WOOD John The Origin of Buildingpdf PDF

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THE \-
V
ORIGIN
O F
(
building:
OR, THE
PLAGIARISM
OF THE
HEATHENS
DETECTED.
In FIVE BOOKS.
By JOHN WOOD, Architea
BATH:
Printed by and F. Farley, And Sold by J. Leake
S. : M. Lewis, in
Brifiol : W. I NNYS, in St. Pauf% Church-lTcird \ C. Hitch, in Pater-
Nofter-Row \ R. D o d s l e v, in Pali-Mall ; J. P i n e, in Old-Bond-Jlreet ;
and J. B RIND LEY, in New-Bond-ftreety London.
M.DCC.XLL
THE
CONTENTS.
BOOK the F I R S T.
(Containing an Account of the Rise dnd Progress of BUILD--

IN from the Creation of the World, to the Time in which
Mofes finiJUd his Tabernacle in the Wildernefs.
CHAP. The Introduction.

1. ^^^^ 3*
CHAP. II. Of the Rise of Building. p. ii.
CHAP. III. Of the Progrefs of Building, from its Introduc-
tion by Cain^ 'till Noah began the Ark. p. 13.
CHAP. IV. Of Noah\ Ark, and the Deluge. p. 16.
CHAP. V. Of the Progrefs of Building, from the Deluge,
'till the ConfuHon of Languages. ^.18.
CHAP. VI. Of the Progrefs of Building, from the Confufion
of Languages, 'till fofeph^ Advancement in the Court of Pharaoh^
King of Egypt. p. 27.
CHAP. VII. Of JofepFi Advancement in Egypt^ and of the
Manner in which the principal Part of the Riches of the World was
firft collected. p. 39.
CHAP VIII. Of the Bondage of the Children oUfraelm Egypt.
p. 41.
CHAP. IX. Of the Tranfition of the colkaed Riches of the
World, from the Egyptians^ to the Ifraelites. p. 47.
CHAP. X. Of the Works performed by the Ifraelites^ between
itheir croffing the Red Sea, and their building the Tabernacle under
the DSedion of Mofes. p. 49.
CEÂP. XI. Of the Tabernacle ereded by Mofes in the Wilder-
nefs. 52.
_
CHAP. XII. of the Urim and Thu?n?nim. p. 62.
BOOK the SECOND.

Co7itaini?ig a Defcription of Speculative Architecture ; of Pro-
portion ; of Beauty \ and of the various Parts of the Tabernacle.
CHAP. I.The Introduction. p. 67.

CHAP. n. Of Architecture. p. 69.
b CHAP.
The Contents.
CHAP. III. Of Pillars, in Imitation of Forked Trees, or
Poks. p. 70.
. CHAP. IV. Of Order. ^ ^.71.
CHAP. V. Of Proportion. 72.
CHAP. VI. Of Beauty. '
p. 73.
CHAP. VII. Of the Manner in which the Ifraelites were to be
inftrudled in the Law. p. 74.
CHAP. VIII. Of the Ark, Mercy Seat, Altar of Incenfe, Table^
and Candleftick, in the Tabernacle. 75*
CHAP. IX. Of the Sockets or Bafes of the Tabernacle, p. 78.
CHAP. X. Of the Boards and Bars of the Tabernacle, p. 79.
CHAP. XI. Of the Curtains of the Tabernacle, p. Si,
CHAP. XII. Of the Pillars of the Tabernacle. p. 83.
CHAP. XIII. Of the Brazen Altar, Laver, and Court of the
Tabernacle. p. 86.
CHAP. XIV. Of the Pillars of the Court. lb.
CHAP. XV. Of the Salifications of Mofes, f- 9^'
BOOK the THIRD.

Containing an Account of the Progress of BUILDING,
from
the Completion of the Tabernacle, the Finijhi?ig of SolomonV
l^mple.
CHAP. The Introduction.

I.
p. 97.
CHAP. II. Of the Camp of the Ifraelites. p. 98.
CHAP. III. Of the Progrefs of Building during the Life of
Mofes. p. 105.
CHAP. IV. Of the Progrefs of Building, from the Death of
Mofes, to the Inauguration of King David. p. 109
CHAP.V. Of the Progrefs of Building during the Reign of King
J)avid. p. 113.
CHAP. VI. Of the Preparations made by King David, for the
Temple at Jerufalem. p. 116.
CHAP. VII. Of the Preparations made by King Solomon, for the
Temple at yerufalem, p, 118.
CHAP. VIII. Of the Situation of the Temple at Jerufalem, and
of the Year of the World in which that Building was begun, p. 119.
CHAP. IX. Of the Temple, and the Parts thereunto belonging.
p, 121.
CHAP. X. Of the Altar, Sea, and Laver, in the inward Court
of the Temple. p. 129.
CHAP.
The Contents.
CHAP. XI.Of the Courts of the Temple. 130
CHAP. XII. Of the Time Solomon was erecting the Temple^ with
an Explanation of the Plan of that Edifice*
p, 133,
BOOK the FOURTH.

Containing an Account of the Progress of BUILDING^ from
the Completion of SolomonV Temple, 'till it arrivd to its highefl
PerfeBion in Afia, Egypt, Greece, and Italy.
CHAP. I. The Introduction. p. 139.

CHAP. II. Of King Solomons Palace, and of his other Works.
p. 141.
CHAP. III. Of the Progrefs of Building in Canaan^ from the
Death of King Solomon^ to the 5 th Year of the Reign of Rehohoam.
p. 145.
CHAP IV. Of the Progrefs of Building in Egypt^ from the
Bondage of the Children of Ifrael^ to the Rife of the AJfyrian Em-
pire under Pul. p. 147.-
CHAP. V. Of the Progrefs of Building in Ajfyria, from the Rife
of that Empire under Pul, to its Deftrudion by the Medes and Ba-
bylonians, p. 152.
CHAP. VI. Of the Progrefs of Building in Media, from the In-
auguration of DeioceSf 'till it arrived to its highefl: Perfedtion. p. 156.
CHAP. VII. Of the Progrefs of Building in Babylon, from Na-
bonaffar^ 'till it arriv'd to its highefl: Perfection under Nebuchad-
nezzar, p. 157.
CHAP. VIII. Of
EzekieF s Vis sign of a new Temple and City,
for his Brethren, the yews. p. i6r.
CHAP. IX. Of the Temple of Jerufalem, as built by Zerub-
habel. p. 164.
CHAP. X. Of
the Progrefs of Building in Perfia, from Cyrus,
'till the Reign of Alexander the Great. p. 166.
CHAP. XI. Of the State of Building in Greece, from Cyrus, 'till
the Reign of Alexander the Great. p. 169
CHAP. XII. Of the Progrefs of Building in Italy, from the
Burning of Rome^ by the Gauls^ to the Reign of Augustus Cesar.
p. 174.
CHAP. XIII. Of the Temple at Jerufalem, as built by Herod
the Great.
BOOK
The Contents.
BOOK the FIFTH.

Containhig a Defcription of the Orders of Columns ; of the Forms
and Proportions of Temples, Bafilica's, and other celebrated Edifi-
ces of Antiquity ; a77d of the Standard Meafures of the Antients.
CHAP. I. The Introduction. p. 183.

CHAP. II. Of the DoRicK Order. p. 185.
CHAP. III. Of the loNicK Order. 188.
CHAP. IV. Of the Corinthian Order. p. 194.
CHAP. V. Of the general Proportion of the Acceffary Ornaments
of all the Kinds of Columns. p. 197.
CHAP. VI. Of the particular Meafures of the three Orders of
ColufnnSy and of the Names of the feveral Parts of thofe Orders.
p. 202.
CHAP. VII Of the Situation of the Pagan Temples ^ and of the
Orders peculiar to them. p. 210.
CHAP. VIII. Of the Forms ^ ProfpeBs^ Kindsj 2.nd Compartment
of Pagan Tejnples, p. 212.
CHAP. IX. Of the Form and Proportion of the antient BafilicaSy
Halls y Squares^ and Places for publick Exercife. p. 217.
CHAP. X. Of the State of Building in Britain. p. 218.
CHAP. XI. Of the Standard Meafures of the Antients. p. 222.
CHAP. XII. The Summary and Conclusion. p. 231.
The Order of the Plates.
I. is to follow Page 52
2. 3. 60
4- 5- 68
6. 72
7. 8. 9. 10. II. 94
12. 13. 100
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 102
22. 23. 106
24. 25. 136
26. 144
27. 28. 162
29. 30. 164
31- 184
32. 206
33- 34- 208
35- 36- 210
THE
THE
ORIGIN O F
BUILDING
O R, T H E
PLAGIARISM
OF THE
HEATHENS
DETECTED 9
BOOK the FIRST.
Containing an Account
Of the Rise and Progress of BUILDING,

Fiom the Creation of the World,
To the Time in which Moses finifhed his Tabernacle in the Wildernefs.
The:
Origin of Building:
OR, THE
Plagmrijm of the
E T E C T E D.
CHAP. I.
The Introduction.
AS Riches and Captives Ages of the World

in the early
were the natural EfFedls of Conqueft ; fo it foon became a
Rule among the People in moft Nations to employ them
upon Works of Building ; fometimes in Honour of their Gods ; fome-
times in Honour of their Kings or Heroes; and therefore Architec-
ture was held in fuch high Veneration and Efteem by the Antients,
that the greateft Monarchs of the Eaft made it their chief Study, in
order to tranfmit, by fome Noble Work, their Names, their Riches,
and their great Atchievements to Pofterity.
The Name of Shijhak, or Sofofiris, King of Egypt will be ever ^
glorious [a] for the Pillars, Temples, and other Buildings which he
Dominions ; as well as that of Pul^ or Ninus^ [b) for the
ere£led in his
ftupendous Works with which he adorned the City of Nineveh. The
Empire of the Medes was no fooner fixed, than Deioces [c) built
Ecbatmia^ with a View to attfad: the Admiration of the World, and
make himfelf adored by the People. Nebuchadnezzar (d) boafted
that the Majefty of the Babylonia?! Empire, appear'd in the City of
Babylon which he had raifed. Cyrus ^ the Founder of the Perjian
{a) Herod. 1. 2. (f) Herod. 1. 5.

[b] Diod. Sic. 1. 2. C 1, {d) Daniel iv. 30.
A 2 Empire,
4 The Origin of Building: Or, The Bookl.
Empire, was no fooner chofen King by liis Play-Fellows, than he di-

vided them into feveral Orders and Offices, the firft of which he [e)
appointed to be his Builders ; and grew fo compleat an Archited: him-
felf, that, upon his Acceffion to the Throne, he gave the Jews In-
ftrudions how to build the Second Temple of yerujalem. Alexander

the Great (f) ereded divers Cities, as well as fingle Structures, to
fliew the Strength, Power, and Riches of his People, and to be as
fo many Monuments of his Vid:ories And when yuUus CcEfar be- :
gan to aim at Univerfal Empire, He, in order to gain the Efteem of

the World, and to make himfelf popular, (g) adorned the princi-
pal Cities in Italy^ Gaul^ Spain, Afia, and Greece, with fplendid
Edifices.
Architecture thus becoming

and Delight of the chief Study
Princes, the moft renowned in Hiflory, we need not wonder that .
the People of every Nation fhou'd endeavour to be thought the Inven-

tors of the Rules for building fuch Strudlures as, by their Beauty, at-
tracted the Admiration of the intelligent World ; and herein the
Grecians bore away the Palm from all others ; for being a People
naturally inclined to Fidion, they fo dreffed up their Story of the
Origin of the Orders, that the Romans very readily have given the
Invention of thofe beautiful Parts to them, as appears by the Writings
of Vitruvius, who thus accounts for the Rife of Building in general,
and of Order and Proportion in particular.
Men, {B) fays he, in antientTimes were born in Woods and Ca-
verns, like the Beafts, and lived therein on the natural Produce of
the Earth. At length an impetuous Wind happened to arife in a
Place where Trees grew very clofe together, which put them into
fuch Agitation, that the Violence with which they ftruck one an-
other, caufed them to take Fire: The Vehemence of the Flame
furprized thofe People that were near it, and made them run off
to fome Diftance, till the Tempeft was over when taking Cou- ;
rage they drew near the Fire again; and finding that a moderate
Heat thereof was very beneficial for the Bodies of Men, they kept in
this Fire with other Wood, brought thither other Men, and befides,
gave them to underftand what a ufeful thing Fire was. Thus Fire,
adds Vitruvius, occafioned Men to afiemble, to join in Society with
each other, and to dwell in the fame Place ; and to this End, they
began to make for themfelves Huts with Leaves, others dug Lodges
in Mountains, while fome, imitating the Induftry of the Swallows^
made^ with little Branches of Trees and Pieces of Clay, Places to
fhelter themfelves in ; in the doing of which, each one confidered
the of his Neighbour, and not only perfeded his own Inven-
Work
tions by the Remarks he made on thofe of others, but every one
(e) Herod. 1. i. (g) Suet, in ûl. Cajar, c. a8.

(/) Died. Sic. I. 17. c. 5, to, isfc. (/^) nt. 1. 2. c. I.
glorying
Chap. I. Plagiafijm of the Heathens DeteBed. f
glorying in his own Cohtrivances, they daily tommunicated to each
other whatever they found proper to make them fucceed in their
Buildings, whereby a great Progrefs was daily made in the good
Manner of eredling Cottages ; Man being by Nature teachable and
inclined to Imitation.
The Rife of Order our Author takes next into Conlideratioti,

and informs us, that Dorus (/) the Son of Hellen, and of the
Nymph Optice^ King of Achaia and of all the Peloponnefus^ hav-
ing formerly caufed the of "Juno to be built in the antient
'Te7nple
City of Argos^ that Te7?iple was found by Chance to be the Order
which we call Do?îck ; after which, in all the other Cities of Achaia,
feveral other Temples were erefted of the fame Order, but at that time
there were no eftablifhed Rules for the. Proportions of Architecture.
V ITRU VIU S proceeds with fliewing lis how Proportion took

its Rife,and referring to the Age wherein Dbrus flourifhed, or near
it^ tells us. That the Athenia?is, after having confulted the Delphick
'
Oracle, by a common Confent of all Greece, fent into Afia thirteen
Colonies, each having their own Captain, under the general Con-
dud of Ion, the Son of Xuthus and Creufa, whom Apollo by his
Oracle had acknowledg'd to be his Son. Ion being entered AJia,
conquer'd all Caria, and founded thirteen great Cities for the Re-
ception of his People, who gave the Country the Name of loniay
from Ion their Leader ; in which they built feveral Temples to the
Honour of the Gods The lirft, which was dedicated to Apollo Pa-
:
nionius, was made after the Manner of thole they had feen in Achaia^
and was for that Reafon call'd Dorick ; but as they did not know
what Diameter was proper to be given to the Columns intended fot
this Temple, to make them fufficiently ftrong, to fuftain the Burthen
of the Edifice, and at the fame time appear agreeable to the Eye,
they at laft took the Meafure of a Man's Foot, and finding it to be
in Length the one fixth Part of his Height, they fixed on that Pro-
portion, and fo made the Columns fix Times as high as the Diame-
ter, the Capital being comprehended. And thus the Dorick Order
concludes our Author, was firft introduced into Edifices, having the
Proportion, Strength, and Beauty of the Human Body.
Sometime fame People, Vitruvius tells us, eredled

after this, the
the Temple of Diana, and feeking fome new Form that might be
beautiful for the Columns of that Structure, they at length gave them
the flender delicate Shape of a Woman's Body, by making the Di-
ameter of them the one eighth Part of their Height They alfo added :
Bafes to thefe Columns, made in the Manner of a coiled Rope, to

refemble, in fome Meafure, the Drefs of the Feet, common in thofe
Times ;
they cut Volutes on the Capitals, to reprefent that Part of
(0 Vit. 1.4. c. I.
B Womens
6 The Origin of Buiying: Or, The BookL
Womens Hair whicli haiigs in Ringlets on each Side of the Face 5
the Cymatiums and the Pods, they made Hke their Hair com'd or
feathered up ; and they fluted the Front of the Shafts, to imitate, in
fome Degree, the Plaits of a Matron's Robe. Thus they invented
thefe two Species of Columns, the one imitating the naked, neg-
leded Simplicity of a Man's Body ; and the other the Delicacy and
Ornaments of a Woman's. The Architects which fucceeded to thefe
firft, and who grew more refined in their Judgments, greatly ap-
proving the Delicacy of the fmaller Columns, gave feven Diameters

to the Dorickj and eight and a half to the lonicky on which they im-
pofed that Name, becaufe the lonians had been the Inventors of it.
The Third Order of Columns, our Author informs us, is called

Corinthian^ and reprefents the airy Structure of a young Girl, to
which Structure that tender Age gives all the Advantage of Shape,
and makes it more capable of Ornament to add to its natural Beauty.
The Invention of its Capital he attributes to this Accident. A
young Virgin of Corinth^ faith he, dying when fhe was upon the
Point of Marriage, her Nurfe placed upon her Tomb, in a Bafket,
fome fmall Vafes which the Girl had valued in her Life-time ; and
that they might continue the longer without receiving any Injury
from the Weather, fhe covered the Bafket with a Tyle, which, by
Chance, was placed on the Roots of a Plant of Acanthus* In the
following Spring, when the Leaves and Flower-Stalks began to fhoot,
the Bafket forced the Leaves along its Sides, which when they came
to the Tyle were forced down again at their Extremitjes, by which
they formed the Sweeps of ihe Volutes. The Sculptor Callimachus,
whom the Athenians called Catatechnos^ becaufe of the great Subtility
and Delicatenefs with which he cut Marble, paffing by the Tomb,
faw the Bafket, and after what Manner the growing Plant had en-
compafTed it, that new Form gave him infinite Pleafure ; and he not
only imitated the Manner of it in the Columns he afterwards made at
Corinth^ but eftablifhed, and fixed on that very Model, the Propor-
tions of the Coriitthian Order^ making the Height of the Capital one
Diameter of the Column at Bottom.
Thus Vitruvius on the Origin of Building, as well on the Rife,

far
Progrefs and Perfection of the Orders of ArchiteSiure. His Account,
he fays, was (i) colledled from the Writings of the moft celebrated
Architects of Greece \ as TheodoruSy who wrote of the Dorick Tem-
ple of yu7io at Samos ; Cteftpho?i and Metagenes^ who explained the
lonickTemple of Diana at Ephefus Phileos, who wrote of the lonick
;
Temple of Minerva at Priene ; iSiinus and Carpion, who defcribed

the Dorick Temple of Minerva, in the Citadel at Athens ; Theodorus
a Phocean, who explained the ThoJus (/) or Roof of the Temple at
{k) Vit. Preface to I. 7. Spintharus, an Architeft of Corinth, but tlie Roof was
{/) The Temple
of Delphos being burnt m the firft perfeded by Theodorus. Vide Fildieit's Lives of the
Year of the 58th Olympiad, the Walls were rebuilt by Architects, p. 29.
De/phos',
Chap. I. Plagiarism of the Heathens t)ete£led.
Delphos ; Philo^ who treated of" the Proportions of Temples, and of

the Arfenal which was built in the Harbour of PireusHermogenes, ;
who wrote of the Pfeudo-Dipterick Temple of Diana^ of the lonick

Order^ at Magnefia^ and of the Monopterick Temple of Bacchus at
Teos ;
Argelius^ who defcribed the Corinthiaii Proportions and the
lonickTemple of JEjfculapius at Tralles ; and Satyrus and Phyteus^
who wrote of the Maufoleum. Our Author likewife compiled his
Account from the Writings of the lefs eminent among the Grecian
Archited:s, as Nexaris^ Theocydes^ Demophilos, Pollis^ Leonides^ Si-
lanion^ Melampus, Sarnacus^ and Euphranor^ who all wrote of the
Prcepts and Proportions of ArchiteSiure ; and in the Performance
of his elaborate Work he fo well fucceeded, that his Books are the
only ones on ArchiteSiure which have been tranfmitted down to Po-
fterity ; they have been a Guide to all our Modern Writers on the
Subjed of Building ; and he himfelf hath obtained, by thofe Books,
the Name of, The Father of Architecture.
The Chance or Fortune which fuperintended the Rife of

every Thing curious in ArchiteSiure^ as above, was, under all its Ap-
pellations, efteemed by the Antients as a Divine Power, [ni] and
no lefs than alone. GOD
And indeed if we examine into the Writ-
ings of the moft eminent Authors of antient Hiftory, as well Sacred
as Profane, we fhall find them all confefs, that the Knowledge our
Anceftors firfl had in Arts and Sciences, isoas given them immediately
by GOD. And therefore tho' Vitruvius lays it down as a Principle,
that Mankind are
by Nature teachable^ and inclined to Imitation^ he
has neverthelels declared, they were above Three Thoufand Years
before they, even by Chance, did any thing worthy to be recorded,
and that many Centuries pafs'd before another Step was taken to-
wards Perfedlion in their Works of ArchiteSiure ; for Hellen (n)
flouriflied in the Year One Thoufand and Forty-Three before Chrifiy
Callimachus became eminent in the [o) Sixtieth Olympiad, and had
for his Contemporary Ctefiphon^ [p) the firft Architect of the Tempk
of Diana, and confequently the Inventor of the lonick Order ; fo
that from the Time of the Rife of the Orders under Dorus the
Son of Hellen, to their Perfedion under Callimachus, luppofing
Hellen to reign twenty Years, and Dorus to build his Temple imme-
diately after his coming to the Throne, was juft four hundred and
eighty-fix Years.
This Account, which Vitruvius has collected, however fpecious

it may appear from its remaining ftill, in a great Meafure, uncontro-
verted, has Foundation in the Holy Scriptures, for therein we
its
fiiall find it moft expreflly declared, that Mankind at firft dwelt in a
{q) Garden of Trees, quited the Place of their original Abode thro' an
H
(«)
?lin. 1. 27.
Neiv. Chro. p. 14.
C. 3. ^c. ^c. (sfc. (p)
Gen. ii.
on the Arts and Sciences, vol. j. p. 138.
Ig) 9.
(e) FUebien'i Lives of the Archit. p. zz.
impetuous
(r)impetuous Wind, was kept out of it by the [s] Fire that enfued that
Wind, in the third Generation began to build Huts to dwell in, and
that it was above two thoufand five hundred Years before they had
any Idea of Order in Building, the hrft Strudure that is mentioned
by the Sacred Writers to be ereded with Pillars being the Tabernacle
built by Mofes in the Wildernefs by the Diredions of after GOD;
which the Heathens began to ere6t Temples to their Idols ; for we
read of divers of them fubfequent to the Tabernacle^ but not of one
before it ; and tho' by this Structure the Form of Order was intro-
duced into the World, yet we don't find that the Pillars in it were
made according to any of thofe Proportions which were afterwards
eftablifhed for thefe eflential Parts of a beautiful Building.
Immediately after the Completion of the Tabernacle^ Mofes [t)

marfhalled the whole Body of the Ifraelites into five Camps ; Him-
felf as General, with Aaron his Brother, and Aaron^ Sons pitched
their Tents before the Eaft Front of that Edifice; the reft of the
Tribe of Levi encamped facing the North, South, and Weft Parts
of the fame Structure, and had Eleazar for their Captain. The reft
of the People formed four detached Camps ; namely, the Camp of
Judah^ the Camp of Rueben^ the Camp of Ephraim^ and the Camp
of Dan. The firft of thefe Camps confifted of the Tribes of Judah,
IJj'achar^ and Zebulun^ and was fo placed as to face the Eaft Front of
the Tabernacle ; the fecond contained the Tribes of Rueben^ Simeon,
and Gadj and was ftation'd fronting the South Side of the Taber-
nacle ; the third comprehended the Tribes of Ephraim, Manajfeh,
and Benjamin^ and was fixeJ over againft the North Side of the Ta-
bernacle ; and the fourth included the Tribes of Dan, AJher, and
Naphtali \ and made the Rear of the whole Army, being placed at
the Weft End of the Taber?iacle : Every Tribe had its own proper
Captain ; fo that there were thirteen Captains over the whole Body of
the People, with Mofes for their Genera].
ThePeople thus difpofed, Mofes^ after confulting GOD, began

to rnarch with them towards the Land of Canaan, and was fucceeded
in the general Command by yopiia ; who being entered Canaajt,
foon conquer'd it ; the People built themfelves feveral Cities to dwell
in and v/hen they were eftablifhed in Peace, they eredled divers
;
Temples ; the firft, which was built by King Solomon, and dedicated
to GOD, was made after the Manner of the Tabernacle ; and fome
of the Pillars in that Temple were fix Times their Diameter in
Height ; for a Line of twelve Cubits did encompafs either of thofe in
the Porch about, and each Pillar, the Capital comprehended, was
twenty-three Cubits high, of which the Lilly Work of the Capital
(r) Gen. iii. 7. As the MotioriS of the Spirit me. in Wildernefs ; fo powerfal the Pfalmift, Pf. jcxix. 5, 7, 8.
Holy Scriptures fetforth by Wind, this may be well declares the Voice of the Loid to be.
deem'd impetaoLis, when Man had fo highly offended
GOD His Voice mnft then break the Cedars, divide
: (.t) Gen. iii. 24.
the Flames of Fire, e. the Lightning, and lhake the (/) ISlnmb. ii. 3.
was
;
Chap. L Plagiarijm of the Heathens DeteBed, p

was four Cubits, or very near one Diameter of the Pillar And thus :
Order was not only reduced to a certain Proportion^ but all the
Orders were brought to their Perfedion after the Space of Four Hun-
dred and Eighty-Six Years and a Half, from their firft Introdudion
into Edifices ; this being the exa£t Period between the Time in which
Mofes built the Tabernacle^ and the Completion of the Temple by King
Solomon.
Thus far Sacred Hiftory on the Origin of Building, as well as on

the Rife, Progrefs and Perfedion of the Orders of ArchiteSlure. We
will now fee how thefe two Accounts fland when fairly ftated together.
FITRUFIUS tells us. That MOSES tells us, That after

Men were born in Woods
at firft God had created Man, he plant-
and Caverns, like the Beafts, and ed a Garden with many |Trees
lived therein on the Fruits of the in it, and therein placed him to
Earth. drefs it and to keep it, giving
him for his Suftenance every
green Herb, and the Fruit of ev-
ery Tree but that of the Know-
ledge of Good and Evil.
FITRUFIUS fays. That MOSES fays. That Man hav-

an impetuous Wind happening to ing difobey'd God's Commands,
arife, it pufhed the Trees in a cer- his Nature was inftantly chang'd
tain Wood with fuch Violence a- as foon ashe found it, he covered
gainft one another, that by their himfelf with Leaves ; and when
Friction they took Fire; which he heard the Voice and Motion
drove Mankind out from amongft of his Maker, i. e. an impetuous
them: This caufed Men to af- Wind, attended with Thunder
femble together, to live in the and Lightning, he hid himfelf
fame Place, and to make Huts to under the Trees ; God inftantly
dwell in ; fome with Leaves^ o- drove him out of the Garden of
thers with Branches of Trees and Eden, and placed Cherubims with
Pieces of Clay ; while fome dug flaming Swords at the Eaft End
Lodges in the Mountains. thereof, to prevent his Accefs to
the Tree of Life, and thereby
make his new State immortal.
After this, when Adajn had a
Grandchild born, his Son Cain,
who had taken up his Abode
in Obfcurity in a ftrange Land,
which he called Nod, in Allu-
flon to his Vagabond State, be-
gan to build Huts for his Fami-
ly to dwell together in one col-
lected Body,
FI
lo The Origin of Building: Ovy The Book I.
FITRUFIUS adds, When MOSES adds. That Cain\

Men were affembled, and had in- Family thus living together, in-
vented many Things concerninp- vented many Arts : At length
the good Manner of building they united with the reft of the
Cottages^ each one gloried in his World, and fo the People in
own Performance, and commu- common built the Ark.
nicated to his Neighbour the
Knowledge he had attained.
FITRUFIUS goes on with MOSES goes on with tell-
telling us, that Dorus having built ing us. That he built a Taber7ia-
a Temple in the antient City of cle by the Direction of God, with
Argos^ that Temple was found by many Pillars in it ; and though
Chance to be of the Order he defer ibes the Proportion oi al-
which was afterwards call'd Do- moft every Thing, fays nothing
rick ; after which feveral other as to the Dimenfions of the Pil-
Temples were eredied of the fame lars ; after which the Philifiines
Order in the neighbouring Cities, and other neighbouring People
but at that Time there were no erected Te?nples in Imitation of
Rules obferved for the Proportio77s it. The Form of this firft Spe-
of ArchiteSiure. The Form of cimen was afterwards copied
this firfl: Specimen was afterwards in a Temple^ built in another
copied in a Tejnple built in ano- Country, when entirely conquer'd
ther Country, when entirely con- by the People contained in the
quered by the People of thirteen Twelve Tribes of Ifrael, and the
Colonies, each having their own Le'vitesy making thirteen Colonies,
Captain, under the general Con- each having their own Captain,
dud: of one Leading Man ; and under the General Condudl of
the Pillars were then adjufted af- one Leading Man ; and the Pil-
ter Proportions taken from the lars were then adjufted by Pro-
Human Body. portiofis agreeing with fome in

the Human Body.
The lonians built themfelves The Ifraelites built themfelves

hew Cities in Caria after their new Cities in Canaan after their
Conquefl of that Country. Conqueft of that Country.
The Corinthian Capital, ac- The Capitals of the Brazen

cording to Fitruvius^ was equal Pillars in the Porch of Solomon s
in Height to the Diameter of the Temple^ were each four Cubits

Column. high in Lilly- Work, which was
very near the Diameter of thofe
Pillars.
The Timebetween the Rife of The Time between the Rife

'Order under Dortis^ and its Per- of Order in the Structure of the
fedion under Callimachus^ ac- Tabernacle built by Mofes^ and its
cording to Profane Hiftory, a- Perfection in the Temple ereded
mounts by
Chap. IL Plagiarism of the Heathens DeteBed, l i
amounts to Four Hundred and by King Solomon^ according to

Eighty-Six Years. Sacred Hiftory, amounts to Four
Hundred and Eighty -Six Years
and a half.
Now fince Vttruvius attributes the Rife of Building to Chance,

which under all its Appellations was efteemed by the Ahtients to be
no lefs than God alone; and ftnce his Accovint, from whatever Au-
thors coUedled, agrees with what is contained in the Writings of Mofes^
and the fucceeding Penmen of the Holy Scriptures; and fince
the moft eminent Authors of Antient Hiftory, in many Inftances,
own, that the Knowledge our Anceftors firfl: had in Arts and Sciences,
was give?z them itnmediately 3)/ God; we purpofe, in the follov/ing
Sheets, not only to weigh and conftder, the Origin, Progrefs, and
Perfection of Building, fo as to tnake an Account thereof confiftent
with Sacred Hiftory, with the Confeftion of the Antients, with the
Courfe of great Events in all Parts of the World, and v/ith itfelf; but,
from Time to Time, to point out the Plagiarifm of the Heathens \
and then, to ftiew, that the Dignity to which ArchiteBni'e was rais'd
by the Grandeur of the Egyptian^ the Affyrian^ the Media?t^ the
Babylonian^ the Perjian^ the Grecian^ and the Roman Empires^ was
not comparable to the Lujire with which it firft fhined in the Sacred
Works of the Jews.
CHAP. IL
Of the Rise of Building.
THE moft certain, and probable Account, that can

plain,
be gathered of the Rife of Building, feems to be from the
Sacred Text, wherein Mofes tells us, it happened imme-
diately after the Birth of Enoch^ for as foon as Cain\ Wife bore him
that Child, Cain^ who before dwelt at large in the Land of Nody
made Choice of a certain Place in that Land for the future Abode of
Himfelf and Family ; and in Token of this Regulation of his Affairs,
He not only named his Son Enochs which {ignifics difciplined and well
regulated, but (aj built a City, and called it by the fame Name; 'till
then the Mofaic Hiftory is filent, as to the Habitations of Mankind,
tho' it treats particularly of their Food, of their Cloathing, and of
their Manner of Life.
The Rife of Building being thus afcertained by Sacred Hiftory, we

may very fafely fix its Commencement v/ith the Beginning of the
(a) Gtn. iv, 17.
Third
12 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I.
Third Generation of the World, when only three Male Perfons were
in it, inftead of drawing Conje6tiires of its Origin from, the uncer-
tain Accounts of Profane Writers.
How uncertain thofe Accounts are, tho' coUeded by the moll Au-
thentick Naturalifts and Hiftorians of Antiquity, will appear from what
t)iodoriis Sicidus (b) has delivered Head: Men, Na-
under this fay the
turalifts and Hiftorians, atand brutifh fort
firft led a rude
of Life,
wandered up and down in the Fields, and fed upon Herbs and the na-
tural Fruit of the Trees, being as yet Nakedj without Houfes^ and un-
acquainted with the Ufc of Fire. Thofe Men having no Idea of laying
up their Food, nor Barns or Granaries where to depofite the Fruits
of the Earth, many thro' Hunger and Cold perifhed in the Winter:
Time taught to provide for themfelves, they fled
But, being in Procefs of
into Caves in the Autumn, and laid up fuch Fruits as were proper for
their Nouri/hment and Support Coming afterwards by Degrees to the
:
Knowlege of the Ufefulnefs of Fire^ and of other Conveniences, they

began to invent mâny Arts, and fuch Things as were further ufeful
and beneficial to Mankind.
Thus, from Sacred and Profane Hiftory it appears, that Mankind

had no artificial Place of Dwelling in peculiar to their Nature, [c)
as the Birds have, and that their Reafon and Knowledge for many
Ages extended no further then juft to enable them to provide for
themfelves the common Neceffaries of Life.
Asthe Habitations peculiar to the People of the Eaft in the firft

Ages of the World had the Appellation given them of Nejls, fo it
feems more than probable, that Cain took the Idea of Building from
the wonderful Contrivance of Nature in the Works of the Birds, and
that Ems
gave his Son the Name of Cai?mn^ fignifying the Builder
of a Neft^ when he copied Cam\ Huts in order to preferve the Me-
mory of his Building.
That the firft Builders formed their Houfes in Imitation of the

