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Use of Superposition To Describe Heat Transfer PDF
Use of Superposition To Describe Heat Transfer PDF
The latest version of this PDF file, along with other supplemental material for the class, can be
found at www.me.pdx.edu/~gerry/class/ME449. Note that the location (URL) for this web
site may change.
Vin, Tin
radiation
convection
B1 B2 B3
L1 S12 L2 S23 L3
Flow over arrays of blocks in a channel exhibits fully-developed behavior after the third or
fourth row of blocks
H
b
By-pass flow
Array flow
ΣQ1 m1
ΣQ2
m2
ΣQ4 ΣQ3 m3
X
Q1 = ṁ1cp (To,1 − Ti,1)
P
Q1
⇒ To,1 = Ti,1 +
ṁ1cp
P
Q2
To,2 = Ti,2 +
ṁ2cp
P
Q3
To,3 = Ti,3 +
ṁ3cp
P
What contributes to Qi?
Tm(x)
Tout
Tin
x
•
min
Q1 Q2 Q3
A B C D E
• 3D effects
fan wake
non-uniform inlet
blockage by obstacles including heat sinks
• Channel by-pass and unmixed temperature profile
m• 1
h, Ta
SINDA:
http://www.webcom.com/~crtech/sinda.html
http://www.indirect.com/user/sinda/
See also Thermal Computations for Electronic Equipment, by Gordon Ellison [2]
m• 1
h, Ta
m• 1
• geometric similarity
• dynamic similarity
• thermal similarity
Vin, Tin
s
Experimental Procedure
u(r)
x
R
r
hydrodynamically
fully-developed flow
qw''(x)
Energy Equation „ «
∂T k ∂ ∂T
ρcpu(r) = r
∂x r ∂r ∂r
Boundary conditions
˛ ˛
∂T ˛˛ ∂T ˛˛ 00
= 0 (symmetry) k = qw (x)
∂r r=0
˛ ∂r r=R
˛
General solution is
x+
R
Z
+ + 00
Tw,ad(x ) − Tin = g(x − ξ) qw (ξ) dx
k 0
+ Q +
Tw,ad(x ) − Tin = g(x − ξ)
4ṁcp
∆x
r
.
y m
Tw,ad(x)
Tm
∆Tm
Tin
∆Tm ∆Tm
y
Q
∆Tm =
ṁcp
+ Tw,ad(x+) − Tin
g(x − ξ) =
Q/(4ṁcp)
Tw,ad(x+) − Tin
= 4
∆Tm
3
2
m=1
n=1 2 3 4
Note that if no blocks are heated, then Tad,i = Tin. Remember that “adiabatic” in this
context means unheated, not insulated.
The temperature difference between block i and the inlet air can be decomposed as
The adiabatic temperature rise of block i due to heat input from all blocks is
n
X Qj ∗
Tb,i = Tin + gi,j (2)
j=1
ṁcp
Equating the right hand side of Equation (4) with the second term on the right hand side
of Equation (3) gives
Qconv,i Qconv,i ∗
= g (5)
had,iAi ṁcp i,i
Thus,
∗ ṁcp
gi,i = (6)
had,iAi
∗
Equation (6) shows that gi,i and had,i are intrinsically related. This is no accident since
∗
both gi,i and had,i are derived from measurements in which only block i is heated.
n
X Qconv,j ∗ Qconv,i
Tb,i − Tin = gi,j + (7)
j=1, j6=i
ṁcp had,iAi
∗
With measured values of gi,j and had,i, Equation (7) uses superposition to compute the
effect of any power distribution on the temperature of each block in the domain. All that
∗
remains is a procedure for determining gi,j from the experimental data.
∗ Tb,2 − Tin
g2,1 = only block 1 is heated (10)
Q1/(ṁcp)
Because only block 1 is heated, Tb,2 − Tin is the temperature rise of block 2 due to heat
input at block 1.
Define
Twake,i,j = temperature of block i when only block j is heated.
The term “wake” is suggestive of the mechanism of heating: Twake,i,j > Tin because
block i is downstream of block j .
Thus, when only block 1 is heated, the value of Tb,2 is Twake,1,2, and Equation (10) is
∗ Twake,2,1 − Tin
g2,1 = (11)
Q1/(ṁcp)
Remember that the simplification that leads from Equation (8) to Equation (11) is valid
because only block 1 is heated.
∗
Similar calculation (from same experiment) gives g3,1 .
Measured Temperatures
Heat Inputs Block 1 Block 2 Block 3
Q1 0 0 Tself,1 Twake,2,1 Twake,3,1
0 Q2 0 Twake,1,2 Tself,2 Twake,3,2
0 0 Q3 Twake,1,3 Twake,2,3 Tself,3
z
flow direction
g1∗
˘ ¯
∗
= max 0.8 g , 1
∗
˘ ¯
∗
g2 = max 0.95 g , 1
VH
Um =
H−B
g1∗
˘ ¯
∗
= max 0.8 g , 1
∗
˘ ¯
∗
g2 = max 0.95 g , 1
0
α1 = 0.31 ũmax + 1.91
0
α2 = 0.098 ũmax + 0.19
„ «
1 ṁcp/A
β1 = −1
1.13 32.2 ũ0max + 14.4
β2 = 0.13 β1
parameter value
H 0.0214 m
B 0.0095 m
Lx 0.0375 m
Sx 0.0502 m
Lz 0.0465 m
Sz 0.0592 m
3
ρ = 1.185 kg/m cp = 1005 J/(kg K)
2
V = 7.1 m/s − ∆Prow = 7.78 N/m
2
A = 0.00334 m
Um = 12.8m/s
−2
ṁ = 1.06 × 10 kg/s per row
0
ũmax = 2.44 m/s
α1 = 2.6685
α2 = 0.4298
β1 = 29.5387
β2 = 3.8400
row Q (W )
8 12
7 18
6 14
5 7
4 2
3 13
2 11
1 15
The temperature rise in row n due to heat dissipated by the module in row 1 is
“ ” Q1 ∗
T e,n − Tin = g1 (n − 1)
1 ṁ cp
“ ”
n g1∗ (n − 1) T e ,n − Tin (C)
1
8 1.000 1.40
7 1.033 1.45
6 1.158 1.62
5 1.351 1.89
4 1.654 2.32
3 2.214 3.10
2 4.438 6.22
1 27.503 38.56
The temperature rise in row n due to heat dissipated by the module in row 2 is
“ ” Q2 ∗
T e,n − Tin = g (n − 2)
2 ṁ cp 2
“ ”
n g2∗ (n − 2) T e ,n − Tin (C)
2
8 1.227 1.26
7 1.375 1.41
6 1.604 1.65
5 1.964 2.02
4 2.629 2.70
3 5.270 5.42
2 32.660 33.58
1 0 0
The temperature rise in row n due to the heat dissipated by row three is
“ ” Q3 ∗
T e,n − Tin = g (n − 3)
3 ṁ cp
“ ”
n g ∗ (n − 3) T e ,n − Tin (C)
3
8 1.448 1.76
7 1.689 2.05
6 2.068 2.51
5 2.768 3.36
4 5.547 6.74
3 34.378 41.77
2 0 0
1 0 0
n T e ,n − Tin (C)
8 57.6
7 72.2
6 54.9
5 30.8
4 18.2
3 50.3
2 39.8
1 38.6
100
90
80
70
Temperature (C)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
row number