Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CTG - Interpret With Care
CTG - Interpret With Care
WITH CARE
1
Fetal Monitoring in Labor:
Two Acceptable Methods
• Electronic • Auscultated
– In “active” labor – – Prescribed
by convention needs intervals
to be continuous – Various devices but
– High false positives one recorded
(K. Nelson 1996) number
– Variable – Easy to interpret
interpretations – Intermittent
– Acceptable for
“high” risk patients
2
Why Auscultation?
5
For hypothesis to be
true: Paneth (1993)
• EFM must be reliable (inter-observer
agreement on identity and meaning)
• EFM must be valid (patterns
statistically linked with adverse
neurological events)
• EFM and adverse outcome are
related, specifically association is
• causal
6
CRITICISMS TOWARDS CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY
• Insufficient understanding of the (patho-)physiologic
background
• A number of technical pitfalls
• Differences in recording techniques
• Primarily qualitative information (pattern recognition)
• Lack of uniform classification systems
• Confusion due to the many influences on the fetal heart
rhythm
• Substantial intra- and inter-observer variation regarding
the interpretation
• Low validity, high incidence of false-positive findings
• Primarily screening method, too often applied as a
diagnostic
• Leads to an increase in artificial deliveries
• Lack of agreement on how, when, and whom to monitor
• Contributes to medico-legal vulnerability
7
ARGUMENTS AGAINST
AUSCULTATION
• Hard to do!
– No, not really! • Will cause fetal
harm, or CP?
• Requires more staff
– No more so than
– Shouldn’t have to
continuous EFM
• Does not meet
May miss something?
standard of care
-Such as??
– Untrue!
• Not legally defensible
– Hardly
8
THEN WHY DISCUSS
CTG???
• USEFUL IN HIGH RISK CASES.
• STANDARDISED EVIDENCE
BASED GUIDELINES ARE
BEING LAID FOR CORRECT
USE,INTERPRETATION ,
FURTHER DECISION MAKING
& RECORD KEEPING.
9
Appropriate monitoring in an
uncomplicated
pregnancy
11
GRADE B RECOMMENDATION
REF:RCOG GUIDELINES
12
ADMISSION CTG
Current evidence does not
support the use of the
admission CTG in
low-risk pregnancy and it is
therefore not recommended
Grade B Recommendation
13
Selected High-Risk Indications for
Continuous Monitoring of Fetal
Heart Rate
Maternal medical illness
Gestational diabetes
Hypertension
Asthma
Obstetric complications
Multiple gestation
Post-date gestation
Previous cesarean section
Intrauterine growth restriction
Oligohydramnios
Premature rupture of the membranes
Congenital malformations
Third-trimester bleeding
Oxytocin induction/augmentation of labor
Preeclampsia
Meconium stained liquor
14
A Continuous EFM should be offered and
recommended in pregnancies previously
monitored with intermittent auscultation:
• if there is evidence on auscultation of a
baseline less than 110 bpm or greater 160
bpm
• if there is evidence on auscultation of any
decelerations
• if any intrapartum risk factors develop.
15
Definitions and descriptions of
individual features of fetal heart-
rate (FHR) traces
16
– Normal Baseline FHR 110–160 bpm
– Moderate bradycardia 100–109 bpm
– Moderate tachycardia 161–180 bpm
– Abnormal bradycardia < 100 bpm
– Abnormal tachycardia > 180 bpm
17
Baseline variability
The minor fluctuations in baseline
FHR occuring at three to five
cycles per minute. It is measured
by estimating the difference in
beats per minute between the
highest peak and lowest trough of
fluctuation in a one-minute
segment of the trace
18
19
ACCELERATIONS
20
DECCELERATIONS
22
LATE
23
VARIABLE
24
Atypical Variable
decelerations
With any of the following additional
decelerations components:
25
26
Categorisation of fetal heart rate traces
Category Definition
Suspicious 1 non-reassuring
Rest reassuring
Pathological 2 or more non-
reassuring
1 or more abnormal
27
REDUCED VARIABILITY
28
29
TACHYCARDIA
Hypoxia Chorioamnionitis
Maternal fever B-Mimetic drugs
Fetal anaemia,sepsis,ht failure,arrhythmias
30
SPECIAL
PATTERNS
31
Sinusoidal pattern
A regular oscillation of the baseline long-term
variability resembling a sine wave. This smooth,
undulating pattern, lasting at least 10 minutes, has a
relatively fixed period of 3–5 cycles per minute and an
amplitude of 5–15 bpm above and below the baseline.
Baseline variability is absent
Associated with -
Severe chronic fetal anaemia
Severe hypoxia & acidosis
32
SINUSOIDAL
33
PSEUDOSINUSOIDAL
34
CHECKMARK PATTERN
35
SALTATORY PATTERN
36
LAMBDA PATTERN
37
38
39
SUSPICIOUS CTG
FETAL SCALP
STIMULATION TEST
FETAL SCALP
BLOOD Ph FETAL VIBROACAUSTIC
(If facilities available) STIMULATION TEST
41
A Systematic Approach to Reading Fetal Heart
Rate Recordings
• Evaluate recording--is it continuous and adequate for interpretation?
• Identify type of monitor used--external versus internal, first-generation
versus second-generation.
• Identify baseline fetal heart rate and presence of variability, both long-
term and beat-to-beat (short-term).
• Determine whether accelerations or decelerations from the baseline
occur.
• Identify pattern of uterine contractions, including regularity, rate,
intensity, duration and baseline tone between contractions.
• Correlate accelerations and decelerations with uterine contractions and
identify the pattern.
• Identify changes in the FHR recording over time, if possible.
• Conclude whether the FHR recording is reassuring, nonreassuring or
ominous.
• Develop a plan, in the context of the clinical scenario, according to
interpretation of the FHR.
• Document in detail interpretation of FHR, clinical
conclusion and plan of management.
42
• Prior to any form of fetal monitoring, the
maternal pulse should be
palpated simultaneously with FHR auscultation
in order to
differentiate between maternal and fetal
heart rates.
• If fetal death is suspected despite the
presence of an apparently
recordable FHR, then fetal viability should be
confirmed with realtime
ultrasound assessment.
43
44
RECORD KEEPING IN
CTG
• The date and time clocks on the EFM machine
should be correctly set
• Traces should be labelled with the mother’s
name, date and hospital number
• Any intrapartum events that may affect the
FHR should be noted contemporaneously on the
EFM trace, signed and the date and time noted
(e.g. vaginal examination, fetal blood sample,
siting of an epidural)
45
•Any member of staff who is asked to
provide an opinion on a trace should note
their findings on both the trace and
maternal case notes, together with time
and signature
• Following the birth, the care-giver
should sign and note the date,time and
mode of birth on the EFM trace
• The EFM trace should be stored
securely with the maternal notes at the
end of the monitoring process.
46
SOME
INTERESTING
CASES
47
ACCELERATION OR DECCELERATION ???
48
BASELINE BRADYCARDIA WITH
ACCELERATIONS
49
HALVING PHENOMENON
50
EXCESSIVE VARIABILITY???
51
GESTATIONAL DM ; NST ; 8:30am
52
GDM ; CST ; 12 noon
53
BLUNTED PATTERN WITH VARIABLE
DECCELERATIONS – CNS DYSFUNCTION
54
Thank you
55