Charles Manson

Charles Milles Manson (né Maddox,

November 12, 1934 – November 19, 2017)
was an American criminal and cult leader.
In mid-1967, he formed what became
known as the "Manson Family", a quasi-
commune based in California. His
followers committed a series of nine
murders at four locations in July and
August 1969. According to the Los
Angeles County district attorney, Manson
plotted to start a race war, though he and
others disputed this motive.[3] In 1971, he
was convicted of first-degree murder and
conspiracy to commit murder for the
deaths of seven people, including the film
actress Sharon Tate. The prosecution
conceded that Manson never literally
ordered the murders, but they contended
that his ideology constituted an overt act
of conspiracy.[4] Manson was also
convicted of first-degree murder for the
deaths of Gary Hinman and Donald Shea.
 Charles Manson

Manson in 2017

Born Charles Milles

Maddox
November 12, 1934
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Died November 19, 2017
(aged 83)
Bakersfield, California,
U.S.

Other names Charles Milles

Manson

Occupation Singer-songwriter

Known for Manson Family

murders

Height 5 ft 2 in (157 cm)[1]

5 ft 6 in (168 cm)[2]
(depending on
source)
Spouse(s) Rosalie Willis
(m. 1955; div. 1958)
Leona Stevens
(m. 1959; div. 1963)

Children 2 (1 alleged)

Parent(s) Colonel W. H. Scott

Sr. (father)
Kathleen Maddox
(mother)
William Manson
(stepfather)

Criminal charge 9 counts of murder, 1

count of conspiracy to
 commit murder
Penalty Death (originally)
Life imprisonment
(1972–2017)

Partner(s) Members of the

Manson Family,
including Susan
Atkins, Mary Brunner,
and Tex Watson

Details

Victims 9 killed by proxy, 1

attempted, 2 raped, 4
victimless arsons

Signature
Manson was an unemployed ex-convict
who had spent more than half of his life in
correctional institutions at the time when
he began gathering his cult following.
Before the murders, he was a singer-
songwriter on the fringe of the Los
Angeles music industry, chiefly through a
chance association with Dennis Wilson of
the Beach Boys. In 1968, the Beach Boys
recorded Manson's song "Cease to Exist",
retitled "Never Learn Not to Love" as the B-
side on one of their singles, but without a
credit to Manson.[5]

The Los Angeles district attorney said that

Manson was obsessed with the Beatles,
particularly their 1968 self-titled album. He
claimed to be guided by his interpretation
of the Beatles' lyrics and adopted the term
"Helter Skelter" to describe an impending
apocalyptic race war. At trial, the
prosecution claimed that Manson and his
followers believed that the murders would
help precipitate that war. Other
contemporary interviews and those who
testified during the penalty phase of
Manson's trial insisted that the Tate–
LaBianca murders were copycat crimes
designed to exonerate Manson's friend
Bobby Beausoleil.[6][7]
From the beginning of Manson's notoriety,
a pop culture arose around him and he
became an emblem of insanity, violence,
and the macabre. Recordings were
released commercially of songs written
and performed by Manson, starting with
Lie: The Love and Terror Cult (1970).
Various musicians have covered some of
his songs. Manson was originally
sentenced to death, but his sentence was
commuted to life with the possibility of
parole after the California Supreme Court
invalidated the state's death penalty
statute in 1972. He served his life
sentence at California State Prison,
Corcoran and died at age 83 in late 2017.
1934–1967: Early life

Childhood

Charles Manson was born on November

12, 1934, to 16-year-old Kathleen Manson-
Bower-Cavender,[8] née Maddox (1918–
1973),[9] in the University of Cincinnati
Academic Health Center in Cincinnati,
Ohio. He was first named "no name
Maddox".[10]:136-137[11][12] Within weeks, he
was called Charles Milles
Maddox.[10]:136-137[13]

Manson's biological father appears to have

been Colonel Walker Henderson Scott Sr.
(1910–1954)[14] of Catlettsburg, Kentucky,
against whom Kathleen Maddox filed a
paternity suit that resulted in an agreed
judgment in 1937. Manson may never
have known his biological
father.[10]:136-137[12] Scott worked
intermittently in local mills, and also had a
local reputation as a con artist. He allowed
Maddox to believe he was an army colonel,
although "Colonel" was merely his given
name. When Maddox told Scott she was
pregnant, he told her he had been called
away on army business; after several
months she realized he had no intention of
returning.[15]:22
In August 1934, before Manson's birth,
Maddox married William Eugene Manson
(1909–1961), whose occupation was
listed on Charles's birth certificate as a
"laborer" at a dry cleaning business.
Maddox went on drinking sprees for days
at a time with her brother Luther, leaving
Charles with a variety of babysitters. They
were divorced on April 30, 1937, when a
court accepted Manson's charge of "gross
neglect of duty".[15]:23

On August 1, 1939, Maddox and Luther's

girlfriend Julia Vickers spent the evening
drinking with Frank Martin, a new
acquaintance who appeared to be wealthy.
Maddox and Vickers decided to rob him,
and Maddox phoned her brother to help.
They were incompetent thieves, and were
found and arrested within hours. At the
trial seven weeks later, Luther was
sentenced to ten years in prison, and
Kathleen was sentenced to five years.[15]:27
Manson was placed in the home of an
aunt and uncle in McMechen, West
Virginia.[16] His mother was paroled in
1942. Manson later characterized the first
weeks after she returned from prison as
the happiest time in his life.[15]:36

Manson's family moved to Charleston,

West Virginia, where Manson continually
played truant and his mother spent her
evenings drinking. She was arrested for
grand larceny, but not convicted. After
moving to Indianapolis, Maddox started
attending Alcoholics Anonymous
meetings where she met an alcoholic
named Lewis (no first name), whom she
married in August 1943.