Birds Nefls is attefted by many, and particularly by Democritus^ who
m-ofl exprefily declares that Men originally imitated the Swallows,
and formed themfelves Huts Refemblance of their
to dwell in, in
Nejis : He is followed by F
itruvius, and their Opinions are confirm'd
by Gellius^ who is laflly approved by Pliny^ in his Recital of what he
has faid under this Head, namely, that (dj Doxius, the Son ^Coelus,
devifed the firji Houfes that were made of Earth a?jd Clay^ taking his
Pattern from Martins and Swallows Nefls.
(b) Lib. \. c. I. Stick, with all the other Nefts of the fame Species. It
( c) What can we call the Principle which direfls cannot be Reafon ; for were Animals indued with it to
every different Kind of Bird to obferve a particular Plan as great a Degree as Man, their Buildings would be as
in the Struflure of its Neft, and direfls all of the fame different as ours, according to the different Conveniences
Species to work after the fame Model ? It cannot be Imi- that they would propofe to themfelves. SpcSator,
tation; for though you hatch a Crow under a Hen, and No. 1 20.
never let it fee any of the Works of its own Kind, the (d) Plin. I. 7. c. 56.
Nefc it makes fhall be the fame, to the laying of a
Now
3
Chap. III. Plagiarijm of the Heathens DeteBed. 1
Now if we take that Sort of Hut which was made with Poles fet in a
CircularManner at Bottom, and meeting together at the Top in the
Manner of a Cone or Sugar Loaf, with Sods of Turf, or Pieces of Clay-
put round about them to keep out the Wind and Weather, it will not
only refemble the Form of a Swallows Neft^ but appear to be the mofl:
antient and univerfal Cottage defcribed by Writers on this Subjed ; and
of this Kind we may fuppofe thole Huts to have been, of which the
City of Enoch at firft confifted.
From the Place of Man's firft Abode, as well as from his firfl:
Effay in Building, we may colled: two

of ArchiteEiure \
Pri?iciples
the one regarding the Shelter, the other the Security of his Peribn.
The Firft received its Origin at the Time of the Fall^ when Man,
afhamed of his Difobedience, fcreened hwtfelf under Trees the Se- \
cond took its Birth in the Third Generation, when Cain^ in fear of
Reprifals for the Murder of his Brother Abel^ built Huts to hep his
Family i?i o?ie colle&ed Body, thereby to enable him to prevent the
other Part of the IfTue of Adam from taking that Vengeance upon
him which the Nature of his Crime Convenience of Shelter
deferved.
was thereforethe Firfl Principle of ArchiteBure, and Strength the
Second: Dreadful Effeds of Difobedience to GOD!
CHAP. III.
Of the Progress of Building, from

its Introduction by Cain till Noah be-
gan the Ark.
THAT Cai?is Defign in Building was to keep his Pofterity

together for his Defence is very clear, not only from his
diftinguifbing his Son and City by the Name of Enoch,
to fhow the Dicipline ajid Regulatio7i of his Family, but from his
calling his Grandfon Irad, a Name which denotes an Heap of Empire:
And therefore as the Fugitive Race of this Man encreafed, one may
fuppofe they formed their new Huts more ftrong and more commodi-
ous than at Firft, and fo made them after that general Manner de-
fcribed by antient Authors; wherein Forked Sticks were fet upright
in the Ground, with Poles laid upon them, and reverfed both Ways
fo as to make a Covering, and the Intervals interlaced with Boughs,
Reeds, or Straw, and then plaiftered with Clay, or fuch like Mate-
rials ; becaufe the Skeleton of this Kind of Cottage when covered with
Skins, or Cloths, forms a Tent, of which the Defcendents of Cain

were the Inventors,
D The
14 The Origin of Building: Or^ The Bookl.
The Condition of Cains Family upon their Encreafe will beft ap-
pear by an Etymological Enquiry into their proper Names, and as
Mehujael fignifies fmitten of GO
Methufael follicitous for Death^
and Lantech Poor and Loiv ; fo one may look upon Cains Family for
Five Generations as ftruggling with extream Poverty ; but when
Lantech had his three Sons yabal^ yuhal^ and Tubal-Cain born, he
conceived Hopes, at the Birth of every one of them, of feeing better
Days ; all thefe Names denoting Produce and wordly Pojfejfon.
Accordingly Mofes That Tubal-Cain invented the

tell us, [a)
Smiths and Founders Art, which enabled him to make Inftruments
for Men to labour and work with ; the good EfFe6ls of this ap-
peared in the next Generation ; for the Sons of his Brother fabal
contrived moveable Tents^ and applied themfelves to the keeping of
Cattle in fuch Places as were convenient for Pafturage ; at the fame
Time the Sons of his other Brother Jubal ftudied Mufick, and in-
vented the Harp and Organ. Contemporary with the Sons of yabal
and yubal^ were Lantech and his Brothers, the Sons of Methufelah^
in the Ninth Generation from Adam by his Son Seth^ as appears by
the following Table.
Adam.
2 Cain. 2 Seth.
3 Enoch. 3 Enos.
4 Irad. 4 Cainan
5 Mehujael. 5 Mahalaleel.
6 Methufael. 6 yared.
7 Lamech. 7 Ejtoch.
Q
o J 1
jabaL^ T'j cr
jubaL^ ^
1 1
licbai-Lain. r ^ ^ Methufelah.
Lamech
9 Sons of yabal and yubal. Noah
If we confider the State of SetEs Family from the Names of each

Defcent, we fhall find that Seth looked upon himfelf as a mortal Man
full of Difeafes in Body and Mind\ and therefore from thefe low
Thoughts named his Son Enos^ which implies all thefe Things. Enos
obferving the Policy of Cai?t^ began to build for the Accommodation
of his Family, and fo called his Son by the Name of Cainan^ {h)
(a) Gen. iv. 2 2. Science it felf fliou'd be loft for want of a Record. San-
{b) That the Sons of Seth were Builders, appears choniathon, in copying Mofes^s Account of the Tranfafti-
from Jofephus, who tells us in his 1. i. c. 3. That ons of the firft ten Generations, has manifeftly tranfpofed
thefe People were the firft that made their Obfervations the Works and Inventions of the Younger Line to the
upon the Motions of the Heavens, the Courfes and Influ- Elder Line ; for when the Elder Family grafp'd fo much
ences of the Stars ; and having been foretold by j4dam at Empire, as the Name of Irad imports, or in Sancho-
of an Univerfal Deluge, and Conflagration to come, they niathon's Expreflion, when they feized on whole Moun-
erefted two Pillars, one of Brick, the other of Stone, tains to enlarge their Pofleffions, Enos began to build ;
which they were fure would be Proof, one or other of his Work became a fifth remarkable Tranfaftion of the
them, againft either Fire or Water. Upon thefe Pillars, People of the firft Ages, and his Name was tranfpofed to
adds Jofephus, they engraved the Memorials of their Hypfuranius in Sanchoniathon'% Catalogue, where he
Difcoveries and Inventions, there to remain for the Be- ftands as the Inventor of Huts made of Reeds and Rufties
nefit of Ages to come ; and leaft the Tradition ni the in the fifth Generation.
lignifying
;::
Chap. III. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed, i

^
fignifying the Builder of a Nefl:* Cainan was efninent for his Piety^
and therefore named his Son Mahalaleel. Mahalaleel was the true
Defcendent of his Father, and had fuch an high Idea of GOD, that
as foon as he had a Son born, he dedicated him to and called GO
him Eiwch^ a Name implying his Dedication.
ENOCH\ naming his Son Methufelah^ fhewed the Notion he

had of his own Triumph over Death., which tliat Name implies ; but
Methufelah did not tread in his Father's Steps, but foon became mean
and abjed in his Opinion of Things, and as fuch named his firft Son
La?7tech whofe Brothers obferving how
; had profpered the GOD
Family of Cain., in giving them a numerous Iffue, Cattle in Abun-
dance, and in making them the Inventors of fo many curious Arts
thefe Refledions, and the exquifite Beauty of their Females, made them
foon grow delirous of uniting with them ; but their firft Step towards
this Union was, by forcibly taking the faireft of their Women for
Wives ; which they might very ealily have done, fince the Manner
of Cain in dwelling together in fixed Habitations, was alter'd, and
his Pofterity, in the Ninth Generation of the World, lived promif-
cuoufly in moveable Tents.
This Ad
of Violence alarmed the old People, the Wornen efpe-
cially, who apprehended nothing lefs than Death and Deftrudion
But Lamech, the Seventh in Genealogy from Adam by Cain, called
his Wives to him, and thus endeavour'd to remove their Fears
Have I, fays he, flai-n a Man to yudgment of GOD, and
incur the
to make Atonement with the Lofs of my own Life f You know, continues
he, the Blood of our Anceflor Cain was to be avenged feven Fold on
whoever fhould kill him for the Murder of his Brother Abel : Now for
me, who am an heinous Crime, to he deflroyed,
quite innocent of fuch
will inevitably draw down the ^Judgment of on my Murderers^ GOD
and Vengeance will he taken on them feventy and feven Fold for it.
With thefe and the like Arguments, he allay'd their Fear ; and in a
lliort Time both Families feem to have been perfectly united ; and in
that Manner they continued till the IlTue of thefe Marriages grew
up to Manhood. Then Mofes (c) defcribes them as ftriving for Do-
minion and Power, each one endeavouring to be Lord over the other
till they had corrupted the whole Earth with their Violence, till they
had raifed to themfelves the Names of Mi^ty Men, and till they had
incur rd GO Ds Determination extwpate afjd deflroy them after
to
One Hundred and Twenty Years fhould^be expired,
(f) Gen, vi. 4.
CHAP. IV.
16 7he Origin of Building : Or, The Book L
CHAP. IV.
Of 7V(9^/?s Ark, and the Deluge
WHEN GOD riod,

World was growing near its Pe-
the Antediluvian
direded Noah to [a] make 2xs. Ark of Go-
pher Wood Three Hundred Cubits in Length, Fifty in
Breadth, and Thirty in Heighth. This Veflel He order'd him to rub
over with Pitch both Infide and Outfide, to divide it into Lower,
Second, and Third Stories ; to fubdivide every Story into Rooms, or
Nefts, and Door in the Side, with a Window above in the
to place a
Space of a Cubit. In which Ark He promifed to preferve him and
his Family, with fome of ail the other Creatures, from the Deluge^
to propagate their refpedtive Species in a new World.
The Area of the three Stories of this ftupendous Structure was

near two Acres and a half ; when immerfed in Water to half its
Height, it would force away about Five and Twenty Thoufand Tun
of that Fluid ; and therefore muft be of a Burden and Capacity fuf-
ficient for what was to be preferved and contained therein, as Monf.
Lamy and other modern Writers have very clearly demonftrated.
The Queftion that will naturally arife here, is. How fuch a Work
could be performed in an Age fo early, when even now, the making
fo large a Veffel would be a Miracle ? To this Mofes has furnifhed
us with a very full and eiTedual Anfwer : For previous to the Build-
ing of this Ark^ he acquaints us, That GOD ordained that fuch
mechanical Arts as fhould be necefTary for the Accomplifhment of it,
fhould be invented To v/hich End Tubal-Cam inftruded many
:
People how to work in Brafs and Iron ; and the Sons of his Brother
yabal contrived Te1^ts for the People to dwell in ; whereby the BuH-
nefs of a Smith, as well as that of a Carpenter, was made familiar by
the Time Noah wanted Hands to begin the Ark : Which Ark Noah
fet about when a general Amity among the People feem'd to have
been eftabliflied, and when thofe People feem'd to have had Regard
to nothing but their Luxury : For [h] in this Condition the Flood
came and dePcroyed them, after Noah had happily accomplilhed the
A7'k^ and fecured Himfelf and fuch others within it as GOD di-
rected to be preferved.
The Deluge began about four Years, one Month, and fixteen
Days, after the Death of Lamech^ the Father of Noah^ [c) upon the
[a) Gen.\\. 14. (i) Gen.Vn. 11.

\h) Matt. xxiv. 38.
feven-
.
Chap. IV. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed.
feventeenth Day of the Second Month,

Hundredth Year of in the Six
Noah\ Age, and in the One Thoufand Six Hundredth and Fifty-
{ixth Year of the World for ; GOD
upon that Day caufed all the
Fountains of the great Deep to break up, and the Windows of Heaven
to open, fo that it rained incefiantly for forty Days and forty Nights j
and the Waters prevailing on the Earth foon bore up the Ark^ de-
ftroyed every living Creature, and, in (d) One Hundred and Fifty
Days, increafed above the highefl: Hills full [e] fifteen Cubits. The
Ark upon the Surface of the Waters, till the
thus borne up, floated
feventeenth Day of the Seventh Month, and then it refted on the [f)
Mountains of Avarat \ which feems to imply, tliat it drew fifteen
Cubits of Water, or very near it, becaufe two Days after this, on the
nineteenth Day of the Seventh Month, the Flood began to abate.
The Waters were one hundred and fifty Days returning off the
Earth \ for Noah^ upon the three hundredth and ninth Day after his
going into the Ark^ removed the Covering of it, and [g] beheld the
dry Ground, which happened eight Days after the Dove had brought
him in an Olive Leaf.
When the Edrth was perfectly dryed, GOD directed Noah to

come out of the Ark with his Family, and all that were in it. Thefe
Orders were given him upon the twenty-feventh Day of the Second
Month, in the (h) fix hundredth and firft Year of his Age: So that
from the Time of his going into the Ark^ to the Time of his coming
out,was three hundred, and fixty-five Days, prefuming that the
Months then in Ufe wêre Civil Lunar ones confifting of (i) thirty,
and twenty-nine Days, alternately And therefore the Produd of :
the Earth, that was deftroyed by the Deluge^ was propagated again
after the Floods at the very fame Seafon in which the Courfe of
Nature was ftop'd before it.
I T is not improbable, but from this Account the Egyptians fettled

their SolarYear at three hundred and fixty-five Days ; that Revolu-
tion of Time, according to Herodotus^ [k) being afcertained by them,
which Sir Ifaac Newton fays (/) was done in the Reign of Ajnmon^
who was Cotemporary with King David.
iT may not be improper in this Place to obferve, that Methufelah

muft have been deftroy'd by the Deluge \ for he was born [m) in the
Six Hundredth and Eighty-Seventh Year of the World, two hundred
and forty-three Years before the Death of Adam^ and he died (71) in
the nine hundredth and fixty-ninth Year of his Age ; confequently in
{d) Gen. vii. 24. [m) Adam begat Scth at 130, <S'^/Z' begat Enos at 105,
\e) lb. vii. 20. Enos begat Cainan at 90, Cainan begat MahalaUel at
(/) lb. viii. 4. 70, Mahalaleel htgM. yared sx 65, J ared htgzt Enoch
(_g) lb. viii. 13. at i6z, znAE?ioch htg&t Methufelah z.t 6!^. All which
{h) lb. viii. 14. Numbers added together make 687, the Year of the
(/) See Lamfs Introd. 1. i c. 5. World in which Methufelah was born, Gtn. v. 3. to 21.
(k) \. 2. {») Gen. V. 27.
(/) Nfjit. Chro. p. 79.
E the
l8 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book 1.
the One Thoufand Six Hundredth and Fifty -Sixth Year of the
World, and in that very Year in which the Flood was upon the
Earth. Therefore Methufelah did not Kve to fee the Years of his Life
compleat, as others in the Line of the Patriarchs did, but was cut off
by the Deluge with the reft of Mankind, Token of G O D's
as a
Difpleafure for His Diffidence in His Mercies; if we may form
a Judgment of Methufelah' s Idea of Things by his giving his Son the
Name of Lamech, a Name which implies a Diftruft of the Divine
Goodnefs in providing for Him.
CHAP. V.
Of the Progress of Building, from the

Deluge till the Confufion of Languages.
As to
foon as
GO
Noah came out of an Altar
the Ark, he
which was the firft that ever was ereded, and
of which any Mention is made in Scripture ; He then took
{a) built
of every clean Beaft, as well as of every clean Fowl, and offered

a whole Burnt Offering thereon, for the Great Deliverance of Him-
felf and Family from the Deluge .'GOD then bleffed him and his
Sons ; He promifed that they Ckould be fruitful, and commanded
them, to replenijh the Earth.
When Noahhad made an End of his Offerings to GOD, he be-

gan to be an Hufbandman ; and as his Family grew up, he inftrud:-
ed them in the Manner of cultivating the Ground. At length, when
they were encreafed to a confiderable Number, he directed the Iffue
of his Sons to feparate, and every one to take a different Parcel of
Land to improve for the Maintenance of his own Family, in order
to replenijh the Earth, as G O D had expreffly commanded them
to do.
Accordingly we Male Iffue of NoaFs three

find that the whole
Sons, together with their Wives and Female Children, [b) departed
from the Eaftward, and travelled into the Land of Shinar, where
they found a moft beautiful and fertile Plain, whole natural Pro-
duce was [c) two hundred, and fometimes three hundred Fold ; its
Soil was proper for Bricks, and it yielded a Slime that was fit for
Mortar.
{a) Gen. viii. 20. (<•) Herod. 1. I.
\L) lb. xi. 2.
At
Chap. V. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detected, ip
At the Time of this Migration all Mankind were of (d) one Lan-
guage, and of one Speech By which we apprehend that they Wor-
:
fhiped G D
O in the fame Manner according to the Example and
Inftru6:ion of Noah^ who undoubtedly imprinted on the Minds of
his Offspring the Hope of a full Redemption, by (<?) the Seed of the
Woma7t^ from the Sin brought upon the Human Species by the
Tranfgreffion of our Firft Parents, whofe Difobedience not only
made them fubje^l to Death and Difeafes, but debar'd their Accefs to
the Tree of Life^ till by that Tree fhould appear
the Perfon (ignified
again, in the Seed of the Woman^ to mediate for them with GOD,
and thereby reftore them to that Life which they had forfeited.
But no fooner were thefe People got from under the Tuition
alas!
of their Progenitors, than their Hopes of the Redemption were loft,
and they began to addrefs themfelves to by the Heavenly Bo- GOD
dies, or One of that Order, as the promifed Mediator between G OD
and them ; fince this was, by, almoft, the unanimous Confent of the
Learned, the firft Specie:, of Idolatry Men formed to themfelves ; and
thefe People were undoubtedly the firft Idolaters: For before the
Flood neither the Mofaic Hiftory^ nor the Meaning of the proper
Names therein, do give us the leaft Idea of this enormous Crime;
but on the contrary, every Circumftance in that Hiflory contributes
to ftiew us that the great Offence which Men then committed, to
bring on the Deluge^ was their Uniting together, after had GOD
feparated Cain from the Reft of Mankind for the Murder of his
Brother Abely and had laid upon him the heavy Curfe, that when
he tilled the Ground it JIjouJJ not yi^ld its Strength to him^ for that
barbarous, and inhuman Adion.
The Neceftity of a Mediator between and Man, fays the GOD

Learned Dean Prideaux [fJ, was a general Notion, which obtained
among all Mankind from the Beginning. And their Notion of the
Sun, Moon, and Stars, being. That they were the Tabernacles, or
Habitations of Intelligences, which animated thofe Orbs, in the fame
Manner as the Soul of Man animates his Body, and were the Caufes
of all their Motions; and that thefe Intelligences were of a middle
Nature between GOD
and them, they thought thefe the propereft
Beings to become Mediators between GOD
and them. And there-
fore the Planets being the neareft to them of all thefe Heavenly
Bodies, and generally looked on to have the greateft Influence on
this World, they made Choice of them in the firft Place for their
GODS- Mediators, who were to mediate for them with the
Supreme GOD, and procure from Him the Mercies and Favours
which they prayed for, and accordingly they direded Divine Wor-
ftiip unto them as fuch. And here began all the Idolatry that hath
been praEiisd in the World. They firft Worfhipped them per Sacella^
(d) Gen.xl. I. apply to our Blefled Saviour, emphatically ftiled

(e) The Right Rev. Doftor Sherlock in his Third Yitit theSeed of the Woman. Cen. 'm. 15.
Difconrfe of Prophecy, tells us. That Chriftian Writers
(f) C«n. Part i. lib, 3,
that
20 Ihc Origin of Building : Or, The Book I.
that, is, by and afterwards by Images alfo. -By thefe

their 'Tabernacles^
Sacellay or Tabernacles, they meant the Orbs themfehês, which they
looked on only as the Sacella, or Sacred Tabernacles, in which the
Intelligences had their Habitations. And therefore when they paid
their Devotions to any one of them, they direded their Worfbip
towards the Planet, in which they fuppofed he dwelt. But thefe
Orbs by their Rifmg and Setting, being as much under the Horizon
as above, they were at a Lofs how to addrefs to th^m in their
Abfence. To remedy this, they had Recourfe to the Invention of
Images, in which, after their Confecration, they thought thefe
Intelligences, or inferiour Deities, to be as much prefent by their
Influence as in the Planets themfelves, and that all Addreffes to
them were made as effectually before the one, as before the other.
And this was the beginning of Image- Worjhip among them. This
Religion firft began among the Chaldeans, which their Knowledge in
Astronomy helped to lead them to; the Profeffors of it had the
Name of Sabians, and the Remainder of this Se6l, which ftill fub-
fifts in the Eaft, pretend to have had their Name from Sabius, a
Son of Seth. Thefe Sabians in the confecrating of their Images, adds

our Author, ufed many Incantations to draw down into them
from the Stars thofe Intelligences, for whom they eredled them, whofe
Power and Influence, they held, did afterwards dwell in them.
Let us now Return to the Mofaic Hiftcry, and if we ftridly

examine into what the People did when they got into the Land of Shi-
nar, it will manifeflily appear that they not only addrefs'd themfelves to
the Hofl: of Heaven, but came to a Refolution to raife a Town and
to confecrate it unto Them. There they likewife refolved to build
themfelves a City ; and there they determined to live together in
one united Body, the Land for Fertility being a fecond Garden of
B^den.
This Vrd^t^ Jofephus [g) attributes to iV"/;wr<9^/. And M^j- tells us

that the People were apprehenflve of a Difunion, but to prevent
it, refolved to raife the projected Town
high as to make the fo
Top thereof confpicuous to the whole Country around it, that it
might be a Mark to dire6l fuch as Ihould wander too far abroad,
or fuch as fhould, upon their Increafe, be obliged to occupy a greater
Diftrid of Land, than was neceffary for their prefent Subflftence,
where to aflêmble for Civil or Religious Purpofes. For as Monfleur
La?ny [h) obferves what is rendered in Scripture, (/) Let us make
us a Name, may alfo flgnify. Let us make us a Sign or a Mark.
But whoever was the Projedor of this Scheme, moll certain it
is, that is was unanimoufly approved j for the People inftantly began
(g) Jut. 1. I. c. V. ( i) Gen. xi. 4.

(AJ Intro. 1. I.e. iii.
to
;
Chap. V. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. zi
to make and burn and with the Slime the Place

Bricks ; with which,
naturally yielded, they not only built a Tower and feveral Houfes
contiguous to each other: But put themfelves entirely under the
Government of IVimrod, who by this Means became ^, fk) Great
Man, and as fuch was conftituted ihe firfi Kings
The Building of this City and Tower, as well as the railing of

Nimrod Truths which the Mofaic
to the State of Sovereignty, are
Hiftory plainly fhew: But it may be afked, how it appears by that
Hifiory, that the People in their Journey from the Eaftward to the
Land of Shinar, lapfed into fuch Idolatry, as that of the Worfhip
of the Heavenly Bodies ? To this we anfwer, That the proper Names
given to the Children of the Second Defcent, after the Deluge, points
out to us, many remarkable Tranfadions in that Journey, and fuch
as feem to amount to a Demonftration, That the People did not go
diredly from the Eaftward into the Land of Shinar, but wandered
up and down, for many Years, in fearch of a fertile Part of the
Earth, before they got to that fruitful Plain, and had inteftine Quar-
rels amongft them, to pervert their Belief of the true and GOD,
thereby lead them into thofe Abominations which they committed,
in paying Divine Honours to the Planets : Let us therefore take a
fhort View of thofe Names, and fee what can be gathered from
thence, in Support of our Conjedlures.
WhenCanaan had his firft Son born, he was in great Profperity^

as may be gathered from the Name of Sido?t, which he gave to that
Son But before the Birth of his fecond Son, Heth, Adverfity, or the
:
Apprehenfions thereof, had feized him, moft likely from that bitter
(/) Imprecation which his Grandfather denounced againft him, and
from Noah's fending forth, at the fame Time, that little Colony of
People which departed together from the Eaftward ; then Ca?man
could have nothing but the melancholy Profpecl of being a Servant of
Servants to his Brethren ; ftnce the Name of Heth, carries with it all
the Apprehenfions of Fear and "Terroiir, Adverftty can fuggeft.
These dreadful Apprehenfions did not long continue, for as foon

asCanaan had a third Son born, his Spirits revived; his Fear of
the EfFeds of Noah\ Curfe was turned into Contempt, and he then
thought, that he fhould foon be able^ by the Help of his three Sons,
to repel Force by Force, if his Brethren fhould ofter to inflave him
fince he gave this Son the Name of Jebus, which imports the
higheft Contempt of worldly Matters.
These Thoughts foon an Adual Rehellion

ftir'd up Canaan into
againft fuch as he had been told fhou'd Lord it over him, and in
Token thereof, he named his fourth Son Amorrhceus. ViElory at-
tended hwi, and he ?nade Peace with his Brethren upon his own Terms^
( I) Cen. ix. 25,
F - as
:
22 The Origin of Building: Or, Tloe Book I.

as the Name of Girgas^ which he gave to his fifth Son, imports.
After this, all the People travelled together in Search of better Land
than they had hitherto pofTefled, 'till they arrived in the Plains
of Shujar\ at which Time Canaan feems to have had a fixth
Son born ; fince the Name of Hivt^ given to that Son, expreffes
the Fertility of that Land, as bringing [ni) Life^ or Subfifience^ to
him, whofe Exiftence, after the Birth of his eldeft Son, had been
one continued Scene of Fatigue and Trouble. And thus the Jour-
ney of this Colony of People, from the Eaftward to Shinar^ appears
to have been performed between the Birth of the firft and fixth
Son of Ca7iaan,
If we were examine into the Meaning of all the Names given to

to
the People of the fecond Defcent, we might difcover, in a great Mea-
fure, the Condud of the whole Lives and Tranfadions of the imme-
diate Offspring of Noah\ three Sons. But this would be too great a
DigrefTion from our Subje6t ; and all that is neceffary for us further to
obferve, as conducive to ArchiteBure^ is, that Gomer^ the eldeft Son
of yapheth^ feems to have ftudied the Nature of Herbs in the Cure of
Dtfiempers^ fince he gave his fecond Son the Name of Riphath to
imply it; tho' this Conjecture carries the Origin of Medicine one
Generation higher than the Time in which Sanchoniatho places it.
yavan^ the fourth Son of Gomer^ colleSied precious Stones^ and exa-^
mined i?2to the Nattire and Properties of thejn^ as the Name of 'Tarfhijhy
given to his fecond Son, implies. Mizraim^ the fecond Son of Ham^
applied himfelf to Aftronomy^ and formed a Sphere^ in Token
whereof he gave his feventh Son the Name of Caphtorim. And
laftly, Aram^ the fifth Son of Shem^ gave his third Son the Name
of Gether^ which implies a Vale of curious Refearches^ to perpe-

tuate the Enquiries of his Cotemporaries.
Commendable too had thofe Refearches been, if, in their Confe-

quence, they had not eflranged Men from GOD, and them
caufed
to adore the Creature inftead of the Creator. But no fooner had
Mizraim began to contemplate on the Motions and Effects of the Sun,
Moon, and Stars, than the People imagined them, Maimonides in as
his Treatife upon the Origin of Idolatry obferves, to be created by
GOD, to govern the World, and to ferve him as fo many Mini-
fiers'y whence they concluded, it was their Duty to give them
Honour, and accordingly they worfhipped thofe Bodies, firft by their
Orbs^ and then by their Images^ which they undoubtedly exhibited
on the Top of their Tower, on a Pole or Bough, in the Shape of
Globes, fufpended in the fame Manner as thofe Globes were, which
reprefented the Sun, Moon, and Stars, in the Daphnephorian Feftival
of the Greeks. This Feftival, and the Occafion of it, the Learned
Author of Archoeologia GrcecUy hath defcribed in the following
Words
(m) Gen. Mark

xlv, 5. Deut. xx. tg, and 24, 7. xiU 44. Luke «i. 4, &c,
They
;::
Chap. V. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed, 23

They, the Bceotians^ adorned an Oiive-bough with Garlands of
Laurel, and various Sorts of Flowers Upon the Top of it was
:
plac'd a Globe of Brafs, from which hung other leiTer Globes About :
the Middle were fix'd to it Purple Crowns, and a Globe of fmaller

Size than that at the Top : The Bottom was cover'd with a Gar-
ment of Saffron-colour. The Uppermoft Globe was an Emblem of
the Sun, by whom they meant Apollo y that plac'd diametrically
under it, fignified the Moon ; the lelTer Globes reprefented the Stars
and the Crowns, being fixty-five in Number, were Types of the
Sun's annual Revolution, which is compleated in about the fame
Number of Days. The Bough thus adorn'd, was carry 'd in Pro-
ceflion ; the Chief in which was a Boy of a beautiful Countenance,
and good Parentage, whofe Father and Mother were both living
He was apparell'd in a fumptuous Garment, reaching down to his
Ancles His Hair hung loofe and dilhevell'd ; on his Head was a
:
Crown of Gold ; and upon his Feet Shoes, calFd Iphicratidce, from
Ifhicrates an Athenian^ the firft Inventor of them. It was his
Duty to execute at that Time, the Prieft's Office, and he was

honour'd with the Title of Laurel-bearer. Before him went one
of his neareft Relations, bearing a Rod adorn'd with Garlands
After the Boy follow'd a Choir of Virgins, with Branches in their
Hands And in this Order they proceeded as far as the Temple of
\
Apollo^ firnamed Ifmenius, and Galaxius, where they fung Suppli-

catory Hymns to the God. Thefe Ceremonies were firft pradis'd
upon this Account The jôlians that inhabited Arm, and the
:
adjacent Territory, being advis'd by an Oracle to relinguifh their

old Seats, and to feek their Fortunes, made an Invafion upon the
'Thebansy who at the fame Time were befieg'd by the Pelafgians :
It happened to be near the Time of Apollo\ Feftival, which was
religioufly obferv'd by both Nations ; wherefore a Ceffation of Arms
being granted on both Sides, one Party cut down Laurel-boughs in
Helicon^ the other near the River Melas\ and, as the Cuftom was,
carry'd them in their Hands, in Honour of Apollo. On the fame
Day there appear'd in a Dream to Polematus^ General of the Bceotiaft
Forces, a young Man, who prefented him with a compleat Suit of
Armour, and commanded that every ninth Year the Bceotians fhould
make folemn Prayers to Apollo ^ with Laurel in their Hands About :
thtee Days after this ViHon, he made a Sally on the Beliegers with
fuch Succefs, that they were forc'd to quit their Enterprize Where- :
upon he caus'd this Feftival to be inftituted.
We were willing to give, in this Place, the full Defcription of the

Daphnephorian Feftival, to fhew. That to the Image of the Sun,
the Antients added thofe of the Moon and Planets as his Attributes.
And it is worth obferving. That they alfo added to the Image of
the Sun, Figures to exprefs his fuppofed annual Revolution ; for
the Crowns which encircled the Globes, pointed out, as Monfieur
Z4 7he Origin of Building : Or, The Book L
Earner^ in his Mythology of the Antients, writes, The Days of the
Year So the Perfta7ts^ according to ^ûintus Curtius^ prefigur'd the
:
Number of Days in their Year by three hundred and fixty-five

Youths, cloathed in Scarlet, who followed the Magi that carry'd the
Sacred Fire, upon Silver Altars, in the Front of their Army.
But to return to our Subjed

So infatuated were the People
:
upon their Arrival in Shinar, That as they concluded the Heavenly

Bodies were fet in the Firmament to be as fo many Minifters to
GOD; fo, by Parity of Reafon, they thought thofe Bodies muft have
Minijlers here on Earth ; and as fuch Mizraim deputed his Son

Caphtorim the Mi7njier of the Sun, Moon, and Stars ; and his Bre-
thren believed him to be fuch. Ouranus, fays Sauchoniatho, had four
Sons, one of whom was named Cronus, and this had feven Son=, the
Youngeft of whom, at his Birth, was, according to the Learned DoEior
Cumberla7jd, confecrated a GOD. This is juft what the Scripture
Names fuggeft, for Ha7n had four Sons, one of whom was named
Mizraim, and this had feven Sons, the Youngeft of whom, at his Birth,
became the Reprefentative of the Pla?ietary World ; and was not
only diftinguifhed by a Name importing their Habitation in the
Heavens, but inverted with a Power of making every feventh Son,
in all fucceeding Generations, a Partaker of his Divine Influence.
Hence the Origin of the feventh Son \ and hence all the V
<irtues attri-
buted to him arife.
This Interpretation of the Scripture Names, difcover to us the

Scource of the Art Magick, which according to Pliny (n) , took its
Rife by Phyfick under Pretence of preferving Health, and curing
Difeafes. This, fays he, was foon cloaked with Religion ; and then
to Medicinal Receipts and Religious Ceremonies, the Skill of Aflro-
logy, and the Mathematical Arts were added to compleat the Magi-
cal Syflem.
PHTSICK had its Rife by the Refearches of Gomer, who from

thence, had the Care of Men's Health ; then came to his Aid,
Caphtorifn, the Agent of the Planets, whofe Interceffwn with thofe
Bodies, added much to the Efficacy of Medicine ; and with thefe
were mixed the Afironojnical E7tquiries of Mizrai7n to feduce
Mankind, and bind their Senfes, as Pliny obferves, with three fure
Chains, ftill made ftronger by the Patriarch Salah ; for the Prophe-
tical Bleffing of the Seed of the Wo77tan, defcending from his Pro-
genitors to him. He looked upon himfelf to be the Mi?iifier of the
Supreme GOD, as Caphtoritn was of the Planets ; and therefore
relying on his Power, he not only undertook, by Inchantments^
to draw down from Heaven fuch Intelligences as were required on
thefe Idolatrous and Magical Occafions ; but glorying in his diabo-
lical Pradices, he gave his Son the Name of Heber^ to perpetuate
(n) Lib, XXX. C. I,
them
Chap. V. Plagiarism of the Heathens DeteBed.
them, that Name denoting an Inchanter; and moft probably

gave Sanchoniatho Occafion to fay, that Charms were invented in
the thirteenth Generation, from the firft Man.
These Abominations of Salah^ feem to have brought upon the

Defcendants of Arphaxad the Name of Chaldeans^ i. e. Demons and ;
their diaboUcal Pradices fo allured the People, that no Set of Priefts

were ever more efteemed than thofe Chaldeans^ fince, as Diodorus
Sicidus fo) obferves, They held the lame Station and Dignity in
the common Wealth of Chaldea^ (the Land of Shinar^ as yofephus
[p) writes, taking that Name from them) as the Egyptian Priefts did
afterwards in Egypt: That is, (q) they were next to the King in
Honour and Authority ; they were always at his Elbow, as the Chief
of his Council, to aflift, advife, and inftrud: him ; they were free
from all Taxes and ImpoHtions, and they held a third Part of all
the Land, for the Maintenance of themfelves, and for the publick
Sacrifices So that the Heads of the Patriarchal Line did not become
:
lefs Age after the Fiood^ than the Defcendants of

eminent, in the third
Ham Unce Salah commenced a Spiritual Governoiir^ at the fame
;
Time that Nimrod became a temporal Ruler of the People^ and

Caphtorim the Agent of the Planets.
From Syftem of Government, the Colony of People that came

this
into the Land of Shinar^ feem to have taken the Name of Sabea?2Sy
lince that Name imports, a general Converfofi from one Religion to
another ; which was really the Cafe of thofe People For the Al- :
mighty looking down from Heaven, and Surveying their Works,

faid. Behold the People are One^ and they have all one Language ;
the Meaning of which, we conceive to be. That they had inftituted
in Shinar a new Kind of Worftiip, different from that which they
followed when they left their Anceftors ; fince Mofes, previous to
their fetting out from the Eaft, defcribes all Mankind of one Lan-
to be
guage ; but after their Arrival in Shinar he fpeakes only of (r) thofe
very Peopley and not of Mankind in general.
This new Language, fays MofeSy fo highly offended GOD, that

he caufed a Diverlity in it, about the Time of the Birth of the firft;
Son of Heber ; who, in all Probability, gave that Son the Name
of fohany to tranfmit to Pofterity, the Difputes and Co7itentio7i^
which then arofe among the People. Thefe Difputes and Conten-
tions grew to fo high a Pitch, by the Time Heber had a fecond
Son born, that their City, forty Years after the Period of its firffc
Foundation, (for fo long Etfebius fays it was Building, Or encreafmg)
had the Name of Babel^ iignifying Confufon, given to it, to per-
petuate that Difordef.
(o) Lih. ii. C. 3. (q) D!oJ. Sic. 1. I. c. 6.
(p) Ant. 1. I. c. 7. (rj Gen, xi. 6.

