GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOLø 25, NO.

22, PAGES 4109-4112, NOVEMBER 15, 1998

First detection of a terrestrial MeV X-ray burst

I.E.Foat1'2'3R.P.Lin1,3D.M.Smith1 F.Fenrich
1 R.Millan1'3,I. Roth
1 K.R Lorentzen
4,M.P
McCarthy 4,G.K.Parks4,J.P.Treilhou
$
Abstract. We reportthefixstdetectionof a terrestrialX-ray burst sionssignificantfluxes are detectedabove 120 keV with e-
extendingup to MeV energies,madeby a liquid-nitrogen-cooled folding energiesof ~200 keV (Parks et al., 1979). To our
germaniumdetector(~ 2 keV FWHM resolution)on a high-alti- knowledge,the highestenergypreviouslydetectedin terres-
tude balloon at 65.5ø magnetic latitude (L=5.7) in the late trial X-rays is ~500 keV, by a spacecraft-borne detector(Imhof
afternoon(1815 MLT) duringlow geomagnetic activity.The burst et al., 1978).
occurredat 1532-1554 UT on August20, 1996, and consistedof PrecipitatingMeV energy electrons,however,are often
sevenpeaksof -60-90 s duration,spacedby ~100-200 s, with detectednear the trappingboundaryin narrowlatitudebands
quasi-periodic (~10-20 s) modulationof thepeakcountrates.The up to 2-3 degreeswide, whichare detectedby low-Earth-orbit-
very hardX-ray spectrumextendsto the instrumental limit of 1.4 ing (LEO) spacecraftas a few s to ~30 s spikes(Blake et al.,
MeV, andis consistent with bremsstrahlung emissionfrommono- 1996). IntenseMeV electronprecipitationcandepositenergy
energetic,~1.7 MeV, precipitatingelectrons.Since the trapped at ratesup to 3-4 ordersof magnitudelargerthan that due to
relativisticelectronsshoweda steeplyfalling energyspectrum cosmicraysand solarEUV radiationat altitudesof 40-70 kin;
from 0.6 to 4 MeV (at L=6.6), the precipitationmechanism this can provide couplingfrom the magnetosphere into the
appearsto be highlyenergyselective.The modulationfrequencies middle atmosphere,and possiblyeven affect atmospheric
suggestscatteringof the MeV electronsdue to gyro-resonance ozonechemistry(Bakeret al., 1987).
with Doppler-shiftedelectromagnetic ion cyclotronwaves, but Here we presenthigh spectralresolutionballoonobserva-
eitherequatorial protondensitiesafactor of~102higher thantyp- tions of the most energeticterrestrialhard X-ray burstever
ical for the plasmasphere or significant
O+ densities wouldbe detected.The nearly stationaryballoon platform allows the
required. temporal evolution of the entire precipitationevent to be
observed.

