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Local scour profiles downstream of

hydraulic jump
a b
Javad Farhoudi & Kenneth V. H. Smith
a
Ministry of Energy, Islamic Republic of Iran , Tehran, Iran
b
University of Southampton , U.K.
Published online: 21 Jan 2010.

To cite this article: Javad Farhoudi & Kenneth V. H. Smith (1985) Local scour profiles
downstream of hydraulic jump, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 23:4, 343-358, DOI:
10.1080/00221688509499344

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221688509499344

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 Local scour profiles downstream of hydraulic jump
Profils de raffouillement local a l'aval d'un ressaut
hydraulique
JAVAD FARHOUDI
Lecturer in Hydr. Structures, Water Affairs,
Ministry of Energy, Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
KENNETH V. H. SMITH
Senior Lecturer in Hydraulic Engineering,
University of Southampton, U.K.
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SUMMARY
The development of local scour holes downstream a hydraulic jump type flow in the passage of time shows
certain geometrical similarities which may be expressed by relevant parameters. The present paper attempts
to explain the similarity existing either in the process of scour or in the profiles that the scour holes follow
downstream of hydraulic jump flow. The investigation was carried out using three geometrically similar
models with geometrical scale progressing by a factor of two.

RÉSUMÉ
L'extension de la fosse d'affouillement a l'aval d'un ressaut hydraulique, a divers instants, montre certaines
similitudes de formes qui peuvent être quantifies par divers paramètres. Le présent article tente d'expliquer
la liaison entre le processus d'affouillement et la forme de la fosse en aval du ressaut hydraulique. L'étude a
été conduite a partir de trois modèles en similitude, ayant de l'un a l'autre un rapport d'échelle géométrique
de deux.

1 Introduction

The evolution of local scour holes downstream a hydraulic j u m p type flow in the passage of time
differs from one to another as the various bed compositions are subjected to different flow
conditions. Even the characteristics of the particle entrainment by the flow is not a single measure
to generalise the phase of sediment transport in experiments; but a close attention to both the

\ A J fc^v 9 9
^\,/\ original bed

—I ^ -w ^ i / , > f \ ~ \ ~ ~ T —^^T~~"^1

Note; p - j h •/■ Ls '\ | s ; . ' • ' • ; . " • ' - . " ■ .'•.':

L
a .•.•,■;•■ ::'-:^J;'y. ,-'■:••:,

Fig. 1. Definition sketch for model tests.

Schema de definition des essais sur modèle.
Received November 27, 1984. Open for discussion February 1, 1986.

JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC' RESEARCH, VOL. 23, 1985, NO. 4 343

 3 W m™ « Cf 3 n In
.
n .Q. 4 n
n n 6 n in
MlU (1

f1 °K
8
e l',2™ 0 "
O 2 m 0 0
1

k
AS-n

L ^

1
j i

Fig. 2. Similarity of scour profile (after Laursen).

Dimensions de la fosse d'affouillement (d'après Laursen).
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shape of the scour holes and to the sediment entrainment led to a conclusion that a similarity
exists either among the scour holes or in the process of scouring.
The present paper tries to explain the similarity existing either in the process of scour or in the
profiles that the scour holes follow downstream a hydraulic jump type flow. It should be
mentioned that similarity of scour process is not the main concern of this paper. Three
geometrically similar models were constructed with geometrical scale progressing by a factor of
two in which six different bed materials were subjected to nine different flow conditions. Fig. 1 is
a definition sketch for the model tests. The main factors studied were the depth and similarity of
scour holes and the process by which the scour holes develop.
Simijarity of scour profiles by a horizontal jet was first reported by E. Laursen [8] without any
theoretical implications. He showed that the scour patterns caused byjets were similar in shape as
the scour progressed, and thus could be described by a single parameter. Fig. 2 shows the
dimensionless shape of scour hole with time evolution. As a result of this, the parameter, x^ the
distance from the inlet to the crest of the dune, can be used to describe the bed configuration.
Laursen's work made use of short time runs which might not be in agreement with long term
developments. Furthermore, xa does not exist for long term experiments. At equilibrium stage
and taking the length of scour hole as a characteristic length of scour progress, a dimensionless
functional relationship was suggested as follows:

XE

xE
--j in (1)
*Ei XE XEI
1+
*EL

where
XE = length of scour hole at any time
XEI. = limiting length of scour hole (if it exists)
<p = function of
In = natural logarithm

Later on, Breusers [2] suggested an equation relating the co-ordinates of scour profile for a specif
ic time /. The equation was mainly derived theoretically.