First offenses

In an interview with Diane Sawyer, Manson

said that when he was nine years old, he
set his school on fire.[17] Manson also
began to get into trouble with the courts,
for truancy and petty theft. The court
initially tried to place Manson in a foster
home, but could not find one. In 1947, at
the age of 13, Manson was placed in the
Gibault School for Boys in Terre Haute,
Indiana, a school for male delinquents run
by Catholic priests.

Gibault was a strict school, where

punishment for even the tiniest infraction
included beatings by either a wooden
paddle or a leather strap. Manson ran
away from Gibault, and slept in the woods,
under bridges, and wherever else he could
find a place of shelter.[18]
Manson fled home to his mother, and
spent Christmas 1947 in McMechen, at his
aunt and uncle's house.[15]:37-42 His mother
returned him to Gibault. Ten months later,
he ran away to Indianapolis.

In 1948, in Indianapolis, Manson

committed his first known crime by
robbing a grocery store. At first the
robbery was simply to find something to
eat. However, Manson found a cigar box
containing just over a hundred dollars, and
he took the money. He used the money to
rent a room on Indianapolis’ Skid Row and
to buy food. For a time, Manson tried to go
straight by getting a job delivering
messages for Western Union. However, he
quickly began to supplement his wages by
petty theft.[19]

He was eventually caught, and in 1949, a

sympathetic judge sent him to Boys Town,
a juvenile facility in Omaha, Nebraska.[20]
After four days at Boys Town, he and a
student named Blackie Nielson stole a car
and somehow obtained a gun. They used
it to rob a grocery store and a casino, as
they made their way to the home of
Nielson's uncle in Peoria,
Illinois.[15]:42-43[10]:136-146
Nielson's uncle was a professional thief,
and when the boys arrived he apparently
took them on as apprentices.[15]:43
Manson was arrested two weeks later
during a nighttime raid on a Peoria store.
In the investigation that followed, he was
linked to his two earlier armed robberies.
He was sent to the Indiana Boys School, a
strict reform school.

At the school, other students raped

Manson with the encouragement of a staff
member, and he was repeatedly beaten.
He ran away from the school eighteen
times.[20] While at the school, Manson
developed a self-defense technique he
later called the "insane game". When he
was physically unable to defend himself,
he would screech, grimace and wave his
arms to convince aggressors that he was
insane. After a number of failed attempts,
he escaped with two other boys in
February 1951.[15]:45[10]:137-146

The three escapees were attempting to

drive to California in stolen cars when they
were arrested in Utah. They had robbed
several filling stations along the way.
Driving a stolen car across state lines is a
federal crime that violates the Dyer Act.
Manson was sent to Washington, D.C.'s
National Training School for
Boys.[10]:137-146 On arrival he was given
aptitude tests. He was illiterate, but his IQ
was 109 (the national average was 100).
His case worker deemed him aggressively
antisocial.[15]:45[10]:137-146

First imprisonment

On a psychiatrist's recommendation,
Manson was transferred in October 1951
to Natural Bridge Honor Camp, a minimum
security institution.[10]:137-146 His aunt
visited him and told administrators she
would let him stay at her house and would
help him find work. Manson had a parole
hearing scheduled for February 1952.
However, in January, he was caught raping
a boy at knifepoint. Manson was
transferred to the Federal Reformatory in
Petersburg, Virginia. There he committed a
further "eight serious disciplinary offenses,
three involving homosexual acts". He was
then moved to a maximum security
reformatory at Chillicothe, Ohio, where he
was expected to remain until his release
on his 21st birthday in November 1955.
Good behavior led to an early release in
May 1954, to live with his aunt and uncle in
McMechen.[15]:52
Booking photo, Federal Correctional Institute Terminal
Island, May 2, 1956

In January 1955, Manson married a

hospital waitress named Rosalie Jean
Willis.[21] Around October, about three
months after he and his pregnant wife
arrived in Los Angeles in a car he had
stolen in Ohio, Manson was again charged
with a federal crime for taking the vehicle
across state lines. After a psychiatric
evaluation, he was given five years'
probation. Manson's failure to appear at a
Los Angeles hearing on an identical
charge filed in Florida resulted in his
March 1956 arrest in Indianapolis. His
probation was revoked; he was sentenced
to three years' imprisonment at Terminal
Island, San Pedro, California.[10]:137-146

While Manson was in prison, Rosalie gave

birth to their son Charles Manson Jr.
During his first year at Terminal Island,
Manson received visits from Rosalie and
his mother, who were now living together
in Los Angeles. In March 1957, when the
visits from his wife ceased, his mother
informed him Rosalie was living with
another man. Less than two weeks before
a scheduled parole hearing, Manson tried
to escape by stealing a car. He was given
five years' probation and his parole was
denied.[10]:137-146