Introduction Observations
Hard > ~ 20 keV X-rays from the bremsstrahlung emission The observations
weremadewith a liquidnitrogencooled,
of energeticelectronsprecipitatinginto the atmospherewere 5.5 cm diam x 5.5 cm coaxial germaniumdetector(GeD),
first detectedfrom a balloonby Winckleret al. [1958]. Subse- whichhadflownpreviously onan Antarcticlongduration(~9
quentballoonmeasurements haveestablished thatevenin the day)balloonflight[Smithet al., 1995].The GeD innerboreis
absenceof geomagneticactivity (Andersonand Enemark, electricallysegmented
to formtwo detectors: DO,whichoccu-
1960),anaverage
X-rayfluxof ~15cm'2s
'l ispresent
in the piesafewcm3atthecenter
ofthetopsurface,
andD1withthe
auroral zone > 50% of the time (Anderson,1965). Periodsof restof the ~130 cm3 volume.D1 coversfrom ~20 keV to
intense
X-rayemission
(uptoseveral
hundred
cm'2s
'l) lasting 1.365 MeV with ~2 keV FWHM resolution.Its effectivepho-
from severalminutesto severalhours,often accompanygeo- topeak
area(atvertical
incidence)
is6 cm2at26keV,11cm2
magneticdisturbances (for a review seeParks et al., 1993). at81keV,7 cm2at356keV,and2.5cm9at1.115MeV.A 0.54
Theseeventsshowrich temporalstructureon time scalesfrom cm thick lead collimator limits the field of view to a 45ø half-
~5 ms (Parks et al., 1967) to severalminutes(Evans,1965).
angleverticalcone.
The energyspectrumof the X-rays typicallydropsoff rap- At countratesbelow500 c/s,everyenergydeposition in DO
idly between20-200 keV with e-foldingenergiesof ~20-30 and D1 was measuredwith 12 bit precision(4096 channels
keV (see,for example,Smithet al., 1995), but on rare occa- with 0.337 keV per channel)and telemetered to the ground.
Above500 c/s,the energydepositions in D1 werebinnedinto
96 channelspectraevery1/8 s, with channelwidthsincreasing
• Space
Sciences
Laboratory,
University
ofCalifornia,
Berkeley quasi-logarithmically
from 2.7 keV at 20 keV to 42.9 keV at
CA 94720-7450
1.365MeV; onlythesespectra, togetherwith>40 keV and<40
2Presently,
attheGreen
Institute
ofGeophysics
andPlanetary keV D1 countsevery 10 ms, weretelemetered.
Physics,
Universityof California,SanDiego,CA 92093 The GeD wasflown togetherwith an X-ray imager(XRD,
3AlsoPhysics
Department,
University
ofCalifornia,
Berkeley, broadbandX-ray detectors, VLF sensors, andtri-axialelectric
CA 94720 andmagneticfield sensors, on the first flight of INTERBOA
4Geophysics
Program,
AK50,University
ofWashington,
Seattle, (INTERball and Balloon Observations of Aurora),an interna-
WA 98195 tionalcampaignto studyparticleacceleration processes and
SCenter
d'Etude
Spatitle
desRayonnements,
B.P.4346,31209 the couplingof solar,magnetospheric, andionospheric activ-
Toulouse Cedex, France ity. The balloonwas launchedat ~1000 UT on August19,
1996 from the ESRANGE facility in Kixuna,Sweden,and
stayedaloftfor nearly40 hoursat floataltitudesbetween32.5
Copyright 1998 by the American GeophysicalUnion.
km and 35 km. Magneticactivitywas low (Kp~2, Dst- -10
Paper number 1998GL900134. nT), and duringthe first 30 hoursthe D1 countrate stayed
0094-8276/98/1998GL900134505.00 closeto background.
4109
4110 FOAT ET AL.: FIRST DETECTION OF TERRESTRIAL MeV X-RAY BURST

An intensehardX-ray burstwasdetectedat 1532 UT (1815 eventbackgroundover a fixed interval chosento providethe

MLT) when the balloonwas at 117.6 E, 65.5 N magnetic sameaveragenumber of countsper bin as seenin that FFT
(L=5.7)with-6 g/cm
2ofoverlying
atmosphere.
The>20keV window.A 20 bin runningaveragewas then subtracted from
D1 count rate (Figure la, upper) exhibiteda seriesof seven this data set, and the sameFFT analysisperformedon the
smoothpeaks,reachinga maximumof ~ 2400 c/s at 1547 UT. residualrate. The resultingdistributionof spectralpowerwas
The peakdurations(FWHM) rangedfrom -60 to ~90 s andthe usedto definethe let standarddeviationpowerlevel.
time betweenpeaksvariedfrom 105 s (peaks2 and3) to 225 s Figure1b plotsthespectralpowerin termsof thecrfor each
(peaks 3 and 4). The count rate then returnedsmoothlyto FFT window. Significant (>30) modulationis observed
backgroundby 1555 UT. around57.1 mHz before~1544 UT (10 o, 7 o, 20 o, respec-
The topsof the peaksshowfast,quasi-periodic (~10-20 s) tively for peaks2, 3, 4), shiftingto around85.7 mHz after(20
modulationsof up to ~10% of the total count rate (e.g. at and~100 o for peaks5 and6), butpeaks1 and7 showno sig-
~1546 UT). These are more evident in the residual(1 s) count nificantmodulation. Significantpower at frequencieslower
rate (Figure la, bottom)obtainedby subtractinga 20 s running than57.1 mHz appearsonly at ~1542 UT, whenthetotalcount
average. Power spectra of the residual count rate were rate has a large secondderivative;presumablythis is due to
obtainedevery 5 s, usinga FastFourierTransform(FFT) rou- subtractingthe 20 s runningaverage.
tine suppliedwith the IDL softwarepackage.To match the Simultaneously with thechangein modulationfrequencyat
approximatedurationof themodulation,theFFT windowwas 1544UT, the X-ray spectrumalso changes.Figure lc shows
chosento be 35 s long, resultingin 17 frequencybandscen- theratio of the backgroundsubtractedcountratesbetween106
tered on 28.6 mHz, 57.1 mHz ..... 486 mHz. keV and 1.365 MeV to that between20 and 106 keV (the total
To identify significantcontributions
in a particularFFT, a eventhasaboutequalnumberof countsaboveand below 106
statisticallyequivalentdata set withoutsignificantperiodici- keV). Peak 1 corresponds to a relativelyhardspectrum,while
ties was constructed by summingthe countrate duringpre- thefollowingminimum,~1535 UT, hasthesoftestspectrumin
theevent.For thepeaks2, 3, and4 the spectrumbecomespro-
2500
gressivelyharderbut the interveningminimaare harderthan
the maxima.At ~1544 UT, the X-ray spectrumabrupfiyhard-
2O00
ensand then staysessentiallyconstantthroughboth maxima
and minima for the peaks5, 6, 7.
1500
The backgroundcountspectrum(Figure 2 bottom)before
the burst(1430-1530 UT) showslines at ~75 keV and ~85 keV
fromKa andKpemissions
of theleadcollimator,
at 198keV
fromneutron
inelastic
scattering
off71Geinside
thedetector,
andat 511keV frome+-e' annihilation
of positrons
produced
. ,'".
.•. L ,cour".".•'e, by cosmic rays and their secondariesinteractingwith the
--
100 atmosphereand instrument.Figure 2 (middle) showsback-
groundsubtractedcountspectrafor the burst,before(crosses)
-- andafter1544UT (diamonds).
The71Geande+-e
' linesare
4

