HEAT ENGINEERING

CALCINING IvIAGNES!TE WITH OXYGEN [N A R O T A R Y KfLN

D. I. Gavrish, V. G . A b b a k u m o v , UDC 666.762.3.041

V. G. Borisov: S. A. Shchedrov,
E. Ya. Shapiro, !. V. Frantsenyuk~
E. V. Matveev, G. B. Beremblyum,
A. P. Shapovalov, N. V. Savkevich,
P. V. Cherepov, E. P. Mezentsev,
and V. N . S u k h o t e p l o v

U s i n g o x y g e n f o r c a l c i n i n g a r e f r a c t o r y r a w m a t e r i a l is not c o m m o n p r a c t i c e , in the USSR and USA

o x y g e n i s u s e d f o r c a l c i n i n g e s p e c i a l l y p u r e d o l o m i t e s , in J a p a n in the p r o d u c t i o n of t o p - g r a d e m a g n e s i t e
p o w d e r {calcining t e m p e r a t u r e up to 2100~ and in A u s t r i a f o r c a l c i n i n g e n r i c h e d m a g n e s i t e c o n c e n t r a t e
a t 2200~ [1]. In the USSR the o x y g e n i s fed d i r e c t l y into the f l a m e cone of a r o t a r y k i l n , in the USA into
the a i r p a s s i n g into the k i l n f r o m a c o o l e r [2]. T h e a d v a n t a g e s of the f o r m e r m e t h o d h a v e b e e n d e m o n -
s t r a t e d in t e s t s in o p e n - h e a r t h f u r n a c e s [3-5].

The p r o c e s s of c a l c i n i n g m a g n e s i t e with o x y g e n w a s s t u d i e d in an i n d u s t r i a l r o t a r y kiln a t the N o v o -

L i p e t s k M e t a l l u r g i c a l P l a n t (NLMP). T h e l e n g t h of the k i l n i s 75 m and i t s o v e r a l l d i a m e t e r 3.6 r a m . The
c o o l e r i s of the c y l i n d e r t y p e , 38 m long a n d 2.5 m in d i a m e t e r . T e c h n i c a l d e t a i l s of the k i l n a r e g i v e n in
T a b l e 1. T h e k i l n is f i r e d with n a t u r a l g a s f r o m the S t a v r o p o l d e p o s i t s . The c o m b u s t i o n h e a t of the g a s
i s 8520 k e a l / m a , * the g a s p r e s s u r e w a s 1 . 8 - 2 . 4 a i m , and the p r e s s u r e of the o x y g e n 10-12 a t m . The g a s
- o x y g e n b u r n e r i s shown in s c h e m a t i c f o r m in F i g . 1. in the i n v e s t i g a t i o n ~.he b u r n e r i s shown in s c h e -
m a t i c f o r m in F i g . 1. In the i n v e s t i g a t i o n the b u r n e r g a v e a g a s s p e e d a p p r o a c h i n g t h a t of sound (about
460 m / s e c ) and a n o x y g e n s p e e d of 23 m / s e c .
T h e c a l c i n i n g of m a g n e s i t e with and w i t h o u t o x y g e n was s t u d i e d with a 2500 ton b a t c h of Satkin m a g -
n e s i t e . T h e c h a m i c a I c o m p o s i t i o n of the m a g n e s i t e i s g i v e n in T a b l e 2. In t e r m s of the MgO and SiC 2
c o n t e n t the m a g n e s i t e c o r r e s p o n d e d to g r a d e S M - 2 b u t i t s CaO c o n t e n t w a s h i g h e r w h i l e the p e r c e n t i m -
p u r i t i e s i n c r e a s e d in the d e s c e n d i n g o r d e r of the p a r t i c l e s i z e , i . e . , f r o m c o a r s e to fine. The m a g n e s i t e
w a s c a l c i n e d in l u m p s s m a l l e r than 46 m m , the d u s t f r a c t i o n (finer than 1 ram) a c c o u n t i n g f o r 11% (Fig. 2).
In the i n v e s t i g a t i o n the r o t a r y k i l n w a s f i r s t c l e a n e d of d o l o m i t e and then f i r e d without o x y g e n f o r the
p u r p o s e of d e t e r m i n i n g the p r i n c i p a l p e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e t e r s . T h e e x p e r i m e n t l a s t e d 17 h a f t e r which
f i r i n g w a s c o n t i n u e d with o x y g e n b e i n g a d d e d to the g a s flow. D u s t e n t r a i m n e n t w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y the
s a m e in b o t h c a s e s . T h e k i l n w a s o p e r a t e d with g a s and o x y g e n f o r 25 h. T h e r e s u l t s of the t e s t s a r e
g i v e n in T a b l e 3 with c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l s of 95% p r o b a b i l i t y .
9 T h e flow r a t e s a n d s p e e d s a r e f o r n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n s u n l e s s s t a t e d o t h e r w i s e .