Second imprisonment

Manson received five years' parole in

September 1958, the same year in which
Rosalie received a decree of divorce. By
November, he was pimping a 16-year-old
girl and was receiving additional support
from a girl with wealthy parents. In
September 1959, he pleaded guilty to a
charge of attempting to cash a forged U.S.
Treasury check, which he claimed to have
stolen from a mailbox; the latter charge
was later dropped. He received a 10-year
suspended sentence and probation after a
young woman named Leona, who had an
arrest record for prostitution, made a
"tearful plea" before the court that she and
Manson were "deeply in love ... and would
marry if Charlie were freed".[10]:137-146
Before the year's end, the woman did
marry Manson, possibly so she would not
be required to testify against
him.[10]:137-146
Manson took Leona and another woman
to New Mexico for purposes of
prostitution, resulting in him being held
and questioned for violating the Mann Act.
Though he was released, Manson correctly
suspected that the investigation had not
ended. When he disappeared in violation
of his probation, a bench warrant was
issued. An indictment for violation of the
Mann Act followed in April 1960.[10]:137-146
When one of the women was arrested for
prostitution, Manson was arrested in June
in Laredo, Texas, and was returned to Los
Angeles. For violating his probation on the
check-cashing charge, he was ordered to
serve his ten year sentence.[10]:137-146
Manson spent a year trying unsuccessfully
to appeal the revocation of his probation.
In July 1961, he was transferred from the
Los Angeles County Jail to the United
States Penitentiary at McNeil Island,
Washington. There, he took guitar lessons
from Barker–Karpis gang leader Alvin
"Creepy" Karpis, and obtained from
another inmate a contact name of
someone at Universal Studios in
Hollywood, Phil Kaufman.[22] According to
Jeff Guinn's 2013 biography of Manson,
his mother moved to Washington State to
be closer to him during his McNeil Island
incarceration, working nearby as a
waitress.[23]
Although the Mann Act charge had been
dropped, the attempt to cash the Treasury
check was still a federal offense. Manson's
September 1961 annual review noted he
had a "tremendous drive to call attention
to himself", an observation echoed in
September 1964.[10]:137-146 In 1963, Leona
was granted a divorce. During the process
she alleged that she and Manson had a
son, Charles Luther.[10]:137-146 According to
a popular urban legend, Manson
auditioned unsuccessfully for the
Monkees in late 1965; this is refuted by the
fact that Manson was still incarcerated at
McNeil Island at that time.[24]
In June 1966, Manson was sent for the
second time to Terminal Island in
preparation for early release. By the time
of his release day on March 21, 1967, he
had spent more than half of his 32 years in
prisons and other institutions. This was
mainly because he had broken federal
laws. Federal sentences were, and remain,
much more severe than state sentences
for many of the same offenses.[10]:137-146>
Telling the authorities that prison had
become his home, he requested
permission to stay.[10]:137-146

1968–1971: Cult formation,

murders, and trial
 This section needs additional citations for
verification.

This section may require copy editing for

consistent citation style and formatting.

1968 mug shot

Cult formation

After being discharged from prison in

1967, Manson began attracting a group of
followers, mostly young women, from
around California. They were later dubbed
the Manson Family. The core members of
Manson's following included: Charles 'Tex'
Watson, a musician and former actor;
Robert Beausoleil, a former musician and
pornographic actor; Mary Brunner,
previously a librarian; Susan Atkins; Linda
Kasabian; Patricia Krenwinkel; and Leslie
Van Houten.[25][26][27]

Murders

The Manson Family developed into a

Doomsday cult when Manson predicted an
apocalyptic race war between America's
black population and the larger white
population. Late in 1968, Manson adopted
the term "Helter Skelter", taken from the
Beatles' recently released White Album, to
refer to this upcoming war.[10]:244

In early August 1969, Manson encouraged

his followers to start Helter Skelter, by
committing murders in the Los Angeles
area, and making the killings appear to be
racially motivated. The Manson Family
gained national notoriety after the murder
of actress Sharon Tate and four others in
her home on August 8 and 9, 1969,[28] and
Leno and Rosemary LaBianca the next
day. Tex Watson and three other members
of the Family executed the Tate–LaBianca
murders, acting under Manson's
instructions.[29][30] While it was later
accepted during his trial that Manson
never expressly ordered for the murders to
occur, his behavior constituted a
conviction of first degree, and conspiracy
to commit, murder. This was due to the
fact that that his ideology of catalyzing a
race war by killing those he saw as "pigs"
was "a fundamental part of life" for those
involved.[4] Family members were also
responsible for other assaults, thefts,
crimes, and the attempted assassination
of United States President Gerald Ford in
Sacramento by Lynette "Squeaky"
Fromme.[31]
While it is often thought that Manson
never murdered or attempted to murder
anyone himself, there is evidence that he
shot drug dealer Bernard Crowe and left
him for dead on July 1, 1969, although
Crowe survived.[10]:91–96, 99–113

Trial

The State of California tried Manson for

the Tate and LaBianca murders in a single
trial, with co-defendants, Leslie Van
Houten, Susan Atkins, and Patricia
Krenwinkel. Co-defendant Tex Watson
would be tried at a later date because he
had not yet been extradited from Texas.
The trial began on July 15, 1970. Manson
showed up wearing fringed buckskins, his
typical clothing at Spahn Ranch.[32] The
three female co-defendants wore short
skirts.