344 JOURNAL DE RECHERCHES HYDRAULIQUES, VOL. 23, 1985. NO. 4

 Catakli et al. [4] has reported an investigation in which the length of scour hole was correlated
with maximum depth of'scour. The investigation was for a special layout and the experimental
observations were not reported.
Altinbelick [1] has correlated the similarity of scour hole to a triangular shape making certain
assumptions to find a solution to a volumetric approach of local scour progress.

2 Features of scouring process downstream a hydraulic jump

When water falls down a sloping spillway, it exchanges potential energy for kinetic energy as the
flow approaches the toe of the structure.
Part of this energy may be dissipated on the concrete floor of an apron by means of a hydraulic
jump and the other part is contained in the high velocity and causes a separation of flow lines at
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the end of the concrete floor, followed by formation of eddies which penetrate open cracks of
rocks or voids of permeable beds. During the investigation the following observations were made.
Strictly speaking, the most general phase of sediment transportation, throughout the scouring
process, is a combination of two distinct types of motion, that of:
- The fluid relative to the boundary.
- The sediment particles relative to the flowing fluid.
The movement of particles from the boundary results in gradual alteration in the boundary
geometry.
The sediment transport, particularly with the lighter materials, is governed only by transport in
suspension in the first few minutes of the commencement of tests, when the evolution of the
vertical dimension of the hole was quicker than the longitudinal. As the hole deepens the
transportation of sediment changes to a mixture of suspended and bed load movement. The
intensity of suspension was a function of discharge, tailwater level and lightness of the bed
material, and decreased as the hole deepened. The sediment transport can then be summarised as
follows (see Fig. 3):
1. "The sediment in suspension" separated into two distinct parts; partly moving out of the hole
along the outward flow lines, and partly moving backward along reverse flow lines, and being
piled up at the upstream face of the hole. The latter was negligible quantitatively, particularly
with the coarser sands (see Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Pattern of sediment movement in scouring process downstream of a hydraulic jump.

Configuration du mouvement des sediments dans Ie processus d'afTouillement en aval d'un ressaut
hydraulique.

JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, VOL. 23. 1985. NO. 4 345

 (<•)
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Fig. 4. Effect of backward bed-load movement on positioning of hydraulic jump.

Influence du charriage vers l'amont sur la position du ressaut hydraulique.

2. "The sediment in bed-load" also was divided into two parts in the deepest point of the scour
hole. Part of it moved along the downstream face of the scour hole and hence out of the hole;
the other part was moved back towards the apron along the upstream face of the scour hole, by
means of reverse eddies (see Fig. 3). This second part was piled up at the upstream face of the
hole and moved to the immediate neighbourhood of the apron until it interrupted the path of
flow lines adjacent to the bed; whenever the interruption occurred the piled sediment was
entrained in suspension by the flow (see Fig. 4a, b). This phenomenon occurred quite
frequently when the experiment was conducted under conditions of low tailwater, in which
strong reverse eddies existed. The phenomenon was followed by an oscillation in the position
of the hydraulic jump (see Fig. 4a, b).
Finally the sediment moved out of the scour hole; mostly that was as bed-load deposited outside
of the hole in the immediate neighbourhood of the downstream face and resulted in the forma­
tion of a dune. Under the high tailwater condition and with course sands, the dune attained a
considerable height. But as time elapsed, i.e. the longitudinal extension of the hole increased, the

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of scour hole when irregularities developed on upstream face.
Profil en long schématique de la fosse d'affouillement quand des irrégularités se développent sur la
face amont du trou.