G This
;
26 The Origin of Btitlding: Or, The Book I

This Divcrfity of Worfhip foon caiifed a Migration from Babel^ for
Apur^ with Part of the People, left that City and went into AJfyria
in Search of a new Place of Habitation. At that Jundure Heber
had a Son born, which he named Peleg^ to eternalize the Divifion
of the Earth. This fell out one hundred and one Years after the
Deluge^ fo that allowing Eufebius\ Account, of the Time Babel was
about, to be true ; Beginning of that Work fixty one Years
it fixes the
after the Floods and fix Years before the Birth of Heber. Thefe fix
Years was a Time fufficient for the firft Colony of People that came
into the Land of Shinar to build themfelves Habitations in To raife :
their Tower as high as was necelTary to make it confpicuous to

the whole Country, which for many Miles was both flat and low,
and to eftablifh a new Method of Worfhip among them.
Three other Migrations from Babel followed that of Afiur\',

and thofe that went into Ajjyria did not fettle together, but divided
themfelves into four Bodies, and fixed their Abode in four different
Places. All this was done before the Birth of Reu^ the Son of Pelegy
and mofl probably by the one hundredth and fifteenth Year after
the Deluge, as we
endeavour in the next Chapter to prove :
fhall
For at prefent our Defign is only to fliew, That as there were but
fevTnty Male Perfons when the Earth was totally divided, fo their
Number muft have been many lefs fourteen Years before, when the
Divifion was Firfl: begun. And if we ftill afcend to the Time when
the City of Babel was fet about, forty Years before the Divifion of
the Earth began, the People then in the World won't appear to be fo
numerous, nor the Work of Babel fo ftupendous, as is generally
fuppofed.
The Tower of Babel cou'd not be the Work of above

City and
thirty or forty Men, and therefore that City muft appear, to all
confiderate People, but as a little forry Village the Tower can't be ;
conceived bigger than one of the Crofles common in Country Places

and Nimrod\ Dignity cou'd not exceed that of a Mafter over thirty
or forty Workmen. And it is not unlikely but from the Tower of
Babel, the High Places in Scripture, and alfo our Crofiês and May-
Poles had their Origin. For the High Places (a) were adorn'd with
Images, reprefenting the Sun ; and the Firfh of May was the Day
on which our Druids held their great Feftival to Beal, or
antient
the Sun, therefore to this Hour, fays Mr. loland, The Firft of May,
is, by the Aboriginal Irijh, and alfo by the Highlanders of Scotlandy
call'd. La Bealteine, or the Day of Belen's Fire-, and the Poles

fet up on this Day, as well as the Crofies, were intended only to
exhibit the Image of the Sun, with fuch other Ornaments as were
carried in Procefiion at the Daphnephorian Feftival of the Greeks.
[a] Jfa took out of the Cities of Judah the High Images that were on high over them he cut down.
Places, and all the Sun Images. And Jofiah caufed 2 Qhro. xiv. 5. and xxxiv. 4.
all the Altars of Baalim to be taken down, and the Sun
But
;
Chap. VL Plagiarism of the Heathens DeteSled. 27
But fuppofe the City magnified, the Tower exalted, and Nimrod
dignified with all the Charadlers of Royalty equal to what the lofty
Manner of Expreflion, peculiar to the Eaftern People, can fuggefl;
what is all this Magnificence, what is all this Honour, in Comparifon
of the everlafting Reproach annexed to it ? Nimrod was a ^nighty

Hunter before the Lord, that is, he was a great Perfecutor of thi
Primitive Religion of the Worlds and^ by his Authority, drew all
Ma?ikind^ that were near him, into Idolatry. But alas how foon !
were his Schemes confounded, and he himfelf divefted of the one-

half of his Subjei^ls ? even in the tenth Part of a Man's Age For I
GOD looking upon what they were doing as the higheft Profana-
tion, confounded their Language, and difiipated the People from the
fixed Place of Habitation they had propofed to them/elves. Or in
other Words, GOD caufed them to have fuch confus'd Ideas of their
.new Religion, that they were no fooner become unanimous in it,
than they fell into Diflenfions, and every Family was for adopting a
Method of Worfhip of their own.
By the Tower of Babel^ which was fhew the Piety of

eredled to
^Man^ ArchiteElure receiv'd a third Principle : And as that Tower
was built for the Habitation of fome Exiftence of a fuperior Nature
to Man ; fo the Work itfelf appears evidently to have been intend-
ed to be exprefiive of Him for whom it was ereded But as the :
Builders of that Tower had a falfe Idea of GOD, all their Repre-
fentations of celeftial Things ended in nothing but Confusion^
C H A P. VI.
Of the Progress of Building, from the

Confufion of Languages, till ôfephs
Advancement in the Court of Pba-
raoh. King of Egypt.
GENERAL Society having been rendered ineffectual by the

DifTenfions that arofe at Babel^ Mankind remov'd themfelves
and formed themfelves into
into various Regions to inhabit,
two little Empires. Apur^ the fecond Son of Shem^ went into Af-
fyriuy and there built the Cities of Nineveh^ Rehoboth, Calah^ and
Refen to refide in, which perfeBed his Dejigns^ as the Name of
the laft City imports. But Nimrod continued at Babel^ and pre-
feryed his Sovereignty there over the Reft of the People, fome of
whom he difpofed of in the Cities of Erech^ Accady and Calneh, in
the
28 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I.
the Land of Shinar ; and

compleatcd his little Empire, the
fo Name
of the laft City importing the Conjwnmation of his Schefne.
The and the Completion of thefe feven

Difperfion from Babel,
new Cities, by which the Divifion of the Earth was finifhed, we may,
with certainty, circumfcribe with the Birth of Peleg^ and that of his
Son Reu, between which there was juft thirty Years ; for the Name
of Reu is not in Mofes\ Lift of the People between whom the Earth
was divided ; fo by Confequence he was not then born.
To come yet nearer to the Year of Peleg\ Age, when the Divifion
of the Earth was perfedled, we muft obferve, that when Alexander
the Great took the City of Babylon, Califlhenes the Philofopher found,
in that City, Aftronomical Obfervations of nineteen hundred and
three Years backward, from that Time, which he fent into Greece^
to his Mafter Arijtotle, as Simplicius [b), from Porphyry, writes.
Now hundred and three Years carries us back, by

thefe nineteen
Dean Prideaux\ Calculation, to the fourteenth Year of Pelegs Age ;
from whence it will appear evident, that by that Year there was not
only fufficient Time for the People to build and feat themfelves in
the feven new Cities, as above ; but for Heber to have had thirteen
Grandfons, {ince he was then forty-eight Years old.
These Empires having been thus fettled, about the one

little
hundredth and fifteenth Year after the Flood, there is no doubt but
the People, at that Time, fome how recorded their Knowledge of
the Heavenly Bodies ; which, in all Probability, was what Calijihenes
found, as above, and conlifted chiefly in the Difcoveries of yoktan^
who feems to have been not only a Competitor with his Brother
Pele^ for the Prophetical B effing, but abfolutely to have affumed it,
I
as the Heir apparent of Heber.
The Chaldeans, according to Diodorus Siculus, (c) that the

Sun, Moon, and which they call'd Interpreters, were
five Planets,
the chief Intelligences under the Supreme GOD; and that under the
Courfe of thofe Planets there were thirty Stars, which they call'd
Counfelling Gods ; fifteen of whom obferv'd what Was done under
the Earth, and the other fifteen took Notice of what was tranfaded
upon the Earth, and in the Heavens. Thofe thirty Stars, they
faid, had their Habitations in the Circle of the Zodiack, that twelve
of them were the Chief, and that through them the feven Planets
ran their Courfe ; the Sun in a Year, and the Moon in a Month.
Twelve of thofe Stars towards the North-Pole, and twelve towards
the South-Pole, they termed Judges of all Things ; and afUgn'd
C^) Dc GeIo. 1. 2.- (0 Lib. 2. c. 3.
fucfa
Chap. VL Plagiarifrn of the Heathens DeteBed. 19
fuch as we do fee to the Living, the Otlier which we do not fee
to the Dead. They of thofe Stars were Meffen-
alfo held that tv/o
gers, and faid, That once every ten Days one of the higheft Order
defcended to them that were of the Loweft ; and that again ano-
ther afcended from thofe Below, to thofe Above, and fo alternately
and By which Means the counfelling Gods above the
fucceflively :
Horizon, were fourteen in Numberj with a Meflenger; and the

like below the Horizon.
We will now examine whether the Names given by yohan to his

Children, open to us any Part of this Syftem ; and if they
will
fhou'd, we may conclude it more than probable, That fuch Things as
thofe Names point out, were the Obfervations which Calijihe?ies
found, as above.
y 0 KTAN^ claiming the Prophetical BlefTing, as above, fet up

for a Prophet^ and named his firfl Son Almodady to fhew that fuch
as wanted any Thing from GOD, muft apply themfelves to Him,
as his Minijler here 07i Earth : And to make himfelf more Vene-
rable, he feperated his Family from the Reft of the People^ as the
Name of Sheleph, given to his fecond Son implies. He then fet
Death and DeftrnBion before Mankind, as may be gather'd from the
Name of Hazarmaveth^ given to his third Son ; that Name Hgnifying
the very oppofite to Almgdad : And therefore Joktan\ Defign appears
to have been^ to fet Life and Death before the People ; that, by
being obedient, or difobedient to him, he might obtain for them the
Benefits of the Former 3 or get them condemn'd to fuffer the Inflic-
tions of the Latter.
Our Prophet^ or Legiflator^ next declared under whom it was

that he aded ; and as it is highly probable, that the Sun had been
before taken for the promis'd Mediator between GOD and Man ;
fo yokta7t\ Hypothefis was to make the Moo?i that Mediator, as

being the neareff of the Heavenly Bodies to the Earth ; therefore he
named his fourth Son yerah^ Moon, and fo
which fignifies the
adopted that Luminary the chief Mi?iifter under the Supreme GOD;
and he himfelf became her Reprefe?itative here on Earth As fuch :
yohan foon began to celebrate her Beauty, ajid her Power over the
World, and he named his fifth Son Hadora7n, to denote it. He
then confider'd her Motions ; and the Certainty he attain'd of them,
feems to be exprefs'd by the Name of Uzal, given to his fixth Son.
yohan, in the next Place, reduced the Moon to an Image ; which
he feems to have made in the Shape of a Palm Leaf, to imitate her
Crefcent ; and at the fame Time to flriew, by that Leaf that the
Moon determin'd the Mofiths of the Tear, of which the Palm-Tree
is the mofl proper Emblem, that Tree budding every Month and all :
thefe Things are implied by the Name of Dihah, which he gave to

his feventh Son.
H It
;;
30 T'be Origin of Building: Or, The Book I.
It not improbable, but yohan difcover'd, That the ebbing and

is
flowing of the Sea, was govern'd by the Moon ; fince the Name of
Obal, given to his eighth Son, feems to point it out ; be that as it
will, lb great, and fo curious, were his Difcoveries, that, by them,
he made the People believe him to be a Per/on fent from to GO D
be a Father to them, as the Name of his ninth Son, Abimael, implies
infomuch that by the Time that he had a tenth Son born, the People
came into his Scheme of Religion ; in Token whereof he not only
named that Son Sheba, to import their Converfion ; but declar'd him
his SuccelTor, as Mijufler to the Moon ; and accordingly endow d
him with all her Infltce72ceSi
But it may be afked how this will appear ? To which we anfwer,

That the Name of Sheba alfo fignifies the feventh ; and as he was
the feventh Son born to yohan, after he pretended that the Moon
was the Chief of the Heavenly Bodies ; fo it feems probable, that
yohan attributed the fame Vertues to Sheba, which Mizraim had
afcrib'd to Caphtorim, whereby he became invefted with a fuper-
natural Power, yohan having thus nominated a Succeffor in his
Mifiiftry, he feems next to have inftituted the Ceremony of repent-
ing in Sackcloth and Afloes, as a Preparitory to his interceeding with
the Deity in the behalf of Men, in Token whereof he call'd his
eleventh Son Ophir ; a Name which imports a Humiliation in Afljes.
The People thus prepar'd, yohan, to fhew his Converfe with the
Moon, feems to have undertaken to animate the Image of that Lumi-
nary, or its Balis, that it might return Anfwers to Queftions afk'd
fince the Name of Havilah, given to his twelfth Son, and that of
yobab, given to his thirteenth Son, intimates fo much ; thofe Names
iignifying one that makes Refpottfes, and one that /peaks out of a
Hollow Place,
This Trick, of animating inanimate Things, was an Invention

of as remote Antiquity as the Divilion of the Earth, if we may give
Credit to what Sanchoniatho writes ; for he tells us, That the God
Ouranus, contrivd Stones which moved, as having Life : And this
was the Origin of all thofe Idols reprefented by Cubes, of which it
would not be difficult to fhew, That every Nation in the World had
One. The Chiun, Re?nmon, Rimmon, or Rempha?i of the Moabites y
the Arnon of the A7norites ; and the A7nbre of the BritifJ:) Druids
was no more than a Cheft, or Hollow Place or the Reprefentatioit ;
of a Cheft, fome how animated ; as the Meaning of thofe Names

plainly intimates.
Now yoha?t ftudied the Nature of the Moon, and feems to

as
have reprefented her by the Palm-Tree, or a Leaf of that Tree ; and
as the Aftronomical Learning -of the Chaldeans, conlifted chiefly of
the Knowledge of the Courfes of the Moon 'till fomething more
;
Certain fliall appear, wc may conclude, That the Months of the

Year,
1
Chap. VL Plagiarism of the Heatheju DeteEicd. 3
Year, and the Days of the Month, were emblematically exprefs'd by

yoktan^ in his Image \ which he feems to have perfeded, as well as
his Syftem of Religion, about the Time of the Birth of Jobab, and
was, moft undoubtedly, what Callifihenes found as above : And we
are the more inclin'd to believe that yoktan\ Difcoveries were recorded
at this Time, tho' they were made five or fix Years before, bccaufe
the Cities of Refe-a^ and Calneh^ were the lafi: that were built; and
had thofe Names given them to import a Completion of the Defigns
which had been formed when the People, at Babel, fell into DifTen-
tions with one another.
S HEBA becoming the Succeflbr of his Father, he undoubtedly

propagated the Religion founded by him and therefore that Se£t of
;
Idolators, call'd Sabeans, might derive their Origin from Sheba.

Thus the Sabeans, confider'd as Adherents to a particular Religion,
or as Defcendants from a particular Perfon, had their Rife, as the
Learned Dean Prideaux obferves, among the Chaldeans ; and not
from an imaginary Sabius, as the Remainder of that Sed, now in
the Eafl, pretend.
As the Divifion of the Earth was compleated after the Birth of

yobab ; fo the Number of Males which Peopled the feven new Cities^
together with thofe that remained at Babel, were precifely Seventy ;
which will more clearly appear by the following Table of their
Names, extracted from the tenth Chapter of Ge?tefa.
yAPHETH begat 1 Gomer, the Father of 1 AfikenaZy

2 Magog. 2 Rip hath.
3 Madai. 3 Thogarmahi
4 yavan, who begat 1 AUjljah.
5 Tubal. 2 Tarjhifi.
6 Mefiech. 3 Kittim.
7 Tiras. 4 Dodanim.
Thefe are the Defcendants of yapheth, amounting to 14.
SHEM begat i Elam.

2 Afiur.
Salah,y^\\.ohtg:\.tiHebe}\
3 Arphaxad,
wh.ohtg2ii i
4 Lud.
5 Aram^ the Father of i U%.
2 Hul.
3 Getber»
4 Mafi,
I Heber
32 The Origin of Building : Ory The Bookl.
I Heber begat i Peleg,
2 Johan, the Father of i Almodad,
2 Sheleph,
3 Hazarmaveth^
4 Jerah.
5 Hadoram^
6 C/^Ti?/.
7 DiMah.
8 0/^^/.
9 AbimaeL
10 Sheba.
11 Ophir.
1 2 Havilah,
13 jfobab.
Thefe are the Defcendants of xS*/^^;;/, amounting to 26;
HÂf begat 1 G//, the Father of i aS*^/^^.
2 Havilah,
3 Sabtah.
4 Raamah^ who begat i -5'>6^^^.
5 Sabtecha, 2 Dedam
6 Nifnrod,
12. Mizraimy who heg2Lt i Ltidim,

3 Phut. 2 Anamim.
3 Lehabi7n.
4 Naphtuhim,
5 Pathrujim.
6 Cajluhim.
7 Caphtorim,
4 Canaan^ who begat i aS'zV<?;/.
2
3 The yebtifite,
4 The Emortte.
5 The GirgaPjite,
6 The Hivite.
7 The Arkite,
8 TheAS'/W/^.
9 The Arvadite.
10 The Zemarite.
1 1 TJie Ha?Jiathite,
Thefe are the Defcendants of ii/^z;;/, amounting to thirty in

Number ; which being added to the twenty-fix Defcendants of Sheniy
and to the fourteen of JapUth^ compleats the Number of Seventy.
Chap. VL Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed, 3 3
J 0 S E P HU S (d) gives us the fame Catalogue of the Sons of

âpheth^ Shem^ and Ham^ with this Difference only, That Japheth
had a Grandfon lefs, and Ham a Grandfon more than is mention'd
in the above Table. So that we may be affur'd, that there were
no more than feventy Males between whom the Earth was divided
after the Flood ; and thefe feventy People being difpos'd of iri eight
Cities, make it evident, that the Name of City was given to any
Place, where a few Families took up their Abode, and that an Em-
pire was conftituted by a few Cities a City (e) foon became a ;
Kingdom, and the Place of Reiidence for a (f) fingle Family, formed
a Town. Such was the Original of Towns, Cities, Kingdoms, and
Empires, while the Earth was replenifhing after the Flood.
N I M RO and Ajhiir^ having fet the Example of uhiverfal

Empire at Babel, and Nineveh ; the fame Delire prevail'd in the
fucceeding Ages of the World, and in about three Centuries (g) Che^
dorlaomer, K.ing of Flam, had five Kings that were Tributary to
him ; and Tidal was a King of Nations. So that the Peace oi the
World being thus broke, People began to remove to a greater Dif-
tance from one another ; which proved the Foundation of Multitudes
of other Cities. But yet the Manner of Building remain'd in its
primitive Simplicity, without Order, Proportion, or any other Cha-
radler that could render it beautiful.
For thofe Cities, which, upon the Confufion of Languages, were

founded for Convenience^ were afterwards judg'd as neceffary for
Defence ; and therefore the principal Care of the People, was to
inclofe every City with a Bank of Earth, or with a Wall ; to make
(h) one common Gate, or Entrance to it; and within its Diftrid
to ered fometimes 2i (i) Caftle, or common Place of Refuge, fome-
times an High Place, or Tower, remarkable only for its Altitude,
(^)
as a Mark to dired People to the Place of their Abode, and where

to affemble for religious Purpofes*
Upon Removals Mizraim went into Egypt, and infiituted

thefe
the Magical Art there ; Canaan brought the fame Art into Falejiine ;
and Caphtorim and his Defcendants, took up their Abode in (/)
Caphtor^ from whence they removed into that Part of the Land of
Canaan which was inhabited by the Avims, whom they deftroy'd,
and, after they had feiz'd on their Pofleflions, took upon themfelves
the Name of Philijlines^ which, according to the AS'^^/^/<^^/>;/,import
Strangers,
{d) Ant. 1. I.e. 7. (/J) Gen. xlx. l. the 34. 20. ^c. Judges xvi. 2.
(#) Jqfhua vi. 2. and v'ii!» \ y {/) Gen. XXV. 1 6.
(f) Gen. XXV. 16. (k) Judges ix. 46, and 51.
Gen, xiv. i. (/) Dtut, ii. 23.
1 SALAH
34 The Origin of Building: Or, The BookL
S A Li AH and his Defcendants, continii'd their Abode in Chal-
deay where, tor live or fix Generations, there was only Ahram among
them, wlio dar'd to afTert the true GOD: And this will iappear to be
no ill-grounded Conjedlure, when we on the proper Names of
reflect
Men given to every Defcent in the Patriarchal Line, from Lamech,
before the Floody to Abrajn^ after it.
LAM ECH gave his Son the Name of Noah^ becaufe he con-
ceived, at his Birth, That would bring Ma?ikind Cofnfort con-
that Son^
cerning the Ground which GOD
had curfed\ tliat is, Lamech imagin'd
that the Redeemer of fallen Man wou'd fome how come from that
Son. Noah call'd his fecond Son by the Name of She??T, which fhews,
That he had placed him iit his Steady as the Inheritor of GOD\
Promije concer7iing that Redeejner. So when She?n named his fecond
Son Arphaxad^ he had, undoubtedly^ a Notion, That by that Son^
the Breach between GOD
and Man would be made up, Arphaxad
refign'd the Mijftdn^ fuppos'd in him, to his Son, whom he named
Salahy in Token of his Apprehenfion concerning it. But Salah feems
to have been tainted in his Ideas of the pure Principles of his Ancef-
tors, and the Hope fo apparent in them, feems to have been turn'd
into Illujion in him, if we may judge of his A6lions by his calling
his Son Heber^ a Name, which imports an Inchanter, as above.
And this Depravity feems to have been growing, by the Names given
to every Defcent afterwards, 'till Abram was born ; then Terah began
to change his Notion, had lofty Thoughts, and as fuch gave that
Son the Name of Abram^ fignifying, Father of Elevation,
This good and juft Man, was the tenth Perfon in Genealogy from
Noah^ by his Son Shem ; He was endow'd with Wifdom and Under-
ftanding ; He oppos'd the Iniquities of the People ; and ftrenuoufly
endeavour'd to bring Men ovei; to the Knowledge and Fear of
GOD, for which the People of Chaldea were fo incens'd, that they
drove him out of that [m] Land from amongft them, and he and his
Father, together with his Nephew Lot^ came into a certain Part of
Mefopotamiay where they fettled, and gave the Place of their Abode
the Name of Haran. The Place of Abram % Nativity was from
thenceforward call'd f/r, and as this Name denotes Fire^ it was
probably, given to that Place, in Token of the Heat and Vehemence
of this Perfecution,
When Terah fliew'd this great £)iftin£tion for his Son Abram^
it is more than probable, that Nahor infifted on his Birthright, as
yoktan before had done, claim'd the Prophetical Blefling implied in

the Name of his Brother, and as fuch gave it to his Son Bethiiel ;
fince this Name denotes, as to his Humanity, a Defcent, from
[m) Judith V. 8.
Father
5
Chap. VI. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 3 5
Father to Son, of 0 the Redeemer. G D

But to put an End to any
Contefl: between the two furviving Sons of Terah^ Abrmn^ and Nahor,
concerning the Prophetical Blefling, himfelf declar'd in whom GOD
it was for to Abram He made this moft gracious Declaration, {n)
;
Thou fialt he a Blejfmg^ and I will blefsnhem that hlefs thee^ and
curfe them that curfeth thee, and in thee shall all Families of
THE Earth be Blessed. At the fame Time diredted him GOD
to leave his Father's corrupted Houfe, and in Compenfation thereof,
promifed to condud him to a certain Land, to make his Name Great,
and to make of him a great Nation.
By [o)Paid aiTures us, Ahram obey'd and went into

Faith, St.
Canaan^ taking with him his Nephew Lot. After which Nahor
took Pofleflion of Haran^ this Place was call'd his City, and there
Kis Family refided for many Generations, and yielded Wives for the
Sons of Abram. Ifaac^ his only Son by Sarah^ took Rebekah, the
Daughter of Bethuel, to Wife ; and yacob^ the Son of Ifaac^ mar-
ried Rachel and Leahy the Grandaughters of Bethuel^ by his Son
Laban.
ABRAM no fooner got into the Land of Ca7iaany than

GOD appear'd to him, and promis'd to give that very Land to
his Seed after him But with this Exemption, That they fhould not
:
enjoy it 'till after the End of four hundred Years; during which
Time they were appointed to dwell in a ftrange Land, and to ferve
the Natives thereof; GOD's feleded People being not yet excufed
from the great Command of replenifhing the Earth.
In Token of Promife, [p) Abra^n built an Altar ; afterwards

this
he took up his Abode in a Mountain, on the Eall: of Beth-el^ where
he ereded another Altar^ and there call'd on the Name of the

Lord. In Procefs of Time he and his Nephew Lot parted; then
Abram fettled in the Plain of Mamre^ and there built a third Altar^
where he exercifed his Religion in the fulleft Manner ; and GOD
not only confirmed the Promife He had made to him, of raifmg
his Seed to a great Nation ; but changed his Name from Abram to
Abraham^ to denote it. After this, Abraham was fo far from-
living in a State of Perfecution, that the People, far and near, foon
grew fond of imitating whatever he did in the Worfhip of GOD;
for after he had made his Covenant with Abim.elechy King of Gerar^
who had artfully drawn him into the Ratification of it by an Oath,
Gill. xii. zT 304years, they will amount to above 36 Millions From
:
\o) Heb. xi. 8. whence it is not only poflible, but highly probable, that
{p) Gen. xii. 7. Ahram was 75 Years

old when he Mankind were encreafed to 40 Millions when Abram wcr t
went into the Land Canaan, which was about 3 1
of into Canaan; and if we continue our Multiplication to the
Years after the Earth was divided between 70 Male Per- Time of his Death, the Total will be near 1 000 Millions,
fons. It is certain that the Jfraelites encreafed in the a Number fufficient to People the World, in the Manner
Space of about 210 Years from 70 Male Perfons to above Sir Walter Raleigh, p. i 1. 2. conceiv'd it to have been
.
600000 ; fo that they doubled every 1 6 Years, or there- inhabited in Abrahams Days.
abouts. Now if we double 70 Men every 16 Years for
3 6 77;^ Origin of Building: Or, Doe Book I.
and after he had [q) pla?ited a Grove about the Place where that
League was enter'd into, in Token of the Solemnity of his calling
upon G O D to be as a Witnefs to it, the Heathens began to pla7it
Groves about their Places of religious Worfhip ; which foon pre-
vail'd all over the Land of Canaaru
After this feparation Abraham and his Nephew, Lot (r) had
of
two SonSj the otie he named Moab, and the other Ammofjy who
inftituted the Worfhip of the Sun, in fuch Countries as they took
took up their Abode in. Thofe Men addrefs'd the riiing Sun by
the Name of Peor, lignifying, 'The Sovereign that difpells the Shades
of Night and opens the Day ; they alfo addrefs'd the fetting Sun by the
Name of Chemos^ which imports. His withdrawing his Rays of Light,
from Earth ; and thefe they Worfhipped by their Orbs, upon the
the
the Summits of Hills and Mountains, where they ereded their Altars^
and offer'd their Morning and Evening Sacrifices: But the Sun, as
the Supreme GOD, they addrefs'd by his Image, upon High Places
built in the Streets of their Cities, in their High Ways, and in other
publick Places They call'd him Moloch and Baal, which Names,
:
as Monfieur Banier obferves, are fynonymous, and, in the Hebrew,

lignifies King, Lord, or he that Rules or Subdues ; and to him they
offer'd, lipon Altars before the Image, every Thing for Sacrifice,
which Abraham offer'd to GOD;
even Children, in Imitation of
the Offering of his Son Ifaad
The Sun being now conceived to be Supreme GOD, the other

tlie
Planets became his Minijlers : So that when he was reprefented by
Image, that Image was adorn'd with all the other Planets, as the
proper Attendants of the Deity.
The gracious Prbrhife which GOD made and confirmed td

Abraham, was repeated to Ifaac, and after him to Jacob, This
Patriarch was the firft Perfon that erected Pillars, and his raifing of
fuch Monuments was owing to this Occafioii. Ifaac [s) was exceeding
Old, and his Eyes grew dim, whereby Jacob was the better enabled
to obtain his Bleffing as the elder Son ; this enrag'd Efau, and tho*
he had fold his Birthright to Jacob, yet he refolved, That as foon
as his Father fhould die, he would kill his Brother that he might
enjoy the Benefits arifing from what he had fold. This was told
Rebekah, and fhe thereupon prevail'd on her Hufband to fend Jacob
to her Brother Laban, to take a Wife of his Daughters, in Hopes,
that during his Abfence, Efau\ Wrath would be allay 'd.
Accordingly Jacob out for Padan-aram, being then feventy

fet
feven Years old ; and our Traveller, the firft Day of his Jour-
fe)
Gen. xxi. 33. (;) Ib.xiii. 8. (j) lb. xxvii. I,
ney
i
!
Cliap. VL Plagiarifm of the Heathens DtteBed. 3 7
Lu^^ nb fooner faw the fetting

ney, having reached a Place call'd
Sun, than he determin'd to take up his Abode there that Night j
his Bed was the Earth, and a Stone ferved him for his Pillow.
There he had a Vifwji^ and when he awaked out of his Sleep he
was afraid, but thus reafon'd with himfelf :
(/) Surely the Lor t>
is in this Place, and I knew it not. How dreadful is this Place

This is none other but the Houfe of and this is the Gate GOD,
of Heaven, yacob then rofe up, took the Stone he had put for
his Pillow, fet it up for a Pillar, poured Oil thereon, and then
made this Vow ; If GOD,
fays he, will be with me, and will
keep me in the Way that I go, and give me Bread to eat, and
Raiment to put on ; fo that I come again to my Father's Houfe in
Peace: Then fhall the Lord be my GOD. And this Stone which
I have fet up for a Pillar^ fhall he GOD's Houfe, e. i. Beth-el
And of all that Thou fhalt give me, I will furely give the Tenth
to Thee.
LU Z
from thenceforward was call'd Beth-el^ and the Pillar
which yacob fet up there, if we believe Bochart^ and fome other
Modern Writers, gave the Antients Matter for a very confiderable
Part of their Theogony^ as it furnifh'd them with their Bcetyli ; one
of which the Greeks imagin'd Saturn had fwallow'd, inftead of his
Son yupiter^ and therefore one of the Names of yupiter was Lapis.
y AC 0 B
purfued his Journey, aild at Length got to Padan-
nram^ where he continued twenty Years with his Uncle Laba?^^ and
then he left him fecretly 5 at which Time [u) Rachel flole from her
Father divers Images, which the Learned feem to agree were in
Human Shape, becaufe the Name of Teraphim was common to thofe
Images, and fuch as But that Argument
really reprefented Men.
is not conclufive, fince the Antients reprefented the fame God,
fometimes under the Shape of a Human Figure, fometimes under
that of a Cube, a Cone, or the like Befides, all the Notion which :
Mofes gives us of thofe Images, is. That they were valuable Things
for Ornament. Thou haft fearch'd all my Stuff, faid yacob to
Laban, but what haft thou found of all thy {w) Houfhold Stuff?
After this, when yacob purged his Houfe of all Objects of Pride,
thefe Images were given up to him, with the Ear-rings which his
Family then wore in their Ears They were probably Bracelets for
:
their Hands, and Crowns for their Heads ; Ornaments peculiar to

the Sabea?is^ as Ezekiel [x) writes.
When Laban was he purfu'd after him,

told that yacob was fled,
and in feven Days overtook him at Mount Gilead ; but in the pro-
(/) G«:. xxviii. 16. made Ufe of for Pride, Mofes turn'd into Ornaments
(u) Gen. xxxi. 19 Religious Ufe, and direftcd that they ihould be Emblcnis
(
Ge/i. xxxi. 37. of the VaJfQ-vtr, Exod, xiiii i6, and of the Laiv, Deut.
{x) Ch. xxiii. V. 42. Thefe Bracelets, and thefe Crowns, vii. 8.
K ceeding
;
38 7he Origin of Building: Or^ The Bookl.
ceedins NieHt before his Arrival there, haban was warned in a

Dream not to hurt his Son-in-Law, by whieh his Anger was averted,
and he permitted Jacobs not only to proceed on his journey, but,
in Confidcration of "JacoFs Promife not to afflid: his Daughters, or
take other Women to Wife, made a Covenant with him, That they
would never moleft each other in Time to come ; and this they
ratify'd by an Oath Laban calling u}X)n the G O D of Abrahaifiy
:
and the GOD

of Nahor^ and alfo upon the GOD of their Father,
i. e. "Terah^ to confirm it; but 'Jacob fware only by the Fear of
his Father Ifaac.
The Ceremony on Occafion Mofes thus defcribes. yacob

this
took a Stone and fet it up for a Pillar ; He then order'd his Bre-
thren to gather Stones, and make an Heap, as a Table, whereon
they might eat; next was the Covenant; then they declared, That
that Pz'/Z^zr, and that Heap^ was not only the Witnefs thereof but •
that it fliould be a Mark between them, that either fhould not pafs
over it to the other for Harm. Jacob then and
offer'd Sacrifices,
after that they all fat down together to eat. The next Morning
they parted ; Jacob purfu'd his Journey ; and Laban returned to
Padan-aram*
These Things were fooh imitated by the Heathens, who every

where rais'd Heaps of Stones, and fet up Pillars to their Idols.
Hence the Mercurial Heaps of the Greeks ; Hence that moft folemn
Oath of the Romans^ which Cicero calls Jovem Lapidem jurare ; hence
the Cams of the Druids ; and hence their Monumental Obelijks arofe,
and had their Foundation.
Before Jacob had accomplifli'd his Journey, he loft his beloved