TABLE I. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the R o t a r y K i l n s
[
ImnSide diam. Slope,% Calcining
Plant 122 Rpm
i i time,h

Novo- lApetsk 75 3,14 3,5 1,2 i 2,49

Magnezit 75 2,54 4,9 0,72 I 3,65
90 3,14 41 1,11 t 2,77
170 4,04 4,0 1,11 [! 4,17

Main A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the R e f r a c t o r y I n d u s t r y . A l l - U n i o n I n s t i t u t e of R e f r a c t o r i e s . Novo-Lipetsk

M e t a l l u r g i c a l P l a n t . " M a g n e z i t " P l a n t . T r a n s l a t e d f r o m O g n e u p o r y , No. 5, pp. 11-17, May, 1974.

9 19 75 Plenum Publishing Corporauon, 22 7 West l 7th Street, New York, N. Y. 1001L ] ~ part o f this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording or otherwise, without written permission o f the publisher. ,4 copy o f this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.

282
 ~ ~SOo
l_
~4

oi .
Fig. i. S c h e m a t i c d r a w i n g of the b u r n e r .

I 80

~- 60
/00 rl/-

/ T h e i n d i c e s of k i l n p e r f o r m a n c e m u s t be c o m p a r e d f o r a
g i v e n d u s t e n t r a i n m e n t f r o m the k i l n . Owing to the l i m i t s of the
t i m e and m a t e r i a l s r e s o u r c e s in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n the o p t i m u m
c a l c i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s c o u l d not b e d e t e r m i n e d , of c o u r s e . Suffice
it to s t a t e t h a t t h e r e w a s no a d v a n t a g e in f o r c i n g the k i l n p e r f o r -
m a n c e h i g h e r , the r e a s o n b e i n g the i n c r e a s i n g d u s t e n t r a i n m e n t
o which w a s a l r e a d y high, p r o b a b l y owing to the s t a t e of the k i l n
o> 4 0 l i n i n g a n d the l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f fine f r a c t i o n s in the g r e e n m a t e -
rial.
0
z 20 f A n i n c r e a s e in the d e g r e e of o x y g e n e n r i c h m e n t of the a i r
10
{ f r o m 21 to 23.9% r e s u l t s in a n i n c r e a s e in the t e m p e r a t u r e in the
k i l n b y 140~ a d e c r e a s e in the flue g a s t e m p e r a t u r e b y 100~
0 /0 20 JO ~0 a n d a n i n c r e a s e in the t e m p e r a t u r e of the m a t e r i a l d i s c h a r g e d
Grain size, mm f r o m the k i l n b y 170~
F i g . 2. T h e g r a i n s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n
In s p i t e of the m o d e r a t i o n of the t h e r m a l c o n d i t i o n s in the
of the g r e e n m a g n e s i t e (1) and a f t e r
k i l n , v i z . (2.6-2.9) 9 106 k c a l / ( m 2 9h) a s a g a i n s t the r e c o m m e n d e d
c a l c i n i n g w i t h o u t (2) a n d with (3)
( 3 . 8 - 5 . 1 ) - 1 0 6 k c a l / ( m 2 "h) ([6], p. 364), d u s t e n t r a i n m e n t in the
oxygen, i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e a c h e d 40% on the c h a r g e a n d the c o e f f i c i e n t of r a w
m a t e r i a l c o n s u m p t i o n w a s 3 . 5 - 3 . 6 (Table 4) w h i c h a p p r o a c h e s that in c a l c i n i n g S a v i n s k m a g n e s i t e in the
90 m r o t a r y k i l n of the " M a g n e z i t " p l a n t [7].
E a r l i e r r e s e a r c h c a r r i e d out a t the A l l - U n i o n I n s t i t u t e of R e f r a c t o r i e s s h o w e d that d u s t e n t r a i n m e n t
can be r e d u c e d b y o p t i m i z i n g the g r a i n s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n of the m a g n e s i t e . T h e t e s t s w e r e c a r r i e d out* on
a 7 m long e x p e r i m e n t a l r o t a r y k i l n w i t h an o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r of 0.6 m a n d i n s i d e d i a m e t e r of 0.44 m . T h e
k i l n s p e e d c o u l d b e r e g u l a t e d 1 . 1 - 1 . 7 5 r p m , the fuel w a s k e r o s e n e , and the c a l c i n a t i o n t i m e w a s 0 . 8 - 1 . 3 h.
T h e g r a i n s i z e of the m a g n e s i t e s u s e d w a s f i n e r than 5, f i n e r t h a n 10 and 5-20 m m . The c o m p o s i t i o n of
the m a g n e s i t e f o r the c a l c i n e d s u b s t a n c e w a s 97% MgO, 0.8% CaO, 0.6% SiO 2, 1.6% R203; l o s s to c a l c i n a -
tion w a s 51.4% and the m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t 5%. T h e c a l c i n a t i o n r e s u l t s a r e g i v e n in T a b l e 5. T h e open p o -
r o s i t y of the c a l c i n e d p o w d e r s w a s 22-28%.
When the p r o p o r t i o n of l a r g e s t and s m a l l e s t p i e c e s in the r a w m a t e r i a l i s r e s t r i c t e d , d u s t e n t r a i n -
m e n t d u r i n g c a l c i n a t i o n and the p r o p o r t i o n of g r a i n s f i n e r than i m m in the p r o d u c t a r e g r e a t l y r e d u c e d .
It f o l l o w s t h a t the k i l n p e r f o r m a n c e and the p r o d u c t q u a l i t y c a n be i m p r o v e d b y o p t i m i z i n g the g r a i n s i z e
d i s t r i b u t i o n of the r a w m a t e r i a l .
.
In 1949 b y L. G. V a i n r u b .