346 JOURNAL DE RECHERCHES HYDRAULIQUES, VOL. 23, 1985, NO. 4

 dune gradually diminished. With the lighter materials the dune did not form very strongly, with
flow over coarse bed materials at low discharge and with high tailwater, the dune formation con­
tinued for the whole duration of a test.
As the hole deepened, i.e. the upstream face of the hole achieved a steep slope, the sediment
grains reposing on the upstream face started rolling back into the hole resulting in an irregularity
in the profile. This phenomenon predominated whenever the backward eddies were unable to
oppose the rolling sediment grains (see Fig. 5).

3 Characteristic parameters to define the scour hole downstream a hydraulic jump

The development of a scour hole at any time follows the schematic profile shown in Fig. 5. All the
observed profiles were plotted in geometrical progression of time starting from 1 minute and
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ending at 24 hours, which involved approximately 11800 profiles on the whole investigation. The
profiles are superimposed curved lines and a typical series of these superimposed profiles is
illustrated in Fig. 7.
To define the scour hole at any time, some characteristic parameters are required. From Fig. 6
these parameters could be defined as follows:
1. O The end of the apron is the natural point to select as origin for measuring the co­
ordinates of each point on the scour hole profile.
2. S Deepest point of the hole which has the maximum negative ordinate on the profile.
3. L The point at which the downstream face of the hole intersects the original bed level
and has the maximum abscissa in the profile.
4. Xi,y-, The co-ordinates of an arbitrary point (say i) on the profile.
5. ds, Ls The co-ordinates of the deepest point of the profile (i.e. S).
6. Lfi The abscissa of L.
1. Upstream face of the hole; the section of the profile confined between O and S.
8. Downstream face of the hole; the section of the profile confined between S and L.
9. Dune: the deposited sediment outside of the scour hole immediately adjacent to the down­
stream face.
10. The ordinate of the points above the original bed level was considered as positive, whereas
those below the original bed level were taken as negative.

Fig. 6. Definition sketch for characteristic parameters of scour hole.

Schema de definition des paramètres de la fosse d'affouillement.

JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, VOL. 23, 1985, NO. 4 347

 4 1
t = ]L-9^ \
J - 4 /
^ t 8 S\
Yjfcrri ■' 1 - IG
^NjJ/^--. Y
JC
0
'
8 t nu ■*■—

y
10
\ - 240

14
.» 48J

-u
x
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>Ï^

7? y-
Run 46
?4 q 70 1/se c/m
High tailwoter
— m )
Sa cl E 1

Xj(cm)

Fig. 7. Typical super-imposed scour profiles downstream a hydraulic jump.

Profils en long typiques montrant 1'évolution de la fosse en fonction du temps.

It should be pointed out here that the main purpose of this paper is to consider the similarity of
the scour profiles. In order to make estimates of the extent and dimemsions of the scour hole, and
the volume of bed material scoured, it is necessary to use an additional technique to enable the
maximum depth of scour d$ to be predicted after the elapse of a specified time period t. Most
methods used for scour depth prediction use a relationship of the following form:

do (2)

where
ds =the maximum depth of scour at time t
do = a characteristic length (e.g. related to the drop height hi in this particular case)
to = the time taken for the maximum scour depth to attain a value equal to do
a = a n exponent dependent on the nature of the scouring process
With the aid of a fairly simple model study it is possible to use equation (2) to predict the maxi­
mum depth of scour ds at a specified time /.