eliminatedby the backgroundsubtraction,but the lead lines

are still presentsincethe enhanced>~100 keV X-ray flux in
the burstproducesK shellexcitation.The spectrabeforeand
after 1544 UT differ significantlyonly above~160 keV, and
both spectrashow a significantnumberof countsup to the
instrumental limit of-1.4 MeV.
0.02
The count rate falls off below -60 keV due to attenuation
.
.... , .... , . . , .... , .... , .... by the overlyingatmosphere. To obtainthephotonspectrumat
1.4
the top of the atmosphere, the absorptionandscatteringin the
1.2 c instrumentandatmosphere is modeledusingMonteCarlosim-
ulations(seeSmithet al., 1995). The atmosphereis modeledas
1.o 10 differentconcentricshellsof varyingthicknessanddensity.
Photonsemittedisotropicallyabovethe atmosphereare propa-
0.8 gateddownto the balloonwheretheiranglesandenergiesare
recorded.The response of theGeD system,modeledas20 dif-
0.6 ferentregionsof material,is thensimulated.The resultis a set
.... [ .... • .... : .... i .... • .... of matriceswhich yield the GeD responsefor an arbitraryX-
15:30 15:35 15:40 15'45 15:• 15:55
Time (UT) Hours fr• 19•-•-20/t5:30:• ray energyspectrumat thetopof theatmosphere andelevation
angleof the source.
Figure 1. Relativisticelectronprecipitationeventof August20, Preliminaryanalysisof the XRI observations (Lorentzenet
1996. (a) The uppertraceis the 1 s averageof the> 20 keV count
al., 1997) indicatethatthe sourcewasapproximately uniform
rate.The lower traceis the residualcountrateaftera 20 s running
averagehas beenremoved.(b) Dynamic spectralanalysisof the overXRI's 45" half angleconicalaperture,with no signifxcant
residualcount rate. A Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) with a 35 s spatialvariabilitythroughthe burst.The observedcountspec-
window is plottedevery 5 s in unitsof the standarddeviationc• trum for the entire event was thereforemultipliedby the
for that FFT window. (c) The (backgroundsubtracted)ratio of inverseof theresponse matricesfor a uniformphotondistribu-
counts between 20 keV to 106 keV to those between 106 keV tion over the aperture,to obtain the bremsstrahlung source
and 1.365 MeV. spectrum(top of Figure 2) at the top of the atmosphere.This
 FOAT ET AL.: FIRST DETECTION OF TERRESTRIAL MeV X-RAY BURST 41 1 1