Wife Rachel \ on whofe Grave he fet up a fyj Pillar, which is the
firft Sepulchral Monument we have any Account of This was :
imitated by the Heathens, when they came to deify their Dead, in

the Altars they built to burn their yearly Sacrifices upon: And we
Chriftians, to this Day, follow the fame Example in the Tombs we
put over our deceafed Friends, as may be feen in almoft every
Church, and Church-yard. Another of Jacob's Pillars was erected
in Memory of G O D's talking with him and changing his Name to
Ifrael ; from whence all his Pofterity were afterwards call'd the
Children of Ifrael^ or the Ifraelites,
This Veneration which the Reft of Mankind lliewed for, and the
high Ideas they entertained of whatever GO D's feleded People did,
is fufiicient, to make us conclude, That
had built ftately if they
Edifices, for publick or private Ufe, the Heathens would have like-
wife imitated them But no fuch Edifices were ereded by them
:
for as Abraham and his Succeftbrs followed a Paftoral Life, they
(^') Gen. XXXV. 20,

were
Chap. VII. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 3 9
were contented to live in moveable Tents, and only yacoi> (z) built
himfelf an Houfe ; which he did as an effed of his Fear, after his
Brother E/aus meeting him with four hundred Men. This Work
of Jacob\ gave a Name to the Place, where ere£ted, importing,
a City of Tents ; for, belides an Houfe for his own Dwelling, Jacob
built feveral Booths for his Cattle.
Architecture however received two other Pmciples by thefe

early Works and fuch as regarded the Gratitude^ and the Fidelity
;
of Man The former took its Rife when Jacob had his Vifion, and
:
the latter when he made his Covenant with Laban : So that all the
Caufes of Building are Five, to wit, Sbame, Fear^ Pietjy Gratitudey
and Fidelity ; and thefe produced three Precepts of Building, namely.
Convenience^ Strejigth^ and Beauty. The two firft whereof Mankind
foon attain'd, but the laft was Pêaveled to them, as will appear
in the following Chapters of this Book.
CHAP. VII.
Of Jojephs Advancement in Egypt, and

of the Manner in which the principal
Part of the Riches of the World were
firft collected.
JOSEPH, one of Jacob\ Sons, having been fold into Egypt

Brethren, GOD foon enabled him. to advance his
by his For-
tune there, not only by expounding two Dreams of the King's,
which foretold a moft dreadful Famine of feven Years Continuance,
that would follow feven but by adviling the Egyp-
plenteous Years ;
tians how to guard themfelves againft the dreadful Effeds thereof,

in gathering all the Food during the Years of Plenty, and in laying
it up in every City, as a Store, againft the Years of Dearth.
P HA RAO H very juftly attributed this Interpretation to the

(a) Inspiration of GOD,
conformed himfelf to JofepJjs Advice,
advanced himfelf from a Prifon to be the the next Man in the
Kingdom to him, and entirely put the Management of what he had
advifed into his Hands; declaring, at the fame Time, that there
was none in his Dominigns fo difcreet, and fo wife as himfelf.
(z) Gen, xxxiii. 17, ia') Gen, xli. 38.
JOSEPH
:;
7he Origin of Building : Or, The Book I
JOSEPH, in Difcharge of this high CommifTion, gathered

all the SurplusFood in the Land of Egypt, during the feven
plenteous Years, which he laid up in the (^^^ Several Cities
thereof: And when the Famine began, he opened his Store-houfeSj
fold the Provifions he had referved to the Egyptians^ as their
Necefiities required, ac well as to the People of fuch other [c)
Countries as flocked thither to buy Corn

whereby Jofeph foon ;
got, for Pharaoh\ Ufe, all the (d) Money that was in Egypt, in the
Land of Caiiaaii, and in all the bordering Nations. At Length the
Famine grew fo great, that the Egyptians were forced to fell all
their Cattle, their Flocks, their Herds, their Lands, and even their
Bodies for Bread. So that Pharaoh became pofTeffed, firft of all the
Riches, the|i of the Lands, and laftly of the Bodies of his Subjeds
lût Jofeph inftantly releafed the People, returned them their Lands,
and gave them Seeds to fow it ; referving only to the King, and his
SuccefTors, the one fifth Part of the yearly ProducCi
Thus the Riches of the principal Part of theWorld werc col-

lected together, Pharaoh became the firft great and wealthy Monarchj
and had an annual Revenue to fupport him, in all his Glory, of the
one fifth Part of the Produce of all Egypt, except of fuch Lands as
belong'd to the Priefts ; for thofe Lands were not taken by Jofeph
in Exchange for Bread ; Pharaoh having allotted the Priefts fuch a
Portion of the referved Food, as was fufticient to maintain them
during the Time of the Famine, without driving them to the Necef-
fity of felling their Lands for Bread.
This great Acqulfition of PhardoFs was made when Jofeph was

forty and four Years old, for he was (ej thirty when he interpreted
the King's Dreams that there wou'd be feven Years of Plenty, and
feven Years of Famine.
JACOB was [f] an hundred and thirty Years old when he came
into Egypt with and as this happened at the End of
his Family ;
the (g) fecond Year of the Famine, when Jofeph was thirty nine
Years old, it proves Jacob\ Age, at the Birth of Jofeph, to have been
ninety one Years Ifaac begat Jacob at {h) fixty ; and Jofeph dy'd
:
at the Age of (/) one hundred and ten So that from the Birth of :
Ifaac, to the End of the Famine, was one hundred ninety five Years
from thence to the Death of Jofeph was fixty fix Years ; and from
the Death of Jofeph to the Departure of the Ifraditsi from Egypty
was one hundred and thirty nine Years.
{h) Gen. xli. 48. (/) lb. xvlii. 9.

(0 lb. xli. 57.
\g) lb. xlv. n.
{A) lb. xlvii. 14, lb. XXV. 2(?.
(ej lb. xli. 45. (i) lb. 1. 25,
The
Chap.VIIL Plagiarifmof the Heathens Dete&ed, 41
The Egyptian Monarchy fubfifted in the Degree of Wealth, to
which it was advanced by Jofeph, during the laft fixty fix Years of
his Life ; and foon after his Death, new Acquifitions were made to
it ; which will the Subjed of our next Enquiry.
CHAP. VIII.
Of the Bondage of the Children of

Ifrael in Egypt.
WHEN the Famine, foretold by Jofephy had

in Canaan^ as to oblige Ifrael to fend his other Sons
fo encreas'd
into Egypt to purchafe Corn ; Jofeph no fooner fet his

Eyes upon them, than he (a) knew his Brethren; and in a fhort
Time made himfelf known to them. This foon reach'd the King's
Ear; and He, from a due Senfe of Gratitude to yofeph^ not only
invited, but (b) commanded his Brethren to come and take up their
Relidence in his Country He alfo ordered Waggons for the Con-
:
veyance of their Wives, Children, and Father, and promis'd them

the Choice of all Egypt for an Habitation, as well as of the Pro-
dud thereof for their Subfiftence. Accordingly when they came
there, Pharaoh allotted them the beft Part of Egypty call'd the Land
of Gofieriy for their Dwelling in, as a feperate People from the Egyp-
tians: For Jofeph had inftru6led his Brethren to choofe this Land, not
only becaufc of its rich Pafturage ; but becaufe they might have no
Commerce with the Egyptians, who detefted the Occupation of
Shepherds, to which the Ifraelites were brought up, and as fuch
Jofeph well forefaw that if his Brethren liv'd amongft them, they
would be at an eternal Variance with one another.
The Ifraelites y thus fettled in the Land of Gofhen, multiplied and

foon became a numerous Set of People, more than even the Natives
of Egypt itfelf ; infomuch, that after the Death of Jofeph, when a
new fting arofe, the Government concerted Meafures how to keep
them in Subjedion ; and the firft (c) Expedient was, to fet them
about building two Cities ; One of which they called Raamfes,
or RamefeSy a Name which implies, the highefl: Reproach of thofe
who lived on the hefl Part of the Count?y ; the other they named
Pithom, which imports, a Co?funmiation of Pharaoh's Scheme, to
deprefs thofe that fed fo voluptuoufy : And in the firft of thefe Cities
{jn)Gen. xlii. 7. (f) E%oi, i. u,

(^) ib.xlv. 18.
the
42 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book 1.
the Ifraelites were fettled'. After which they were continually em~
ploy'd in making Bricks, and in all Manner of Service in the Field,
under the Government and Diredion of Tafk-Mafters ; who ufed

their Authority in fuch Degree, that the Lives of the Ifraelites were
made a Burthen to them.
Notwithstanding this cruel and more the

fevere Treatment, the
Ifraelites were Oppreffedy the more they Grew and Multiplied ; which
grieved Pharaoh^ and made him have Recourfe to a fccond Expedi-
ent, to prevent thefe Aliens from growing Opulent, which they
muft of Courfe do, if they continued encreafing, as they had done;
and therefore the King order'd the Midwives to deftroy all the Male
Children which they, from Time to Time, fhou'd deliver the He-
brew Women of But thofe Midwives difregarded the King's Com-
:
mands, and faved themfelves from Impunity by their evafive Anfwers;

which put Pharaoh upon a third Expedient, to curb the growing Race
of his Slaves ; for he commanded his People to take every Male Child
that fhou'd be born of an Hebrew Woman, and caft it into the
River.
The Birth of Mofes happen'd foon after this levere Edidl ; and
notwithftanding it was rigouroully put in Execution, yet his Mother
contriv'd Methods to conceal him for three Months But unable to
:
keep him any longer, fhe then put him into an Ark of Bull-rujhesy
which fhe laid in the River, and fo left the Babe to the Mercy of
the Waters. This was done about fifty nine Years after the Death of
yofeph; and for eighty Years more, the Egyptians continued to
opprefs the Ifraelites,
W cannot forbear making one Refledion, in this Place, on the

E
horrid Ingratitude of the Egyptians: Thofe People, no fooner faw
the Eyes of him, to whom their Exiftcnce was owing, clofed ; than
the Benefits they had receiv'd by his prudent Condu6l, were erafed
out of their Memories. Whereas other Nations celebrated his Ads,
and confecrated them to Immortality For Dago ft Triptolemusy
:
^
CereSy and every other Perfon who taught Men to raife Corn for
Bread, had their Original from Jofeph.
The Learned Bochart, is of Opinion, Tliat Abraham is one and

the fame Perfon with Cronus^ in Sancho?iiatho\ Hiftory ; each of
thofe Perfons having offered his only Son a Sacrifice; and each
having circumcifed himfelf, and obliged the Reft of his Family
to do the fame. But as this is a controverted Point, can't it be
reconcil'd, by fuppofing Sanchoniatho to have afcribed all the re-
markable Events relating to the Patriarchal Line, from Noah to
yofeph^ to the Family of Cronus ; efpecially fince we find as great
a Similitude between Jofeph and two of the Brothers of Cronus, to
;
Chap. VIII. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed.

4^
wit, Dag07i and Atlas^ as there is between Abraham and Cronus^
as above?
JOSEPH AvQ2.mt that tlie Sun, Moon, and eleven Stats made
their Obeifance to him; this made his Brethren jealous of him ; they
confpired his Death, and threw him into a Pit. The fame Fa6t
we have in Eancho7iiatho Cronus had a Brother whbfe Name was
:
Atlasy from his being fuppofed to fupport the Heavens ; he grew

jealous of him; confpired his Death with Taautus^ and threw him
into a Pit. Again, Dag07i is faid, by our Poenician Hiftorian, to be
the Inventor of the Plough ; and the Perfon that taught Men how
to raife Corn and make Bread thereof How can Jofeph be pointed :
out in a ftronger Light ?Was he not the Perfon that cultivated all
Egypt for feven Years ? And when Agriculture had been prevented
for feven Years after thatj and all Experience of the Plough loft,
did not Jofeph teach the People how to fow their Lands, and give
them Seeds for that Purpofe ?
The God Dagon^ of the PhtUJlines^ can't have a more illufirious

Original than this, nor one that is better attefted Sanchoniatho tells :
us, That Taautus, the Son of Mifor^ made the Image of Dagon.
This Taautusy according to the Learned Bifhop Cumberland^ was the
Son of Mizraim\ he was his facred Scribe, and a God So that :
there is no Doubt but in him we have the Caphtorim recorded by

Mofes For the Defcendants of that Man, were the People that
:
drove the Avi7ns out of Canaan^ and feiz'd on their Poffeffions

taking upon themfelves the Name of Philijlines^ as above. And there-
fore thefe Philijiines, willing to inftitute, in their new Settlement,
Gods of their own, undoubtedly made Choice of him, who had
been the greateft Benefaftor to Mankind, for that Purpofe ; and fo
reprefented him by an Image. The Image of Jofeph was there-
fore the firft in human Shape, of the Pagan World ; Unce Dagon
is the mentioned in Sacred Hiftory
firfl: And as the Artificer that :
made Dagon, was, according to Sa7ichotiiatho, the firft that formed

Images, fo he made thofe alfo of Oura7ius to reprefent Noah^ and
of Cronus to denote Abraham.
Nothing than yofepUs Conduct cou'd make the Pagans in-

lefs
ftitute Godsof their own Species. Let any one Reflect on the Mife-
ries which reftrained Nature, in the Beginning of the Year one
thoufand feven hundred and forty, brought upon all, or moft Part
of Europe Blow was no fooner ftruck, than the Streets of
; the
our Villages, Towns, and Cities, were filled with the Cries of the
Poor and Induftrious And, as the Year advanced, we were Wit-
:
nefies that the Heat of the Sun was incapable of producing its ufual
Effefts. Let iis judge of our Cafe but for feven Weeks in the Montlis
of yanuary and February in that Year, How dreadful mufl feven
Years of fuch Calamity have been to the People in Jofeph\ Days ?
44 The Origin of Building : Or, The Book L
which Europe fuffer'd
If any Perfon could have foretold the Miferies
for want of Rain the Beginning of one thoufand feven hundred and
forty, and by too much the latter End of the fame Year, fo as to
have enabled People to have guarded themfelves againfl: thofe Effects,
how had fuck Perfon been loaded with Honours? And how had
the Prayers of the People been directed to Heaven in his Behalf?
Cou'd the Pagans, on their Principles, render lefs to Jofeph^ their
Preferver, than to inftitute him a God; lince under that Name
they did not, for many Ages, mean the Omnipotent Creator
of all Things, but fome vifible Objed, from which they received
Benefits ?
If X)u7'a7ius was Noah^ Cronus Abraham^ and Jofeph Dagon, as

feems very probable ; Who were more Worthy of being rais'd to
Divinity in the Pagan Theogony, and to be Worfhipped by their
Images ? Thofe Images were made by one and the fame Perfon,
a Defcendant of Mizraim ; one that was efteemed a G o d ; and
therefore it's highly probable, that the Heir apparent of Caphtorim
was that God, and GoD-maker ; who gave Jofeph the Name of
Dagcn^ Abraham that of Ajlaroth^ and Noah that of Berith. Our
Reafohs for this are, that Dago7i fignifies Wheats a proper Epithet
for yofeph ; AJiaroth fignilies Flocks^ Sheep, Riches, or the Line of
the Law, all expreflive of Abraham ; and Berith imports, hi7n that
pojfejfes the Covenant, which is applicable to Noah, with whom
GOD made a Covenant to deftroy the World no more by Water:
Thefe Reafons opens to us a more fubftantial Caule for the Ado-
ration paid to Men, than the Stream of Mythologifts have offered;
and therefore they deferve to be further conlidered.
Now as the Pagans, in Patriarchal Times, had the higheft Idea of

the Power Prophets had with GOD, efpecially Abraha7n and his
Defcendarits ; fo their Prayers, and their Bleffmgs, vVere of the greateft
EfHcacy. Abitnelech was told that (d) Abraha77i was a Prophet^
and fhou'd pray for him ; which he did ; and the King was healed.
So that when Image Worfhip was once introduced, the Intelligences
fuppofed to animate the Orbs of the Heavenly Bodies brought down
into them, and thefe to become Mediators between and Man r GOD
Surely the Pagans, on the fame Principle, wou'd tranfpofe the Soul
of a Man that had been efleemed a Mediator in his Life time, into
an Image of the fame Man after his Death ; and fo make their
AddrefTes to fuch Image, as they had done before to the Images of
the Heavenly Bodies, in order to obtain from GOD, by his Medi-
ation, what they prayed for.
Thus if the Waters prevail'd, they addrefs'd themfelves to Noahy

with whofn GOD eJiabliJHd his Covenant. If they wanted any Kind
{i) Gen. xx. 7.
of
Chap.VlII. Pkgiarifmof the Heathens DeteSied. 4J
of Blefling, they fupplicated Abraham ^ in Whom all Families

OF THE Earth were to be Blessed. they tilled the And when
Ground, they apply'd to Jofeph ; in View of a plentiful Crop of
Corn : Thefe they addrelTed by their Images ; Jofeph in Huma?i
Shapey as above Noah in the Figure of a Chefi, or of that lêffel
;
which he had made to preferve himfelf and Family in, from the
Deluge and Abraham in that of a Tree^ from the T'ree he planted
;
when Fie and Abimelech^ K.hig of the Defcendants of Caphtorimy

made their Covenant at Beer-fJjeba.
One of thefe Images was always exhibited which the vvîth that
Pagans made to reprefent the Suprem^ Thus the Image of GOD:
(fj Jupiter Ammon v/as
carried in a Golden Ship^ and this was
borne by eighty Priefts. We alfo find that (g) Baal, the Sun, and
Berith, a Ship, or [h] Moloch, the Sun, and Chiun, a Pedeflal, were
annex'd together ; and fo was (/) Baal, and Aflaroth, a Iree, or
(h) Baal, and the Grove, a fhady Tree with a hollow Trunk, as
the Saxon Name, Grove, imports
So that it feems manifeft, that,
:
with the Image of the God, the Pagans joined that of his Pro-
phet ; and that the great Myftery of the Heathen Priefthood, was
to draw from the latter, the Determinations of the former, v/hich
Joktan\ Contrivance, as above, could not fail, as to all outward
Appearance, of doing ; nor of giving Rife to the Oracle of Dodona^
the Anfwers being there delivered from an (/) Hollow Oak, by a Per-
fon therein conceal' d ; as well as to that Order of Priefts, among
the Druids, called {m) Saronidae, that is, Priefts of the Hollow Oak.
Strange Illufion But fiich as advanced the Worfhip of Baal, and
!
the Grove, to fuch a high Pitch, in the Kingdom of Ifrael, that no

lefs than [n) eight hundred and fifty Priefts attended the Altar in
Samaria ; four hundred and fifty of which addrefs'd thcmfeives im-

mediately to Baal, and the remaining four hundred apply'd them-
felves to Him by the Mediation of Aflaroth, or the Grove.
The Image of Jupiter Ammon was no more than an [p] Emerald,

and divers precious Stojjes ; and the Sides of the Ship, in which it
was carried, were adorned with a vaft Number of Cups, or Goblets,
hanging on them ; all reprefenting the Sun, Moon, and Planets, as
in the Daphnephorian Feftival of the Greeks : The Image of fp) Mo-
loch was the fame And a G?ôve fometimes confifted of a natural
:
Tree, fometimes of a Pillar in Imitation of a Tree, [qj Rehoboam

built Groves in every high Hill, and under every green Tree (r) :
Majtaffch made a Grove, which he placed in the Temple of GOD;
{[) Tiioi.Sk.X. 17. c. 5i Cot)2)/W. Sic. 1. V. c. 2,

(g) Judges viii. 33. («) 1 Kings, xviii. 15).
(h') Amos V. 2 5. (0) îfit us Cunius, 1. 4 c. 7.

(t) Judges li. 13. (p) Myth, of the Antients, 1. 7, c. (*.
(k) lb. vi. 16. (fj) 1 Kiiigi xiv. : 3,

{I) See Saniefs Myth, of the Antients, 1. 4. c. i. a Ki'igs xxi, 5.
M where
j
40 Ihc Origin of Building : Or, The Book 1.
where remained 'till (s) Jojiah caiifed it to be taken away.

it And
fuch Groves as were exhibited with the Image of Baal^ the Scrip-
ture defcribes by the Name of Chama?iim ; which, according to
Rabbi Solomon were Idols ; or, in the Words of Abenezra^ they
were portable Temples ; or rather Hollow Trees^ in which a Perfon
might conceal himfelf to make Refponfes to Queftions afk'd.
The which the Pagan Legiflators had for Abraham

great Efteem
is very clearly fhewn by Dean Prideaux : Out of a particular
Veneration for Abraham^ fiiys that Learned Author, (/) He, Zoro-
aftres^ call'd his Book the Book of Abraham^ and his Religion the
Religion of Abraham. For he pretended, that the Reformation
which he introduced was no more than to bring back the Religion
of the Perjians to that original Purity in which Abraham, pradlifed
it, by purging it of all thofe Defedls, Abufes, and Innovations,
which the Corruptions of After-times had introduced into it. And
to all this Mahomet alfo (no Doubt from this Pattern) afterwards
pretended for his Religion. For the Name of Abraham hath for a
great many Ages paft been had in great Veneration all over the
Eaft, and among all Seds, fo that every one of them have thought
it wou'd give Reputation to them, cou'd they entitle themfelves to
him. For not only the Jews^ the Magians^ and the Mahometam^
but the Sabians^ and alfo the Indians^ (if the Brahama of the latter
be Abraham^ as it is with good Reafon fuppos'd) all challenge him
to themfelves, as the great Patriarch and Founder of the feveral
Seds, every one of them pretending that their Religion is the
fame which Abraham profefled, and by his Reformation eflablifhed
among them, and to reftore this Reformation was all that Zoroafires^
Mahomet^ and the Author of the Sabian Sect, whoever he was,
pretended to.
The Sabeans^ or Followers of Sheba, cou'd not make aay great

Conqueft in bringing People over to rheir Religion, 'till they had
fuch Men as Noah^ Abrahafn^ and yofeph^ to reprefent by their
Images But after they had fuch eminent Men to raife to Divine
:
Honour, there is no Doubt but their Sed grew numerous in the Eaft,
where we will leave them for the prefent, and return to the IJraelitesy
whom we left in Slavery in the Land of Egypt. For by that Bon-
dage it will appear evident. That the Egyptians not only greatly
enrich'd themfelves ; but that Building flourifh'd for above one
Century in that Country. So that thofe People that went there
Shepherds^ muft come away the co7?iphatefl Artificers^ in Brick and
Mortar., perhaps at that Time in the World ; but yet one can't
perceive that they, or the People of any other Nation, made any
Advances towards Beauty in their Edifices,
0) 2 Kingi xxHi. 4.
(0 Con. p. 1. 1. 4,
For
Chap. IX. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 47
For if w6 look back into all the 9tru6lures recorded in the
Sacred Writings, we fhall find the Dwelling-Houfes to be but very
fmail, and only defign'd for the bare Convenience, of containing
the Families that took up their Abode in them, and to afford each
his feparate Room : For Jofeph^ in all his Dignity, fought where
to weep when he entertain'd his Brethren ; and at length withdrew
to his own Chamber So when he made himfelf
for that Purpofe.
known to them. Room was fo fcarce, that he order' d all others to
depart the Place Where he and his Brethren were If he had ano- :
ther fpare Room, a Scene fo moving as this, wou'd not have been
performed in that which was common to the Prefence of every
Body. Pharaoh\ Ambition, when he was pojjejfed of the greatefl
Part of the Riches of the Worlds did not lead him to ered fump-
tuous Palaces, but ftrong Treafure Cities, for the Security of his
Captives and Effeds. In fhort, a Room to eat in, and another to
fleep in, made a Nobleman's Apartment ; Beauty, and Grandeur
In Building, being as yet imperceptible in the beft Edifices ; the
Mind, requiring notliing unknown to it for its Gratification.
CHAP. IX.
Of the Tranfition of the collected Riches

of the World, from the Egyptians to
the Ifraelites,
HE Time of of Ahfâha?n\ Seed growing

the Afflidion
near its Period, the Egyptians being then at the Summit
of all Power and Glory, and the Land of Canaan being
no lefs confpicuous in Power, as it was divided into (a) feven
Nations, and govern'd by (h) tliirty three Kings, all of the Pof-
terity of wicked Ham^ GOD
choice of Mofesj fcj who
made
was taken out of the River by the Order of Pharaoh's Daughter,
became her adopted Son, and, as fuch, was fdj educated in Pha-
raoh's Court, to bring his People out of Egypt; inverting him with
all the Power neceffary for fo great an Event. And the better to
convince the People of the Truth of his Miflion, GOD enabled
him to work Miracles (e)
j
promifuig, at the fame Time, to be with
ia) Xeut. vii. i. (d) A^s vii. 21.

\b) yojhua xii. a, to J 4. (e) £sod. i\. 5.
(c) Exod. ii. 5.

48 The Origin of Building: Or, The BookL
his Mouth, and to teach him what to fay on all Occafions, that
his Brother Aaron fhou'd be his (f) Spokefman unto the People^
and unto him vijlead of a Mouthy and that he himfeif fhou'd be
unto Aaro7i Instead of GOD;
and to render them ftill greater (^)
He made Mofcs a God to Pharaoh^ and promifed that Aaron fhou'd
be his Prophet.
Notwithstanding this, when Mofes went to Pharaoh^ in Behalf

of his Brethren, to afk but for three Days Refpite from their Bon-
dage to go into the Wildernefs to Sacrifice unto the Lord their
GOD, Pharaoh infolently demanded to know of him who the
Lord was that he fhou'd obey his Voice, and premptorily declared
he knew Him not, nor wou'd he obey Him in what was required,
his Riches, and the Profperity he was in, making him believe he
had no Superior.
However, GOD foon brought this imperious Prince to a

due Senfe of his Omnipotence, for He had only rais'd him to that
Degree of Glory, to fhew in him his Power, and to make his Name
known throughout the Earth; and therefore, after infliding divers
Pla gues on him and his People, He gave the Ifraelites Infl:rud:ions
how to obtain an Equivalent for all their Service, and for the Riches
they originally brought out of Canaan : (h) I will, faith G O D to
Mofes^ bring one Plague more upon Pharaoh, and upon Egypt ; after-
wards he will let you go hence nay^ he will then furely thrufl you out:
\
But you fhall make your own Terms with him and his People^ before
you quit the Land ; and thofe Terms you /hall acquai?tt them with
before the Plague falls on them^ that they ?nay have Ti?ne to deli-
berate on the Matter. Let -every Man
Neighbour ^ and
tell his
every TVitnan her Neighbour^ that you will not leave Egypt without
they will give you their yewels of Silver ^ a?td their fewels of Gold.
For this is the Tenour of the colledive Part of the Hiflory, which,
in its own Language, makes one Demand, and the other Give, in-
ftead of one Borrowing, and the other Lending, as the com-
mon Interpreters make Mofes fpeak.
The Plague, here threatned, was the Death of the Firfl-Born of

all Egypt ; and when upon them, they expeded no lefs
it fell
than their own inevitable Death to follow, in Cafe the Ifraelites

continued any longer amongfl; them. Under thcfc Circumftances
the haughty Egyptians fued (/) Bondage,
to their Slaves to quit their
and, with the utmofi: Precipitation, not only to go where they
had defired, to ferve the Lord tlieir GOD, but entirely to leave
(f) EMd.'w. 16. C/.;;ib. xJ. r.

(^) lb. vii. I. li) lb. xii. 31.
the
Chap. IX. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DcteBed, 49
the Land of Egypt and as an Inducement thereto, and To [k)
\
OBTAIN THEIR Blessing, bid them take their Flocks and Herds,
and then gave them fuch Jewels of Silver, and Jev/els of Gold, toge-
ther with fuch Raiment as they required, as a Confideration for
their quitting the Land ; whereby the greatcft Part of the colleded
Riches of the Earth became the Property of the Ifraelites, a large
Step towards the gracious Promife of making them a great Nation^
whom GOD, by the Fland of his Servant Mofes^ miraculoufly brought
out of Egypt (I) by giving them a Paffage thro' the Red Sea, and
y
deftroying Pharaoh^ with thofe Egyptians^ that purfued after them.
This Paflage of the IJraelites thro' the Red Sea, is neverthelefs

miraculous, fuppoling Mofes to have taken the Recefs of tlie Tide
for it ; for during that Recefs, and in the dead of one Night, the
IJraelites^ amounting to above {m) hundred thouland Men on
fix
Foot, loaded with Provifions, their Families, their Cattle and Herds,
together with a mixed Multitude, entirely paffed the rough and un-
even BoLLom of that Sea, at leaft three Miles over ; and the Egyptian
Army, conlifiing of all the chofen Chariots in Egypt^ fix hundred
in Number, their Horfe-men, and their Foot, had enter'd it, and
were fo far gone, by the Time of the Morning Watch, that they
cou'd neither advance, nor retreat, upon the return of the Waters;
which foftned the Sands, clogg'd their Chariot Wheels, and fwallow-
ed up their v/hole Hofl: Whereas Xerxes^ about one thoufand Years
:
after, was {n) feven Days and feven Nights pafling a difciplin'd Army,
of feventeen hundred thoufand Men, over the Hellefponty upon
fmooth and level Bridges.
CHAP. X.
Of the Works performed by

the Ifra-
elites, between their crolling the Red
Sea, and their building the Tabernacle

under the Direction of Mofes.
Red and had

AS foon as the Ifraelites had crofs'd the
feen the Deftrudion of the Egyptians that purfued
total
them, and had alfo obferved the dead CarcafTes oi their
Sea,
Enemies lying all along the Shore, they not only afcribed the
great Defeat of Pharaoh^ and all his Hoft, to GOD ; but their
(^) Ewi, xii. 3a, (/; lb. xiv. 22, (w) lb. xii, 37. {n] Heroi. 1. 74
so Tloe Origin of Btiildlng : Or, The Book I.
own Deliverance from the Fury of that potent Prince : And Mofes
thus exprefs'd himfelf on that Occafion^ The Lord, faith he, [d] is
my Strength and Song, and he is become my Salvation ; he is my

GOD, and / will prepare him an Habitation ;
my Father's GOD,
and / will Exalt him.
With forward with the People, and

thefe Intentions Mofes fet
travelled towards the Defirts of Sinaiy incamping firft at EHmt^

where they found twelve Wells of Water, and feventy Palm Trees,
then in the Wildernefs of Sin^ and afterwards at Rephidim.
It was at this laft Place that the Ifraelites were firft attack'd,
and it was there that Mofes built his firft Altar ^ which he raifed in
Token of his Vi6tory over A??talekj and therefore called Jehovah-
it
Nissi, a Name importing, that the Land was his Banner.
It muft be obferved in this Place, That Mofes^ in his Exhortation

to the Ifraelites^ among the Titles which he gives to Ca?2aany is
that of a Land of Pomegranates and therefore ordained it as a
;
(b)
Law, that whenever they fhould befiege any City in that Land, they
fhould not cut down, or deftroy, fuch Trees as produced Meat for
Men. (c) So that it is more than probable, that the feventy Trees
at Elim yielded the People Suftenance, fince they muft of Courfe
be then deftitute of Provifions ; becaufe when they left Egypt they
had but a little unleavened Dough for Bread And this Con- :
jedlure may appear the more reafonable, when we confider the

great Ufe the Palm Trees are of to the Inhabitants of thofe Places
where they grow for Herodotus tells us. That of the Fruit of
;
thofe Trees, the Babyloniajts made Bread, Wine, and Honey That :
fingle Tree, according to Strabo^ yielded the People of the Country

about Euphrates^ Wine, Vinegar, Honey, and Meal ; and the fame
Author adds, That out of it they wove their Clothes ; that the
Shells ferv'd the Smith for Fire ; and that being foaked in Water,
with them they might feed their Cattle, Oxen, and Sheep. Befides
this, Diodorus Siculus^ in defcribing the Country near the Place
where Elim was fituated, declares, that the Palm Trees yield fuffi-
cient for Pleafure and Neceflity.
Upon the fifteenth Day of the third Month, (d) after the Ifra-
elites came out of Egypt, they reached the Defert of Sinai, and
incamped in the Wildernefs before the Mount, to which Mofes im-

mediately went up, where GOD
gave him a Meflage to the Peo-
ple, importing. That if they would obey his Voice, and keep his
Covenant, they fhould be a peculiar Treafure to him, above all
others, a Kingdom of Priefts, and an Holy Nation ; at the fame
(«) Eyiod. XV. I. (c) Deut. xx. 19.

Z?e«^ V)ii. 8. fij £xo^/.xlx. i.
Time
Chap. X. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteSted. î
Time reminding them had already feeii what he had done

that they
to the Egyptians^ and how he had borne them, the Ifraelites, on
Eagles Wings, and had brought them to himfelf. To which they
all unanimoufly anfwered, That all the Lord had fpoken they
wou'd do.
When Jethro^ the Prieft of Median^ heard that the People were
encamped at this Place, he immediately went to them, and carried,
with him Mofes\ Wife and Children; and after Mofes had given
him a full Account of every Thing that had paffed, Jethro pro-
feffed his Faith in GOD, and then, in the Prefence of Aaron and
the Elders of Ifrael^ offered Burnt- Offerings, and Sacrifices to Him.
J ET H RO^ the next Day, obferving how the Time of Mofes

was taken up in adminiftring Juftice, con eluded it to be by much
too heavy a Tafk for him, and therefore advifed [e] him, firft to fe-
le6l out of the People able Men, fuchD, Men of
as feared G O
Truth, and fuch as hated Covetoufnefs ; then to teach them the Or-
dinances and Laws of GOD;
and afterwards to fet them over the
People as Rulers of Thoufands, Rulers of Hundreds, Rulers of Fif-
ties, and Rulers of Tens, with a Power to take Cognizance of all
little Matters ; but to referve to himfelf the Decifion of all //eighty

Affairs. And this Jethro urged as the
only Means for Mofes to pre-
ferve his enable him to bring the Peo-
own Health and Eafe, and to
ple, in Peace, to the promifed Land : Provided neverthelefs, that
this Scheme, for the Civil Government of the People, fhould not be
repugnant to the Commands of GOD;
but wholly conformable
thereto.
Soon and Hearing of all the People,

after this, in the Sight GOD
himfelf pronounced his Commandments, which were ten in Num-
ber ; the two firft whereof not only forbids Idolatry, but explains
the feveral Species thereof : Thou fhalt have none other Gods before,
me. Thou fjalt not fnah graven Image ^ nor the hike-
to thy felf any
nefs of any Thing that is in Heave?i above^ or in the Earth beneathy

or in the Waters under the Earth ; Thou fjalt not bow down to them,
nor worfdip them. This is the Sum of thofe two Commandments ;
by which it feems clear, that GOD
was addreffed to by the Heavenly
Bodies, and thereby intercepted from fuch as paid their Devotions
to him ; That they had made to themfelves Images of Things in
Heaven, in the Earth, and under the Earth ; t|jat is, of the Pla-
nets, of Prophets, and of eminent and good Men, deceas'd ; and had
adored and worfhipped them Inftead of which,
: com- GOD
m.anded Mofes to tell the Children of Ifrael to make an Altar of
Earth, or of unhewn Stone, and facrifice thereon their Offerings in
all Places where he fliould record his Name,
(f) And at the fame
(ji) Escod. xviii. 20,
(f) lb. XX, xxiv.