4 Tailwater conditions

Not surprisingly, there was an interaction between the characteristics of the hydraulicjump and
the development of the scour hole. It was considered, however, that the different conditions for
high-tailwater, balanced tailwater and low-tailwater would produce different scouring processes,
with different values of relevant parameters. Tailwater levels which gave the three categories of
downstream flow were pre-set by adjusting the tail-gate. In order to obtain conditions in which
one category remained stable throughout the development of the scour hole, only limited ranges

348 JOURNAL DE RECHERCHES HYDRAUL1QUES, VOL. 23, 1985. NO. 4

 of tailwater level were possible. Similarity between different model scales was obtained by scaling
the tailwater depths according to the linear scales of the models. In fact the ratio between tail-
water depth and conjugate depth i.e. TW/d2 corresponded for all models to:
High-tailwater: TW/c/2 = 1.25
Balanced tailwater: TW/</2 = 1.00
Low-tailwater: TW/c/2 = 0.78

5 Fitted equation to define similarity of scour profiles

Observations on the scouring process obtained during the investigation carried out by the writers
show a similarity in the progress of the scour hole. Similarity of scour profiles has been establish­
ed by plotting the dimensionless co-ordinates X and Y of the profiles; the depth of the deepest
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point of the scour hole at any time (ds) was used to make the plots dimensionless.
Some of the plots of the scour hole profiles are shown in Figs. 8a, b, c, d, e, f. In these plots the
observed values have been made dimensionless by dividing by ds, the maximum depth of scour at
any particular time. In general, when the plotted points in these six figures are superimposed over
each other they define a single profile. Plots from other test runs were similar.
Since all the dimensionless scour hole plots coincided, it was possible to define the profile by a
single ration. For similar profiles the main parameters which must be taken into account are K\
the dimensionless distance for the deepest point of the scour hole from the origin, and K2 the
dimensionless length of the scour hole. Also, dr/dJf must be zero at the point defined by K2.
Accordingly a fairly simple power relation can be used to express the common dimensionless

Times of observations 2 to 1380 i Times of observations 1 to 1410 min

Run 45, Sand ( D ), 23.3 l/sec/m Run 8 1 , Sand- (F ) q - 23.3 l/sec/m

Times of observations 2 to 360 min Times of observations 1 to 1410 min

Run 35, Fine Bakelite, q = 7 0 . 0 l/sec/m Run 69, Sand ( E ), q = 4 6 . 7 l/sec/rr

Times of observations 1 to 480 min Times of observations 1 to 480 min

Run 15, Coarse Bokelite q = 23.3 l/sec/i Run 48, Sand ( E ), q = 70 l/sec/m

Fig. 8a. Similarity of scour profile with high tailwater condition at medium sized model.
Dimensions de la fosse d'affouillement avec un niveau aval élevé sur Ie modèle de taille inter­
mediaire.

Fig. 8b. Similarity of scour profile with high tailwater condition at medium sized model.
Dimensions de la fosse d'affouillement avec un niveau aval élevé sur Ie modèle de taille inter­
mediaire.

JOURNAL OI: HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, VOL. 23. 1985. NO. 4 349

 Times of observations 1 to 480 min
Times of observations 1 to 1410 min
Run 43, Sond (D ), q 23.3 l/sec/m

Run 49, Sond (E), q 70 l/sec/m

2 3 4 5 6 7

Times of observations 1 to 480 min

Run 28, Fine Bakelite, q = 4 6 . 7 l/sec/m Sand (F), 70 l/sec/m

0
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-0.5

-1.0
Times of observations 1 to 480 min Times of observations 1 to 480 min

70 l/s« Run 74, Sand (A), q 70 l/sec/m

Run 16, Coarse Bakelite, t

Fig. 8c. Similarity of scour profile with balanced tailwater condition at medium sized model.
Dimensions de la fosse d'affouillement avec un niveau aval moyen sur Ie tnodèle de taille inter­
mediaire.

Fig. 8d. Similarity of scour profile with balanced tailwater condition at medium sized model.
Dimensions de la fosse d'affouillement avec un niveau aval moyen sur Ie modèle de taille inter­
mediaire.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
1 ' 1 ' 1
\. 1
-0.5 A

-1.0

Symbol Sediment h H (m ) q:(l/sec/m

. A 0.4 132

* B 0.2 70

& E 0.1 25

Times of observations 1 to 1410 min

Run 8 5 , Sand (F ), q 70 l/sec/m

1 I 1 ' 1 <~

■fSinn„n'.■■•! H r *

Times of observations 1 to 1380 min

Run 76, Sand {A ), q 70 l/sec/m

Times of observations 1 to 480 min

Run 6 2 , Sond (E ), q = 23.3 l/sec/m

Low t a i l w a t e r , 60 min

Fig. 8e. Similarity of scour profile for low-tailwater condition at medium sized model.
Dimensions de la fosse d'affouillement avec un niveau aval bas sur Ie modèle de taille inter­
mediaire.