lO• I ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '1 10o ducfion,and atmospheric and instrumental scattering/absorp-
tion of thephotons.The fit is goodexceptat energiesbelow-
PHOTON SPECTRUM
100 keV, wherethe corrections for atmosphere and GeD win-
dow absorption are poor,and the neglectof screening effects
10 • 10 -• in the brehrnsstrahlung crosssectionmay no longerbe valid
(Koch and Motz, 1959). Other model precipitatingelectron
spectrawere tried, but the spectrumis so hard that the bulk of
theprecipitatingelectronsmustbe at high energies,above
10ø 10 -2
2 MeV. The observedhardeningof the spectrum at 1544UT is
consistent with an increasein thepeakenergyof theprecipitat-
COUNT
SPECTRUM-
--[- 15-32-15:44UT 7._.. ing electrons.
.• 1..5'44-1..5'54
UT ,..,.,I
Duringthisevent,no spacecraft wereon the samefield line
E as the balloon,but the trappedelectronspectrumbetween0.6
'•o-'
L lO-• "-"'
and4 MeV measuredby the geosynchronous GOES-9 satellite
(L=6.6, 225ø Eastlongitude)is steeplyfalling, with d.l/dEo,E'
Pb K,:,, o
s.Thus,ff thesource
isthetrapped
electron
population,
only
the highestenergy,> 1-2 MeV electrons,are precipitated.
• Pb
K• e+-e
- Sinceprecipitating-1-2 MeV electroncanpenetratedown to
<~55 km altitude (Berger and Seltzer,1972), only -20 km
above the balloon, the source could be as small as -40 km
diameterand still fill the GeD andXRI apertures.
, ! Usingtheaverage
precipitating
electron
flux of Jp-300
(cm2-s)
'1andthe-2 MeVelectron
fluxofJr-4x103
(cm2-s)
'1
measured at GOES-9, we estimate the mean electron lifetime
to beabout102 s (seeO'Brien1962).In thistimethelocal
flux tubewouldbe replenished
severaltimesoverby electrons
10-' I • • • • ••] • • • • • • ••[ [10
-6 drifting in longitude.
1 oo 1 ooo
Energy(keV)
Discussion
Figure 2. The bottomtrace is a backgroundcountspectrum
(dividedby 100) beforetheevent(14:30-15:30UT). In themid- Spacecraft
observations
showthatMeV electron precipita-
dle are event countspectra(backgroundsubtracted)for 15:32- tioneventsoccurpredominanfiy
aroundlocalmidnight,-2000
15:44 UT (crosses)and 15:44-15:54 UT (crosseswith dots). At - 0400 MLT. The precipitating
electronspectrumis often
the top is the sourcephotonspectrum
(averagedoverthe entire peakedat MeV energies,possiblydue to the magneticfield
event)obtainedby removingatmospheric absorptionand detec- linesconnectinginto the magnetotailwheretheir radiusof cur-
tor responseeffects from the measuredcount spectrum.The vaturemay be smallenoughto scatterandisotropizethehigh-
curvesthroughthe photonspectrumand countspectraare model estenergyelectrons(lmhofet al.. 1997; SergeevandMalkov,
fits calculatedassuminga precipitatingelectronpopulationthat 1988). Afternoon relativisticelectronprecipitation(REP)
is monoenergefic at 1.7 MeV.
eventsare rare- only six outof 313 REP eventsobserved by
the S3-3 satellite(Thorneand Andreoil,1980) - andafternoon
field linesare unlikelyto extendinto themagnetotail.
fitsa powerlaw spectrum
ctl/dE,•E-• with •1.6 from The observed10-20speriodmodulationof the X-rays in
• 100 to 250 keV, steeperting
to õ = 2.8 above- 400 keV. A thisburstsuggests the possibilitythat therelativisticelectrons
singleexponential[&l/dE ,,=exp(-E/Eo)]doesnot fit; the e- may havebeenscattered into the lossconeby gym-resonance
foldingenergyEo variesfrom - 75 keV at low energiesto - with Doppler shiftedelectromagnetic ion-cyclotron(EMIC)
400 key at high energies. waves(Thorneand Andreoli,1980). From thedispersion rela-
With highresolutionmeasurements of thephotonspectrum, tion and the relativisticresonance condition,the dependence
the correspondingX-ray producingelectronspectrumcan be of theresonantelectronenergyEr on wavefrequencytois
derivedby the methodof Johnsand Lin [1992], in which a
Er 2Em mi 2
responsematrix is calculatedfor the bremsstrahlung emission 2= 1+• 1-to -1
processand inverteddirecfiy.Then, a continuityequationfor me½ me½2
the electronscanbe solvedto obtaintheprecipitatingelectron
population,if the electronlossmechanism(presumably, Cou- where
Em=B218•n
isthemagnetic
energy
perparticle,
n isthe
lomb collisionsin the atmosphere) is known[Lin and Johns, ambientplasmadensity,andD4is theion cyclotronfrequency
1994]. When the detailedspatialdistribution of theprecipita- (here,takenat the equator).For theobservedmodulations
