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A Comparative Analysis of ExxonMobil, Conoco-Phillips, BP, Chevron, and

Shell Societal and Environmental Sustainability Strategies

Research · October 2016

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 A Comparative Analysis of ExxonMobil, Conoco-Phillips, BP, Chevron, and
Shell Societal and Environmental Sustainability Strategies

Jawaher Alotaibi, Tarnim Bakader,

Anthony Deninna, Jobel Herrera, and Malak Malibari

University of Dallas
Summer of 2015

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I. Industry Overview
The oil industry is an extremely large industry that supplies 40% of U.S. energy needs. However, this type of energy is the one that has the
biggest impact over the environment. In this paper we will analyze five leading companies that are trying to take actions toward more sustainable
environment. The first company is British Petroleum, a multinational company that headquartered in London, England. Its 2014 revenue was
358.7 billion. The second company is Exxon Mobil Corp. It is a multinational American oil and gas corporation that headquartered in Irving,
Texas. Its 2014 revenue was 394.105 billion. The third company is Chevron Corporation, which is also an American multinational energy
company. It is headquartered in San Ramon, California and its 2014 revenue was 200.494 billion. Royal Dutch Shell plc, a multinational oil and
gas company. It is headquartered in the Netherlands while it is incorporated in the United Kingdom. Its 2014 revenue was 421.105 billion. The
final company is ConocoPhillips Co., an American multinational energy corporation with its headquarters located in Houston, Texas. Its 2014
revenue was 52,524 billion. We chose these five companies because they are leading companies that their actions may have a huge influence on
the industry and the way it operates.

II. Action Plan

While the five oil companies each have a unique view of sustainability, they all share common ground when it comes to focusing on
protecting society and the environment.
ExxonMobil is committed to sustainable development by balancing economic growth, social development and
ExxonMobil environmental protection for future generations. Corporate citizenship is designed to contribute to society’s broader
sustainability objectives and manage the impact of our operations on local economies, societies and the environment1.
ConocoPhillips’ approach to sustainable development stems from its essential intent to grow as a business while meeting
the energy needs of present and future generations which will create value and improve living standards for its
ConocoPhillips stakeholders. Its mission is to power civilization. The company's values include Safety, People, Integrity, Responsibility,
Innovation, and Teamwork. These values state that the company is ethical and trustworthy in its relationships with
stakeholders.

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 BP achieves sustainability through acting in the long-term interests of their shareholders, partners and society. By
BP providing energy needs in which they operate through generating the most value through their production. Also, BP has a
first priority for safety by protecting people and supplying energy2.
Chevron’s CSR strategy is based on the company’s vision: to be the global energy company most admired for its people,
partnership and performance. Chevron’s CSR specifically mentions three specific values — partnership, diversity, and
Chevron
protecting people and the environment. These 3 values provide the framework for Chevron in attaining results.

Shell is trying is to help meet current energy demand in a sustainable way by operating safely, reducing impact on the
Shell environment and sharing benefits with the communities. It is also involved in a movement that aim to lower-carbon
energy in the future.

III. Social vs. Environmental Emphasis

The five oil companies have allocated hundreds of millions of dollars to social and environmental projects. However, the predominant
emphasis of each of these companies is clearly on environmental initiatives which their business operations affect the most.
The necessity to conserve water is extremely important. In fact, our global net freshwater consumption decreased by 15
percent between 2007 and 2014. ExxonMobil has initiated “Nobody Gets Hurt”, which is an expressed value that
demonstrates ExxonMobil’s care and commitment to the communities in which the work in. “Protect Tomorrow. Today”
ExxonMobil is another initiative that achieves environmental leadership, by caring about the people who are employed and
stakeholders, they will accomplish such tasks by sharing the lessons learned in the industry. Operations Integrity
Management System (OIMS) is an approach which establishes a common framework for addressing safety, security,
health, environmental and social risks.
Social: ConocoPhillips performs business by coordinating with the human rights philosophy mentioned in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), and the International Labour Organization Declaration on Fundamental Principles
and Rights at Work. The company conducts the human rights training for important project and operational leaders /
ConocoPhillips
practitioners by utilizing its customized training built from the 2008 IPIECA training tool kit.
Environmental: ConocoPhillips agreed on a compensation to pay $10 million for the additional emissions it would be
generating. The fund should be used to plant trees and restore wetlands, in support of the state's statutory (AB32) goal of