Fig. 8f. Similarity of scour profile under various geometry, bed composition and Row conditions.
Dimensions de la fosse d'affouillement pour diverses conditions de la geometrie, du matériau
mobile et de l'écouiement.
350 JOURNAL DE RECHERCHES HYDRAULIQUES, VOL. 23, 1985, NO. 4
 scour curve, e.g. Y— aX1 + bX+c. For this case, 0 = l/(A"i — K2)2 and b = 2K\(K\ — K2)2. It is well
known that for a shallow curve, the equation for a catenary can be closely approximated by a
second degree curve. Therefore the authors compared the fit to the data points on plots such as
Figs. 8a to f. The fit of the catenary equation was marginally better, and this was adopted giving
resulting curves as can be seen in Figs. 8a to f.
The general equation of a catenary can be expressed (8) as:
K+4=4>cosh [A^X+AA)] (3)
where
A2 = \lA}

Since X and Y are dimensionless lengths then A\ to A» are dimensionless factors. Also, the curve
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must pass through the points S(K\, — 1) and L(K2,0).

Adopting this information and using Taylor's series as necessary,
Y(S) + Ax = A2 cosh [X(S)+A4] (4)
Y(L) + Al=A2 cosh Ai[X{L) + A*] (5)
dY
sinh [Ai(X+A4J] (6)
AX'
Since as X-*X{S), dYjdX^Q,

then — 1 + A] = A2 cosh [Aj(K\ +A4)]

A]=A2 cosh [Ai{K\+A)\

(7)
sinh [Ai{K\ +A4)]=0

A2

Solving equation (7) simultaneously we can find the following general solutions for, A\, A2, A}
and A4 :

(K2
A\: -^l)2 ++ l1
2

(K2 - K . ) 2
A2--
2 (8)
2
A3--
~{K2 - ^ ) 2

AA == -K

To predict the volume of sediment transported out of the scour hole, some investigators have
defined a sediment transport function based on certain assumptions to enable them to evaluate
the maximum depth of scour at a given time. In these approaches they employed equations of
type:

S(0)=ff (9)

JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH. VOL. 23, 1985, NO. 4 351

 where
5(0) = the variation of sediment volume with time
V = volume of sediment removed
t =time
If equation (3) is accepted to define the scour profile under given conditions, it is easy to evaluate
the volume of sediment removed out of the scour hole. Integration gives:
xL
Ki= J Ydx (10)
xn
in which X0 and XL are obtained from O ( 0 , 0 ) , L(K2,0). The result of equation (10) is a
dimensionless number which is termed a volume factor Ky. The volume of sediment scoured per
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unit width of scour hole at time t is

V = ^[rfs(r)] 2 (11)

6 Experimental layouts
Three geometrically similar models were constructed with geometrical scale progressing by a
factor two. Six different bed materials were used, consisting of various sizes of sands and crushed
bakelite, as shown in Table 2. The main factors studied were the co-ordinates of the scour holes at
5 cm longitudinal intervals (if it fell within the observation reach).
To measure these co-ordinates a grid of 1 x 5 cm spacing, vertically and horizontally respectively,
was formed on a thin sheet of clear perspex and screwed on the front wall of the observations
reach (see Fig. 9).
A pre-written time and experiment number was introduced at the observation reach before the
measurement was taken and while the overhead lighting device was functioning, a photograph

