas&CISOPTR=1581.
3) Mazuka. S. ( n.d.) Experiment 5 :Eutectic system. Retrieved (November 30, 2018)
from https:// www. academia.edu/32833500/ EXPERIMENT _5_EUTECTIC
_SYSTEM.