Tin:e
52 ne Origin of Building: Or, The Book I
Time He diredled Mofes to fet fevcral Laws before them, which he

did, and to which they all afiented. Then Mofcs wrote all the
Words of GOD in a Book ; and the next Morning he built (g) an
Altar at theFoot of Mount Sinai^ together with twelve Ptilarsy
according to the twelve Tribes of Ifrael^ of which Plate i. is
the Plan.
A. The Altar.
B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. K. L. M. N. The twelve Pillars.
This Mofes appointed a folemn Sacrifice of Oxen, and

done,
having taken half the Blood of thofe Animals into Bafons, and
Jprinkled the other half on the Altar^ He then took the Book of
the Covenant, which he read in the Audience of the People j and
they, a third Time, a (Tented to the Words of GOD, and to be
obedient to him ; in witnefs whereof, Mofes fprinklcd the Blood he
had preferved upon them, telling them it was the Blood of the Co-
venant which the Lord had made with them, concerning all the
Words which he had been reading to them. Thus Mofes perform-
ed the Coinmiffwn which GOD
had given him, and this folem.n
Sacrifice was the Token {h) by which he was to know it*
This Work of Mofes\ was copied by the Pagans; and to it we

may very juftly afcribe the Origin of all thofe circular and qua-
drangular Places of publick Worfhip in the Eaft, as well as thofe
of the Druids in thefe Parts of the Worlds which were compofed
of fingle Stones fet up on their Ends.
CHAP. XL
Of the Tabernacle erected by Mofes in

the Wildernefs.
MOSES having declared his Intention of tnahng

bitation ycir GOD, as well as of Exalting 6im, after
a?i Ha-
he had made the Covenant with the People, as above. He

together with Aaron, Nadab, Abihuy and feventy of the Elders left
the Camp, and went up towards Mount Sinai, where {d) they all
faw the G 0 D
of Ifrael And there was under his Feet, as it ivere^
:
(g) EmA. xxiv. 4, (h) lb, 3. 13. (a) lb. xxiv. 10;
a paved
Chap. X 1. Plagiarism of the Heathens DeteBed. 55
a paved W irkof a Sapphire Stone ; and^ as it were^ the Body of Hea~

veil in his Clearnefs : But only Mofes advanced to the Mount itfelf,
where GOD was him in the Habitation he in-
pleafed to inftrud
tended to make Him, and to impart to him thofe Things that would
be conducive to his Delign of Exhalting Him.
Te ll the Children of Ifrael, faith G O D to Mofes^ {b) to bring

me an Offering, but receive only of fuch as fhall bring it willingly,
and of them take Gold^ Silver^ Brafs, Blue, Purple, Scarlet, f?te
Limien, Goats Hair, Ram Shifts dyed red. Badgers Skins, Shittim
Wood, Oil, Spices, Onyx Ephod and
Stones, a?id Stones to fet in the
Breaft-Plate : With thefe Materials, let them make me a Sanctuary,
that I may dwell among them and let them make it according to
;
the Pattern which I now fl-êw to thee^ and according to thefe Di-
reElions.
They fhall make an Arl, of Shittim Wood, two Cubits and a

half long, one Cubit and a half broad, and one Cubit and a half
high, which thou fhalt over-lay with pure Gold, within and with-
out, and round about the Top thereof thou fhalt make a Crown of
Gold ; for the four Corners of this Ark thou fhalt caft four Rings
of Gold, and place two on each Side thereof ; into which Rings,
thou fhalt put Staves of Shittim Wood, over-laid with Gold, and
thofe Staves fhall always remain fo fixed to the Ark, in order to
bear it when it is carried.
Thou make
a Mercy Seat, of pure Gold, two Cubits and
fhalt
a half long, and one Cubit and a half broad, with two Cherubims,
of Gold, of Beaten Work, on the Ends thereof, having their Faces
looking to one another, and their Wings ftretched on high, and
covering the Mercy Seat.
Thou fhalt make a Table of Shittim Wood, two Cubits long, one
Cubit broad, and one Cubit and a half high, which thou lhalt
over-lay with pure Gold ; to which thou fhalt add a Crown of
Gold, a Border of a Hand's Breadth, and a Golden Crown to the
fame Border ; alfo four Rings of Gold, which thou fhalt put in the
four Corners of the Table, over-againft the Border, and thefe Rings
fhall be for Places to receive the Staves neceffary to bear the Table,
which Staves fhall be made of Shittim Wood, and over-laid with
Gold.
Thou fhalt make a Candlefich, with fix Branches, of pure Gold,

of Beaten Work ; three of the Branches fliall be placed on each Side
of the Shaft, every Branch fhall have three Bowls, like unto Al-
monds, with the fame Number of Knops, and Flowers ; and in the
Shaft there fhall be four Bowls, like unto Almonds, with a Knop, and
(b) Exod. XXV. 2,
O a Flower,
; :
5'4 Origin of Building : Or, The Book I.
a Flower, to every Bowl. The Branches lliall be fo fixed to the

Shaft, that there may be be a Knop under every two Branches as
they proceed out of it ; and thou fhalt make feven Lamps to this
Caiidleflick^ in Order to illuminate what fhall be over-againft it
the Tongs and Snuffers fliall be of pure Gold, and the whole fhall
be made of one Talent.
Moreover, thou fhalt make the Tabernacle with ten Curtains

of fine Twined Linnen, and Blue, Purple, and Scarlet, with Cheru-
bims of Cunning Work ; each Curtain fhall be twenty-eight Cu-
bits long, and four Cubits broad : Thefe Curtains thou fhalt couple
together, two Pieces, of five Curtains in each Piece, and
firft into
then into one, by making fifty Loops upon the Edge of the ex-
tream Curtain of each Piece, and faftening them together with fifty
Taches of Gold.
Thou fiialt make eleven Curtains of Goats Hair to be a Cover-

ing, or Tent, upon the Tabernacle ; each Curtain fhall be thirty
Cubits long, and four Cubits broad : Five of thefe Curtains thou
fhalt couple together in one Piece, and fix in another Piece ; thefe
thou fhalt again couple together, by making fifty Loops on the
Edge of the extream Curtain of each Piece, and faftening them to-
gether with fifty Taches of Brafs. The Curtain next the Front of
the Tabernacle lliall be doubled, that the laft Curtain may hang
over the back Part of the Tabernacle two Cubits, or half of its
Breadth ; and thefe Curtains by being longer than the under ones,
,
will hang over on each Side, one Cubit, and fo cover the whole
Tabernacle. Thou fiialt alfo make a Covering for the Tent of Ram
SkinSj dyed red, and another Covering above that of Badgers Skins.
Thou flialt make Boards^ for the laberitacle of Shittim Wood,

every Board fiiall be ten Cubits long, and one Cubit and a half
broad, with two Tenons fet in Order, one againft another. On
the South Side of the Tabernacle there fhall be twenty of thefe
Boards, with forty Soqkets of Silver under the forty Tenons there-
of On the North Side, there fiiall be twenty of the fame Boards,
:
with forty Sockets of Silver under the forty Tenons thereof ; and
on the Weft Side, there fhall be fix of the like Boards, with two
others for the Corners, to be coupled above and below to one Ring,
with fixteen Sockets of Silver under the fixteen Tenons thereof
And thus every Board will have two Sockets for his two Tenons.
Thou fhalt make Bars of Shittim Wood, five for the Boards on
one Side of the Tabernacle, five for the Boards on the otlier Side,
and five for thofe on the Weft Sides ; the middle Bar, in the midft
of the Boards, fhall reach from End to End of each refpedive Side.
The Boards and Bars fhall be over-laid with Gold, and the Boards
fhall be faftened to the Bars by Means of Rings of Gold fixed to
the former, thro' which the latter fhall fhoot.
Thou
;
Chap. XL Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeleBed. 55
Thou flialt make a four Square Altar to burn Incenfe upon, one
Cubit long, one Cubit broad, and two Cubits high, with Horns on
the four Corners thereof ; which yihar thou (halt make of Shit-
tim Wood, then over-lay it with pure Gold, and about the Top
thereof thou flialt make a Crown of Gold, with two Golden Rings
by the two Corners. This done, thou flialt next prepare two Staves
of Shittim Wood, over-laid with Gold, to be put through thofe
Rings to bear the Altar withal.
Thou fhalt make a Pâil of Blue, Purple, Scarlet, and fine Twined
Linnen of Cunning Work, with Cherubims ; alfo four Pillars of
Shittim Wood, which thou fhalt over-lay with Gold ; the Hooks
of thefe Pillars fhall be of Gold, and the Sockets of Silver. This
Vail thou fhalt hang upon thefe four Pillars, diredly under the
Taches, that thou mayeft bring in, within it, the Ark of the Tefti-
mony, with the Mercy Seat upon it. And the ail, thus fixed,
fhall divide unto you, between the Holy Place, and the moft Holy.
The Ta^le fhall be fet without the Fail, on the North Side of the
Tabernacle ; the Candlejlick fliall be placed over-againft the liable,
on the South Side \ and the Altar of Incenfe fhall be put before
the Fail.
Thou make an Hanging for the Door of the T'ent, of Blue,

fhalt
Purple, Scarlet, and fine Twined Linnen, wrought with Needle
Work this fhall be fupported by five Pillars, of Shittim Wood,
;
over-laid with Gold whofe Hooks fhall be likewife of Gold, but

;
their five Sockets fhall be of Brafs.
Thou fhalt make an Altar of Shittim Wood, with Horns, on the

four Corners thereof, of the fame Wood ; this Altar fhall be four
Square the Length of which fhall be five Cubits, the Breadth five
;
Cubits, and the Height three Cubits ; and thou fiialt over-lay the
Whole with Brafs of which Metal thou flialt
; make all its Veffels,
and all its Appurtenances. To the Corners of Altar thou ihalt

this
fixbrazen Rings, thro' which thou fbalt put Staves of Shittim

Wood, over-laid with Brafs, to bear it.
Thou fhalt make of the Tabernacle, for the South

the Court
Side of which there fhall be Hangi?igs prepared of fine Twined
Linnen, one hundred Cubits long, together with twenty Pillars ;
for the North Side, the like Quantity of Hangi?igs, and the fame
Number of Pillars ; for the Breadth of the Court, at the Weft End,
half the Quantity of Hangings, and half the Number of Pillars,
direded for one of the Sides ; and for the Eaft End of the Court
there fhall be three Pieces of Hangi?igs, and ten Pillars provided
two Pieces of thefe Hangings fhall be made of fine Twined Linnen,
each of which fhall be fifteen Cubits long ; and the other Piece
fhall be made of Blue^ Purple, Scarlet, and fine Twined Linnen,
O 2 wrought
wrought with Needle Work, and be twenty Cubits long. All the
Pillars round about the Court with Silver; their
fhall be filleted
Hooks lhall of Silver, and their Sockets of Brafs ; of which

Metal, all the Pins and VeiTels fhall be made. The Length of
the Court (hall be one hundred Cubits, the Breadth fifty, and the
Height, by the Curtains^ five.
Thou fhalt make a Laver of Brafs, place it between the Taber-

nacle and the Brazen Altar^ and put Water therein.
Th en god concluded in faying, (c) See, I have called by

Name, Bezaleel, the So?i of Uri, the Son of Hur, of the Tribe of
Judah And I have filled him with the Spirit of G 0 D, in JVifdom,
:
and Underfla7iding, and in Knowledge, in all Maimer of Worhnan-

fhip, to devife Cunning JVorks, to work i?i Gold, Silver, and Brafs,
in Cutting of Stones, in Setting of them, and in Carving of Timber.
Ajtd with him I have given Aholiab, the Son of Ahifamach, of the
Tribe of Dan ; and in the Hearts of all that are wife-hearted, I have
put Wifdom ; that they may make all that I have commanded thee.
Thus far concerning the Habitation for GOD. Now to

enable Mofes to Exalt him, GOD gave him fd) Tables of Stone,
on which he had written a Law and Commandments for him to
teach ; this he was directed to [e) put into the Ark, upon which
the Mercy Seat was to ftand ; and there promifed to GOD
(f)
meet his Servant Mofes, and to Commune with him.
Upon the Table, Mofes was diredted to fg)

in the Tabernacle,
order Shew Bread always to be put ; to [h) keep the Lamps of the
Candleflick conftantly lighted ; and to (i) burn fweet Incenfe upon
the Altar, before the V ail, as often as the Lamps fiiould be drefs'd.
He was likewife direded to (k) ofier two Lambs, of the firft Year,
Day by Day, continually, together with a Dri?ik Offerifig, on the
Altar in the Court. And as often as the Priefts, appointed for the
Performance of any of thefe Things, fiiould go into the Tabernacle^
they were (I) ordered to wafii their Feet with the Water in the
Laver, before the Door of that Strudlure.
MOSES thus Divinely inftruded in the Habitation he in-

tended to build for GOD,
and in the Manner in which it was
proper for him to Exalt Him, was next directed to deftroy Idola-
try in the Land of Canaan, and the Means of Introducing, or of
Propagating it again, among the Ifraelites, when they fliould be
fettled in that Land. Thou fhalt, faith GOD to him, {m) utterly
(f) Exod xxxi. 2. (^h) lb. xxvii. zo.

Id) lb XXXI. i8. (i) lb. XXX. 7.
(e) lb. XXV, itf. (k) lb. xxix. 98.
ff) lb. XXV. 22. (/) lb. ;o. 19.
(g) lb. XXV. 30. (w) lb, xxiii. 24. and xxxiv. 12.
over-
:
Clhap. XL Plagiarism of the Heathens heteBed. 57
overthrow the Gods in all the Land of Canaan^ and quite break
down their Images^ deftroy their AltarSy and cut down their Groves.
Thou fhalt make no Covenant with the Inhabitants of that Land,
nor with their Gods ; nor fhalt thou fuffer them to dwell in the
fame Land with thee \ neither fhalt thou contradt Marriage with
them.
After
Mofes had been thirty-nine Days in the Mount, the Peo-
ple imagined him to be loft, and fo applied themfelves to Aaroriy
whom they looked upon as a Prophet, from the Signs he had
ihewed them in Egypt^ to maks them an Image of their Leader,
their Ruler, and their yudge, to condudl and rule them for the
future. For feems to be the Meaning of their Requeft to Aaron:
this
[n) Make us Gods to go before us, for as for this Mofes, which
brought us out of the Land of Egypt, we wot not what is become
of him : That is, Make us an Image of our Judge, Ruler, and
Leader, here called a God, an Appellation the [o) Scripture often
gives to Judges, Magiflrates, and Rulers of the People.
AARON, willing to comply with the Requeft that was made

him, demanded of the People the Ear-Rings out of the Ears of
their Sons, their Wives, and their Daughters ; which they inftantly
gave him. Then he prepared to make the Image, notwithftanding
GOD had fo lately forbid Works of this Nature And He having :
caft the Jewels into the Fire, the Mould, intended for a Man,
(p)
produced a Calf-, which Aaron (^) touched up with a Graving
Tool.
The amazed at this Prodigy, took the fortuitous Image

People,
to be their God ; and though they had a few Hours before attri-
buted their Delivery from Egypt to Mofes, they now divefted him
of that Honour, by declaring the Image to be the God that brought
them out of that Land ; and as fuch they paid Divine Honours to
it: Nay Aaron himfelf built an Altar before this Calf, and appoint-
ed a Feaft, to be obferved the Day after, being the foxty-firft from
Mofes\ going up into the Mount ; which Feaft was accordingly held
For, at that Time, the People then offered their Burnt-Offerings, and
brought theii: Peace-Offerings to this Image before which they fat ;
down to eat and drink, and then rofe up to play.
I T is the general received Opinion, that this Image was made to

imitate the God Apis, of the Egyptians : But as the Egyptia?is
were a People remarkable for paying (r) a fuperftitious Reverence
to Prodigies, or any Thing tending that Way, it feems much more
Probable, that Aaron\ Calf gave them the Idea of their Apis j for
C«) Exod.xxKXi. T, {q) Exod. 52. i?.

(oj Exod. xxii. 18.— yy. Ixxxii. d.-^Joha k. 34.— A7i xxiii. 5- (r) Herod, 1. a,
{f) Exod. xxxii. 24.
P one
.
58 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book I

one of the Plagues which GOD inflidedupon the Egyptians^ juft:
before the Ifraelites left that Country, was (s) Murrain among
2i
their Beajls^ which deftroyed all their Horfes, Afl'es, Camels, Oxen,
and Sheep. If there had been an Apis to fhare in the common
Calamity, how had Mofes triumphed in the G O D of IJrael\ de-
flroying the God of the Egyptians f On the contrary, had there
been an Apis to furvive this Plague, wou'd the Ifraelites have fought
to a God who had not defended his own People ; to One that fuf-
fered all Sorts of Plagues to fall on them ; and to One that fuffer-
ed their whole Hoft to be deftroyed ? Surely fueh a God muft be
contemptible, and not venerable, to the Ifraelites. The Truth there-
fore, in its full Force, feems to be, tliat the People of this little Repub-
lick, loofing Mofes y their Leader, as they thought, applied themfelves
to Aaron to make his Image ; into which, by Virtue of the Power
,
he had of working Miracles, they thought he could tranfpofe hi^

Soul, and thereby fecure to them the Prefence of that Man who
had fuch a Power with G O D in their Behalf, as they had, in fo
many Inftances, experienced him to have. But fhewed them GOD
their Folly, had they but been able to difcern it ; the Mouldy in^
tended for a Man^ produced one of the moft ftupid of Animals,
A GREAT Calf.
In this Conjundure, GOD

(t) fent Mofes down from the Mount,
to punifh the People for the Violation of the Covenant they had fo
lately entered into with Him ; who accordingly took the Calf, and
burnt it, then ground it to Powder, this he ftrawed upon the
Water, and then made the Children of Ifrael drink thereof. He
next rebuked Aaron ; and then taking to his Afliftance the Sons of
Levi^ they flew about three thoufand Men, that Day, who had
been the Ring-leaders of this Idolatry ; which Mofes before had in-
terdicted, in the ftrongeft Manner, by fhewing his Brethren, that
the Power Prophets had with GOD, in Behalf of Man, ceafed with
their Exiftence here. Enochs fiys our Divine Hiftorian, [u) was a
moft righteous Man, He walked with for three hundredGOD
Years ; then GOD
took him for his Piety into Heaven But ne- :
verthelefs, Enoch was not ; that is, his Miilion ceas'd at the Time
of his Tranflation.
The Mofes told his Brethren, That he would go

next Morning,
up again to GOD, to endeavour to make Attonement for this great
Sin, which they had committed ; and they, on their Parts, teftified
their Humility, by ftripping themfelves of their Ornaments, and
impatiently waited the Return of Mofes. But, alas he could not pre- !
vail ; for GOD

then turned from them, refufed to go in the Midft
of them for the future, and not only (w^ gave them up to worfhip
(i) Esod. ix. J. (rj Ib.xxxit. 7. («) Gen. v. 24. («0 -^^^ vii. 42
the
Chap. XL Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detected, sg
the Hoft of Heaven, but determined to plague them for the Calf
they had caufed Aaron to make. Neverthelefs, (x) He appointed
Mofes to condud: them to the promifed Land ; and withal told
him, That his Angel fhould go before him ; and that He himfelf
wou'd drive out of that Land, the Canaanite^ the Amorite^ the Hit-
tite^ the Perizzite^ the Hivite, and the yebufite^ whofe (y) Abo-
minations, in offering their Children, as SacriJfices to their Idols, in

ufing Divinations, Enchantments, Witchcraft, and Necromancy, in
obferving Times, in making Ufe of Charms, and in confulting with
familiar Spirits, had brought upon them the Divine Vengeance, to
extirpate and deftroy them.
ThusMofes received a fecond Com?niJJion from GOD, relating to

thefe People ; to whom he forthwith returned, and acquainted them
with it But when they heard thefe evil Tidings, Drefs was no
:
more regarded, the People mourned, and no Man attempted to put

on his Ornaments. However, Mofes, in fome Meafure, alleviated
their Grief, by giving them a full Detail of G O D's Orders con-
cerning the Tabernacle : Whereupon the Offerings, for that Structure,
were brought fo faft, were foon reftrained from
that the People
contributing more ; the Work was immediately begun, in Obedi-
ence to the Directions given, as before, in the moft expreffive and
comprehenfive Terms ; and what appears to have been omitted in
the Defcription of the Work, was undoubtedly fupplied in the
Pattern which GOD
fhewed to Mofes.
Moreover the Tenons, of the Boards, were made equally diftant

from one another ; the Pillars of the Door of the Tabernacle had
Chapiters, and Fillets over-laid with Gold and thofe of the Court
;
had Chapiters over-laid with Silver, and were filleted with the
fame Metal.
All the Gold amounted and feven liun-

to twenty-nine Talents,
dred and thirty Sheckles ; and the Silver amounted to one hundred
Talents, and one thoufand feVen hundred and feventy five Shekels :
The People that were numbered were fix hundred and three thou-
fand five hundred and fifty Men, above twenty Years old ; and each
offered a Bekah, or half a Shekel of Silver.
Of the Silver, offered by the People that were numbered^ the

Workmen of the SanBuary, one hundred in Num-
caft the Sockets
ber, of a Talent Weight each ; and of the Remaining one thoufand
feven hundred and feventy five Shekels, they made the Hooks, Cha-*
piters, and Fillets of the Pillars,
(x) EmA, xxx'ti. (y^ 7)eut. xviii s».
P 3 kht
;:
;
6o The Origin of Building: Or, The Bookl.
All the Brafs amounted to feventy Talents, and two thoufand

four hundred Shekels ; and therewith the Workmen made the Soc-
kets for the Pillars at the Door of the Tabernacle^ the Brazen
Altar, with all its Appurtenances, the Sockets for the Pillars of the
Court, and all the Pins neceflary for the Tabernacle, with the Cotirt
about it.
The Work being all eompleated, together with fuch Cords as

were proper for the Court, the fame was viewed and approved by
Mojes. Then GOD commanded the Tabernacle to be reared
the Altar of Burnt-Offerings to be placed before the Door of that
Strudure ; the Laver between the Door and the Altar ;
to be fixed
and the Court to be fet up round about the Whole Which Mofes :
accordingly performed, upon the firft Day of the firft Month, in

the fecond Year after the Departure of the Ifraelites from Egypt
For upon that Day he reared up the Tabernacle, and the Altar,
and fo finiflicd the whole Work of which Plate N'^ 2. 3. is the
•
Plan.
A. A. The South Side of the Tabernacle, confifting of twenty

Boards, ten Cubits long, and one Cubit and a half broad ; fup-
ported by forty Sockets of Silver.
B. B. The North Side of the Tabernacle, confifting of twenty
ported by forty Sockets of Silver.
C. C. The Weft Ends of the Taber?jacle, confifting of eight
ported by fixteen Sockets of Silver.
D. D. D. D. The four Pillars, upon which the ail was hung
fupported by four Sockets of Silver.
E. The moft Holy Place.
F. The Ark of the lejlimony, with the Mercy Seat upon it.
G. The Holy Place.
H. The Altar of Incenfe.
I. The Table, with Shew Bread upon it.
K. The Candlejlick, with feven Lamps.
L. L. L. L. L. The five Pillars which form'd the Door of the
labernacle ;
fupported by five Sockets of Brafs.
M. The Laver.
N. The Altar of Burnt-Offerings.
O. O. The South Side of the Court, one hundred Cubits long,
containing twenty Pillars, upon twenty Sockets of Brafs.
P. P. The North Side of the Court, one liundred Cubits long,
containing twenty Pillars, upon twenty Sockets of Brafs.
Q^Q^ The Weft End of the Court, fifty Cubits in Breadth ;
containing ten Pillars, upon ten Sockets of Brafs.
jR. R»
1;
Chap. XL Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detected. 6
R. R. The Eaft End of the Courts fifty Cubits in Breadth

containing ten Pillarsûpon ten Sockets of Brafs ; of which the
four middle Pillars^ and the three Spaces between tliem, take
twenty Cubits, and make the Gate ; which has on each Side of
it, three PillarSy and three Spaces, occupying fifteen Cubits on a
Side.
This 'Tabernacle Mofes reared {z) up at a confiderable Diflance

from the Camp ; he looking upon the Ground, where his Brethren
had then pitched their Tents, as polluted, by the Idolatry the Peo-
ple had run into, when they made a Calf, and paid Divine Honoui-s
to it, as above and therefore improper for the SanEiuary of
; GOD
to be pitched upon.
For the Service of this Tahenmcle, GOD fet apart (a) Aaron^ and
his four Sons, Nadab^ Abihuy Eleazar, and Ithamar ; and then di-
rected Mofes to make them their proper Garments For Aaron He :
was to make a Breaft-Plate, an Ephod, a Robe, a broidered Coat,

a Mitre, a Girdle, and Breeches ; and for his Sons, Coats, Girdles,
Bonnets, and Breeches With thefe Garments,
: direded Mofes GOD
to cloath Aaron, and his Sons ; then to anoint, confecrate, and
fandify them ; and in Aaron s Breaft-Plate to put the Urim and
Thummim ; after which, faith G O D to Mofes, they fhall be upon
Aaron\ Heart, when he goeth in before the Lord And Aaron :
Jhall bear the fudgment of the Children of Ifracl tipon his Heart,
before the Lord continually.
Thus the Spiritual Government of the People was committed to

Aaron ; who had to his Afiiftance his four Sons : So that the Prieft-
hood was compofed of an High Prieft, and four of an inferior
Order.
The Time which the Tabernacle, and Aaron and his Sons
in
were confecrated, was feven Days ; and on the eighth Day Mofes
went into the Tabernacle, and immediately a cloudy Pillar defccnd-
ed, and ftood at the Door of that Structure ; then the Lord ap-
peared before the whole Congregation of Ifrael for when Mfes ;
left the Camp that Day, every Man ftood at his Tent Door to look
after him, and fee the Event of his addrefiing himfelf to in GOD
this new Habitation and when they faw the Pillar defcend, every
;
Man worfhipped GOD

in his Tent Door. The firft Month con-
fifted of thirty Days, the fecond of twenty-nine, and fo alternately
and fuccefiively, as was before obferved and therefore, from the ;
firft Day of the firft Month, of the firft Year, to the firft Day of
the firft Month, of the fecond Year, both inclufive, is three hun-
dred forty-five Days ; to which add the above-mention'd eight Days,
(s) Evioi. xxxiii, 7, (a) Ib.xxviii. i.
and
62 'J tje Origin oj- £>miamg: ur, loe Book I.
and at lead two Days more for fetting up the Work, and for all
neceflary Preparations for the Offerings,and other Things relating to
the 7aber?iacle^ and together it will make three hundred and fixty-
five Days And we may conclude, that the Time from G O D's
:
appointing the Pajj'over, to his appearing at the Completion of this

Work, anfwered that very Period, fince that which is fpecified comes
fo near it, and a further Time feemingly neceffary for fetting up
the Work.
The Tabernacle thus pitched, Mofes gave his Brethren to tinder-

ftand, That fuch as fought GOD, muft repair to and make
it,
their Offerings to Hini, in fuch a Manner, as we find them record-

ed in the Book of Leviticus : Accordingly, the Princes of the
Tribes inftantly began to make them ; and their Offerings, con-
lifting of fix covered Waggons, twelve Oxen, and divers other
Things, took up twelve Days. And thus the Althr was dedicated
about the twenty-fecond day of the firft Month, of the fecond Year,
after the IJraelites left Egypt ; about the Year of the World two
thoufand five hundred and thirteen, and about eisht hundred and
fifty-feven Years after the Dehigc.
For the Performance of this Tabernacle^ the Precept of Beauty

was REVEALED to Man: And as the Caufe of this Strudure re-
garded his Piety fo every Part of it was expreffive of
y as GOD;
we fhall endeavour to fhew in the next Book. In the Conclufion
of this, we fhall only add a fhort Explanation of the Urijn and
Tlmmmim^ from the Lights the Scripture gives us concerning them.
CHAP. xn.
Of the Urm and Thummim,
HEN Aaron was inducted into his Office, Mofes brought

him to the Door of the Tabernacle^ and there, in the
Sight of all the People, firft waftied him, then cloath-
ed him with his Holy Garments, and, in the next Place, (a) put
in his Breaft -Plate the Uri?7i and Thummim : And when Mofes
bleffed the Tribes, many Years after, to that of Levi, He thus faid,
[bj Let thy Thummi?n and Holy One, 'whom thou
thy U7~i7?i be with thy
didfl prove at Maffah, and with ivhom thou didfl flrive, at the Waters
Livit. viii. 8. {h) 'Dem. xxjciii, 8,

Chap* XIL Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 6^
of Meribah. So that the Urwi and Thummim were then refign'd

to fc) GOD; that the Tribe of Levi might not imagine them to
be joined to the Priefthodd, which was made Hereditary in them.
The Urim and Thummm^

from hence, appears evidently to
have been no real Thing wrapped up in the Breaft-Plate, as fome
have intimated Thofe Words Hterally lignify Light and Perfec-
:
tion, and therefore, were moft undoubtedly Spiritual Endowments,

which Mofes communicated to Aaro7i^ at the Time of Inducing
him into his Office But nothing Oraculous appears in, or from
:
them, by the exprefs Words of Scripture They were Endovvjiients :
which only extended to capacitate Aar07t^ for the due Execution of

his Office ; GOD never fpoke to him as He did to Mofes ; nor did
He endow him with the Gift of Prophecy, as is manifeft in the
Cafe of his and his Sifter Miriam 'z, Sedition : \d) Hath the Lord
indeed fpoken ojily by Moles ? Hath he not fpoken alfo by us f No !
For GOD told them, a Prophet among you^ I will

If there be
make My Self known unto hijn in a Jîfon^ and will fpeak unto hi'm
in a Dream ; declaring at the fame Time, That Mofes was no
Prophet^ but of a much fuperior Denomination, even his faithful
Serva7it^ to whofn he would fpeak Mouth to Mouthy even apparently^
and not in dark Speeches ; which demonftrates to us, that whatever
Aaron did, was by the immediate Direction of Mofes^ and not of GOD.
MOSES^ That when they

in the next Place, told his Brethren,
fhou'd be fettled in the Land of Canadn, they Ihou'd not do after
the Abominations of the People of that Land, who had Oracles
and Prophets of various Kinds to delude Mankind. The Time will
come, faith He, when [ej the thy LORD will raife up unto GOD
thee a Prophet from the 7nidfl of thee, of thy Brethrejt^ like ufiio me ;
tinto hi7n ye fjall hearken. It will, continues Mofes^ be a Prophet, in
whofe Mouth GOD will put his Words ; and that Prophet will
relate them truly to the People. 'Till that Time comes, follow the
Diredions I have given you ; and in the Interval, be not afraid of
any one who fhall affiime the Gift of Prophecy ; but when the
Great Prophet comes, be ftridly obedient to him After this, Mofes :
blefted the Tribes, and then relign'd the Urim and 7hu7n7?iimy in
that of Levi^ to GOD, as above.
Th e fafeft Interpretation therefore that can be fet on the Urim

and T'hummimy and the moft confiftent with the Scripture, is. That
GOD gave Mofes the great Gifts of Light and Pe7feEiiony to ena-
ble him, with the Afliftance of his Brother Aaro77^ to bring his
People out of Slavery to the Land promis'd them, four hundred
Years before ; to give them a Law for their Government in that
^c) Nutv- H^. 13. and 14. 7/^ Ixxxi. 7. and cvi. 32. (d) N:m, xii. s. (ê) 2>eur. xviii. 1 5.
Land,
64 7he Origin of Building, Oc. Book L
Land, 'till the Seed of the TVo77ian fhou'd come, and rcftore Man-
kind to all thofe Advantages which were forfeited by the Fall ; and
to explain that myfterious Seed^ lo as that People fliou'd be no more
deluded with Oracles, or fuch Kind of Inventions, as only tended
to debafe human Nature, and, inftead of railing Man to the Know-
ledge of GOD, introduce Craft and Illufion to eftrange them
from Him.
We fhall only add, in under this Head, That if

Conclufion,
the Divine Light and Peffe£iio?i had been in Aaron^ (f) what further
Need was there that a?wther Priejl fjould rife after the Order of
Melchifedec, that is, a Prieft of the moft high and not GOD,
be caird after the Order of Aaron ? But Aaron was a Prieft made
under the Law, by Man, and confequently imperfedly ; for at his
Inftitution, the Time for the perfedl Prieft was not come ; he only
typify'd him, every Thing that Almighty GOD
did in the early
Ages of the World, being for (g) Enfamples of what was afterwards
to come to pafs, and to {h) teftify of Christ the perfed Prieft,
and that Prieft which the Tribe of Levi always expeded to ftand
up with Urim and Thummim, as well knowing, that their own
Priefthood wou'd be then abolifhed.
if) Heh. vii. ri, i Cor. 10. 11. {h) John v. 59. (1) Neh, vii. #5.
THE
THE
ORIGIN O F
building: OR, THE
PLAGIARISM
OF THE
HEATHENS
DETECTED.
BOOK the SECOND.
CONTAINING,
A Defcription of Speculative Architecture ;
Of Proportion ; of Order ; of Beauty ;
And of the various Parts of the Tabermck*

THE
Origin of Building:
OR, THE
Plagtarijm of the Heathens
DETECTED.
CHAP. I.
The Introduction,
THE vaftand great Superiority of the Labour of the Mind,
to that of the Hands, in Works of ArchiteEiure^ is very
largely, and in the ftrongeft Terms, fet forth by Plato ;
who tells us there were but few Architeds in Greece^ even in that
Century after the Rebuilding of thofe Temples which were de-
ftroy'd by the Perfians^ in Purfuance of Darius\ Vow. And Vi-
truvius declares. That all thofe ArchitecSls who aimed at the Per-
fedion of their Art, by the bare Works of their Hands, made little
or no Progrefs in ArchiteBure^ how Laborious and Affiduous foever
they might have been ; but thofe who united Theory with Practice,
fays that great Author, gained their Point, being thereby furnifhed
with every Qualihcation, necefiary to bring them to the Perfcdion
they endeavour'd to attain.
The Theory, which Vitruvius means, was fuch as confifled of

Principles and Precepts founded in Nature ; for otherwife, Caprice
it felf might yield Matter of Speculation, as is evident if we exa-
mine into a Houfe built by Federigo Zuccheri^ at Florence^ of which