Table 1. Size characteristics of models employed in test program

model
ht
cm
P
cm
L,
cm
u
cm
width of reach
cm
height of side wall
cm
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

small 10 5 41.5 60 15 80
medium 20 10 83 120 15 80
large 40 20 166 240 50 120

Note: 1 i:m = 0.3937 in. Symbols are defined in list of Notati on, and in Fig. 1

Table 2. Ch aracteristics of the bed materials. used

grain
standard relative
D50 deviation density porosity
bed material letter
let ref. mm eg QslQ %
fine bakelite C 0.25 1.29 1.40 69
course bakelite B 0.52 1.30 1.41 72
sand D 0.15 1.32 2.68 50
sand E 0.25 1.35 2.68 46
sand F 0.52 1.31 2.68 44
sand A 0.85 1.28 2.68 42

352 JOURNAL DE RECHERCHES IIYDRAULIQUES, VOL. 23, 1985, NO. 4

 Fig. 9. A measuring device for profile of scour holes.
Syslème de mesure du profil en long de la fosse d'affouillement.
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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

gspg||gg|pg , - M j
pr:
7 16 15 14

1
_/~
J
1 - Upstream tank 6 - Gff-take bottles n Tail-tank 1 6 - Cleanir g outlet
2 7 - Movable bed 12 Cleaning ootlet 17 Moin-s jpply pi
3 - Approach channel 8 - Downstream transition 13 Water supply pump
4 Spl 1 Iway 9 - Toil gate 14 Main valve
5 Stilling basin 10 Screen to trap the sedim •nt 15 - Propeller meter

Fig. 10. Experimental layout in small flume.

Dispositif experimental dans le petit canal.
was taken of the scour-profile by means of a pre-set camera. These pictures were then projected
and the whole profile was then traced. The experimental arrangements are given in Fig. 10 and
Table 1.

7 Experimental verification
To solve equation (8), and hence equation (3), coefficients K\ and K2 have to be found; to do so a
relationship between L, andfifswas found by plotting dimensionless quantities of Ls against ds and
Lh against d% for different flow conditions to find AT, and K2 respectively (see Fig. 1 la, b, c, d, e, f).
From these plots it was concluded:
Flow condition K\ K2
High-tailwater 3.04 6.85
Balanced-tail water 3.2 7.2
Low-tail water 4.8 9.8

JOURNAL 01 HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, VOL 23. 1985, NO. 4 353

 I l =304(_ls.) .hs=3-2(f!s)
p p
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B o

p
h
=6-85 ( I s )
P P

354 JOURNAL DE RECHERCHES HYDRAULIQUES, VOL. 23, 1985. NO 4

 zh
-h = 7 - 2 ( . p
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Fig. 11a. Relationship between Ls and rfs for high tailwater condition.
Relation entre L, et ds pour un niveau aval élevé.

Fig. lib. Relationship between L, and d, for balanced tailwater condition.

Relation entre L, et ds pour un niveau aval moyen.

Fig. lie. Relationship between Ls and ds for low tailwater condition.

Relation entre Ls et ds pour un niveau aval bas.

Fig. lid. Relationship between Lh and ds for high tailwater condition.

Relation entre Lh et ds pour un niveau aval élevé.

Fig. lie. Relationship between Lh and ds for balanced tailwater condition.

Relation entre Lb et ds pour un niveau aval moyen.

Fig. llf. Relationship between Lh and d, for low tailwater condition.

Relation entre Lh et d, pour un niveau aval bas.

JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH. VOL. 23, 1985. NO. 4

355
 Taking these into account, equation (3) was adapted for different flow conditions as follows:
1. High-tailwater condition
1
Y+ 8.41 =7.41 cosh m(X-3M) (12)

2. Balanced-tailwater condition
K+9 = 8 cosh [j(X-3.2)] (13)
3. Low-tailwater condition

Y+ 13.5 = 12.5 cosh Ï23CT-4.8) (14)

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Equations (12) to (14) have been plotted with corresponding dimensionless profiles (see Figs. 8).
From these figures, a good agreement can be seen between the observations and the fitted curves.
As an external check on these results, for the data obtained by C. 0. Johnson [6] the following
equation was deduced:

Y+ 2.46 = 1.46 cosh (15)

Ü6 (*-!■")
which is shown in Fig. 12.