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 reducing greenhouse gases back to 1990 levels by 20203. Also, the company succeed in reducing its hydrocarbon spills in
2014 to 3 significant spills versus 11 in 20134. In addition, the company was part of an industry commitment of nearly 1
million acres in order to help the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service protecting habitat for the Dunes Sagebrush Lizard in
southeastern New Mexico which resulted in making the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service determine that the lizard doesn't
need protection under the Endangered Species Act.
BP tries to balance their emphasis between social and environmental initiatives, but they are targeting their environmental
impact more due to their Deep water scandal and their high chemical effect on global warming. For example, "BP had
BP
spent more than $29 billion so far to restore the Gulf economy and environment. No company has done more to respond
to an industrial accident than BP"5.
Chevron has committed millions of dollars to social initiatives in 2014 (e.g. $10 million to the Bangladesh Partnership
Initiative (BPI), $100 million over 3 years to US education, and $20 million to the Appalachia Partnership Initiative)6.
Chevron While Chevron is committed to their social initiatives, it is apparent that they have a dominant environmental emphasis as
seen by “Environmental Stewardship” being one of 13 elements of the company’s Corporate Expectations for Operational
Excellence7.
Social: Shell spends millions on; enterprise development, road safety and energy access. In addition to locally tailored
programs covering community development, disaster relief, education, health and biodiversity. Shell also buys goods and
services from local suppliers in order to help support local businesses. Moreover, Shell check that suppliers are
Shell complying with key sustainability criteria, including good working conditions; human rights, labor practices such as the
prohibition of child and forced labor, and business integrity.
Environmental: Shell manage direct GHG emissions by working on improving the energy efficiency of the facilities. It
also assess the availability of water where it operates and designs / runs facilities in ways that help reduce water use.

IV. Stakeholder Engagement and Criticisms

While the 5 oil companies have placed a myriad of resources towards positive initiatives in an effort to impress upon their stakeholders that
they are pursuing an agenda of corporate social responsibility and/or a show of “goodwill” towards society and the environment, the criticisms of
the negative effects of these companies most certainly are detrimental not only towards each of these companies, but more importantly on the
entire oil industry itself.

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 ExxonMobil seeks to engage with stakeholders in local communities on a regular basis to share information and identify
any issues or concerns. However, the story in Papua New Guinea portrays quite a different picture as they are extracting
ExxonMobil
people from their native land in order to drill for oil and build a pipeline through native lands and forests. In the end, it
turns out that almost all the royalties are then given to the corrupt governments.
Conoco-Phillip has been criticized for many reasons. Recently, it announced that there will be 1000 jobs cut which would
ConocoPhillips affect the lives of many people and their families. This announcement has affected the company’s reputation among the
public8. On the other hand, the company engages all its stakeholders in all its development strategies.
They have multiple stakeholders who are engaged with the company which includes employees, shareholders and
governments. BP hold regular meeting with all stakeholders to maintain a briefing about their activities and their safety
BP procedures that complies with the government and other agencies. However, the Deep water scandal in the Gulf of
Mexico seems to be highlighted and criticized in every meeting by stakeholders which, until today, affects the company
image9.
Chevron has committed millions of dollars to social and economic initiatives. One of Chevron’s 13 elements in its OEMS
(Operational Excellence Management System under Operational Excellence Expectations) is (Element 10): Community
Chevron and Stakeholder Engagement. While Chevron has gained some positive stakeholder engagement from this emphasis, the
majority of stakeholder engagement is focused on the negative effects that Chevron business practices have caused /
created10.
Shell recruits, trains and rewards employees to build business capabilities and encourages them to take part in social
responsibility projects. It has a “social license” since a federal judge in Alaska ordered Greenpeace USA to remove the
Shell
climbers against Arctic Drilling Plans or face a series of escalating fines11. On the other hand, Shell won’t renew
membership to ALEC because it doesn’t support action against climate change12.