TABLE 2. Chemical Composition of the Green Magnesite

Calcining FmramCti~1 Content, % Calcina-

MgO CaO Si02 R,o, " tion loss

Without oxygen 43,4/86~3 3,1/6,2 1,8/3,6 2,0/3,9

44,6/87,0 3,8/7,4 1,5/2,9 1,4/2,7 I 49.7
48,7
>1o 45,0/92,0 2,0/4,2 0,8/1,6 1,1/2,2 51,1
0.---46 44,9/89,6 2,8/5,6 0,9/I,8 1,5/3,0 49,9

With oxygen 44,1/87,7 2,4/4,8 1,9/3,8 1,9/3,7 49,7

1<_I0
9 >lO
43,9/87,3 4,5/8,9
I ,I/2,2
0,8/1,7 1,1/2,1 49,7
45,6/93,1 1,2/2,4 1,1/2,3 51,0
0--46 45,1/90,9 1,7/3,4 1,4/2,9 1,4/2,8 50,~
The oxide content is given in the numerator for the green magnesite, in the denominator
for the calcined substance.

283
 T A B L E 3. O p e r a t i n g P a r a m e t e r s of the K i l n d u r i n g M a g n e -
site Calcining

Calcining
Indices
withou__toxygen/with oxygen
i

/
Charge, ton/h 21 [ 26
Gas consumption, mS/h 2355 / 265O
Air consumption inburner, 1000 ma/h 22,7 22.5
Oxygen consumption, mS/h 0 813
~/o oxygen enrichment of the air 21 23.9
aesiduai pressure in dust chamber, mm H~O 5.2 5.0
,.Gas flow from tile kiln, mS/h 31.2 33.0
Gas velocity, m/sec
in flue under normal conditions. 1.12 1.18
in flue under operational conditions 4.1 3.9
Gas temperature, ~
in the Idle. 1710 1850
in dust chamber 720 620
upstream from waste-heat boiler 520 480
Air temperature downstream from cooler, ~C - 290
Powder temperature, ~C
downstream from kiln 1040 1210
downstream from cooler 30 30
Thermal capacity of the kiN,* in million kcal/h 20.1 22.6
Heat release rate of the kiln section kcal/(m ~. h) 2.6' 10 s 2.9" IO s
Kiln productivity, ton/h 5.8 + 0.3 7.4 + 0.2
Dust entrainment,% on charge 42 40
Fuel consumptinn, kg/ton 495 437
Oxygen consumption, ms, per 1 m~ gas 0 0.31
*Expressed in terms of the fuel burnt in unit time.