-A =1.37 I ~ )

D50
q
° Symbol

(l/see/m! (mm) (mm)

"d 2.0 11.3 0.54 56.5

23.5 o

31 .7 11.3 O

66.5
.
89.6 1 .40 226
*

Fig. 12. Relationship between rfs, Ls (a) and Lh (b) (data after O. Johnson [6]).
Relation entre tYs, Ls (a) et Lh (b) (d'après les mesures de O. Johnson [6])

356 JOURNAL DE RECHERCHES HYDRAUL1QUES, VOL. 23, 1985, NO. 4

 The volume factors (Afy) have been evaluated from equations (11) to (14) and were as follows:
Flow conditions A'v
High-tailwater 6.3
Balanced-tailwater 5.3
Low-tailwater 4.9
C. 0. Johnson's Data 2.16
With the aid of values of the factor Ky and having an estimate of the maximum depth of scour, the
total volume of bed material scoured can be estimated.

8 Conclusions
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1. For the scouring process studied in this paper, the sediment movement is governed by
material moved in suspension for the initial period of scour. The suspension process is
intensified by light weight of sediment, intensity of flow, and lowering of the tailwater. The
suspension movement changes to bed-load movement with the passage of time. This type of
scour differs from reported scour investigations under vertical and plunging jets in which the
suspension process predominates. But it is in agreement with those reported from the works
behind horizontal jets.
2. An acceptable correlation exists among the characteristic length parameters of the scour hole
(see Fig. 6), which for similar geometrical conditions makes it possible to select only one of
these parameters to describe all the scour hole geometry. The derived coefficients are
independent of sediment properties although strongly influenced by geometry and intensity of
flow.
3. The definition of the scour profile makes it possible to predict the volume of sediment
removed out of the scour hole at any time provided the corresponding maximum depth of
scour (ds) is known. This follows from equation (11).

9 Acknowledgement
The experimental work was conducted at the Chilworth Hydraulics Laboratory, University of
Southampton, and grateful thanks are due to Mr. L. K. Williams for his technical assistance.
The paper is based essentially on research work carried out by the first writer [5] at the University
of Southampton.

Notations
AI,A2,AI,AA coefficients
m
g
maximum depth of scour hole at time t
gravitational constant
h drop height
KuKi coefficients
K, volume coefficient
U length of apron
Lb length of the scoured bed
Lh length of the scour hole at time t

JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, VOL. 23, 1985, NO. 4 357

 Ls length of the deepest point of the scour hole at time /
p weir height
S(O) the variation of sediment volume
TW tailwater depth
X, Y dimensionless co-ordinates of a point on the scour profile i.e. x\jds and y\jd%
X\,y\ co-ordinates of a point on scour hole
X] length co-ordinate of scour hole
V volume of sediment per unit width removed from scour hole
a exponent in equation giving development of scour depth
gs density of sediment
Q density of water
er geometrical standard deviation
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References / Bibliographie

1. ALTINBELICK, H., Localized scour at the downstream of outlet structures. International Commission on
Large Dams, Congress, Madrid, 1973, pp. 105-122.
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Model and Prototype Conformity, Poona, 1966, pp. 1-8.
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Association for Hydraulic Research, 1967, pp. C32-1-C32-8.
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dissipators. International Commission on Large Dams, 12th Congress, Madrid, 1973, pp. 23-27.
5. FARHOUDI, J., Scaling Relationship for Local Scour Downstream of Stilling Basins. Thesis presented to
Southampton University at Southampton, England in 1979, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
6. JOHNSON, C. O., Similarity in scour below a spillway. Unpublished thesis submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for M.Sc, University of Minnesota, 1950.
7. KINSVATER, C. E., The hydraulic jump in sloping channels. Trans., ASCE, Vol. 109, Paper 2228, 1944,
pp. 1107-1120.
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358 JOURNAL DE RECHERCHES HYDRAULIQUES, VOL. 2.1. 1985, NO. 4