V. Reporting and Communication

All five oil companies interact through multiple media resources to report their activities and communicate to the community about their
annual reports.

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 On the company’s website, its press release, and through its annual reports.
- YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/ExxonMobil
ExxonMobil
- LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/exxonmobil
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/exxonmobil
On the company’s website, its press release, and through its annual reports.
- YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/ConocoPhillips
ConocoPhillips - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/conocophillips
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/conocophillips
- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/conocophillips
On the company’s website, its press release, and through its annual reports.
- YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/bp
- LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/bp/
BP
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/BP_plc
- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/bpuk?brand_redir=1
- Google+: https://plus.google.com/+bp/posts
On the company’s website, its press release, and through its annual reports.
- YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/Chevron
Chevron - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/chevron
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/Chevron
- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Chevron
On the company’s website, its press release, and through its annual reports.
- LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/shell
Shell - Twitter: https://twitter.com/Shell
- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Shell
- Google+: https://plus.google.com/+shell/posts

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VI. Measurement
All the companies are required to comply with IPIECA standards. Some companies also follow the American Petroleum Institute (API) such
as Shell and chevron while others follow their own standards.
ExxonMobil The company complies with GHG regulations and IPIECA standards13.
The company measures its performance by using different metrics for its different sustainable activities. For example, the
ConocoPhillips company's approach to report emissions data for greenhouse gases and other compounds by monitoring emission and
estimating mass emission over the reporting period using plant operating records14.
The company measures its performance through using different methods depending on their activities.
For example, “they aim to manage their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through operational energy efficiency,
BP
reductions in flaring and venting, and by factoring a carbon cost into their investment appraisals and the engineering
design of new projects”15.
The company measures IPIECA/API/OGP index and internal performance data measured annually. For 2014, Chevron
Chevron
reported fully to all 33 IPIECA/API/OGP indicators.
Shell sustainability report provides regular information to the Carbon Disclosure Project, Dow Jones Sustainability Index,
FTSE4Good Index and other organizations that assess the economic, environmental and social performance of
Shell companies. It reports in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), version 3.1 and in line with the oil and gas
industry guidelines developed by the global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues, IPIECA,
the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP).

VII. Third Party Endorsements and Recognition

Each of the five oil companies were recognized by different institutions either for their CSR or their performance towards Sustainability
nationally and/or internationally.

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 - The Western Hemisphere Corporate Citizenship Award (WHCCA)
- 2014 Corporate Social Responsibility Awards (Best Cause Advocacy/Awareness Campaign)
ExxonMobil - Industry leadership in producing liquefied natural gas (LNG)
- The Excellence Award for Technical Development for its leadership in safety, environment and technology in the
development of the global LNG industry
- Founding member of the United States Business Council for Sustainable Development
- Founding member of the Marine Well Containment Company
ConocoPhillips - Founding member of the Subsea Well Response Project
- Co-led the development of the GEMI® Local Water Tool™
- Co-led the development of the IPIECA Human Rights Training Toolkit
- The first place award from the Manufacture Alabama Safety Conference for outstanding safety performance16
- BP Remediation Management, 2012 Contractor Performance Award of 201317
BP
- Awarded four deep-water offshore blocks in the Ceduna Sub Basin within the Great Australian Bight, off the coast of
South Australia18
- Committee for Economic Development Corporate Citizenship Award
- Corporate Responsibility Magazine 100 Best Corporate Citizens
- Fortune Magazine World’s Most Admired Companies
- Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
Chevron
- Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights
- US State corporate excellence award (Chevron Nigeria)
- Australian Petroleum Production & Exploration Association (APPEA) Environment Excellence Award (Chevron
Australia)
- Platts Global Energy Awards 2013
Shell - Energy Company of the Year from Platts Global Energy Awards 2013
- Commodity Excellence Award for Natural Gas from Platts Global Energy Awards 2013