T A B L E 4. M a t e r i a l s B a { a n c e in M a g n e s i t e C a l c i n a t i o n i n a R o t a r y K i l n
ca1____ci_nati~ Calcination

mthout ~r oxwen without

Input oxygen -~ Output oxygen with oxygen
g/kg[ %

Raw material charge

calcined substance
t
I
!
! t,74 48,1 1,66
~iseharged product
c;2e222 '
1,90 i 27,6
0,74 20,5
1,00
0,68
28,5
18,8
CO2 (combined) 1,70 47,0 1,68 47,847'3tO2(technologicat) 1,70 47,0 1,68 47,8
H20 (physical) ] 0,18 4,9 0,17 4,9 ~20 (technological) 0,18 4,9 0, l7 4,9
f
i
Total i 3,62 100,013,51 1-~0,0 1 Total 3,621,00,01 3,5, 100,0

T A B L E 5. R e s u l t s of the C a l c i n a t i o n of the M a g n e s i t e s !n the E x p e r i -

]}
mental Kiln ,--

r
9
Fractions,~

green .i product i
>,0 <,mm I mm) = o=

~5
~10
5 --20
11
68 ,~176
27
Ot
0
4
52
38
22
I 1700 l 890
1745
1730
735
815
l,O !3,7---4,3 41--50
0.9 ~ 3,5
i,o I 2,4
37
8-12

"1<7ofracViom coarser than 5 ram.

"3~ fractions finer than 5 ram,

?~4
 9JO 7 G S ~,,- / . , ' , , i

~o

~ iO ',
.4
e~ {
0 /00 200 JO0 433
o
o F i g . 3. The c o e f f i c i e n t of heat t r a n s -
-t-
f e r a of the k i l n b o d y as a function of
O L}
the t e m p e r a t u r e of the body and g a s
o
v e l o c i t y (noted a g a i n s t the c u r v e s in
m/sec).
0
,,..., r

At c e r t a i n plants o u t s i d e the USSR the bulk of the s t a r t i n g

o m a t e r i a l is c a l c i n e d in the f o r m of f r a c t i o n s of 2 - 2 5 m m [8], a m e t h -
od which can be c o n s i d e r e d rational if the f i n e s a r e b r i q u e t t e d and
o f i r e d for s u b s e q u e n t u t i l i z a t i o n . Kiln p r o d u c t i v i t y is s t a t e d to d e -
c r e a s e by 10-30% when the l a r g e s t l u m p s a r e 40 m m in d i a m e t e r .
bO
The t h e r m a l b a l a n c e of the r o t a r y kiln and the c o o l e r u s e d in
the i n v e s t i g a t i o n at the N L M P is g i v e n in Table 6. The l o s s to the
c a l c i n a t i o n of the dust e n t r a i n e d f r o m the kiln w a s d e t e r m i n e d e x -
0
p e r i m e n t a l l y and found to be 4.8%, the t h e r m a l e f f e c t of m a g n e s i t e
0 d e c a r b o n i z a t i o n w a s 657 k c a l / k g MgO [9], and the t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y
of the c o o l e r 0.7 [10]. The heat l o s s to u n d e r c a l c i n a t i o n is included
c~ in the d i s c r e p a n c y of the b a l a n c e . Note that the CO content of the
~.~ flue g a s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 1.2% on the dry v o l u m e to 1.9%, i . e . , u n d e r -
'~o~ c a l c i n a t i o n i n c r e a s e d , with the i n c r e a s e in the c o m b u s t i o n t e m p e r a -
ture in the c h a n g e - o v e r to c a l c i n i n g with o x y g e n .
0 ,o~ The c o e f f i c i e n t of heat t r a n s f e r of the body of the kiln, which
~a w a s s i t u a t e d in the open a i r , w a s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the f o l l o w i n g
equation [11]:
0 4 4
T b -- T a ~,
r -- T b _ Ta ,~ ~ 0.00578 ~ Re~ 9h ~dcg),