Plate N'^ 4. is the Elevation..
This Gentleman was a celebrated Painter, Archited, and Sculp-

tor, of the fifteenth Century ; and has this Incident remarkable in
his Life, That he lived thirty-feven Years in the latter Part of Pal-
ladio% Days, and thirty-feven Years in the Beginning of Jnigo
68 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book II.
yones\ Life ; being born A. D. One thoufand five hundred and forty-
three, and died A. D. One thoufand fix hundred and nine.
Saint Matthew That our Blefled Lord and Saviour declar-

writes,
ed that Man to be wife who built his Houfe upon a Rock fo that ;
Signiore Zuccheri feems to have had in View, to make the Bafe of

his Houfe, which is to be fuppofed a Rock, an Emblem of his
Wifdom ; and that the Figure of that Bafe, comprifed within the
Letters A. B. C. D, and making a perfed Square, fhou'd allude not
only to his Solidity and Stability, but to Mercury^ the Deity who
was held by the Pagans to prefide over Learning, Eloquence, and
Trade :For the proper Emblem, among the Antients, of Solidity
and Stability, was a Cube; and the Grecians reprefented Mercury
under that Figure.
Upon this Superftrudure C. D. E. F, was rais'd with

Bafe, the
Brick, the Ornaments were made of Stone, and the Center was
adorned with a large Pidlure. So that from the moft impartial Sur-
vey of this whimfical Front, we may conclude, that Signiore Zuc-
cheri^ over and above his other Views, defigned to exhibit in it
Samples of his three-fold Profeflion in Theory and Practice ; the
firft being apparent in the Door, the Windows, the Pillafters, and
the other Ornaments traced and cut out of the Rock in an unfi-
nifhed Manner ; the fecond in three Pieces of Sculpture, H. L K.
fketch'd and cut out of the fame Rock ; and the third in the
finifiied Pidure G.
Th e Oddity of this Defign will be more confpicuous, when com-

par'd with one of Palladia's Plate, 5. which is conformable to
thofe Rules delivered by his great Mafter Vitruvius ; who tells us,
That ArchiteSlure confifts of fuch Variety of Knowledge, that be-
fore a Man can juftly affume the Title of an Architeft, he muft be
able to Write and Dejig?2, be ikill'd in Geometry^ and not ignorant of
Opticks, that he muft be acquainted with Arithmetick and Mufick^
be very knowing in Hifiory and Philofophy, and have fome Tinc-
ture of Phyjick, Law, and Afirology.
These are Qualifications by our own

not attainable at once
Abilities ; and if we confider the fmall Advances made by Men
towards them, before the 'Tabernacle was built, we cannot fuppofe
them attainable at all by their natural Genius But when : GOD
diredled the Form of that Edifice, jiWd all thofe People which he
appointed work upon it with his own Spirit in Wifdom and U?t-
to
derflandi7ig, and taught them how to perform the moft curious

Works ; we need not wonder, that the Superintendant of that glo-
rious Structure, had as large a Fund of Knowledge given him at
once, as that which Vitruvius has enumerated, as above.
The
Chap. L Plagiarifm of the Heathens D^teSied, 6g
''''
The Qualifications of an Archited:, according to Vitruvius^ con-

fifting of fuch Variety of Knowledge, it may not be improper to
confider what Architecture is ; at leaft what it appears to have been
when the Tabernacle was ereded.
CHAP. II.
Of Architecture-.
ARc HiTECTURE IS a Term, under which

ed all the Caufes and Rules of Building, as well as the
is comprehend-
due Application and Execution of them, for all Manner

of Purpofes incident to Man. ArchiteEiure is generally underftood
to be a Science, tho' in reality it is a Compound of Art and Sci-
ence, as every Thing muft be which depends on the Mind and
Hands. The Sciential Part is the Idea we conceive of the moft
perfed and accomplifh'd Work : The Artificial Part is the Under-
ftanding all the Caufes and Rules relating to any Figure^ or Body,
how to adapt thofe Things for the Ufe of Mankind, and how to
execute them in all Sorts of WorksSo that the Sciential Part of
:
ArchiteEiure is pure ; but the Artificial is mixed.
Architecture, therefore, is partly a Science, partly an Art;

and may be faid to confift of three Parts, Speculative^ Liberal^
and Mechanical : Speculative^ fo far as it regards the Idea of the
original Defign ; Liberal^ fo far as it regards the Caufes and Rules
whereby a Figure is produced, and the Application of fuch Figure
for the Ufe of Mankind and Mechanical^ fo far as it regards the
;
Execution of the Defigns refolved upon.
From hence it is maniteft, that in Works of ArchiteEiure^ before

the Tabernacle was ereded, the EffeEi^ or the Labour of the Hands,
in a great Meafure, preceded the Caufe, or the Labour of the Mind ;
and, confequently, the Buildings fo performed, muft be without Or-
der, Proportion, or any other Characler that could render them
Beautiful.
But in the Tabernacle, the Caufe preceded the EffeEl\, the Fa-
brick was prefented to the Mind perfedlly finifh'd, the Magnitude
of every individual Part was undoubtedly given, and the Whole was
explain'd in the moft comprehenfive Terms, previous to the Execu-
tion of it : And as the higheft Demonftration that ArchiteEiure was
S not
70 The Origin of Building : Or, The Book 11.
not then arrived to fuch a Degree of Perfedion as to afFord any

one, among thofe wliofe Lives had been fpent under Bondage among
the Egyptians in the Building Art, capable of Working after-pre-
fcribed Rules and a jufl: Pattern, GOD, at the fame Time that He
directed the Tabernacle to be built, determined it necefiary to fill
all thofe that were ivife-hearted with his own Spirit i?i Wifdom and
Underflanding^ to enable them to perform that Sample of new and
perfeSi ArchiteSiiire \ the Pillars of which, being, as it were, the
Sinews or Support of it ; and imitating, in fome Meafure, thofe
Trees, or Props, made Ufe of in the original Dwellings of Men ;
it will be proper now to confider, what it was that gave them fuch
Name, Pre-eminence, and Rank, as they appear to have had in
this Strudlure,
ft.
CHAP. m.
Of Pillars, in Imitation of Forked
Trees, ov P,Qles.
SUCH upftuck
Forked Trees or Poles^ as, in the Original Huts^ were
^
in the Ground, in Order to fupport the Covering to

be laid over them, were, in the Taber?iaclej called Pillars^ and
varioufly applied ; fo that the Manner of fetting them up in that
Structure was entirely nev/ ; fince the Trees, or Poles, of which the
Pillars were made, became deprived of that Bafe, in this Strudure,
the fticking them up in the Earth, in former Buildings, gave them.
Therefore, this Defedt GOD
fupplied, by the Affiftance of the
Art which he now revealed, in giving them another Sort of Foot,
fo broad, as to make a fufficient Bafe to keep them upright, and
from falling, though they fhou'd be fomewhat prcffed above to the
one Side, or to the Other.
Moreover, GOD was gracioufly pleafed, in thefe Pillars, to

diredl how we fhould fupply our Neceflities in Building,
with the
Materials of the Earth, and even reconcile Art with Nature in our
future Imitations which Purpofe, as the Pillars imitated Trees,
; to
fo they were made with a Bafe at the Bottom, to anfwer the Root,
and with a Capital at Top to reprefent the Head of a Tree : GOD
fhewing us, in the very fame Strudure, how we ought to apply
the Imitation of natural Things, in natural Places ; for thofe Pillars
that had the open Air and Eartli to nourifli them were exhibited
growing ; whereas thofe in the Building it felf, as being fhut up from
the Air, were reprefented as dead. And therefore, the Pillars of
'6 the
!
Chap. III. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. *] l
the I'ahsniacle, by their different Situation, being of three different

Kinds, furnifh'd the various Sorts of Building neceffary for Man ;
as the Stro7ig^ the Mean^ and the Delicate ; and which, in Procefs
of Time, were ranked under the Name of Order^ with Grecian
Names ; to wit, Dorick^ Jonicky and Corinthian,
CHAP. IV
Of Order.
ORDER by any
is that Kind of Appearance
Artificial Objedr, or Figure,
exhibited to the
which by the regula-
Ey6
rity of its Compofition is pleafing, and anfwers the various

Purpofes for which it is made or intended.
In the Works of the DIvine Architect of all Things, we find

nothing but perfect Figures, confifting of the utmoft Regularity^ the
fweeteft Harmony, and the moft delightfiil Proportion : And as his
Works univerfally tend to a circular Form, and are as univerfally
conftituted of three different principal Parts, fo thofe three Part^
generally carry with them, in the whole, and feverally, the Proper-
ties of ilfey Strength, and Beauty ; to illuftrate which, the Figure of
a Man, created in the Image of GOD, is the moft notable Exampld.
The Parts of Man are moftly circular ; arid6f the infinite Num-
ber with which he is compofed, there is not one fuperfiuous, or
that do not anfwer fome particular Ufe, conducive to his Exiftence.
Man confifts of three principal Parts, liamely, the Head, the

Trunk, and the Limbs ; all the Parts, in their utmoft Extent, are
comprehended in a Square, or in a Circle ; and fo exa6t is the Me-
chanifm of his whole Strudlure, that all the Parts mutually aflift
each other, and contribute to the Stre?igth of the Whole.
Man is a compleat Figure, and the Perfedliori of Order.

Imagine
him to be parted by a Line in the Middle ; and whatever falls on
one Side, the fame will fall on the other, to anfwer and correfpond
with it. And of the infinite Number of Parts with which he is
compofed, do but unfold any one of them, and what aftonlfhing
Beauty will arife to the moft intelligent Eye
Order may therefore be agreed upon to be a perfect Figure,

"
conftituted by Equality, and a regular Difpofition of its Parts.
CHAR
;
72 The Origin of Building: Or, The .Bookll
CHAP. V.
Of Proportion.
PROPORTION Agreement between the Length,
confifts in the
Breadth, and Depth of any Figure ; and when fuch Figure
is commenfurable by one of its Parts, that Part is the Prin-
ciple, or firll Caufe of fuch Figure, and muft ever be conceived as

Unity, tho' capable of being divided into an infinite Number of
leffer Parts. This Unity mull be imagined only in regard to its
Length ; and fuch Length Was, by the unanimous Confent of all
Antiquity, called a Staiidard Meafure^ for the whole Figure. Thus
a Cubit was the Standard Meafure for Noah\ Ark^ which contained
three hundred of them in Length, fifty in Breadth, and thirty in
Height ; and this with the Hand, the Span, the Foot, the Yard,
and the Fathom, by whatever other Names they may be called, were
all founded on the Parts of the Human Body ; they were the pri-
mitive Standard Meafures in all the different Parts of the World

and the mofl: antient of" them, as well as the moft univerfal, was
the Cubit ; for which Reafon, the Hebrews called that Meafure
Aimnah, fignifying the Mother, or the common Parent of all other
Standard Meafures, -.-tM'Hib t/.iiij \^
The Ark was built by Standard, which

this GODhimfelf re-
vealed to Noah ; and that Vejfel was, as Alberti obferves, of a Pro-
portion fimilar to that of the Body of a Man. What Figure more
perfed ! Befides, it was fo exactly calculated for its Ufe, that it
not only made commodious Habitation for Noah and his Family,
a
as well as for fome of every other Species of living Creatures, but
yielded fufficient Room for Provifions, for a whole Year, for them ;
and yet it drew no more Water than jufl: half its Altitude So :
well was the Magnitude of tliis V

ejfel concerted !
Proportion from hence appear to be the Secret of determin-

will
ing the Size of any Strudure, or of any Kind of Figure relating to
a Building. When any fuch Figure anfwers the Ufe to which it is
affigned, we determine it to be well Proportio?id ; it then becomes
a Precept for us in our future Works ; and we are enabled to make
fimilar Figures to it, to anfwer a proportionable Degree of Ufe with
the Original. The chief of fuch Figures are the Orders of Pillars ;
and their Proportions, as let forth, Plate N*^ 6, arifing from the Hu-
man Body, have, by the Voice of all Ages, been declared Beautiful',
infomuch, that Caprice itfelf hath wafted all her Talents in fwerving
from thofe Proportions, and in endeavouring to ornament the Figures.
This therefore leads us to confider what Beauty confifts of.
.lA
CHAP.,
Chap. VL Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 73
CHAP. VI.
Of Beauty.
BEAUTY
Mind, and
is that Sort of
muft
Objea which
of Variety,
confift
gives Delight
though at the fame
to the
Time be conceived as one Individuah
The Fundion of the Mind, is the Knowledge of its

principal
Creator, which is to be attained no other Way, but by a thorough
Underftanding of the Works of the Creation ; the Author of
which, though but One Being, comprehends the whole Syfterti
of the Univerfe^ which our Re-fearches can never exhauft, nor the
Mind fully conceive.
From this Principle, it muft neceflarily follow, one

that Variety is
of the moft natural and pleafing Objeds to- the Mind ; but amidft
that pleafing Diverfity, Unity is likewife a predominant Caufe of
Pleafure, without which, Variety is ambiguous and indiftindl Unity :
therefore fixes Diverfity, and re-unites in it felf all the feveral Ob-
jects, which before were loofe and unconfin'd in the Miild, in the
fame Manner that the Eye draws all Objeds to one Point.
In the Multitude of Obje6ls which perpetually offer themfelves

to the Mind, the feveral Refemblances are drawn together, and
claffed with Regularity^ and Proportion : V
ariety therefore tempered
by Unity ^ Regularity^ and Proportion^ produces Beauty ; and this
Harmony is by no Means the Effect of Caprice \ thefe Characters
of Beauty exift in Nature^ and are founded upon everlafting
Truths.
Now if we take a Review of the Tabernacle Propor-

: Order ^
tion^ Beauty^ and every other Thing which can attribute to a per-
fect Piece of ArchiteSiure^ will appear to have taken its Rife there-
in, and therefore fuch a Review feems neceffary But firft let
:
us fee how the Ifraelites were to be inftruded in the Law, which

GOD gave Mofes to teach them.
T CHAP,
74 7he Origin of Building t Or, The Book 11.
CHAP. VII.
Of the Manner in which the Ifraelites

were to be inftru£led in the Law.
AFTER Mofes and Aaron had explained the Law to the
People, by the Help of the Urim and 'Thu7n7nim^ GOD
exprelly ordered, that the Ifraelites fhould put (a) Frin-
ges in the Borders of their Garments, throughout their Generations,
and over-lace it with a Blue Ribband, that they might look upon
it, and remember Commandments. And Mofes (b) firft en-
all his
join'd them to keep his Words in their Hearts and then command-;
ed them to teach them diligently to their Children, to talk of them

when they fat down in their Houfes, when they walked Abroad, when
they lay down, and when they rofe up ; to bind them for a Sign
upon their Hands, to make them Frontlets between their Eyes, and
to write them upon the Ports of their Houfes, and on their Gates.
MOSES ordered the Priefts and Elders to read the

alfo (c)
whole Law at the End of every feven Years, in the Solemnity of
the Year of Releafe, in the Feaft of Tabernacles ; which Time,
at
he directed them, to gather the People together. Men, Women,
and Children, and even the Stranger that liv'd amongft them, to
hear and learn to fear GOD, and to keep His Law: And alfo,
that during that Time, as well as during the Time of the Yearly Feaft
of Tabernacles^ he enjoin'd all thofe that were Ifraelites born, to
dwell in Booths, in Remembrance of their Living in fuch Habita-
tions, when GOD
brought them out of the Land of Egypt.
To this be added innumerable Inftances of GOD's peculiar

may
Care of his People, in reminding them of the Covenants He made with
them, of His Miracles, and of His Predictions, which He frequently
proved, by Signs, by Tokens, and by other ocular Denionftrations.
For god gave to Noah the Rainbow, as fclj a Token of his

Convenant He enabled Mofes to work Miracles, (e) for Signs of
;
the Power He had inverted him with He made the People to be-
;
lieve Him to be the GOD of Ifrael, and Mofes to be His Servant,

by the fame Signs He foretold the Idolatry of the People, and the
;
Book of the Law was placed by the Side of the Ark, as (f) a Terti-
Qa) Num. xv. 55. (j; Gen. ix. 12.

(b) Tieut. vi. tf. (e) Esod. iv. 5.
(c) lb. xxxi. J. (/; Dent. 31.
mony
Chap. VII. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteSled. 75
mony of that Predidlion ; and He
proved the CommiJJion He gave
Mofes, by His enabling him to bring the People out of Egypt^ and
then by caufing them to ferve Him on the fame Spot of Ground
where He gave him that Co??imtj[fion.
Upon the w^hole, therefore, one may conclude, that all the great
Occurrences contain'd in Floly were defign'd to be Really
Writ,
and Rmbleinatically fet before the Eyes of the People, to remind
them of their Duty ; but chiefly in that Structure to which they
were always to repair, to make a Tender of their Offerings to G O D,
{ince there He diredled, at the Time of Korah\ Rebellion, (h) the
Cenfers of thofe that had offered ftrange Incenfe to be placed, as a
Sign to the Children of Ifrael ; and there likewife He ordered
Aaron % (h) Rod to be put, as a Token againft the Rebels ; but
more efpecially, fince St. Paul (i) declares more exprefly. That the
Taberfiacle and Veffels thereunto belonging, were Shadows, Patterns,
and Figures of Heavenly Things.
Agreeable compares the three Divilions of the

to this, yofephtis
Tabernacle^ to Heaven^ the Earthy and the Sea ; the Curtains^ with
the four Colours, to the four Elements, Fire^ Air^ Earthy and
Water ; the two Stones on the Shoulders of the High Prieft, to
the Sun and Moon ; the Pomegranates, to the Lightning ; and the
Bells to the Thunder.
We will therefore, in the Explanationof the various Parts of the

Tabernacle, fhew how far they may be look'd upon as E?nblems of,
or Allufions to the Matters contained in the Sacred Writings, which
we fhall neverthelefs mention but only as Problems, at this Time,
to be further confider'd.
CHAR VIII.
Of the Ark, Mercy Seat, Altar of Incenfe,

Table, and Candleftick, in the Tabernacle.
TH E Arh, in the Tabernacle, Mofes expreffes, by a Term

quite different from that made by iVoah, or that which
was made by his Mother, of Bull-Rufhes, though all of
them mean a Kind of Coffer, or Cheft. The A?'k we are now
fpeaking of was no more than five Half-Cubits long, three broad,
{h) Num. xy'u. io> (*) Ileb, viii. 5. and is. and 23^ {k) Ant. 1. 3. c 7.
and
and three high ; fo that the Height and Breadth was equal. The
Mercv Seat was of the fame Length and Breadth with the Ark^
and placed upon it ; fo that the Thicknefs of the Seat, and the
Height of tlie Ark, may be prefumed to have made up four Halt-
Cubits, and thereby to have produced the ProgrefTional Num-
bers, three, four, and five; being thofe which gave Pythagoras the
Idea of his wonderful Propofition, That the Square formed on the
longer Side of a Re8ia?tgled "Triangle, is equal to the Squares formed
on both the other Sides : This he no fooner found out, than he de-
clared the Difcovery to be above the Power of human Invention,
attributed it to the AfTiftance of the Mufes, and in Return, facri-
ficed a Hecatomb, that is, one hundred Oxen, to them. And in-
deed, if it be confidered what an univerfal Ufe this Propofition is
of to Mankind, we may, without Impvinity, trace it from the very
Seat of GOD, as the firft Thing He direded, when He was pleafed
to take up His Habitation upon this Atom of His immenfe Creation.
JAMBLICU S tells us, That Pythagoras was twenty-two

Years in Egypt, Learning Geometry ; and at his Return to SamoSy
found out his Propofition, as above This was about nine hundred
:
Years after the Ark was made ; and therefore, as our prefent Re-
fearches are intended to find out the Emblematical Meaning of the
feveral Parts of the Tabernacle, in Things which were pafs'd before
it was built, we fhall only collate, in this Place, thofe very Parts,
with the great Occurrences contained in the Hiftory of the Ifraelites,
in order to find out the Relation which they bear to each other.
In the firft Place, GOD

direded Abraham to prepare a Heifer^
a She Goat, and a Ram, with a Turtle-Dove, and a young Pidgeon,
preparatory to the Sign whereby he was to know, that his Seed
fhould be fo great, and have fuch large Poflefiions ; thefe five Bo-
dies agree with the five Half-Cubits in the Length of the Ark,
which was the firft Demenfion given by GOD, in the firft Figure
by Him directed, as well as the firft Demenfion in the fecond Figure.
Secondly, The Age of every one of the three Beafts which

Abrahafn had prepared, was to be three Years, which anfwers the
Half-Cubits in the Breadth and Height of the A?% and in the
Breadth of the Mercy Scat.
Thirdly, The fecond Step taken by Abraham, preparatory to the

Sign, whereby he was to know that his Seed fhou'd be fo great and
have fuch large Pofiêfiions, was to divide the three Beafts in the
Middle, by which the five Bodies became eight Pieces, and to place
four of thofe Pieces oppofite one another ; this is anfwered in the
fecond Figure direded by G O D, viz. The Mercy Seat five by three,
which being added together makes eight, and parted in the Middle
makes four on a Side.
The
;
Ghap. Vilf. Plagiarifmof the Heathens DeteBed. 77
The Sign which was fhewed Abraham he had prepared after

and laid the Bodies in two
as above, was a Smoaky Fur-
Parcels,
nace^ and a Burning Lamp, which pafled between thofe Parcels ; and
this feems to have been reprefented by the Altar of Incenfe, of a
double Cube of one Cubit, and the Divine Presence on the Mid-
dle of the Mercy Seat, between the two Cherubims.
The two broad, and three high

Table was four Half-Cubits long,
fo that the Length was double the Breadth, and the Height was half of
the Sum compounded of the Length and Breadth This Diverfity :
of Proportion produces the Progreffional Numbers, two, three, and

four ; as the Ark and Mercy Seat are prefumed to have produced thofe
of three^ four, and five. This Table was furmounted by a Border of
a Hand's Breadth ; and the Table, as well as the Border was finifh-
ed with a Crown fo that the Ornaments on the Top of the Table
;
formed a Kind of Entablature In which Manner we may conceive

:
the Ark to have been finifhed ; but the Altar of Incenfe had only
a fingle Crown about it.
For a Token of the Covenant on Abraham's Side, GOD com-

manded him to circumcife every Male at eight Days old ; this is
anfwered by the Multiplication of the two next Numbers diredled

by GOD Length and Breadth of the Table, the former being
in the
four Half-Cubits, and the latter two ; and this Comparifon appears the
more reafonable, if we confider^ that the A6t on Abraham's Side was
Sealing the Covenant by Circumcifion and in Return, ; pro- GOD
mifed him, that He would multiply his Seed as the Stars in Hea-
ven, and as the Sand which is upon the Sea Shore.
A B RA HA M entertained three Angels, when

was again a Son
promifed him ; and this is anfwered by the next Demenfion di-
reded by GOD in the Height of the Table, which was three Half-
Cubits.
was compofed of a Body, and fix Branches, each

iin'^ Candlejlick
fupporting a Lamp ; every Branch had three Bowls, with a Knop
and a Flower ; the Candlefiick it felf had four Bowls, with a Knop
and a Flower, one whereof was under every two Branches Three :
of the Bowls, Knops, and Flowers of the Shaft of the Candleftick

being common to the fix Branches, the Branch of every Lamp,
when terminated in the Shaft of the Candlejlick, contained four
Bowls, Knops, and Flowers. By this it appears, that the Lamps
were Number^ and that the Bowls, Knops, and Flowers
feven in
were twenty-two, each confifting of three other Parts, and making
together fixty-fix.
JOSEP HUS fays. The Lamps of the Candleflick, in

feven
the Taberfiacle, intimated the Veneration the Jews had for their
U feventh
78 The Origin of Building : Or, The Book II.
fevcntli Day, and that Day on which GOD

reflcd from his La-
bour. Be that as it will, the Ca?idlefiicky and the feveral Parts

thereof, were Emblems of Something, and moft probably the four-
fold Ornaments, and the feven Lamps, were defigned to refer
to the fevcn Years of Plenty, and to the feven Years of Famine,
which was the Caufe of the Ifraelites taking up their Abode ia
Egypt ; to the feven MelTages fent to Pharaohy to releafe them from
their Slavery in that Land ; and to the feven Days Feaft, of Un-
lea\'ened Bread, which they held juft before they left Egypt : And
it's very remarkable, that the Ornaments of this Candlejiick^ and
alfo IfraeTs Family, when they went firft into Egypt^ were each
lixty-fix in Number ; and therefore thofe Ornaments feem to have
been deligned for an Emblem of that little Colony of People.
CHAP. IX.
Of the Sockets, or Bafes of the Tabernacle.
TH E or Bafes^ which were prepared for the Boards

SocketSy
of the Tabernacle to ftand upon, had Mortifes in tJientj
and every Board had two Tenons, one equally diftant from
the other Every Boards having been fet upon two Silver Socketty
:
Equality will appear thro' the whole Work, if the Tenons be admit-
ted a Quarter of a Cubit Square, and the Sockets- three Quarters of
a Cubit Square ; for one Quarter being allowed for the Mortife, fn
the Socket^ to receive the Tenon, of the Boards the fblid Part round
it will be another Quarter of a Cubit broad From hence, the
:
Boards muft have been a Qiiarter of a Cubit in Thicknefs, equal to

the Breadth of the Mortife ; and the Sockets muft have proje6ted,
on each Side of them, a Quarter of a Cubit, or the one-lixth Part
of the Breadth of the Board. Now as the Sockets under the Boards
were three Quarters of a Cubit in their Length, and each Socket a
Talent Weight ; and as the Sockets under the Pillars of the Fail
were of the fame Weight and Metal, fo the Demenlions of all the Sil-
ver Sockets muft have been the fame, and of a perfect Square, three
Quarters of a Cubit in Length and Breadth ; but the Brazen Sockets
under the Pillars at the Door, were, in all Probability, larger, as
Brafs is a much grofler Metal than Silver.
The firft Step towards fetting up the Tabernacle^ was to fix thele
Bafesy which confifted of forty Sockets of Silver for the South Side,
forty for the North Side, fixteen for the Weft Ends, and four for
the
ChapJX, Pla<giarifm of the Heathens Deteêd, 79
the Separation of the Moft Holy from the Holy Place, mak-
Place,
ing together the compleat Number of one hundred ; and for the
Eaft End there were five Sockets of Brafs.
G O D's Covenant with Abraham was confirmed by a Sign^ pre-

paritory to which, He directed him to prepare five Bodies, which
are anfwered by the five Brazen Sockets, under the Pillars, at the
Door of the Tabernacle ; and' as the Birth of Ifaac was the firft
Thing towards fulfilling the Covenant, that Miracle was efFedled
when Abraham was juft one hundred Years old, which is anfwered
by the hundred Silver Sockets, of equal Weight, under the Boards^
and Pillars of the Vail : And thefe two remarkable Events were
the very Basis of what followed, for the Glory of the Ifra-
elites, as the one hundred and five Sockets, together, were the very
Basis for the Structure of the Tabernacle.
Moreover, the one hundred Silver Sockets,anfwer to G O D's

diftinguifhing Blefling to Ifaac, in fending him a Produce of one
hundred Fold, when he firft fowed in the Land of Gerar ; and to
the Years which Abraham lived, after he left his Country, his Fa-
ther's Houfe, and his Kindred ; as alfo to the Number of Parts
produced in the Ark, Mercy Seat, Altar of Incenfe, and Table, by
the Meafure, on which the Proportion of thofe Figures were found-
ed, namely, the Span, or Half-Cubit ; for the Ark contain'd forty-
five fuch folid Particles, the Mercy Seat fifteen, the Altar of In-
cenfe fixteen, and the Table twenty-four, making together the exa6t
Number of one hundred.
CHAP. X.
Of the Boards and Bars of the Tabernacle:
THE Boards, that formed the Sides and Weft End of the
Tabernacle, were each ten Cubits in Length, and one
and thefe Boards had Golden
in Breadth
and a half ;
Rings fixed to them. The Bars were fifteen in Number ; five

of which were applied to the Boards on each Side, and five to
thofe at the End of the Tabernacle : Thefe Bars were put thro' the
Rings in the Boards^ and by that Means they held them firm
find tight together.
The
The Origin of Building: Or, The BooklL
TiiK twenty Boards on the South Side of the Taber?iacle^ anfwer
the twenty Pieces of Silver Jofeph was fold for ; and as they were
kept together by five Bars, anfwering the Refervation of one Part in
five of the Produce of the Land of Egypt, fo it feems to have been
defigned for an emblematical Reprefentation of the Divine Goodnefs,
in Favour of the IJraelites, by the Refervation of fome of the Pro-
duce of the Land of Egypt, againft the Years of Dearth; which
was fufficient to prefer ve, not only the Egyptians, but many others,
particularly Ifrael\ Family, from the dreadful Famine, without
which they mufl: inevitably have perifhed.
Th e eight Boa7'ds at the Weft End of the Tabetnachi united by

five Bars, anfwer in Number to the Perfons preferved in the Ark ;
and the Bars feem to have been defigned
five to reprefent the five
Brethren, which Jofeph prefented to Pharaoh.
.: The twenty Boards on the North Side of the Tabernacle, anfwer

the twenty Days in which GOD
releafed the Ifraelites from their
Bondage ; fourteen of which were taken up in the Preparation of
the Paflbver, and the other fix in the Feaft of Unleavened Bread ;
on the feventh Day of which Feaft, Paraoh was deftroyed And
:
as thefe Boards were kept together by five Bars, anfwering the Re-
fervation to Pharaoh of the fifth Part of the Produce of the Land, fo
it feems to have been defigned for an Emblem of the great Deliver-
ance of the Ifraelites, and the Obligation the Egyptians were under
to them For Jofeph having lawfully got all the Land in Egypt, in
:
Exchange for Corn, He generoufly return'd it to the People, with

Seeds to fow it, referving only fuch Part of the Produce for Pha-
raoh's, Ufe, as amounted to little more than an Equivalent for the
Seed ; and this feems to have been more particularly defigned to have
been taken Notice of, fince GOD
exprefly ordered the Candlejlick to
be fet on the South Side of the Tabernacle, that it might give Light
over-againft it, the Clearer to fhew the Children of Ifrael their great
Deliverance, what they were to do in Retvirn, by the Unleavened
Bread on the Table, and how feverely the Egyptians were punifli'd,
for their Ingratitude to the Family of Him, whom GOD
had en-
abled to preferve them from Famine and Slavery.
|
When the Bafes of the Taber?jacle were fixed, and the Boards
reared upon them, they formed a Room thirty Cubits long, twelve
Cubits broad, and ten Cubits high ; by which, the Length became
two Squares and a half of the Breadth, and the Height was one-
third of the Length ; and its rcafonable to belie\'e, tiiat when the
Boards were fo feared, crofs Pieces were laid on their Tops, from
Side to Side, fo cut, as to give a fmall Current for the Water to
run off, and to keep their Sides from falling in, by the Weight of
the Covering and this might have added half a Cubit more to the
;
Altitude of the Room^ and fo have made it ten Cubits and a half high.
CHAR
1
Chap. Xf. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detected, 8
CHAP. XL
Of the Curtains of the Tabernacle.
THE firftPart of the Covering of the Tabernacle confifted

of ten Curtains^ five of which were coupled together in
one Piece, and the other five in another Piece ; thefe
were again coupled together with one hundred Loops, and Mtj
Taches, which made one Covering of forty Cubits in Length, and
twenty-eight in Breadth ; for every Curtain was twenty-eight Cubits
long, and four broad ; or, the Length of every Curtain was feven
Times its Breadth.
The fecond Part of the Covering confifted of eleven Curtains

of Goats Hair, and were coupled, firft into two Pieces of fix Cur-
tains into one Piece, and five in the other ; and then into one,
with one hundred Loops and fifty Taches ; thefe Curtains thus
coupled together, made one Covering of forty-four Cubits in Length,
and thirty in Breadth ; but one of the fingle Curtaifjs was doubled
in the Front, and reduced the Length to forty-two Cubits Thefe :
Curtains were thirty Cubits long, and four broad, fo that the Length
of every Curtain was feven Times and a half of its Breadth.
When were fpread over the Tabernacle , the Fail

thefe Coverings
was hung up, diredlly under the Taches which coupled the two
Pieces of the under one together, and fo divided the Infide of the
Structure into two Rooms, which was inclofed in the Eaft Front by
a Curtain hung upon five Pillars : So that the outward Appearance
of this Edifice confifted of the Covering of Badgers Skins, and the
rich Curtain before the Door.
The Manner of difpofing the feveral Coverings of the Tabernacle

was very Curious, for by Doubling the firft Curtain of that of Goats
Hair, all the Couplings of that Covering fell diredly over the Mid-
dle of the Curtains^ which made the under Covering ; and there is
no doubt but the fame Method was obferved in the Coverings of
Rams Skins and Badgers Skins, in making the Joinings of thole
above to fall on the Middle of thofe next under them From thele
:
Coverings the Idea of Slating was indifputably taken ; for Slating will
not perfectly keep out the Weather, without being four Times
doubled, and always reverfing the Joints ; yet the Invention of Slat-
ing is attributed to one Byas^ a Greek Carver, of the Ifte of Naxos,
who is faid to be the firft that contrived a Sort of Marble Slates
to cover Temples and magnificent Structures with, about the fifty-
X fifth
fifth Olympiad which was nine hundred and

; thirty-three Years
after the Tabermcle was finifhed.
Th e firft five Ciirtabis^ of the under Covering, determining the

Length of the Holy Place of the Tabernacle^ it became a Room
twenty Cubits long, twelve Cubits broad, and ten Cubits and a half
high fo that the Breadth was three-fifths of the Length, and the
;
Height near one-third of the Sum compounded of the Length and

Breadth.
^
The Thicknefs of the Vail^ and Pillars^ was at leaft one Cubit, fo
that there remain'd, of the whole Length of the Tabernacle^ nine Cu-
bits Depth of the Moft Holy Place ; which being twelve
for the
Cubits broad, and ten Cubits and a half high, form'd a Room, whofe
Depth was three-fourths of the Breadth, and the Height was one-
half of the Sum compounded of the Breadth and Depth.
The ten Curtains^ that covered the Tabernacle^ correfpond with

the Number of yacob\ Sons, which he fent into Egypt to buy
Corn ; and the twenty-eight Cubits in their Length, anlwer yofeph\
Age, when GOD
firft permitted him to fhew his Prophetick Spirit
in the Interpretation or the Butler and Bakers Dream ; the eleven

Curtains which made the Tent over it, feem to refer to the Divifion
of the Land among the Pofterity of eleven of yofepUs Sons, of
which yofeph had a double Portion, denoted by the double Cur-
tain next the Front of the Tabernacle ; the thirty Cubits in their
Length, is correfpondent with yofeph\ Age, when he expounded
Pharaoh\ Dream ; and by adding the ail^ and the Hanging of the
Door, to the ten embroider'd CurtaiJts of the Tabernacle^ they make
twelve, anfwering the twelve Tribes of IJraeL
Th e ten Curtains correfpond alfo with the ten Generations from