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VIII. Value Chain Integration (Porter)
Each of the five companies integrates sustainability into its organization’s activities; some try to standardize their operations in a way that
would insure compliance with international sustainability standards such as Shell and ConocoPhillips, while other companies expanded their
activities to include government and community engagement in order to pursue continuous improvement.
ExxonMobil’s business success is directly linked to how well we manage those who work on our behalf. They rely on
approximately 165,000 suppliers of goods and services to uphold their commitment to operational integrity. Purchases
ExxonMobil
from these suppliers continue to make a significant positive impact on the economies and living standards in the countries
where they operate. Ensuring to have a diverse supply chain is a company priority.
The company integrates the idea of sustainable development into the key business planning processes for the company:
New Country Entry, the Long Range Plan, Project Development Authorization and Management System and the Health
ConocoPhillips Safety and Environment Management System. In addition, corporate and business unit, and functional SD action plans
provide specific focus on climate change, water, biodiversity and stakeholder issues which creates a complete system of
continuous improvement (Plan, Do, Assess, Adjust) for everything.
Sustainability in BP is integrated in their operations through their efforts to reduce oil spills. In addition, most of their
CSR emphasis is related to environmental effects such as managing the risk of increasing rates of carbon. Also, it aims to
BP
reduce the energy consumption that is required to make purified terephthalic acid.

Chevron has integrated CSR by making it one of its 13 key elements in its OEMS. With this, the company has made it
their business practice to always take into consideration the social and environmental effects of its business decisions and
Chevron
practices. However, Chevron does not seem to have one single sustainable mission statement19.

Sustainability works across Shell activities on three levels: 1) Running a safe, efficient, responsible and profitable
business: it has standards, processes and tools to manage safety, reduce environmental impact and involve communities.
2) Sharing wider benefits where it operates which creates jobs, procures local services and goods, supports business
Shell
development, and pays taxes and royalties. 3) Helping shape a more sustainable energy future Shell advocates on carbon
pricing and invest in lower-carbon portfolio choices that include carbon capture and storage, advanced biofuels and
alternative technologies, such as hydrogen-based fuels.

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IX. Pierce & Doh Strategic Initiatives
Companies cannot achieve any sustainable improvement without government, community and other non-profit organization collaboration.
Therefore, each company involves other stakeholders in its approach to sustainability even though it doesn't have a huge impact on the
environment like it seems. They are exemplifying goodwill through their objectives evolving around reducing the negative impact generated by
their operations.
To have a positive effect on local communities by providing direct and indirect economic benefits through creating new
ExxonMobil jobs, developing a technically skilled workforce, strengthening business practices, purchasing local goods and services,
and creating investment opportunities.
The company collaborates with different parties in order to achieve sustainability. Collaboration with key stakeholders
would lead to great results such as increasing the capacity for biodiversity protection, internally and in related institutions
and communities. Even though it operates in a highly competitive business, it also works closely with peer companies on
ConocoPhillips
collaborative solutions to manage crises and emergencies. For example, ConocoPhillips is one of the founding members
of both the Marine Well Containment Company and the Subsea Well Response Project. ConocoPhillips also supports
many other organizations similarly focused on emergency preparedness and response across the globe.
BP cooperated with non- governmental organizations and academic institution in order to manage and research the impact
of climate change. Also, they cooperated with human rights non-profit organizations when operating in sensitive areas in
BP
order manage the impact that they may have on communities that they will operate in. They also invest in the
development of education and teaching especially in technology and science.
Chevron has embedded “community and stakeholder engagement” as seen in their OEMS wherein this is their 10th
Chevron element (of the 13 established key elements). Their sustainable strategies include: respecting biodiversity, preserving
fresh water, conserving energy, improving energy efficiency, reduce emissions, and reduce flaring20.
Shell is collaborating with governments and civil society to develop and implement cleaner energy solutions. It
encourages an informed debate towards making real progress to reduce CO2 emissions. It also works with governments in
Shell countries that include China and the Netherlands, to help design policy frameworks for developing their energy systems.
The company is working with authorities and planners in some of the world’s largest cities, we are able to explore new
ways of energy use and new technologies and systems to create better resilience and minimize emissions.