PQ w h e r e Re = WD/u; a ~ 4 . 1 0 -8 k c a l / ( m 2 -deg4); D is the d i a m e t e r

~ i .~ of the kiln body, m; W, •, u a r e the v e l o c i t y , t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y ,
5 and k i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y of the a i r under o p e r a t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n s , in
m/sec, kcal/(m-h.deg), and m 2 / s e c , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; T b, T a a r e the
E~ "~.~ t e m p e r a t u r e of the kiln body and a m b i e n t a i r , ~ e is the c o e f f i c i e n t
{J
of r a d i a t i o n of the kiln body, k c a l / ( m 2 9h- deg4).
~Q
The c o e f f i c i e n t of heat t r a n s f e r of the k i l n body i s plotted in
F i g . 3 a s a function of the t e m p e r a t u r e of the kiln body and gas
v e l o c i t y (the a i r t e m p e r a t u r e T a is a s s u m e d 273~ The t e m p e r a -
l u r e of the kiln body (T b, ~ w h e n c a l c i n i n g with o x y g e n w a s d e t e r -
m i n e d by e x p e r i m e n t (Fig. 4).
The m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e of the k i l n body w a s 230~ the m a x i -
m u m t e m p e r a t u r e 330~ F o r the t e m p e r a t u r e s d e v e l o p i n g in the
k i l n in c a l c i n i n g with o x y g e n ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1900~ t h e s e body t e m -
p e r a t u r e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y l o w , the r e a s o n b e i n g the thick s l a g d e p o s i t

285
 F i g . 4. T e m p e r a t u r e of the
r b o d y of the 75 m long r o t a r y
kiln.
L 1 I I + r I r+
0 /0 20 JrO 40 50 6"0 70
Length of the kPm, m

T A B L E 7. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of C a l c i n e d M a g n e - in ~he s i n t e r i n g zone r e s u l t i n g f r o m the c h a r g e of

site Powders m a g n e s i t e f i n e r than 3 m m and s c a l e of f l u o r s p a r fed
into the k i l n a f t e r o v e r h a u l . When t h i s d e p o s i t is thin
Calcining
Indices the u s e of oxygen m a y r e s u l t in the k i l n body b e i n g
without oxygen with oxygen o v e r h e a t e d to an i m p e r m i s s i b l e t e m p e r a t u r e .
When c a l c i n i n g with o x y g e n the h e a t e x c h a n g e in
Chemical composition, %
UgO 88.6 89.6 the k i l n is a c c e l e r a t e d and the h e a t t o s s to the flue
CaO 6.1 4.7 g a s e s r e d u c e d s o ~hat the t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y of the
SiO2 2.8 2.7 k i l n i n c r e a s e s b y 4% (see T a b l e 6) r e s u l t i n g in an
Rz03 2.5 3.0 11.5% d e c r e a s e in fuel c o n s u m p t i o n on c a l c i n i n g .
Open porosity, ~/o
fraction 1-3 mm 7.2 7.6 T h e p r o d u c t i v i t y of the k i l n i n c r e a s e d by 27%
9 3-8 mm 8.6 7.6 (see T a b l e 3) when c a l e i n i n g with o x y g e n . T h e s a m e
; >8 m m 10.1 8.8 e f f e c t w a s noted e a r l i e r when c a l c i n i n g d o l o m i t e . The
bulk sample 8.1~ 0.4 7.4 ~ 0.5 output p e r a n n u m w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y a n a l y z i n g the
Apparent density, g/era 3 d u r a b i l i t y of the lining~ i . e . , a f t e r c a l c i n i n g without
fraction 1-3 mm 3~ 3.23
o x y g e n f o r 1521 d a y s and with o x y g e n f o r the next 639
~ 3-8 mm 3.12 3.18
3.04 3.12 d ays (calcining dolomite). Downtime for overhaul
>8 mm

bulk sarnple 3.16 3.17 w a s 284 and 137 d a y s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , and c o n s u m p t i o n

