

GIS Training
using ArcGIS 10

Addis Ababa University

 Course Objectives

Understand GIS data structures
Introduction to the ArcGIS environment
Arccatalog, ArcMap, ArcToolBox
Display GIS data
Query GIS data
Create and Edit GIS data
Explore geospatial relationships
Manipulate attribute data
Prepare and print maps
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 GIS Concepts


What is GIS?

Types of GIS data

What can you do with GIS?

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 GIS is a system for:-
Capturing
Storing
Checking
Integrating
Manipulating
Analyzing
Display

Data which are spatially referenced to the earth

In short, GIS is a computer system designed to collect,

manage, analyze and display spatially referenced data

December 26,2011 Addis Ababa University

 

 Data is information in digital form

 Software is a tool to manage data

 A Map is a format for presenting data

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 
Software

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 What can you do with
GIS?

 Answer questions like:

 how far?  where should I?  what’s near?

 how deep?  where shouldn’t I?  what abuts?
 how long?  where is an address?  AND MORE!
 how big?  what’s within?  Or any combination!
 what intersects?

 create new data from the amazing results of

the questions you asked.

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 Components of GIS

Procedures

Hardware Software

People Data
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  Data input (collection) sub-system, which collect
and /or processes spatial data derived from real
world, existing maps, remote sensors, GPS, etc.
 Data management or storage and retrieval
subsystem, which organize and format spatial data
and permit rapid updates and corrections.
 Data manipulation and analysis subsystem which
performs a variety of tasks.
 Information reporting and output system which is
capable of displaying all or part of the original or
processed data in tabular or map form.

December 26,2011 Addis Ababa University

December 26,2011 Addis Ababa University
What is Different about GIS
Data?

GIS has the following capabilities:

Stores a location (or geospatial) component

Handles a graphic component

can connect tabular data to map features

(attribute component)
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 What’s Different about GIS
Data?

1. Location (Geospatial) Component:
The location can be in one of the following formats:

 Latitude & longitude (geographic coordinate

system)

 X, Y (projected coordinate system like UTM)

 A street address: relative address

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 What’s Different About GIS
Data?

2. Graphic (or Image) Component
A picture or graphic located
in reference to a known
model of the earth.

from ESRI

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 What’s Different About GIS
Data?

3. Can connect tabular data to map features

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 Types of GIS Data
1. Feature Data and Attribute Tables

Each “Record” in the table…


…Connected to a “Feature” in the
“Feature Data”

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 Sources of GIS data

GPS (Global Positioning System)

Satellite images

Existing data

Reports

Statistical data, …
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 Data Input techniques

 Text files (.txt, dbf) e.g. Survey data

 Digitizing table  existing maps

 Scanner  existing maps and reports

 Keyboard (COGO)  accurate data entry

 Satellite Images and other existing digital data

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 GPS
 GPS Receiver can
provide the following
data:

• Coordinates
• Elevation
• Time
• Path

•Composed of constellation of 24 or more satellites

•A GPS receiver needs to have signal from at least 3 satellites to be able
to give coordinates at a pointAddis Ababa University
 Digitizing


Digitizing analog maps by fixing them on top of a digitizing table

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 Screen digitizing

Scan the map using a scanner
Display the scanned bit map on the screen
Georeference the scanned map using
ground control points
Trace features of interest on the screen
using the georeferenced scanned map as a
background

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 GIS DATA MODELS

To represent the real world in a digital format we
need to use one of the following Data models:

 Vector structure: to precisely specify the position of

discrete objects/features using points, lines or
polygons

 Raster structure : a continuous surface representation

using grid data structure

 TIN : Triangulated Irregular Network: a hybrid

structure mainly used for representing Digital
Elevation Model
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The Raster and Vector data models


Pixel

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 Vector data structures

 Basic data elements:

 Points (x and y coordinates only)

 Arcs (series of x,y coordiantes connected by line
sedments)
 Polygons (composed of closed arcs)

 Vector map (or layer) in ArcView is called a shape file

(.shp).

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Vector data: points, lines & polygons

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Raster and TIN Data structures

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Coordinate system


Point A is represented
by the pair (x,y) 
Its coordinates

Cartesian coordinate system

Spherical coordinate system (Geographic Coordinate System)

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 Geodesy
 The Earth is not exactly a sphere

 Ellipsoid: simplified,
rotationally symmetric 3D
solid created by rotating an
ellipse around its minor axis.

 Datum: is a smooth,
mathematical surface that Date Name a b f
closely fits the mean sea
level surface throughout the 1980 GRS80 6378137 6356752.3 1/298.257

area of interest. It is created

when an ellipsoid model is 1866 Clarke 1866 6378206.4 6356583.8 1/294.98

fixed to a base point on the

Earth. E.g. Adindan- 1880 Clarke 1880 6378249.1 1/293.465

Ethiopia
1924 International 6378388 6356911.9 1/297

 Altitude: height above a give 1940 Krasovsky 6378245 6356863 1/298.3

reference datum, e.g. sea
level
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Some official ellipsoids in use
 North Pole
Map Projection: a
mathematical transformation
EQUATOR
of A 3-D spherical surface
onto a 2-D plane


Projection of the sphere
onto a cylinder
Fragment South Pole
of the developed cylinder
MERCATOR PROJECTION

+3° Meridian
Tangent Meridian
-3° Meridian

Projections Projection of the sphere Fragment

of a sphere: onto a cylinder of the developed cylinder
UNIVERSAL TRANVERSE MERCATOR (UTM)
Cylindrical
Conical Contact
Tangential parallel

Projection of the sphere Fragment

onto a cone of the developed cone
Addis Ababa UniversityLAMBERT PROJECTION
 The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system:

•Intended for mapping areas : 840N

– 800S
•Unit of measure is meter
•The world is divided into 60 zones of 60 of longitude in width (next slide)
•Zone 1 starts at 1800 W and Each zone has its own coordinate system
•A second zoning is made along the latitudes following 80 intervals
(except the northern most zone-120)- they are given letters from C, D, E,
•The easting of the origin of each zone is assigned a value of 500,000
•The northing: for the Southern hemisphere the equator is assigned a
northing value of 10,000,000 m, while for the Northern hemisphere it is 0
•The UTM might use one of the following spheroid: International, Clarke
1880 (Africa), Clarke 1866 (N. America), Everest or Bessel (Asia)
•When there is a map that covers more than one UTM zone, the zone
that occupies the major part of the map (the middle zone) is used,
extending the borders of the zone over the +30 and -30 boundaries.

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UTM Zones
•60 zones of 6o longitude Width
•Unit of measure is meter

37P

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UTM coordinate values are assigned as follows:

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