Ada7n to Noah ; and by being coupled together with one hundred
Loops and fifty Taches, and fupported by forty Boards on the Sides,
and eight at the Ends, it exactly anfwers to Noah, and his Family,
making eight in Number, who were faved in the Ark, when the
Reft of Mankind were deftroyed, by forty Days Rain, which caus'd
a Flux of Water for the Space of one hundred and fifty Days r
The one hundred Loops and fifty Taches, that coupled the Covering
of Goats Hair, anfwer to the one hundred and fifty Days the Wa-
ters were upon the Reflux And this Hieroglyphical Emblem of
:
G O D's Wrath againfl: the Wicked, was thus placed over the fâil^
that divided between Him and the People, that they might be con-
vinced of His Power, who had raifed them up from the Seed of
Abraha?n, who was the tenth Perfon in a diredl Line from Noah ;
correfpondent alfo with the ten Curtains with which the Tabemach
was covered.
CHAP.
Chap. XII. Plagiarism of the Heathens DeteBed, 83
CHAP. XII.
Of the Pillars of the Tabernacle.
TH E labernacle were of two Kinds ; for

Pillars of the
thofe which fupported the V
ail had no Fillets, nor Cha-
whereas the Pillars of the Door were enriched
piters;
with thofe beautiful Ornaments.
As the Sockets under the Pillars of the Fail are reafonably pre-
fumed to have been three Quarters of a Cubit Square, fo one may
as well fuppofe all the Pillars to have been made of the fame De-
menfions ; becaufe Pillars of that Size are produced by Quartering
Trees of one Cubit and a half Square ; and fuch Trees were pro-
vided, when the Boards were cut out for the Sides and End of the
Tabernacle. On the Suppofition therefore, that all the Pillars were
three Quarters of a Cubit Square^ the Sockets under thofe of the Fail
cou'd have no vifible Projedion, nor cou'd they be diftinguifhable
by any Thing but their Colour : But the Sockets under the Pil-
lars at the Door, had, vifible Projedion ;
in all Probability, fome
becaufe Brafs is a much
Metal than Silver, and thofe Sockets
groffer
were undoubtedly of equal Weight and Thicknefs with the Silver
Sockets under the Pillars of the Fail.
k ^ J -J
These muft have been of equal Height with the Boards of

Pillars
xh£,Taber7tacle^ but when they were reared up in the Structure, the
'outward Appearance of thofe at the Door muft have been higher than
the outward Appearance of thofe within ; the former including the
Thicknefs of the Covering, but the latter were exclufive of it.
As the Office of thefe Pillars was to fupport the Fail and the
Hanging at the Door of the Tabernacle^ fo when either of thofe
Hangings was drawn up, it would reprefent a Kind of Entabla-
ture before the upper Part of the Pillars^ and fo reduce their
Height very confiderably ; and at the Tops of the Pillars^ thus re-
duced, we muft fuppofe the Over-laying to have been, which made
the Chapiters of the Pillars at the Door, that thofe Chapiters might
be feen from the Outftde of the Tabernacle,
To Door of the Tabernacle the People were to bring their

the
Offerings, to the End that they might be purged from their Sins;
and this they were to do out of a fteadfaft Belief in G O D's Mer-
cies Therefore, in order to fet before their Eyes the higheft Ex-
:
ample of Faith and Obedience, the Chapiters of thefe Pillars feem

to have been compofcd of Volutes, in Imitation of Rams Horns at
their Corners, figuring thereby, that Abrahams Faith and Obedi-
ence to G O D was fo great, that, when he was commanded, he
made no Scruple to oiFer up his dear and only Son a Sacrifice ;
but GOD accepting the Will for the Deed, at the very Inftant
when Abraham ftretched out his Hand tp flay him, a?i Angel called
to him from Heaven^ a?id bid him dejift ; and immediately a Ram
was difcovered in the Thicket, catched by his Horns, which Abra-
h(^m took and offered a Sacrifice to GOD, inftead of his Son.
And in order to make the Impreflion ftill ftronger on the Minds

of thofe that approached the Holy Altar with their Offerings, thofe
Chapiters feem to have been fo reprefented, to put the People in
Mind, that after their killing thofe Creatutes of one Year old, with-
out Blemifh, their Gracious GODinftantly redeemed them from
their fevere Bondage, with fuch a High and Mighty Hand, that
filled all the Corners of the Earth with Terror, and caufed the
Foundation of the whole Univerfe to tremble And the Horns of
:
thofe Chapiters, as well as thofe of the Altar^ were manifeftly in-

tended for Symbols of Strength and Power ; for Mofes in his Blefiing
of the twelve Tribes concludes that of Jofeph^ with this Defcription
of his Strength and Power : His Glory ^ fays he, is like the Firjlling
of his Bullocky and his Horns are like the Horns of an Unicorn ; with
them he will pujh the People together to the Ends of the Earth ;
and they are the ten thoufands of Ephraim ; and they are the tm
thoufands of Manaffeh.
Moreover, GOD Almighty appearing in Vifions, His Voice was

the fenfible Meffenger of His Will and that Man might be enabled
;
to receive it, He endued him with Hearing ; by which, Abraham

was enabled to obey His Commands, in fo fingular a Manner ; and
therefore, the Horns of the Ram in thofe Chapiters, pointed out the
Refemblance of that Organ, which enabled him fo to Iiear tlie Voice
of GOD And this, in the Human Ear, is called the Cochlea ; which
:
circumvolves not only in the Manner of the Ram's Horn, but ex-
adly the fame with the Volutes of the Capitals of the Jonick Or-
der : And as Nature has no other Inftance to copy thofe Volutes
after but the Cochlea, and as the Difcovery of that wonderful
Strudure hath been but witliin thefe two hundred Years, we can
give this venerable Ornament no other Original, than to the
Hand of Bezaleel, who wrought and made it in this compound
Manner, by the Directions of G O D Himfeif.
The four Pillars which fupported the âil, anfwer the four Days
in which the Feafl; of the Paffover was preparing ; and the five
Pillars at the Door, intimate the five remarkable Miracles in Fa-
vour of the Ifraelitesy between their Departure from Egypt, and
:
Chap. XII. Plagiarism of the Heathens DeteBed. 85

their incamping before Mount Sinai, viz. Firft, the Parting of the
Red Sea, them a Paflage to efcape the Fury of Pharaoh and
to give
his Hoft Secbndly, the Making the bitter Waters at Marah fweet
:
Thirdly, the Regaling them at EUtn with the Water of twelve

Wells, and the Fruit of feventy Palm-Trees : Fourthly, the Feed-
ing them with Manna, ahd Flights of Quails, which fell down from
Heaven into their Camp And, Fifthly, the Satisfying their Thirft
:
with Water, extraded out of the very Rocks in Ho?^sby where there
âs never any Water feen before.
'The Pillars Dbbr of the Tabernacle had a Weight, in

at the
Appearance, to fuftain, when the Curtain was drawn up ; and
tl^fe Pillars having been decorated with Bafes and Chapiters, feem
-
therefore to have b.c^n defigned to reprefent a Compound of Beauty

and Strength.., A.o ijgfi-J ni
'
The Pillars of the Pâil, by being lowei- and lefs decorated than
thofe at the Door, and having a greater Weight, in Appearance, tp
fuftain, feem to have been defigned to reprefent, in the Taber-
nacky the greatefl: Degree df Strength neceffary in a corrcd Build-
ing ; and by the Plaiilnefs of thofe Pillars, it feems as tho' thtf
were intended for Emblems of Stability ;
and, at the fame Time,
to fhew us, approach
that fuch as GOD,
muft approach Him
with firmnefs and conflancy of Mind^ as well as Ardency and Zeal
of Affeaion.
Asthe Altar of Incenfe, the Candleftick, aiid the Table, were the
three Things appointed by GOD,
within-fide the Tabernacle, for all
Rites and Ceremonies of the High Prieft ; and ^s He divided the
Place for His own Prefence by four Pillars, and made the Entrance
into the Tabernacle by five, fo thofe Things point out diftindly the
ProgrefTional Numbers, three, four, and five, which being added
together make twelve, anfwering the twelve Tribes of Ifrael.
It may appear fomewhat ftrange, that in and fo car- fo regular,
red: a Building as the Tabernacle was, there ihou'd be an odd Pillar

at the Entrance biit as GOD, ifi a Pillar of Cloud, was pleafed
;
to guide the Ifraelites, wherever that Cloud pitched, that was to

be the Center of the Court of the Tabernacle, and of the whole Body
of the People ; this Pillar was Mofess Sta?idard, and next to it a
Pillar of the Door of the Tabernacle was fixed from which Sta- ;
tion they were enabled to go on with fetting up the whole Tabe?'-

7iacle, and with difpofing the feveral Camps in their proper Order
around it, as we fhall fhew hereafter.
Y CHAP.
;
86 7he Origin of Building : Or, The Book 11.
CHAP. XIII.
Of the Brazen A/tar, Laver, and Court of

the Tabernacle.
«-......-
r
HE y^har of Burnt-Offerings, which was placed in tie

Couri before the Eaft Front of the Tabernacle, was four
Square, and contain'd in Length five Cubits, in Breadth
five Cubits, and in Height three Cubits : So that the Height was
three-fifths of" its Length, or Breadth ; and the foHd Cubits in it
amounted to feventy-five, anfwering the Age of Abraham when he
left his Country, when he ereded the firft Altar, and when GOD
promifed him the Land of Canaan.
'
The
Laver, and its Foot, in which the Water was put. Was
placed between the Tabernacle and the Altar of Burnt-Offerings
but of what Form or Demenfions is uncertain.
The
Court of the Tabernacle was one hundred Cubits long, aad
fifty broad, ,fo that the Length was double the Breadth, each Side
confifted of twenty Pillars, and each End of ten Pillars, which
fupported fix Curtains of five Cubits broad, that enclofed the whole
Court ; one Half of which was for the Tabernacle, the other for
the Altar,
C H A R XIV.
Of the Pillars of the Court.
TH E Pillars of the Court had Sochts of and Chapi-

Brafs,
ters over-laid with Silver, with Fillets of Silver ; by which

we underftand, they were bound with Rings of that Me-
tal to keep them from fplitting ; and as their Bodies were covered
with the Curtaim, the Cords, with which they were tied, encom-
paffed the Pillars juft under the Chapiters, and above the Sockets,
leaving
Ghap. XIV. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 87
leaving the Ornaments clear to the Sight of the People : Thefe
Pillars were made of Wood, and not fo much as over-laid witli
Brafs, it being exprelly faid to what Ufes the Brafs was applied ,
and that with it, among other Things, were made all the Sockets
and Pins of the Court ; the Sockets were undoubtedly a Talent each
in Weight, and of the fame Size with thofe under the Pillars at
the Door of the T'abernacle indi it is very probable, that the Pil-
lars were three Quarters of Cubit Square, anfwerable to the Di-
a;.
ameter of the other Pillars^ employ'd in the fame Work.
The Manner in which' tKb Pillars wcrt made is liticertain ;
but we may
with good Reafon affirm, that GOD fet nothing but
Objeds of Nature before Bezaleel for his Imitation in the Parts of
this Edifice ; therefore if we
on the original Manner of Mens
refled
building Huts, efpecially fuch as where Forked Trees were us'd,
we cannot but conceive two material Things, on which we may
form very rational Ideas of the Manner in which the Pillars were
made ; the Firft is, that {uch-Trees^ juft below the Fork, encreafes
by Degrees, 'till the two Limbs above begin to feparate and ;
the Second is, that thofe Limbs being cut off as near the Fork as
was juft neceffary to receive the Pieces to be laid upon them, and
then ftuck up in the Groundj it's a natural Confequence that fuch
Forked ^rees fo cut, and fet up, will bud forth in the Spring, ef-
pecially if they are cut in~ Autumn, and fet in moift and fictile
Ground ; in Imitation of which thefe Pillars may have been
made, and, in all Probability, to reprefent the Palm-Tree.
For G OD
having 'm^vu&.tA Bezaleel in Carving Wood, and he
being then about a Piece of Work, conlifting of Emblems of, and
Allulions to, fo many miraculous Events ; the Nature of the Palm-
Tree beft fuited with the fortunate Cireumftances of the People, at
the Time this Work was about The Righteous fhall flourilli like
:
the Palm-Tree, fays the Pfalmift ; and GOD Almighty promifed

to niultiply Abrahams Seed, as the Stars in Heaven, and as the
Sand which is upon the Sea Shore, and to make of them a great
Nation ; which was, in a great Meafure, verified, when the Ifra-
elites began the Tabernacle,
Now as the Pillars of the Court were fixty in Number, the

Sockets under them feem to allude to the Age of Ifaac^ when Ja-
cob was born^ who was then fixty Years old : And all the Pillars
of the Tabernacle amounting to fixty-hine in Number, they agree
with the Number of yacob\ Family when they met together in
Egypty at the End of the fecond Year of the Famine, which was
precifely fixty-nine, as will appear by the following Table of their
proper Names,
REUBEN,
88 The Origin of Building: Or, The BooklL
REUBEN, the Father of Hanoch^
Hezron,
Carmi.
SIMEONy the Father of Jemuel^
Chad,
yachin,
Zohary
Shaul,
L E F ly the Father of Cerjhon,
Kohathy
Merari.
yUDAHy the Father of Shelah,
Pharez^ who begat Hezron^
Zerahy Hamul,
ISSACHARy the Father of ôlay
Phuvahy
Job,
Shimron,
Z EBU LU Ny t\iQ Father of Seredy
ElOTly
yahleeL
G A Dy the Father of Ziphioriy
Haggaiy
Shuniy
Ezbotiy ,
Eriy
Arodi^
Areli,
ASHERy the Father of yimnahy
IJhuahy
Ifuiy
Beridhy whb begat Hebir,
B E ivyA MlNy the Father of Belahy Malchiel.
Bechevy
AJhbely
Geray
Naamariy
Ehiy
Rojhy
MuppifHy
Huppimy
Ard.
D ANy the Father of Hufhinu
NAP HTALIy the Father of yahzeel.
Guniy
yezery
Shillm,
By
Chap. XI V. Plagiarijmof the Heathens DoteBed, 89
By this Table it is evident, that the eleven Sons of Ifrael^ and

their Male IfTue, amounted to fixty-four which we muft add,
; to
Dinah, the Daughter of Ifrael, and Sarah, the Daughter of Aper,
in order to compleat the Lift of that Part of Ifrael\ Family,
that went into Egypt at the Time of the Famine ; and thefe fixty-
{iX, with Jofeph and his two Sons, Ephraim and Majiaffeh, make
.
his whole Family amount to (ixty-nine, and he himfelf compleated

the Number of feventy \ of which fixty-eight were Males, and two
Females.
y U DA H had two Sons, Er and Onan, who died in the Land

t)f Canaan, before Ifrael removed from thence to fettle in Egypt ;
fo that Ifrael, and his whole Male IfTue, amounted to the exad:
Number of feventy And it is fomewhat furprizing, that he him-
:
felf fhou'd have had but one Daughter ; and that his twelve Sons
fhou'd have had fifty-one Male Children, and but oiê Female.
As the Number of Pillars in the whole 'Tabernacle, feem to allude

to Ifrael\ Family, when they met togetlier in Egypt, fo their great
Increafe feem to have been pointed out by the Chapiters of the Pil-
lars of the Court, adorned with curious Sculpture, in Silver, repre-
fenting the Leaves of a Palm-Tree : And as thofe Chapiters were
always confpicuous to the People, they can allude to nothing fo
proper, as the great Increafe of IfraeT s Family, fince it is exprefly
faid, That the more they were opprefled, the more
in Scripture,
they grew and multiplied ; which is the Cafe of lopping a Tree,
if you cut off one Branch, many will fpring out in the Room of
it ^ and OpprefTion is the Method ufed to make the Palm-Tree grow.
. Moreover, The Egyptians, as Mr. Sandys in his Travels ob-

ferves, held the Palm-Tree to be the perfed Image of a Man :
And as Tree is conftantly Green, Flourifliing, and Fruitful,

that
it's the only Sample for Imitation in Building, the Parts of which,
at all Seafons, fhould appear the fame, and reprefent the fame na-
tural Things And here the Divine Wisdom fhews us clearly the
:
Regard
CD
we fliou'd have in all our Imitations to the Works of Na-
ture ; for the Pillars of the Coicrt having been clear, and open to
the Air, their Chapiters were the Reprefentations of natural Pro-
ductions. But in the Pillars of the 'Tabernacle itfelf, the Cafe was
quite different There vvâs neither the free Air, nor the Moifture
:
of the Earth to riourifh them ; and therefore, had the Pillars of

that Edifice been really Forked Trees fet up, they would not have
budded forth Leaves as the fame Forked Trees would have done,
had they been fet up round the Court ; for which Reafon, the
Tops of the Pillars in the Tabernacle were no otherwife ornamented,
than fome of them with the Heads of Animals made Ufe of for
Sacrifice, in the fame Manner as the whole Structure was covered
with the Skins of thofe Creatures.
Z Among
;
Among the Leaves of the Chapiters, there might Iiave been in-
termixed Pomegranates, and Bells, lince they were direded for the
Garment of the Ephod, figiîring thereby the Harmony there was
then between GOD and His People, which He efteemed as His
oeculiar IVeafure : And we are the more inclined to affert, that thofe
Chapiters were compofcd of thefe Sort of Ornaments, fince Pomegra-
nates are Emblems of Concord, and remind us of GO D's Promife to
increafe the Seed ofAbraham for yofeph, thro* his
; prophetick Spi-
rit, after making himfelf known to his Brethren, and when he fent
them for his Father, advifed them not to fall out with one ano-
ther, but to live in Harmony and Agreement ; and this Harmony
increafed after the Ifraelites came into Egypt for as
Jofeph attri-
j
buted the Cruelty of his Brethren to the over-ruling Providence of

GOD, thereby to make him the Inftrument to fave them ; fo they,
on the other Hand, had fuch Ideas of his Benevolence, and fo in-
culcated the fame with their Families, that they all lived in the
greateft Concord with one another, and thereby became fo numer-
ous ; to which the Pomegranates bear the greateft Analogy ; for
they being full of little Grains, clofely united, if you feparate the
Roots, they will mutually twift together again ; and if the Trees
are planted at a good Space from one another, they will meet, and,
with twining, embrace one another For this Reafon, many of*
:
the Eaftern Nations, and particularly the Perjtans, adorned their

Javelins, and other Weapons of War, with Pomegranates, fome in
Gold, and fome in Silver, efpecially the Body Guards of the King's
Perfon.
The Pillars of the Court, whofe Office was the leaft in Strength
to thofe in the Tabernacle were the moft elegantly decorated
itfelf,
they were fet at a great Diftance from one another ; and by their
reprefeftting Palm-Trees, always Green, Flourifhing, and Fruitful,
they may be agreed upon as the Bloom of Nature, transferred into
Works of Art, to be an Emblem to incite Mankind to Virtue and
Goodnefs.
The which, from the foregoing Account, ap-

certain Analogy,
pears to have been between the Parts of the Jewtjh Tabernacle and
Hiftory, is an evident Demonftration, that the Pillars, Boards, Cur-
tains, &'c. in that Structure, were intended to reprefent fomething
more than the Pojls, Boards, Curtains, &^c. necefTary to form an
Houfe or Tent: They were moft undoubtedly dcftgned to anfwer
the Convenience and Strength of a Building ; but at the fame Time
it is as clear, that they were alfo intended as an Hieroglyphical Re-
prefentation of the paft Hiftory of the World, of the Law of GOD,

and of the Rewards and PufiijJmients attending Vertue and Vice :
Without fuch a Reprefentation as this, how cou'd the People know
their Duty ? For the Law was to be read to them but once in
feven Years,
The
:
Ghap. XIV. Plagiarifmof theHeathem t>ete5le^, 5(1
.The Theoretical Paft of the Tabernacle^ being, beyond Contra-

di6tion, the Knowledge of the Law
of GOD, this Knowledge the
yews and Gentiles receiv'd by the emblematical Meaning of the fc-

veral Parts of that Strudture, whence the Egyptian Hieroglyphicks,
and the Analogy between the Parts of the Heathen Temples and
the Attributes of their Idols, for the written Part of the Law was
omitted by the Jews for near one thdufand Years, and the Sama-
rita?js were the firft of the Gentiles that obtain'd a Copy of it.
From a due Confideratidn of this glorious Structure, we fhall next

endeavour to fhew what were the Qualifications of the Architect,
under whofe Diredions it was rais'de
.1
CHAP. XV.
Of the Qualiftcations of Mofes.
Stephen tells us, That Mofes was Learned in all the Wif-
ST. dom of the Egyptians ; confequently he knew all their Ma-
gick, and as fuch exploded it But in nothing v/as he more
:
Eminent, than in the fuperior Knowledge by which GOD

enabled
him to work Miracles for before Pharaoh, and his Magicians,
;
Aaron s Rod fwallowed up their Rods and tho' thofe Magicians,

;
by their Inchantments, turn'd their Rods into Serpents, the Water

of the Rivers into Blood, and brought Frogs upon the Land, yet
they cou'd not, when that was done, remove thofe Frogs, 'till Mofes,
at Pharaoh\ Importunity, interceded with G O D on their Behalf
After which, the Inchantments of the Egyptians were of no Effect;
for when Mofes turned the Duft into Lice, Pharaoh's Magicians
fail'd in their Attempts to do the fame, and then declared to the
King, that what Mofes had done was by the Finger of GOD.
Now fuppofe, fome infijiuate, that Mofes was only a Magi-

as
cian, which cannot with any Propriety of Reafori be allow'd, it

does not follow bccaufc he was fkill'd in that Art, that he applied
it to the wicked Purpofes of thofe Times, which appears indifputa-
bly by his Writings ; having prohibited the Ufage of it among liis

Brethren ; enabled a Law to punilli it with immediate Death ; and
tho' he admitted that the Gift of Prophecy might have been con-
tinued to fome, yet he mofl expreily told them, That there wou'd
be
gl 7h£ Origin of Building: Or^ The Book ID
be ao Thing as an Oracle, nor one that would have accefs
fucli a '
to GOD, 'till a, Prophet fhou'd arife like himfelf, endowed with

Urifn 2iVi^ ^bii7i7mm \ and that whatever that Prophet fhou'd tell
them from GOD, they llioit'd attend unto.
MOSES muft therefore have been Well fkill'd in the Egypri

t'lan AJlrology^ as the Bafis of their Magick : He cou'd WritCy
Defign^ and Draw^ as is evident by the Inftrudions he gave for
the Work of the 7'aber?iacle : He underftood Geometry ; fixed the
Gubit to a Standard, and pointed out the Right Angle, as well
as the Horizontal Line He was acquainted with Opticks^ and dif-
:
pofed his Lights in their proper Situation He underftood Arithme- :
tick ; Numbers in great Variety being confpicuoiis in all his Wri-

tings Hiftory was his Mafter-Piece, and He the Father even of
:
Hiftory it felf Philofophy was his great Talent, his chief Qualifi-
:
cation ; he had a Soul Great and Hcorick, was Juft, Faithful, and
entirely freefrom Covetoufnefs, and knew the Principles and Caufes of
Things natural He was fkill'd in Miifuky and compofed a Song of
:
Thankfgiving As to Fhyfick^ what greater Prot)f can be given of

:
"
his Ability, than in making the bitter Waters of Marah fweet ?

And laftly. His Knowledge in the Eaw no one can doubt of, fince
his Rules concerning Property, yuflice, and Equity, are the very
Bafis of the ^Liuw it felf. 7,7.
These are the ^lualijications which Vitruvhis judges neceffary

in an Archite£t, as well as his Reafons for an Achitefts attajTiiiig
fuch Knowledge. As to ArchiteBure it felf, he divides it into five

Parts ; the Firft he calls Ordo7m?tce^ by which is fignified that v/hich
gives to all the Parts of a Building their juft Grandeur, in Refpe<fi
to whether they are fepafately confider'd, or whether
their Ufes,
Regard is had to the Proportion or Symetry of the whole Work :
The Second he diftinguiihes by the Name of Dtjpofitioji^ which he
tells us is a convenient Difpofal of all the Parts : Ewithmy is the
third Part, and this he explains to be the Beauty of the Af-
femblage of all the Parts of the Work, which gives it an agreeable
Profped r The Fourth he calls Decor ^ and tells us, it is the Corred:-
nefs of the Afpedl of the Building, wherein every Thing reprefent-
ed muft be founded on fome Authority, which, at the fame Time,
niuft exift in Nature And the Fifth he calls DiJlributio?i^ and
:
explains it to be the Regard one fhou'd have to the Abilities of the

Perfon who is to build, by adapting the Defign to the Money he
is able and willing to lay out, and to the Materials that are at
Hand, and eafily to be obtain'd.
From hence it is evident, that the five Parts of ArchiteSiure con-

fift in the Meafure by which the Proportion of a Building, and its
Parts, are regulated ; in the Difpofal of the Parts into fuch Ufes
as are convenient ; in the Forming of the various Parts, into fuch
Figures,
Chap. XV. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 93
Figures, and of fuch Sizes, as fliall be beautiful ; inChufing
the
fuch Figures for the Parts, as fhall declare the Intent and Ufe of
the whole Structure ; and in Contriving fuch Works only as may-
be executed with the Materials of the Country where they are to
be ereded, and for the Money the Builder is able and willing to
expend ; all which is pointed out by Mofes ; for he firft eftablifhed
a Standard Meafure, and call'd it a Cubit, and by that he regula-
ted the Proportion of the Boards and Curtains which formed the
Tabe?'?mcle ; He then difpofed the whole Fabrick into its proper
Parts, and Ufe to every Part ; the feveral Parts of this
afTign'd a
Strudure He direcled in fuch a Manner, that when they were put
together. Beauty appeared in the Whole, and in the Parts; thofe
very Parts were not only beautiful Figures of themfelves, but evi-
dently Emblems of fomething relating to the Jews ; the Ma-
terials were fuch as the Place afforded ; and the Offerings required
towards making it, was fuch as the People were able and willing
to give.
Upon the whole, it muft appear manifeft, that when Mankind

had the Idea given them of a Standard Meafure, of Working by
that Meafure, and of difpoling their Works into regular Forms ; as
often as they did fo. Beauty was the natural Confequence of their
Labour. Let us fuppofe the twelve Pillars, which Mofes fet up at
the Foot of Mount Si7iai, covered over in fuch a Manner, as to
form a Cottage of that Kind, wherein Forked Trees were fet up-
right in the Ground, fuftaining others as an Architrave, and
thefe bearing the Joifts of a Floor, upon which a pyramidal Roof
was put ; and let us alfo fuppofe thofe Pillars made after any of
the Orders will not fuch an Edifice, fmall as it is, be beautiful, whe-
;
ther the Order be the Strongs the Mean, or the Delicate f On

the Contrary, omit Proportion and Regularity in the fame Cottage,
and the Refult will be what every Country now Produces, where
the People have no Idea of the fundamental Principles and Precepts
of ArchiteBure,
Nothing was more common than Cottages com-

in the Eaft,
pofed of twelve Pillars, fuftaining a pyramidal Roof In this :
Manner the Tomb of Zachariah, in the Valley of Jehojljaphat, by

yerufalem, was built, as we learn from Father Cahnet. Thefe Kind
of Huts will admit of great Conveniencies, though the external
Demenfions fhould be fmall. Plate 7. 8. is the Plan of the
firft and fecond Stories of a Cottage twenty-feven Feet Square.
A. D. E. F. G. H. I. K. L. M.
B. C. The twelve Pillars that
forms the four Fronts of the Houfe.
f..
N. A little Hall.
O. A Parlour, with two Clofets, mark'd P. P. and ten
Book, or other Cafes, i. 2. 3. 4. 5, 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
A a Q;^ An
;
94 Origin of Buildings &c. Book 11.
An Alcove Bed-Chamber, with a Clofet,. marked with the

Letter R.
S. A Drefling-Room ; and T. T. are Bed Rooms for Boys or
Men.'
V. V. Are Bed Rooms for Girls or Women.
. W. A Bed Room for Maid Servants.
X. A Clofet.
Y. A Way to the Roof, by a Step Ladder, in which there
will be a Room for Men Servants, as well as a Room for Lum-
ber.
Under the Parlour there will be a Kitchen, with other Offices
and under the Bed-Chamber there will be Room for a Servants
Hall, and for a Cellar.
To thefe Plans, the Elevations, Plate 9. 10. and 11. are all
applicable ; but 11. is which is to be executed by the Per-
that
fon for whom thefe Defigns were firft made.
lOui i i. liJ
THE
THE
ORIGIN O F
building: OR, THE
PLAGIARISM
OF THE
HEATHENS
DETECTED.
BOOK the THIRD.
Of the Progress of BUILDING,

From the Completion of the Tabernacle^ to the Finidiing of Solomons Temple^
THE
Origin of Building:
P THE
Plagtarijm of the Heathens
DETECTED.
C H A p. I.
The Introduction.
PROTAGORAS, the Sophift, under Colour of a Fable, hav-
ing given the Athenians an ample Account of the Mofaick
Hiftory of the Creation; and fhewed them, T'hat the.
Knowledge of Arts and Sciences was immediately com?nunicated to
Man by GOD
;
proceeds with telling them, That fuch Knowledge
was given but to few And therefore it will not appear ftrange,
:
that Man fliou'd not improve the Idea of Order in Building, dur-
ing the Space of four hundred and eighty-lix Years, as the con-
current Teftimony of Hiftory allures us.
We muft content ourfelves therefore, for the prefent, with this

plain Truth, That Men, was built, very inge-
before the Tabefvtacle
nioufly imitated the Birds, and formed themfelves Houfes to dwell
in, in Refemblance of their Nefts ; which they, however, fo fir im-
proved, as to anfwer other Purpofes, befides the Prefervation of their
Young :And after the Tabernacle was built, they as ingenioufly
copied that Stru6lure, 'till their Ideas were raifed to a higher Pitch
of Excellence, in Works of ArchiteEitire^ by the Temple which King
Solomon built at yertifalem : A Work which railed the Jewipj Na-
tion to its Meridian Glory, and rendered the People thereof the In-
ftruments of proclaiming the True G O D to the utmoft Regions
of the whole Earth.
Bb How
;:
98 The Origin of Building: Ovy The Book III.

How ArchiteBure took its Progrefs after the 'Tabernacle was built,
and how it arrived to high Degree of Perfedion, under King
its
Solo7no/i^ will be the Subjed of our next Enquiry.
CHAP. It
Of the Ca?np of the Ifraelites.
HERODOTUS (a) attributes the

Egypt into thirty-{ix Nomes, and then
Sefoftris\ dividing
Rife of Geometry to
into fmaller Parcels ; which he diftributed to the People

Fie being confcious that fo noble and fo ufeful an Art muft have
taken its Rife from fome very extraordinary Tranfad:ion. Now
what Tranfadlion does Hiftory furnifh us with, fo eminent, and of
fuch high Antiquity, as the Camp of the Ifraelites, wherein the
Families of above fix hundred thoufand Men, befides Strangers,
their Cattle, their Flocks, Herds were difpofed of, as
and their
it were in an Inftant, in a regular Order, and commodioufly
Houfed?
We fhall therefore give the Rife of Geometry to this ever me-

morable Work, under the Diredion of Mofes^ and his Father-in-
Law, (b) which they began, upon that very Day Month after
the Taberftacle was reared.
The firft Step that was taken by them towards this greatWork,
was to number the People ; this done, Mojes divided them into
five Bodies, each of which was fubdivided into three Parts ; and then
the People in thofe fifteen Parts, were divided into fmaller Bodies, as
thoufands, hundreds and tens, with an Ofiicer over every ten, every
fifty, every hundred, and every thoufand, and likewife over every one
of the firft fifteen The
were called Captains
principal Parts. lafl
of which, twelve were over the twelve Tribes, and three were over
the Levites. Four of the twehê Captains, over the Tribes, had
Precedency over the Reft So that every three Tribes had a Ge-
:
neral, two Lieutenant-Generals, a Colonel over every thoufand Men,
a Cap-
Chap. II. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 99
a Captain, with two Lieutenants, over every hundred Men, and a
Serjeant over every ten Men.
Again, the Tribe of Levi^ exclufive of Mofes, Aaron, and Aa-

ron's Sons, had three Lieutenant-Generals over them ; a Colonel
over every hundred Men, a Captain, with two Lieutenants, over
every thoufand Men, and a Serjeant over every ten Men. More-
over, Eleazar (c) one of Aaron s Sons, was General of the Le-
vites ; Aaron had the Spiritual Government of the whole People ;
and Mofes the Temporal, who had to his Affiftance fixty-eight fdj
of the Elders, and thefe formed the great Sanhedrim of Ifrael ;
and fo made a fourth Part to one of the five Bodies the People
were firft divided into: In the Center of which was the Banner
which Mofes fet up, the G O D of Ifrael, and the Supreme Go-
vernour of the Univerfe,
The five great Bodies of People were fo difpofed, that One,

with the Tabernacle in the Middle, made the Center of the Camp ;
thele were formed into a perfedl Square, each Side whereof faced
one of the Cardinal Points ; parallel to which the other Bodies were
difpofed of, the Whole according to the Plan, Plate N'^ 12. 13.
A. A. A. A. B. B. B. B. C. C. C. C. D. D. D. D. E. E. E. E.
The five great Bodies which the People were firft divided into.
A. A. A. A. The Camp
of Levi, including the Court of Mofes,
or the great Sanhedri?n of Ifrael, which made the Center of the
whole Camp, and formed a perfect fquare, with the Tabernacle
in the Middle,
B. B. Bi B. The Camp of Judah in the Eafl-Front of the
Army, facing the rifing Sun, and at a great Difliance from the
Taberna:cU.
C. C. C. C. The Camp of Reuben, as pitched upon the South
Side of the Army.
D. D. D. D. The Camp of Ephraim, in the Rear of the Army,
and facing the Weft.
E. E. E. E. The Camp of Dan, as ftation'd on the North Side
of the Army.
F. F. F. F. The TrilDC of Judah, containing feventy four thou-
fand fix hundred Men.
B. B. G. G. The Tribe of IJfachar, containing fifty four thou-
fand four hundred Men.
H. H. The Tribe of Zehulun, containing
B. B. fifty feven thou-
fand four hundred Men.
L L L L The Tribe of Reuben, containing forty fix thouland
five hundred Men.
(0 ûmh.'i\\, 32. ' {i) Nml>. 11.16,
C. CK. K.
ICO The Origin of Building: Or, The Book 111,
C. C. K. K. The Tribe of Simeon^ containing fifty nine thou-|
llind three hundred Men.
C. C. L. L. The Tribe of Gad^ containing forty five thoufand
fix hundred and fifty Men.
M. M. M. M. The Tribe of Ephraim^ containing forty thoufand
five hundred Men.
D. D. N. N. The Tribe of Manajfeh^ containing thirty two
thonfand two hundred Men.
D. D. O. O. The Tribe of Benjamin^ containing thirty five
thoufand four hundred Men.
P. P. P. P. The Tribe of Dan, containing fixty two thoufand
feven hundred Men.
E. E. Q^Q^ The Tribe of AJher^ containing forty one thoufand
five hundred Men.
E. E. R, R. The Tribe of Naphtaliy containing fifty three
thoufand four hundred Men.
S. S. S. S. The Famihes of the Gerfionites^ containing feven
thoufand five hundred Males.
T.T.T.T. The FamiUes of the Kohathites^ containing eight
thoufand fix hundred Males.
V. V. V. V. The Families of the Merariies^ containing fix thou-
fand two hundred Males.
1. The Tent of Nahjhon^ Captain of the Tribe of Juclah^ and
General and Standard Bearer of the Camp of Judah.