On July 24, 1970 — the first day of

testimony—Manson appeared in court with
an "X" carved into his forehead. His
followers issued a statement from
Manson saying "I have "X'd myself from
your world."[33] The following day,
Manson's co-defendants, Van Houten,
Atkins, and Krenwinkel, also appeared in
court, with an "X" carved in their
foreheads.
During the trial, Manson and his co-
defendants repeatedly interrupted the
testimony and mocked the proceedings.
All of the defendants were repeatedly
removed from the trial, and forced to listen
to testimony from other rooms in the
courthouse.

Members of the Manson Family camped

outside of the courthouse, and held a vigil
on a street corner, because they had been
excluded from the courtroom for being
disruptive. Some of Manson's followers
also carved crosses into their heads.[33]
One day, members of the Manson Family
showed up in saffron robes, and
threatened to immolate themselves if
Manson was convicted — just as nuns in
Vietnam had done in protest of the
war.[34][35][36]

The State presented dozens of witnesses

during the trial. However, its primary
witness was Linda Kasabian, who was
present during the Tate murders on August
8-9, 1969. Kasabian provided graphic
testimony of the Tate murders, which she
observed from outside the house. She was
also in the car with Manson on the
following evening, when he ordered the
LaBianca killings. Kasabian spent days on
the witness stand, being cross-examined
by the defendants' lawyers. After
testifying, Kasabian went into hiding for
the next forty years.[10]

In early August 1970, President Richard

Nixon told reporters that he believed that
Manson was guilty of the murders, "either
directly or indirectly."[37] Manson obtained
a newspaper showing the headline, and
held it up to the jury.[10] The defendants'
attorneys then moved for a mistrial,
claiming that their clients had allegedly
killed far fewer people than "Nixon's war
machine in Vietnam."[38] Judge Charles H.
Older polled each member of the jury
separately, to determine whether each
juror was able to see the headline, and
whether it affected his or her ability to
make an independent decision in the case.
All of the jurors told the judge that they
could still decide independently.[10] Shortly
thereafter, the female defendants — Atkins,
Krenwinkel and Van Houten — stood up in
the middle of the trial and simultaneously
chanted, "Nixon says we are guilty. So why
go on?" and were subsequently removed
from the room.[10]

On October 5, 1970, Manson attempted to

kill Judge Older while the jury was present
in the room. Manson first threatened
Judge Older, and then jumped over his
lawyer's table with a sharpened pencil, in
the direction of Judge Older. Manson was
restrained before he was able to reach the
judge. While he was being led out of the
courtroom, Manson screamed at Judge
Older, "In the name of Christian justice,
someone should cut your head off!"
Meanwhile, the female defendants —
Atkins, Krenwinkel and Van Houten —
stood up and began chanting something in
Latin. Judge Older began wearing a .38
caliber pistol to the trial
afterwards.[10]:485-487

On November 16, 1970, the State of

California rested its case after presenting
twenty-two weeks of evidence. The
defendants then stunned the courtroom by
announcing that they had no witnesses to
present, and rested their case.[10]:503-504

Manson's testimony

Immediately after defendants' counsel

rested their case, the three female
defendants, Van Houten, Krenwinkel and
Atkins shouted that they wanted to testify.
Their attorneys advised the court, in
chambers, that they opposed their clients
testifying. Apparently, the female
defendants wanted to testify and tell the
court that Manson had had nothing to do
with the murders.[10]:507

The following day, Manson himself

announced that he too wanted to testify.
The judge allowed Manson to testify
outside the presence of the jury. He stated
as follows:

These children that come at you

with knives, they are your
children. You taught them. I
didn't teach them. I just tried to
help them stand up. Most of the
people at the ranch that you call
 the Family were just people that
you did not want.[10]:507

Manson continued, equating his actions to

those of society at large:

I know this: that in your hearts

and your souls, you are as much
responsible for the Vietnam war
as I am for killing these people.
... I can't judge any of you. I have
no malice against you and no
ribbons for you. But I think that
it is high time that you all start
 looking at yourselves, and
judging the lie that you live
in.[10]:509-510

Manson concluded, claiming that he too

was a creation of a system that he viewed
as fundamentally violent and unjust:

My father is the jailhouse. My

father is your system. ... I am
only what you made me. I am
only a reflection of you. ... You
want to kill me? Ha! I am
already dead — have been all
 my life. I've spent twenty-three
years in tombs that you have
built.[10]:509-510

After Manson finished speaking, Judge

Older offered to let him testify before the
jury. Manson replied that it was not
necessary. Manson then told the female
defendants that they no longer needed to
testify.[10]:514

On November 30, 1970, Leslie Van

Houten's attorney, Ronald Hughes, failed to
appear for the closing arguments in the
trial.[10]:514 He was later found dead in a
California state park. His body was badly
decomposed, and it was impossible to tell
the cause of death. Hughes had disagreed
with Manson during the trial, taking the
position that his client, Van Houten, should
not testify to claim that Manson had no
involvement with the murders. As a result,
many have claimed that Hughes may have
been murdered by the Manson
Family.[10]:595

On January 25, 1971, the jury found

Manson, Krenwinkel and Atkins guilty of
first degree murder in all seven of the Tate
and LaBianca killings. The jury found Van
Houten guilty of murder in the first degree
in the LaBianca killings.[10]:537-539

Sentencing phase of trial

After the convictions, the court held a

separate hearing before the same jury to
determine whether the defendants should
be sentenced to death.