T=
tion sourcebecomesavailablefrom the XRI, this procedure 2,t/to~ 20sand 10s,Er -2 MeV, andWi ~ 18 rad/sfor protons
will be carried out, but in the meantime the observations can atL=5.7,weobtain
densities
n - 5.2x 104and1.2x 104cm'3,
be comparedto modelcalculations. respectively,
a factor
of-102higher
thantypical
fortheplas-
The solidcurvesthroughthepointsin Figure2 (upperand masphere.
For0+, gli - 1.1rad/s,andthecorresponding
densi-
middle)arethe photonandcountspectracomputedfor mono- tieswould
ben- 150and28cm'3,respectively.
In thispicture
energetic1.7 MeV electronsprecipitatinguniformlyover that thedecrease in T andincrease
in Er at 1544UT couldbedueto
part of the sky viewed by the GeD. The calculationtakesinto a suddendecrease in plasmadensity.However,for thismag-
accountelectronslowingby collisions,bremsstrahlung pro- neticallyquiettimesuchhighprotondensitiesor substantial
0+
4112 FOAT ET AL.: FIRST DETECTION OF TERRESTRIAL MeV X-RAY BURST
densitiesareunlikely. On theotherhand,no significantmodu-
lationwasdetectedin the burstat theEMIC resonant frequen-
cies (~1 Hz) for normalplasmaspheric densities.The X-ray
burst reportedby Parks et al. (1979) was also detectedat
L,-4.5-5 in the mid-afternoon(~1400 MLT). It also consisted
of a seriesof ~100 secFWHM peaksseparated by ~100-200
sec.Althoughthehighestenergythreshold wasonly-,,120keV,
the spectrumwas comparablyhard below 120 keV, strongly
suggestingit was the sametype of event as reportedhere.
Whistlerperturbations were observed(Westand Parks,1984)
which may explain the diffusionof MeV electronsand their
subsequent precipitationin bothevents.
The 2-12 keV channelof the PIXIE X-ray imager(Chen-
ette,privatecommunication) andthe UVI imageron the Polar
spacecraftdetectedemissionsat 1515 UT (possiblya small
substermintensification)near midnightbut not near Kiruna.
By 1545 LIT, neitherinstrumentdetectedany precipitation.
However,imagingriometerdatafrom Kilpisjarviin Northern
Finland(IRIS) showa clearabsorption feature~100 km(N-S)
by ~200 km (E-W) size (at 90 km altitude)over the balloon.
The absorptionincreasedat 1535 LIT reachinga maximum
between 1536-1537 LIT and then decreased. It then increases
againat about 1544 LIT, the sametime that the hardeningof
theX-ray spectrumandchangein modulationfrequencywere
observed.
A ULF field line resonance(FLR) was identifiedfrom anal-
ysisof data from the InternationalMonitor for AuroralGeo-
magneticEffects (IMAGE) magnetometer network(Viljanen
and Hltkkinen, 1997), which includesKiruna and from the Ice-
landEastcoherentscarerHF radarof theSuperDual Auroral
RadarNetwork(SuperDARN)(Greenwaldet al., 1995).From
1400 to 1700 LIT, the power spectraof the IMAGE data
showedpeaks at a number of discretefrequencies,i.e. 1.3
mHz, 1.8 mHz, 3.8 mHz, and4.9 mHz, extendingovermany
stations,and SuperDARN identifieda 1.6-1.8 mHz FLR from
1545 to 1645 UT. The 4.9 mHz FLR, whoseperiodis compa-
rable to the peak spacingof the X-ray burst,was observedat
all stationsfrom 57ø to 75ømagneticlatitudewith peakpower
at 65.9ø. We speculatethat a disturbance relatedto the FLR
may havetriggeredmotionof theplasmasphere boundaryand/
or detachmentof plasma. How this led to resonantscattering
of MeV electronsinto thelossconeis presenfiyunknown.
Aeknowledgmenta. The researchat Universityof California,Ber-
keley, and University of Washingtonwas supportedby NSF grant
ATM 9221612 in 1996-7. In 1998, UCB was supportedby NASA
grantNAG5-6870 and UW by NSF grantATM 9223612. Greg Zim-
mer at UCB and JohnChin at UW providedelectronicssupport.The
researchat CESR/CNRS and Universit• Paul Sabatierwas supported
by CNES grant96CNES208 and the ballooncampaignwasmanaged
by CNES who providedballoonsand carefullauchingsfrom Esrange,
Sweden. The SuperDARN observationswere providedby SuperD-
ARN team and the IMAGE magnetometerdatausedin this paperwere
collected as a German-Finnish-Norwegian-Polishproject conducted
by the Finnish MeteorogicalInstitute. The riometerdata originated
from the Imaging Riometer for IonosphericStudies(IRIS), operated
by the CommunicationsResearch Centre at LancasterUniversity
(UK), fundedby the ParticlePhysicsand AstronomyResearchCoun-
cil (PPARC) in collaborationwith the Sodankyll•GeophysicalObser-
vatory.
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