Fractions finer than I mm,% 38 41 of c h r o m e - c o n t a i n i n g m a g n e s i a r e f r a c t o r i e s 2363 and
! 3 5 9 ton. The m a g n e s i a p a r t of the l i n i n g w e i g h s 350
ton so that i t s life in c a l c i n i n g w i t h o u t o x y g e n w a s
( ( 1 5 2 1 - 2 8 3 ) / 2 3 6 3 ) 3 5 0 = 183 d a y s and in c a l c i n i n g with o x y g e n ( ( 6 3 9 - 1 3 7 ) / 1 3 5 9 ) 3 5 0 = 130 d a y s , i . e . , 29%
s h o r t e r . T h e r e s u l t w a s t h a t the c o e f f i c i e n t of u t i l i z a t i o n of the k i l n d e c r e a s e d f r o m 0.813 to 0.786. T h i s
is e v i d e n c e that when c o n v e r t i n g a k i l n to c a l c i n i n g with o x y g e n , the l i n i n g m u s t b e i m p r o v e d and r e n d e r e d
more heat-resistant.

H a v i n g r e g a r d to t h e s e f a c t s , the i n c r e a s e in the p r o d u c t i v i t y of the k i l n i s 2,~/0 on a v e r a g e a n d m a y

v a r y 14-34% d e p e n d i n g on the type of k i l n . In the c a s e of the k i l n s of the " M a g n e z i t " p l a n t , the c o o l e r s of
w h i c h a r e not b e i n g o p e r a t e d a t full c a p a c i t y , the i n c r e a s e in p r o d u c t i v i t y would be 15-20%.
T h e p r o d u c t s o b t a i n e d u n d e r the e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s (see T a b l e 3) c a n y i e l d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t
the s t a t e of the k i l n and about the s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l and d u s t e n t r a i n m e n t . The a b s o l u t e i n d i c e s can b e i m -
p r o v e d b y v a r y i n g the c a l c i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s , e . g . , the type and s t a t e of the kiln, the g r a i n s i z e d i s t r i b u -
tion a n d c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f the m a g n e s i t e , the c o e f f i c i e n t of r a w m a t e r i a l c o n s u m p t i o n , e t c . The
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the e x p e r i m e n t a l l y c a l c i n e d p o w d e r s a r e g i v e n in T a b l e 7~
T h e c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n and d e n s i t y w e r e s l i g h t l y b e t t e r in the p o w d e r c a l c i n e d with o x y g e n . The
s i g n i f i c a n c e of the d i f f e r e n c e in the open p o r o s i t y of the b u l k s a m p l e s w a s found to b e 94%. The d u s t f r a c -
tion ( g r a i n s f i n e r t h a n 1 ram) w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y the s a m e u n d e r b o t h s e t s of c a l c i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s a t a b o u t
40%. T h e p r o p o r t i o n of i m p u r i t i e s in the c a l c i n e d m a t e r i a l i n c r e a s e d by 1% in c a l c i n i n g without and by
1.3% in c a l c i n i n g with o x y g e n , i . e . , in the l a t t e r c a s e c o n t a m i n a t i o n i n c r e a s e d b y 30%, which c o r r e l a t e s
with the f i n d i n g s a b o u t the s h o r t e r life of the l i n i n g .
An a n a l y s i s of Lhe e c o n o m i c s of i n t r o d u c i n g c a l c i n i n g with o x y g e n in the r o t a r y k i l n s of the " M a g -
n e z i t " p l a n t s h o w e d t h a t owing to the high c o s t of o x y g e n the p r o d u c t i o n c o s t s of the m a g n e s i ~ e p o w d e r
w o u l d not b e l o w e r . The m a i n a d v a n t a g e to b e d e r i v e d would be an i m p r o v e m e n t in the c a l c i n a t i o n of p u r e
p o w d e r s and a d e c r e a s e in c a p i t a l c o s t s .
The r e s u l t s of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n f u r n i s h g r o u n d s f o r o r g a n i z i n g the p r o d u c t i o n of m a g n e s i t e p o w d e r s
b y c a l c i n i n g with o x y g e n in one o r m o r e r o t a r y k i l n s of the " M a g n e z i t " plant, f o r the p u _ ~ o s e of r e f i n i n g the
p r o c e s s p a r a m e t e r s and d e t e r m i n i n g the e x t e n t to w h i c h the new c a l c i n a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y c o u l d be i n t r o d u c e d .

286
 LITERATURE CITED
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W o r k e r s in Donetsk [in Russian], Inst. C h e r m e t i n f o r m a t s i y a , Moscow (1963), pp. 7-11.
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of the Silicate Industry [in Russian], Gosstroiizdat, Moscow (1964).
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(1969).
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