During the penalty phase of the trial, each

of the three female defendants, Atkins,
Van Houten, and Krenwinkel, took the
stand. They provided graphic details of the
murders and testified that Manson was
not involved. According to the female
defendants, they had committed the
crimes in order to help fellow Manson
Family member Bobby Beausoleil get out
of jail, where he was being held for the
murder of Gary Hinman. The female
defendants testified that the Tate-
LaBianca murders were intended to be
"copycat" crimes, similar to the Hinman
killing. Atkins, Krenwinkel and Van Houten
claimed they did this at the direction of the
state's prime witness, Linda Kasabian.
During their testimony, none of these
defendants expressed remorse for the
killings in response to questions from their
own attorneys.[10]:560-564
On March 4, 1971, in the middle of the
sentencing phase of the trial, Manson
trimmed his beard to a fork and shaved his
head, telling the media, "I am the Devil, and
the Devil always has a bald head!"
However, this time, the female defendants
did not immediately shave their own
heads. The prosecutor, Vincent Bugliosi,
later speculated in his book, Helter Skelter,
that they refrained from doing so, in order
to not appear to be completely controlled
by Manson (as they had when they each
carved an "X" in their foreheads, earlier in
the trial).[10]:571-572
On March 29, 1971, the jury reached a
decision with respect to the death penalty.
When the women defendants were led into
the courtroom for the decision, each of the
women had also shaved their heads, as
had Manson. The jury then announced its
decision to sentence all four defendants to
death. Before leaving the courtroom,
defendant Atkins shouted to the jury,
"Better lock your doors and watch your
kids."[10]:592-593

The Manson murder trial was the longest

murder trial in American history when it
occurred, lasting nine and a half months.
Along with the Lindbergh kidnapping case
and the O. J. Simpson murder case during
the 1990s, the case was the most
publicized American criminal case of the
twentieth century and was dubbed "Trial of
the century". The jury had been
sequestered for 225 days, longer than any
jury before it. The trial transcript alone ran
to 209 volumes, or 31,716 pages.[10]:594

1971–2017: Third
imprisonment

Post-trial events
1971 mug shot

Manson was admitted to state prison from

Los Angeles County on April 22, 1971, for
seven counts of first-degree murder and
one count of conspiracy to commit murder
for the deaths of Abigail Ann Folger,
Wojciech Frykowski, Steven Earl Parent,
Sharon Tate Polanski, Jay Sebring, and
Leno and Rosemary LaBianca.

When the death penalty was ruled

unconstitutional in 1972, Manson was
resentenced to life with the possibility of
parole. His original death sentence was
modified to life on February 2, 1977.

On December 13, 1971, Manson was

convicted of first-degree murder in Los
Angeles County Court for the July 25, 1969
death of musician Gary Hinman. He was
also convicted of first-degree murder for
the August 1969 death of Donald Jerome
"Shorty" Shea. A footnote to the
conclusion of California v. Anderson, the
1972 decision that neutralized California's
death sentences, stated that, "any prisoner
now under a sentence of death ... may file
a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the
superior court inviting that court to modify
its judgment to provide for the appropriate
alternative punishment of life
imprisonment or life imprisonment without
possibility of parole specified by statute
for the crime for which he was sentenced
to death."[39] This made Manson eligible to
apply for parole after seven years'
incarceration.[10]:488 Accordingly, his first
parole hearing took place on November 16,
1978, at California Medical Facility in
Vacaville, and his petition was
rejected.[10]:498[40]

1980s–1990s
Folsom State Prison, one of Manson's lockups

In the 1980s, Manson gave four interviews

to the mainstream media. The first,
recorded at California Medical Facility and
aired on June 13, 1981 was by Tom Snyder
for NBC's The Tomorrow Show. The
second, recorded at San Quentin State
Prison and aired on March 7, 1986 was by
Charlie Rose for CBS News Nightwatch,
and it won the national news Emmy Award
for Best Interview in 1987.[41] The third,
with Geraldo Rivera in 1988, was part of
the journalist's prime-time special on
Satanism.[42] At least as early as the
Snyder interview, Manson's forehead bore
a swastika in the spot where the X carved
during his trial had been.[43]

Nikolas Schreck conducted an interview

with Manson for his documentary Charles
Manson Superstar (1989). Schreck
concluded that Manson was not insane
but merely acting that way out of
frustration.[44][45]

On September 25, 1984, Manson was

imprisoned in the California Medical
Facility at Vacaville when inmate Jan
Holmstrom poured paint thinner on him
and set him on fire, causing second- and
third-degree burns on over 20 percent of
his body. Holmstrom explained that
Manson had objected to his Hare Krishna
chants and verbally threatened him.[10]:497

After 1989, Manson was housed in the

Protective Housing Unit at California State
Prison, Corcoran, in Kings County. The unit
houses inmates whose safety would be
endangered by general population
housing. He had also been housed at San
Quentin State Prison,[41] California Medical
Facility in Vacaville,[10]:497 Folsom State
Prison and Pelican Bay State Prison.[46] In
June 1997, a prison disciplinary
committee found that Manson had been
trafficking drugs.[46] That August he was
moved from Corcoran State Prison to
Pelican Bay State Prison.[46]