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X. CSR Leadership in the Industry
Each of the five companies contributes to the community and environment by taking the lead to sustainability through different ways; some
hire locally to boost the economy while others help in reducing the CO2.
Hiring locally can help advance economic development in the countries. ExxonMobil provides local employees and
ExxonMobil contractors with technical and leadership skills that will benefit them throughout their careers, including after their work
on ExxonMobil projects. This approach enhances the overall capability of the workforce over the long term.
ConocoPhillips has been named to the Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index since 2007. Also, it's a founding
member of two industry leading subsea capping and containment programs. The MWCC provides subsea well-response
ConocoPhillips resources for the US GOM. The Subsea Well Response Project is available to respond around the globe for a subsea well
event in waters outside the US GOM. Two ConocoPhillips technologies were chose as leading technologies to minimize
greenhouse gases: GT-OTSG and Vacuum Insulated Tubing technologies21.
Hiring locally in countries which BP operates in with applying gender diversity in their organization worldwide. Also, BP
BP is a founding member for CSR program in Russia which helps in boosting the energy sector in Russia through providing
programs on energy, education and culture
Chevron has some key projects that have focused on flare reduction efforts in Western Africa and its Barrow Island,
Chevron Australia project which reduced GHG emissions by 3.4 to 4 million tons per year making it a world leader in CO2
injection and storage22.
Shell is concern with developing a lower Carbon future. It has a committee that visits locations to speak with its
employees, contractors and suppliers in order to help assess whether the facilities are putting The company standards into
Shell
practice. The committee also meet with members of the local community and other interested parties, such as non-
governmental organizations (NGOs).

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XI. Accessibility of CSR Report

ExxonMobil http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/community/corporate-citizenship-report
http://www.conocophillips.com/sustainable-development/SD%20Report%20Download/2013%20SD%20Report-
ConocoPhillips
Full%20101714.pdf
BP http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/sustainability/group-reports/Sustainability_Report_2014.pdf

Chevron http://www.chevron.com/documents/Pdf/CorporateResponsibility/Chevron_CR_Report_2014.pdf
http://reports.shell.com/sustainability-report/2014/servicepages/welcome.html
Shell

XII. Recommendations
We do recommend that all oil companies should focus on bringing other renewable energy alternatives to the market that would have a lower
negative impact on the environment. They should follow Chevron’s lead by looking for alternative energy resources such as geothermal forces
that have less impact on the environment. In addition, companies should continue to focus on investing in alternative sources for energy. The
potential benefit could be a company becoming the industry leader in the new technology thus not only benefitting society and the environment
but also, from a purely business perspective, generating enormous profit from patents. Furthermore, oil companies should also focus on
enhancing the oil well drilling process to avoid any possible future oil spills that could result from their operations. Companies should continue
to mandate efforts to improve current processes and use energy efficiently to reduce their impact on the environment and society.

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XIII. Conclusion
Overall, oil is the main energy source that most countries use23, and it is difficult to find other alternatives that would meet the current needs.
Companies must invest more in R&D in order to create and discover ways to incorporate technological innovations in helping reduce the
dependence on oil thus having a positive impact on society and the environment.

XIV. Related Links

http://www.fastcompany.com/1637852/sustainability-faceoff-chevron-vs-exxonmobil
http://www.trilliuminvest.com/shareholder-proposal/environmental-practices-chevron-2013/
http://www.worldwatch-europe.org/node/222
http://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/37791-Human-Rights-Groups-Denounce-Chevron-CEO-John-Watson-Over-Citizenship-Honor
http://www.chevron.com/documents/pdf/OEMS_Overview.pdf

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3
Sperling, D., & Gordon, D. (2009). Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability. Oxford University Press.
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ConocoPhillips. (2015). Sustainable Development Interactive Report. Retrieved from: www.conocophillips.com/zmag/2014_SDReport_zmag.html
5
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6
Murphy, T. (2014). Interview: Why did an oil company launch a development initiative in Bangladesh? Retrieved from: www.humanosphere.org/social-
business/2014/10/interview-oil-company-launch-development-initiative-bangladesh/
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8
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9
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10
Union of People Affected by Texaco. (2015). Rainforest Indigenous Leader to Confront Chevron CEO Over Company's Falsified Evidence in Ecuador Pollution Case.
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11
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12
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13
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14
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