2000s–2017

Manson, age 76, June 2011

On September 5, 2007, MSNBC aired The
Mind of Manson, a complete version of a
1987 interview at California's San Quentin
State Prison. The footage of the
"unshackled, unapologetic, and unruly"
Manson had been considered "so
unbelievable" that only seven minutes of it
had originally been broadcast on Today, for
which it had been recorded.[47]

In March 2009, a photograph of Manson

showing a receding hairline, grizzled gray
beard and hair, and the swastika tattoo still
prominent on his forehead was released to
the public by California corrections
officials.[48]
In 2010, the Los Angeles Times reported
that Manson was caught with a cell phone
in 2009 and had contacted people in
California, New Jersey, Florida and British
Columbia. A spokesperson for the
California Department of Corrections
stated that it was not known if Manson
had used the phone for criminal
purposes.[49] Manson also recorded an
album of acoustic pop songs with
additional production by Henry Rollins,
titled Completion. Only five copies were
pressed: two belong to Rollins, while the
other three are presumed to have been
with Manson. The album remains
unreleased.[50]
Illness and death
This section may be confusing or unclear to
readers.

On January 1, 2017, Manson was suffering

from gastrointestinal bleeding at California
State Prison in Corcoran when he was
rushed to Mercy Hospital in downtown
Bakersfield. A source told the Los Angeles
Times that Manson was seriously ill,[51]
and TMZ reported that his doctors
considered him "too weak" for surgery.[52]
He was returned to prison on January 6,
and the nature of his treatment was not
disclosed.[53] On November 15, 2017, an
unauthorized source said that Manson had
returned to a hospital in Bakersfield,[54] but
the California Department of Corrections
and Rehabilitation did not confirm this in
conformity with state and federal medical
privacy laws.[55] He died from cardiac
arrest resulting from respiratory failure
and colon cancer at the hospital on
November 19.[56][57][58]

Three people stated their intention to

claim Manson's estate and body.[59][60][61]
Manson's grandson Jason Freeman stated
his intent to take possession of Manson's
remains and personal effects.[62] Manson's
pen-pal Michael Channels claimed to have
a Manson will dated February 14, 2002
which left Manson's entire estate and
Manson's body to Channels.[63][64]
Manson's friend Ben Gurecki claimed to
have a Manson will dated January 2017
which gives the estate and Manson's body
to Matthew Roberts, another alleged son
of Manson.[59][60] In 2012, CNN ran a DNA
match to see if Freeman and Roberts were
related to each other and found that they
were not. According to CNN, two prior
attempts to DNA match Roberts with
genetic material from Manson failed, but
the results were reportedly
contaminated.[65] On March 12, 2018, the
Kern County Superior Court in California
decided in favor of Freeman in regard to
Manson's body. Freeman had Manson
cremated on March 20, 2018.[66] As of
February 7, 2020, Channels and Freeman
still had petitions to California courts
attempting to establish the heir of
Manson's estate. At that time, Channels
was attempting to force Freeman to
submit DNA to the court for testing.[67]

Personal life

Religion

In July 1961, Manson claimed his religion

was Scientology,[10]:260 and identified as a
Scientologist after studying the religion
while incarcerated with the help of fellow
inmate Lanier Rayner; however, he was not
a member of the Church of
Scientology.[68][69][70] Manson completed
150 hours of auditing before declaring
Scientology "too crazy".[71]

Relationships and alleged child

In 2009, Los Angeles disk jockey Matthew

Roberts released correspondence and
other evidence indicating that he might be
Manson's biological son. Roberts'
biological mother claims that she was a
member of the Manson Family who left in
mid-1967 after being raped by Manson;
she returned to her parents' home to
complete the pregnancy, gave birth on
March 22, 1968, and put Roberts up for
adoption. CNN conducted a DNA test
between Matthew Roberts and Manson's
known biological grandson Jason
Freeman in 2012, showing that Roberts
and Freeman did not share DNA.[65]
Roberts subsequently attempted to
establish that Manson was his father
through a direct DNA test which proved
definitively that Roberts and Manson were
not related.[72]

In 2014, it was announced that the

imprisoned Manson was engaged to 26
year-old Afton Elaine Burton and had
obtained a marriage license on November
7.[73] Manson gave Burton the nickname
"Star". She had been visiting him in prison
for at least nine years and maintained
several websites that proclaimed his
innocence.[74] The wedding license expired
on February 5, 2015 without a marriage
ceremony taking place.[75] Journalist
Daniel Simone reported that the wedding
was cancelled after Manson discovered
that Burton only wanted to marry him so
that she and friend Craig Hammond could
use his corpse as a tourist attraction after
his death.[75][76] According to Simone,
Manson believed that he would never die
and may simply have used the possibility
of marriage as a way to encourage Burton
and Hammond to continue visiting him
and bringing him gifts. Burton said on her
website that the reason that the marriage
did not take place was merely logistical.
Manson was suffering from an infection
and had been in a prison medical facility
for two months and could not receive
visitors. She said that she still hoped that
the marriage license would be renewed
and the marriage would take place.[75]

Psychology
On April 11, 2012, Manson was denied
release at his 12th parole hearing, which
he did not attend. After his March 27, 1997
parole hearing, Manson refused to attend
any of his later hearings. The panel at that
hearing noted that Manson had a "history
of controlling behavior" and "mental health
issues" including schizophrenia and
paranoid delusional disorder, and was too
great a danger to be released.[77] The
panel also noted that Manson had
received 108 rules violation reports, had
no indication of remorse, no insight into
the causative factors of the crimes, lacked
understanding of the magnitude of the
crimes, had an exceptional, callous
disregard for human suffering and had no
parole plans.[78] At the April 11, 2012,
parole hearing, it was determined that
Manson would not be reconsidered for
parole for another 15 years, i.e. not before
2027, at which time he would have been
92 years old.[79]

Legacy

Cultural impact

Beginning in January 1970, the left-wing

newspapers Los Angeles Free Press and
Tuesday's Child embraced Manson as a
hero-figure, and Tuesday's Child
proclaimed him "Man of the Year". In June
1970, Rolling Stone made him their cover
story in "Charles Manson: The Incredible
Story of the Most Dangerous Man
Alive".[80] A Rolling Stone writer visited the
Los Angeles District Attorney's office while
preparing that story,[81] and he was
shocked by a photograph of the "Healter
[sic] Skelter" that Manson's disciples had
written on a wall in their victim's blood.[82]
Prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi pointed out
the dispute in the underground press over
whether Manson was "Christ returned" or
"a sick symbol of our times".
Bernardine Dohrn of the Weather
Underground reportedly said of the Tate
murders: "Dig it, first they killed those pigs,
then they ate dinner in the same room with
them, then they even shoved a fork into a
victim's stomach. Wild!"[83] Neo-Nazi and
Manson follower James Mason founded
the Universal Order, a group that has
influenced other movements such as the
neo-Nazi terrorist Atomwaffen Division.
Universal Order's name and logo is a
swastika between scales of justice,
remotely designed by Manson. Bugliosi
quoted a BBC employee's assertion that a
"neo-Manson cult" existed in Europe,
represented by approximately 70 rock
bands playing songs by Manson and
"songs in support of him".[10]:136488-491

Music

Manson was a struggling musician,

seeking to make it big in Hollywood
between 1967 and 1969. The Beach Boys
did a cover of one of his songs. Other
songs were publicly released only after the
trial for the Tate murders started. On
March 6, 1970, LIE, an album of Manson
music, was released.[10]:258-269[84]:336[85][86]
This included "Cease to Exist", a Manson
composition the Beach Boys had recorded
with modified lyrics and the title "Never
Learn Not to Love".[84]:64-65[87] Over the
next couple of months only about 300 of
the album's 2,000 copies sold.[88]

There have been several other releases of

Manson recordings – both musical and
spoken. One of these, The Family Jams,
includes two compact discs of Manson's
songs recorded by the Family in 1970,
after Manson and the others had been
arrested. Guitar and lead vocals are
supplied by Steve Grogan;[10]:125-127
additional vocals are supplied by Lynette
Fromme, Sandra Good, Catherine Share,
and others.[89] One Mind, an album of
music, poetry, and spoken word, new at
the time of its release, in April 2005, was
put out under a Creative Commons
license.[90][91]

American rock band Guns N' Roses

recorded Manson's "Look at Your Game,
Girl", included as an unlisted 13th track on
their 1993 album "The Spaghetti
Incident?"[10]:488-491[92][93] "My Monkey",
which appears on Portrait of an American
Family by the American rock band Marilyn
Manson, includes the lyrics "I had a little
monkey / I sent him to the country and I
fed him on gingerbread / Along came a
choo-choo / Knocked my monkey cuckoo /
And now my monkey's dead." These lyrics
are from Manson's "Mechanical Man",[94]
which is heard on LIE. Crispin Glover
covered "Never Say 'Never' to Always" on
his album The Big Problem ≠ The Solution.
The Solution=Let It Be released in 1989.

Musical performers such as Kasabian,[95]

Spahn Ranch,[96] and Marilyn Manson[97]
derived their names from Manson and his
lore.

Documentaries

1973: Manson, directed by Robert

Hendrickson and Laurence Merrick[98]
1989: Charles Manson Superstar,
directed by Nikolas Schreck[99]
2014: Life After Manson, directed by
Olivia Klaus[100]
2017: Manson: Inside the Mind of a Mad
Man, television documentary about Reet
Jurvetsen.
2017: Murder Made Me Famous, Charles
Manson: What Happened?.[101]
2017: Inside the Manson Cult: The Lost
Tapes[102]
2017: Charles Manson: The Final Words,
narrated by Rob Zombie, focuses on the
Manson Family murders told from
Manson's perspective, directed by
James Buddy Day.[103]
2018: Inside the Manson Cult: The Lost
Tapes, narrated by Liev Schreiber, looks
inside the darkest Manson
Family.[104][105]
2019: I Lived with a Killer: The Manson
Family. Dianne Lake discusses what she
witnessed of Manson's "peace-and-love
hippie philosophy" as it became "dark,
dangerous and evil".[106]
2019: Charles Manson: The Funeral,
directed by James Buddy Day.[107]
2019: Manson: The Women, featuring
Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, Sandra
 "Blue" Good, Catherine "Gypsy" Share,
and Diane "Snake" Lake, documentary
special on Oxygen, directed by James
Buddy Day.[108]

Fiction inspired by Manson

1976: Helter Skelter, television drama[109]

1984: Manson Family Movies, film
drama[110]
1990: The Manson Family, musical opera
by John Moran[111]
1990: Assassins, Broadway musical with
references to Manson.[112]
1992: The Ben Stiller Show, sketch series
with Manson as a recurring character
portrayed by Bob Odenkirk.[113]
1998: "Merry Christmas, Charlie
Manson!", an episode of South Park
centered around Manson.[114]
2003: The Dead Circus, novel that
includes the activities of the Manson
Family as a major plot point.[115]
2003: The Manson Family, a crime
drama horror film centered around The
Manson Family.
2004: Helter Skelter, a crime film about
the Manson Family and about Linda
Kasabian.
2006: Live Freaky! Die Freaky!, a stop-
motion animated film based on the
murders.
2010: "Echo Park", an episode of Law &
Order: LA based on the murders.
2014: House of Manson, a biographical
feature film focusing on the life of
Charles Manson from his childhood to
arrest.
2014: Honky Holocaust, an alternate
reality film where the Manson Family
successfully ignites the race war
prophesied by Helter Skelter and emerge
from their underground refuge to
confront the blacks now in power.[1] [2]
2015: Manson Family Vacation, indie
comedy inspired by Manson[116]
2015–16: Aquarius, television crime
drama that includes storylines inspired
by actual events which involved
Manson.[117]
2016: The Girls, a novel by Emma Cline
loosely inspired by the Manson Family.
2016: Wolves at the Door, a horror film
directed by John R. Leonetti loosely
based on the murder of Sharon Tate.
2017: Mindhunter, the first episode of
season 1 used Charles Manson as a
case study. Manson is featured in the
second season.[118]
2017: American Horror Story: Cult, the
seventh season of the horror anthology
 series American Horror Story.
2018: Charlie Says, a film centered
around Manson and three of his
followers.[119]
2019: The Haunting of Sharon Tate,
directed by Daniel Farrands, the film
revolves around Tate during the last
evening of her life.
2019: Once Upon a Time in Hollywood,
directed by Quentin Tarantino, the film
has a plot revolving around Manson and
the Manson Family.[120]

See also
 ATWA, an acronym propounded by
Manson and followers, for Air, Trees,
Water, Animals and All The Way Alive

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Works cited
Bugliosi, Vincent; Gentry, Curt (1974).
Helter Skelter: The True Story of the
Manson Murders (1992 ed.). Norton.
ISBN 0-09-997500-9.
 Guinn, Jeff (2013). Manson: The Life and
Times of Charles Manson . Simon &
Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-4516-3.
Manson, Charles (1988). Manson in His
Own Words. As told to Nuel Emmons.
Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3024-0.
Sanders, Ed (2002). The Family (rev.
updated ed.). Thunder's Mouth Press.
ISBN 1-56025-396-7.

Further reading
Atkins, Susan with Bob Slosser (1977).
Child of Satan, Child of God. Logos
International; Plainfield, New Jersey.
ISBN 0-88270-276-9.
Day, James Buddy (2019). Hippie Cult
Leader: The Last Words of Charles
Manson. Optimum Publishing. ISBN 978-
0888902962
George, Edward; Matera, Dary (1999).
Taming the Beast: Charles Manson's Life
Behind Bars. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-
312-20970-3.
Gilmore, John (2000). Manson: The
Unholy Trail of Charlie and the Family.
Amok Books. ISBN 1-878923-13-7.
Gilmore, John (1971). The Garbage
People. Omega Press.
LeBlanc, Jerry; Davis, Ivor (1971). 5 to
Die. Holloway House Publishing. ISBN 0-
87067-306-8.
Pellowski, Michael J. (2004). The
Charles Manson Murder Trial: A Headline
Court Case. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 0-
7660-2167-X.
Schreck, Nikolas (1988). The Manson
File. Amok Press. ISBN 0-941693-04-X.
Schreck, Nikolas (2011). The Manson
File, Myth and Reality of an Outlaw
Shaman. World Operations. ISBN 978-3-
8442-1094-1.
Udo, Tommy (2002). Charles Manson:
Music, Mayhem, Murder. Sanctuary
Records. ISBN 1-86074-388-9.
 Watkins, Paul with Guillermo Soledad
(1979). My Life with Charles Manson.
Bantam. ISBN 0-553-12788-8.
Watson, Charles. Will You Die for Me?
(1978). F. H. Revell. ISBN 0-8007-0912-8.

External links

Charles Manson
at Wikipedia's sister projects

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Data from
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Dalton, David (October 1998). "If Christ
Came Back as a Con Man" .
gadflyonline.com. – article by coauthor
of 1970 Rolling Stone story on Manson.
Linder, Douglas. Famous Trials – The
Trial of Charles Manson . University of
Missouri at Kansas City Law School.
2002. April 7, 2007.
Noe, Denise (December 12, 2004). "The
Manson Myth" . CrimeMagazine.com.
Archived from the original on
November 21, 2010.
FBI file on Charles Manson
Decision in appeal by Manson, Atkins,
Krenwinkel, and Van Houten from Tate-
LaBianca convictions People v. Manson,
61 Cal. App. 3d 102 (California Court of
Appeal, Second District, Division One,
August 13, 1976). Retrieved June 19,
2007.
Decision in appeal by Manson from
Hinman-Shea conviction People v.
Manson, 71 Cal. App. 3d 1 (California
Court of Appeal, Second District,
Division One, June 23, 1977).
"Horrific past haunts former cult
members" . San Francisco Chronicle.
August 12, 2009.
Charles Manson at Find a Grave
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Charles_Manson&oldid=961701969"

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