2. The Tent of Nethaneel^ Captain of the Tribe of Iffachar.
3. The Tent of Eliab^ Captain of the Tribe of Zebulun.
4. The Tent
of Elizur^ Captain of the Tribe of Reuben^ and
General and Standard Bearer of the Camp of Reuben.
5. The Tent of Shelumiel^ Captain of the Tribe of Simeon.
6. The Tent of Eliafaph, Captain of the Tribe of Gad.
7. The Tent of EliJJjamay Captain of the Tribe of Ephraim^

and General and Standard Bearer of the Camp of Ephraim.
8. The Tent of Gamaliel., Captain of the Tribe of Manajfeh.
9. The Tent of Abidan^ Captain of the Tribe of Be?jjamin.

10. The Tent of Ahiezer^ Captain of the Tribe of Dan^ and
General and Standard Bearer of the Camp of Dan.
11. The Tent of Pagiel, Captain of the Tribe of AJJoer.
1 2. The Tent of Ahira^ Captain of the Tribe of Naphtali.
13. The Tent of Eliafaph, Captain or Chief of the Families

of the Gerjhonites.
14. The Tent of Elizaphan^ Captain or Chief of the Families
of the Kohathites.
15. The Tent of Ztiriel^ Captain or Chief of the Families of
the Merarites.
16. The Tent
of Eleazar, Captain of the Captains, or Chief
over the Chief of the Levites^ and General of the Camp of
Levi.
1 7. The Tent of Aaron, the Spiritual Govemour of the Chil-
dren of IfraeL
18. The
Chap. II. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed, i ot
r8. The Tent of Mofes, the Temporal Governoiir of the Chil-

dren of Ifrael.
19. 19. 19. 19. The Tents of the fixty-eight Elders of IfraeL
20. The Tabernacle, with its Court, in the Center of which
was Mofes's Banner, the GOD of I/rael, in a Pillar of Cloud.
W.W.W.W. The whole Camp of
Ifrael, containing lix hun-
dred and forty-feven thoufand, eight hundred and twenty-three
Males, of one Month old and upwards, beddes Females and Stran-
gers ; together with their Cattle, Flocks, and Herds, which were
difpofed of at the four Corners of the General Ca?np, and alfo
at the four Corners of the Camp of Levi.
Plate 14. 15. contains the Plan of the Camp of the Tribe
of Ifj'achar, by a larger Scale than that Camp is expreffed by in
the general Plan, Plate 12. 13.
1. The Tent of one of the Captains over one thoufand Men.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II. Are Squares, each containing the
Tents of one hundred Men, with their proper Officers; as one
over every ten, one over each fifty, and a Captain over the
V hundred.
Plate N° of the Tribe

16. 17. exhibits the Plan of the Camp
of Levi, including the Court of Mofes, or the great Sanhedrim of
Ifrael, by a larger Scale than that Camp is exprefled by in the
general plan, Plate 12. 13.
1. The Tent
of one of the Captains over a thoufand Men.
8. 9. 10. II. Are Squares, each containing the.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Tents of one hundred Men, with their proper Officers ; as one over
every ten, one over each fifty, and a Captain over the hundred.
Plate 18. 19. Is the Plan of the Camp of the Gerfhonites,

wherein the Tents of every Man are exprefled.
I. 2. 3. 4. One of the Squares marked in Plate 14. 15.
and in 16. 17. with the Figures 2. 3. 4. &'c. and containing one
hundred Men, with their proper Officers.
'
7- 7' 7* 7- 7" 7* 7- 7- 7* 7* Tents for the Officers over every
.ten Men.
6. 6. Tents for the Officers over each Men.
fifty
5. Tent for the Captain over the hundred Men.

8. 9. 10. II. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Tents for ten Men : And
if any Di&rence arofe among them, it was carried to the Officer
at the Head of them, in the Tent marked with the Figure 7 :
If he could not determine was carried to the Officer

it, then it
over the fifty, in the Tent inarked with the Figure 6 And if :
the Matter was too hard for him, the Difpute was next laid be-
fore the Captain of the whole hundred, whofe Tent is defcribed
by the Figure 5 And in Failure of Determination by him, it
:
went next to the Captain over the whole thoufand, in the Tent
C c diftin-^
;
102 Tide Origin of Building: Ovy The Book III.

by the Figure i. in the Plate
cliftinguinied i6. 17 ; From
whom it was likewife removed to the Priuce of the Tribe,
in the Tent marked with the Figure 16 Then it was car-
:
ried to the flxty- eight Elders And if the Matter was too
:
hard for them, it was laflly removed to the Supreme Governour

of the People ; after which there was no appeal ; iince thofe
Governours were always fuppofed to be infpired by to GOD,
enable them to determine right, in hard and difficult Cafes.
This was the Plan of the Spiritual and T'emporal Government-

of the Children of Ifrael^ as fettled by Mofes^ and his Father-in-
Law, yethro, called alfo Reuel, Raguely and Hobab, Names ex-
prefling his Occupation ; for Reuel^ or Raguely fignifies a Shepherd
and the fame Names, Hobab, imports one that is favour-
as well as
ed, beloved, or that is a Friend of GOD, as Prieji : As to the
Military Government^ it was eftablifhed on the fame Plan with
the Spiritual and Temporal ; and therefore we may conceive what
a Military Camp was, by the Camps we have been defcribing.
The Tents of this great Camp were no more than Arbours made
of the Boughs of 'Trees, but fo exquiiitely difpofed, that it wou'd
not be difficult to prove, (were it conducive to Civil ArchiteSiure^
that moft Nations of the World, in all Ages, have followed the
fame Difpolition in their Camps. How ftri(3:ly the Ro?na?is ad-
hered to it, will appear by an Examination of one of their Cainps,
as defcribed by Polybius, and of which Plate N° 20. 21. is the
Plan ; the Dimenfions whereof will give us fome Light into the
Quantity of Ground neceffary to contain the Camp of the Ifraelites.
A. A. A. A. The Prcetorium or Generals Pavilion, being a

Square of two hundred Feet.
B. B. B. B. The Tents of the Tribunes, parallel to the Prcetoriumy
fifty Feet diftant from it, and extending one thoufand and fifty
Feet, equal to the Length of the Front of the Ca77ip.
C. C. C. C. A Square of one thoufand and fifty Feet, parallel
to the Tents of the Tribunes, and a hundred Feet diftant from
them, in which Square are lodged two Roman Legions.
D. A Street of fifty Feet broad, which divided the two Legi-
ons ; on each Side of which the Cavahy were quarter'd.
E. F. Streets of fifty Paces, or one hundred and fifty Feet
broad ; on one Side of which, and on the back of the Cavalry^
the Triarii were placed ; and on the other Side the Principes \
next to which the Hajlati were lodged.
G. A Crofs Street of fifty Feet broad, which cut the four Bo-
dies of Men, in each Legion, into two equal Parts.
The Bodies of Men, in each Legion, were divided inta ten

diftin^t Companies 5 the Cavalry had thirty Men in a Com-
pany •
:
Chap. II. Plagiarifm of the Heat-hens DeteB^J, 1 05
pany the Triarii fixty ; the Principes one hundred and twenty ;
;
and the Haftati one hundred and twenty So that the Triarii
:
were lodged on Half the Ground the Principes^ or Hajlati, took

up ;but the Cavalry occupied as much Ground as the PriftcipeSy
or Haftati : Thefe Companies of Foot, of one hundred and twenty
Men, or Horfe of thirty Men, were every one lodg'd upon a
Piece of Ground of one hundred Feet fquare ; and every Company
of Foot, of fixty Men, covered no more Ground than one hundred
Feet in Length, and fifty in Breadth.
TheCavalry of the Allies were double to that of the Romans ;

but the Infantry were equal. Of thefe Allies one-third of the Horfe,
and one-fifth of the Foot were appointed to be near the Conful,
and were placed behind the Prcetorium, at fifty Feet diftant, but
parallel to it ; the Cavalry
firft, the Infantry next ! The Refl of
thefe Allies were lodged next the Haftati, with a Street between
them of fifty Feet ; the Cavaby firft, the Infantry ne^^t. Thus
the Allies were divided into three Bodies of Horfe, three of Footy
and every one contained ten Companies ; thofe of Horfe, being a
third more than the Companies of Roman Horfe, took up, for every
Company, a Piece of Ground one hundred Feet Length, and in
one hundred and thirty-three Feet four Inches in Breadth Thofe :
of Foot which were placed parallel with the Legions, muft be double
to the Companies of Roman Foot ; and confequently every Com-
pany muft cover a Piece of Ground one hundred Feet broad, and
two hundred Feet deep ; but thofe Companies of Foot, of the
Allies behind the Conful, were equal to the Companies in the
Roman Legions, that is, of the Principes or Haftati,
Now, if to the Breadth of the Camp of the Legions, we add

fifty Foot one hundred and thirty-three Feet four
for each Street,
Inches for each Body of Cavalry of the Allies, and two hundred
Feet for each Body of Foot, it will extend the Breadth of the whole
Camp to one thoufand eight hundred and fixteen Feet eight Inches
And if to the Length of the Camp of the Legions, we add the
Street before the Tents of the Tribunes of one hundred Feet broad,
the Depth of the Tents of the Tribunes which may be fuppofcd
to be Squares of eighty-three Feet four Inches, fifty Feet behind
them) for their Cattle and Baggage, fifty Feet between that and the
Prcetorium, two hundred Feet for the Prcetorium, fifty Feet for a
Street next one hundred and thirty-three Feet four Inches for
it,
the Horfe of the Allies, and one hundred Feet for their Foot, it
will increafe the Length of the Camp, to one thoufand eight hun-
dred and fixteen Feet eight Inches, and bring the whole to a per-
fect Square ; round which there was a Space of fijc hundred Feet
broad, and then a Retrenchment ; out of which Space we may take
eight Feet four Inches for a Wall, and then the clear Area of the
Ca?npy
104 7he Origin of Building : Or, The Book III,
Camp, with the void Space round it, will be a Square of three
thouland Feet, or two thoufand Cubits.
The void Ground on each Side the Prîo?ium was afligned for a
Market, and for the ^lucejlor ; next to which the Flower of the Foot,
and Voluntiers were quarter'd ; the V
oluntiers firft, the Flower of
the Foot next ; and above them, at the Corners of the Gamp, all
fuch Foreigners were placed as were cfteemed Allies.
Thus far concerning the Roman Camp, as defer ibed by Polybius ;

from whence it will appear evident. That the Ground on which
the Camp of was pitched, need not be conceived fo
the Ifraelites
large as fome People have fuggefted. That Camp might have been
about three Miles and a Half fquare ; and fo wide, Mr. Shaw tells
us, the Plains of Si7Mi are For it is very certain, that a Company
:
of one hundred Men, and their Officers, may be difpofed of in a

Piece of Ground one hundred Feet fquare ; ten fuch Companies will
therefore take up one hundred Feet in Breadth, and one thoufand
Feet in Depth ; to this we will add one hundred Feet fquare for
the Colonel, a Void of fifty Feet between his Tent and thofe of
the Men, another Void of fifty Feet between every five hun-
dred Men ; and this will encreafe the Ground of a whole Regi-
ment to one hundred Feet in Breadth, and one thoufand three hun-
dred Feet in Depth Join two fuch Regiments together, and
:
put four Regiments, in two Bodies, oppofite one another, with a

Space between of three hundred Feet, and the four Regiments wilJ
take up a Piece of Ground two hundred Feet in Breadth, and two
thoufand feven hundred Feet in Depth.
. .
Now if we fuppofe the Tribe of fudah to have contained eigh-
teen fuch Bodies as we have been defcribing, of four Regiments in

a Body, with a central Street of three hundred Feet, and Streets
between every other Body, of fifty Feet broad ; and if we fuppofe
the Tribes of Iffachar and Zebidun to have each contained fourteen
of the fame Bodies, with the fame central and fide Streets ; and if
we alfo fuppofe a Street of three hundred Feet broad to have been
between every Tribe ; then the Vv'hole Camp of Jtidah muft have
extended in Length twelve thoufand feven hundred Feet ; the Streets
of three hundred Feet broad at each End of the Camp, mufb have
encreafed it to thirteen thoufand three hundred Feet, and the
Breadth of the Side Camps, being five thoufand four hundred Feet,
muft have extended the Front of the whole Ca77ip of Ifrael to
eighteen thoufand feven hundred Feet, or three Miles and a half
and feventy-three Yards.
According to this Method of Calculation, the Square, in which

the Tabernacle was placed, was two thoufand two himdred Feet in
Length and Breadth \ the Camp of the Tribe of Levi contained
four
Gliap. 11. Plagiarism of the Heathens Detected. 105
four thoufand fix hundred Feet in Length and Breadth ; and the
Square, in which the Camp of Levi was placed, was thirteen thou-
fand three hundred Feet in Length and Breadth Now if we allow :
a Street of fifty Feet broad round the whole Camp of Ifrael^ and
alfo round the Camp of Levi^ then the Front of the latter Camp
will be equal to the one-fourth Part of that of the former.
CHAP. IIL
Of the Progrefs of Building during the

Life of Mofes.
AFTER Camps
Mofes had difpofed the People into the feveral
;
he, in order to preferve the greatefl Decency
amongft them, appointed a Place (aj without the general
Ca?f2pywhither every Body was to retire for the Relief of Nature,
and to bury Under-Ground, by the Help of a Paddle, whatever
was obnoxious and difagreeable*
As GOD was pleafed to reveal to Man fuch Precepts as were

neceffary to enable him to arrive at Perfection in ArchltcSiure ; fo
Mofes gave the Ifraelites fuch Laws concerning their future Build-
ings, as were conducive to their Piety to their Healthy and to ^
their Security^
To fhew Mofes direded tliem to keep a Feaft (h)

their Piety ^
for feven Days, yearly, for ever ; during which Time, he enjoined
all thofe that were Ifraelites born to dv/ell in Booths^ that their
Generations might know that they dwelt in fuch Habitations, when
GOD brought them out of the Land of Egypt : And upon the
Day on which they fhotj'd enter the Land of Canaan, he directed
them to fet up great Stones, fcj and plaifter them over with Plaifler;
on which he alfo directed them to write the Law very plainly ;
and at the fame Time to build an Altar of whole unwrought Stones^
and offer thereon Burnt and Peace- Offerings to GOD..
{jx) 2)eut, xxiii. 12, (If). Levit. xxiii. 35. (c) Heut, xxvii. a.
To
io6 The Origin cf Building: Or^ The BooklH,
To preferve their Health, Mofes iaftituted a Law, that whenever
the Lcprofy (d) fliou'd happen in a Hovifc, the Owner thereof
lliou'd inftantly acquaint tlie Prieft therewith, who was to order
fuch lloufe to be emptied ; and if upon Examination afterwards he
Ihou'd find Signs of the Plague lipon the Walls of that Houfe, his
Officewas to Ihut it up for feven Days, and then view it again .;
and if the Contagion encreafed, he was to order the infected Stones

of the Walls to be taken out, all the inward Faces of the Walls
to be fcraped, and the Stones and DufI: to be, carried out of the
City, where fuch Houfc fhould fland After wKich, Mofes direded,
:
that they fliou'd repair the Walls thus broke and fcraped, with
new Stones, as well as new Mortar, and then plaifter them over
with Plaifter : When this fhou'd be done, if the Plague remained,
Mofes laftly diredted, whole Houfe fhou'd be taken down,
that the
and that the Stones, Timber, and Mortar, fhou'd be removed oilt
of the City But if the Prieft, after the Reparation of an infeded
:
Houfe, ftiou'd find the Inhabitants preferve their Health therein,

then he was to pronounce that Houfe to be clean.
As to 'the Security of their Perfons it feems to have been in danger

but from one Caufe, which was, the Cuftorri of making flat and de-
fencelefs Roofs to their Houfes ; and therefore Mofes direded, that
when any Man fhou'd build (e) a new Houfe, he fhou'd make Bat-
tlements upon the Roof, to prevent any one from falling 6lF it.. He
alfo pointed out to them a proper Form for fuch new Cities, (f) as
they might have Occafion to build, and direded them to be made of
a perfe6l Square of two thoufand Cubits on every Side ; the fame to
be enclofed with a Wall ; the four Sides to face the four Cardinal
Points ; and a Piece of Ground to be enclofed on every Side, of two
thoufand Cubits in Length, and one thoufand Cubits in Breadth,
for Suburbs; of which City, Plate N'^ 2 3. 23. is the Plan.
A. A. A. A. The Walls of the City, two thoufand Cubits in

Length on every Side.
A. A. B. B. The Suburbs on the Weft Side of the City, two
thoufand Cubits long, and one thoufand Cubits broad.
A. A. C. C. The Suburbs on the South Side of the City, two
A. A. D. D. The Suburbs on the North Side of the City, two
A. A. E. E. The Suburbs on the Eaft Side of the City, two
tiioufand Cubits long, and one thoufand Cubits broad.
MOSES alfo appointed a Form of Government for every City:

fudges and Officers, fays he, (g) fhalt thou make thee in all thy
(d) Levif.xiy. 24. {e)T)eut. xxii. 8. (f) Nmni>.xxKy. 2, fs) 2Jeut:xn.iB.
Gates^
Chap. Ill PlagiaYifm of the Heathens Dete&ed. 107
Gates^ "-jihich the L0RD thy GOD giveth thee throughout thy
T^ribcs ; and judge the People with jufi yudgfnent.
they JJjall And
if there arife any Matter too hard for thee in yudgjnent^ then^ con-
tinues he, (h) thou fjjah arife^ and get thee unto the Place which
the LORD thy GOD ffjall choofe ; thou foalt co?ne unto the
Prieflsy the. Levites^ and to the Judges which fhall he in thofe Days^
and enquire^ and they pall Jhew thee the Sente7^ce of yudgment.
The
Judges of every City, according to Jofephusy (i) were fe-
ven in Number, who had fourteen Levites as Officers or Affiftants.
The Court of Judicature was in the Middle of the City, and took
up a fourth Part thereof ;and the Refidence of the chief Judge
made the Center of the Court and City The DwelHiig-Places of :
the inferior Judges, with their Affiflants, made the four Sides of a
large and fpacious Square, marked in the Plan, Plate N° 22. 23.
with the Letters F. F. F. F. and their particular Habitations are
diftinguiHied in the fame Plan, by the Letters G. H. L" K. L. M. N.
O. P. Q^R. S. T. V. U. W. X, Y. Z. and &.
Of thefe Kind of Cities, GOD directed that forty-eight fliou'd

be given for Habitations for the Levites ; and that the fame fliou'd
be taken out of the whole Land of Canaan^ in Proportion to the
PoffefTion of every Tribe. Upon the Plan of one of thefe Cities,
there is no doubt but the Romaits formed their Camp of two Le-
gions, a City and a Camp being comprized within the fame Di-
menfions \ and Vitruvius declaring a Camp and a City to be one
and the fame Thing, in ull Pvcfpeds, but the Intent of Duration.
The having incurr'd GOD's Difpleafure, He fent fiery

Ifraelites
Serpents (k) among them, v/hich bit them, and many died. Under
thefe Circumftances they went to Mofes^ tonfeffed their Sins, and
intreated him to pray to to take theGOD
Serpents away: Mofei
complied with their Requeft ; and GOD
direded him to make a
Brazen Serpe?U, to fet it up upon a Pole^ and then promised that
every one that was bitten fhou'd be healed, by looking upon that
Image ; which was accordingly verified. And fuch was the Vener-
ation the Jews held for that Image, that, to the Days of King
Hezekiahj they burnt Incenle (I) to it.
Soon after this, the Ifraelites rari into the moft flagrant Idolatry *
for during their Abode Midian-

in Shittim^ they aflbciated with the
itifi Women, and in Compliance to them, went to their Sacrifices,

(fn) eat of their Meat, worfhipped their Gods, and no lefs than
twenty-four thoufand Men entirely devoted themfelves to the Service
Qf Baal-Peor : But Mofes foon put an End to this Idolatry , for
(^) DeiH. xvii. 18. (/j 2 Kings xviii. iv.

(») Ant. 1. 4. c, 8. Im) Numb. xxv. 2.
ik) Numb. xxi. 6.
he
io8 7he Origin of Building : Or, TIjc Book III.
he took the Heads of the Idolaters, and Jmng

Contempt the?n up in
of the God they worjlnpped^ and then commanded the Judges of Ifrael
to flay every other Man that had joined himfelf to Baal-Peor ; which
was accordingly done, and the whole twenty-four thoiifand fell by
the Sword and Flalter.
The Prophet A?nos (n) upbraided his Brethren with this Idolatry?
Have ye^ fays he, offered tmto me and Offerings in the

Sacrifices
Wildernefs forty Tears, 0 Houfe of No But ye have
Ifrael ? !
borne the Tabernacle of your Moloch and Chiiin, your Images, the
Star of your God whom ye i?tade to your felves. That is, they wor-
fhipped the Rifing Sun, or Baal-Peor, by his Orb ; and the Sun-,
. or Moloch, by his Image, or Star ; and him they addreffed by the
Mediation of fome deceafed Prophet, whofe Soul they imagined was
tranfpofed into the Figure of a Pedeflal, or a Kind of Support to
the Image of Moloch, as the Word Chiun imports ; and that it was
her that delivered the Will of the G o d to them Whereas it was :
only a Perfon that was concealed in that Pedeflal, to return Anfwers

to iiich Queflions as fliou'd be afked.
For this ftrange Illufion, which the Midianitifh People had thus
drawn fo many of the Ifraelites to adhere unto, foon punifh- GOD
ed them; for Mofes having detach'd twelve thoufand Men {p) out
of the Army of Ifrael,on6 thoufand out of every Tribe, and given
the Command thereof to Phinehas, the Son of Eleazar, they fell
on the Medianites, deftroy'd all the Men, and took the Women
and Children Captives, carried off their Cattle, Flocks, and Goods,
and then fet Fire to all their Cities and Caftles.
MOSES next diftributed all the Land of the Midianites among

the Children of Reuben, and Gad, conditionally that they would,
as they of themfelves had propofed, take Part in the War, 'till the
whole Land of Canaa?t fhould be conquered : Hereupon the Ruebe-
nites and Gadites took PofTefTion of their vanquished Land, which
was Htuate on the other Side of fordan, and fome of the
rebuilt
Cities, founded others for their Families to dwell in, and made .
Folds for their Sheep. Mofes alfo allotted the Gilead, in Land of
which the Amorites lived, for the half Tribe of Manaffeh, who fub-
dued it, difpoffefTed the Inhabitants, took their fmall Towns and
Villages, and fo lived in them, vvhilft forty thoufand Men, difci-
plin'd in War, and chofen out of thefe two Tribes and a half, went
to help their Brethren, to conquer the Land of Canaan on this
Side Jordan,
The Tribe of Reuben, at firfl:, confided of forty-fix thoufand five

hundred Men j that of Gad of forty-five thoufand fix hundred and
{n) Amoi V. 25. (0) JSumh, 31. 5.

fifty;
Chap. Ill Plagiarifm of the Heathens- DeteBed. 1
09
fifty and that of Manajjeh of thirty-two thoufand tvvo hundred ; fo
;
that the Hoiifes capable to receive the Famihes of fo many Men, as

then received the Lot of their Inheritance, muft have been a large
Work, tho' tlicy were built with Timber, for fo we conceive they
were ereded, the Houfes taking the Name of Tents^ as did mofl of
thofe of the Ifraelites j but if they had been built with Stone or
Brick, they wou'd have had the Name of Strong-Holds ; an Appel-
lation given to fuch Edifices, to diftinguifh them from Timber Build-
ings. But thefe Sort of Strud:ures the Ifraelites had no Occafion
for, except when, by their evil Meafures, delivered them into GOD ?
the Hands of their Enemies; and then, for their Defence, they
made themfelves Dens in the Mountains, Cavesy and Stroftg- Holds.
Thus it appears, that the Taber7mcU^ at the fame Time, it gave

Mankind an Opportunity of worfhipping GOD, it fct them an
Example in what Manner to build their own Dwellings foftening ;
their defenfive Habitations into the moft beautiful Forms, and there
by fhewing them, that they were for ever after to live together
in Amity with one another.
CHAP. IV.
Of the Progrefs of Building, from the

Death of Mofes, to the Inauguration of
King David,
AFTER Mofes had inftruded his Brethren in every Thing

conducive to their future Buildings, whether they regarded
their Piety^ their Health, or the Security of their Perfons,
GOD foon gave them an Opportunity of putting thofe Things in
Pradice, in the promifed Land of Canaan, into which they were
brought, under the Condud of Jofiua j the River Jordan was
dried [a) to give and as a perpetual Memorial
them a Pafifage ;
thereof, they carried twelve Stones, [b] which they took out of the
Bottom of the River, and fet them up at the Place where they lay
that Night; and as a fimilar Monument, Jofiua fet up twelv$
ia) Jopua iii. i6. ijb) lb. iv. 8.
Stones
no The Origin of Building: Ovy The Book III.
Stones [c] in tlic River itfclf ; both which anfwered in Form to the
Monument which Mofes ercded at the Foot of Mount Si7iai^ as above.
Soon after this miraculous Paflage, they, in as £ngular a Manner,

took the City of Jerichoy and burnt it, killed all the Inhabitants,
and confccratcd the moft precious Part of the Spoil to GOD, which
they depolited in a Treafury [d) ereded for that Purpofe ; and pur-
fuing their Conquefts, they took Ai^ another great City, and flayed
the Inhabitants, to the Number of ; whereupon
twelve thoufand
Jopua built an Altar of whole Stones in Mount Ehal^ oiFered Sa-
crifices thereon, and then wrote a Copy of the Law on the Stones.
The Hivitesy Pofleffors of the Cities of Gib eon ^ Chephirah^ Bee-

rothy and Kirjath-jearim^ among many others, hearing of thele
Things ; and that GOD
had direded the Ifraelites to deflroy all
the Inhabitants of the Land before them, they, with Craft and Dif-
guife, fought to make a League with Jojhua, in order to fave them-
feives from a total Extirpation of their Races, and their Cities from
that Devaftation, of which yericho and Ai were too convincing
and terrible Examples, and evident Demonftrations that nothing
could Withftand or flee from the Hands of fuch mighty Conquer-
ors ; and therefore, in the moft artful Manner, they came to yojhua,
v/ho made Peace with them, and all the Princes of the Congrega-
tion ratify'd the fame with a folemn Oath.
The Ifraelites purfuing their Conquefts, on the third Day

after the Execution of this Covenant, they came to the Cities of
their new Allies, and then difcovering the Cheat, they made great
Complaints againft the Princes, who wou'd by no Means violate
the Oath they had entered into, in fuflering the People to be de-
ftroyed ; but, for the Impofltion that was put upon them, they in-
ftantly doomed thofe who had thus deceived them to perpetual Borir-
dage\ and Joftua made them that Day [e) Hewers of JVood^ and
Drawers of Water, for the Congregation, and for the Altar of the
Lord.
All the fpare Time that thofe Bond-men had, after preparing Wood
for the Altar of Burnt-Offerings, and Water for the Ufe of the Ta-
ber?jacle, was employed in hewing of Timber for Habitations for
the Ifraelites^ who, as faft (f) as they dcftroyed the idolatrous Ci-
ties, ereded others in Lieu thereof ; fo that the Bondage which was
contrived in Egypty was thus applied to advance the Art of Build-

ing in the Land of Canaan.
The IfraeliteSy in the Space of feven Years, having fubdued the

Land of Canaan ^
(confifting of feven Nations, and thirty-three
(c) Jopm if. 9. lb. ?i. 44. (e) lb. is. ay. (// lb. six. jo.
Kings,
Chap. I V. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteSted, 1 1 r
kings, as above) they affembled themfelves together at Shiloh^ and

theit fet up the Tabernacle j and after dividing the Land among the
nine Tribes, and the half Tribe of Manajfeh^ they difmiffed and
fent home the fighting Men of the tvô Tribes and a half, who had
chofen their Inheritance on the bther Side of Jordan^ and had aflift-
ed them in their Conquefts ; and as thofe People returned to the
Places of their Abode, they ereded a very great Altar on the Bor-
ders of Jordan^ to be a Witnefs, and to fhev^ fucceeding Genera-
tions, that tho' their PofTeffions were over yordan^ yet they were
the fame People v/ith thofe, whofe Ii^heritance were in Canaan.
y 0 S tlUA having thus eftablillied the Ifraelites in the pro-

mifed Land, and fet up the Tabernacle^ he renewed the Covenant
between GOD
and His People, wrote [g) the fame in the Book
of the La'w^ then fet up a Stone under an Oak, by the Sanctuary,
to be a Witnefs thereof, and fo let the People depart, every Man
to his Inheritance. This Tree, from thence forward, was called the
Oak of the Pillar : By this Tree Abimilech was eleded and annoint-
ed the firft King over Part of the Children of Ifrael : And to this
Tree we may afcribe the Origin of that Cuftom, which ftill pre-
vails in moft Country Places, of planting a remarkable Tree near
the Church.
The firft of any Confeqiience, we have krly Account of,

Edifices,
kfter the Tabernacle was compleated, were the Houfes, or Temples^
feredted by the Heathens, in Imitation of that Fabrick; which they
generally built with Timber, but made them much larger than the
Tabernacle for an Hold (h) of the Houfe of the God Berith^ re-
ceived one thoufand People that fled, from the Tower of Shecbem,
thither for Protection, but were therein confumed with Fire, by
Abimelech^ after he had deftroyed the City itfeif, and laid it in
Aflies.
AB IMELEC Hy after his Conqueft at Shechefn^ encamped be-

fore ThebeZy and took it, but the Inhabitants all betook themfelves
to their ftrong Tower, to which the Conqueror advanced, with an
Intent to burn it, as he had burnt the Houfe^ or Temple^ of Baal-
Beritb ; but approaching too near it, Woman
of a Mill-
a caft a Piece
Stone upon his Head, which fraftured his Skull ; and he finding
Life departing, and to prevent the Ignominy of dying by the Hand
of a Woman, ordered his Armour-Bearer to flay him with his Sword,
'who accordingly thruft him through, and fo Abi^nelech expired.
The Philijiincs having got a Vidory over the Ifraelites^ and taken
the Ark of GOD from them, brought it from Eben-ezer unto AJh-
dody and there fet it in the Houfe (/) of Dagon^ by that Idol, who
(g) jfojhua xxiv. iC. {h) Judgei ix. 4^. (i) 1 Sam. ?. 2.
fell
I iz 7he Origin of Building : Or, The Book III.
fell down before the Ark the firft Night, and it being fct up again,
tumbled dowli the fecond Night, by which it was fo broke, that
only the Stump of Dagon remained.
Wii E N the Philift ines took Sampfo7t [li) Prifoner, they firft put
out his EyeSj then brought him down to Gaza^ there bound him
in Fetters of Brafs, and then put him into the Prifon-Houfe to
grind Corn. After which, the Lords of the Philiftines affembled
themfelves together at Gaza, (one of their chief Cities,) to offer a
great Sacrifice to their God Dagon, who had a Temple there, as
well as at Aftodod, for the Vidlory they imagined he had got them
over Sa7npfon : The Chief of the People feated themfelves, on this
Occafion, in the Body of the Temple ; the common People, to the
Number of three thoufand, Men and Women, fixed themfelves
upon the Roof of the Hoiife, and when they began to be merry,
they ordered the diftreffed Captive to be brought before them
to make them Sport.
SAMP SON bore all the t)erifion of the Philifli?ies with

Temper and Patience ; at length, when he had fatisfied their De-
fire, and found himfelf placed between the Pillars of the Tem-
ple, in the Middle of his Enemies, he defired the Lad that held
him by the Hand, to let him feel the two middle Pillars of the
Houfe, that he might reft himfelf againfh them ; then praying to
GOD to give him Strength to avenge himfelf on thofe who had
deprived him of his Sight, he took hold of thofe Pillars, and with
Force bowing himfelf towards the Ground, wrenched them out of
their Places, thereby diflocating the whole Frame of the Building,
which, with Precipitation, fell down, and deftroyed all his mortal
Enemies, he himfelf fharing in the common Cala,mity, and dying at
the fame Time like an Hero, vidorioully.
The had likewife an Houfe, (/) Sacred to Aftaroth, in

Philiftines
which they depofited the Armour of Saul : So that they had Tem-
ples to Berith, or Noah, to Aftaroth, or Abraham, and to Dagon^
or Jofeph, as their God's Mediators; but to the Supreme GOD,
they don't appear to have raifed any fuch Strudlures ; it was enough
for them to make his Image, and exhibit it upon fome high Place,
which was the Rule wherever Sabia?iifm prevailed.
(k) Juices xvi. ai. (/) i Sm> xxxi. lo.
CHAP.
3
Chap. V. Plagiarism of the Heathens DeteBed. 1 1
CHAP. V
Of the Progrefs of Building during the
Reign of King David.
3 AVID was no fooner anointed King over all Ifrael^

(a)
at Hebron^ than he went to Jerufalem with his People,
but was denied Entrance into that City, it being not then
conquered However, the King, by the Valour of Joab^ took the
:
Caftle of Sion^ made the fame his Habitation, built round about it,
and fo called it the City of David ; to which Joab made fome
Additions And David then growing great and potent, Hiram^ (b)
:
King of Tyre^ fent Meflengers to him, together with Cedar Trees,

Carpenters, and Malbns, arid they built the King an Houfe, or
Palace.
By thefe Things, David perceived that GOD had eftabliihed

him King over Jfrael ;
whereupon he made a Vow, (c) That ha
woud not go into his Houfe.^ or to his Bed^ or give Sleep to his
Eyes, or Slumber to his Eye-Lids, until he had found out a Place
for theHabitation of GOD: For, faid the King, fhall I dwell
in a Houfe of Cedar, while the Ark of G O D remains only within
Curtains f
DAVID, in Purfuance of this Vow, having prepared a Placq

in his own and thereon pitched a magnificent Tent for the
City,
Ark, he then fetched it from the Houfe of Obed-edom, with the
utmoft Solemnity, and offered a great Sacrifice at the Induction of
it into this new Tabernacle : And when the King found himfelf efta-
blifhed in Peace, (d) as a further Inftance of his Gratitude to GOD,

he refolved to build a moft magnificent Tetnple for his Habita-
tion ; which Defign David imparted to Nathan, the Prophet, who
then encouraged him to do what he had |)ropofed But the King :
Was foon after given to underftand, by the lame Prophet, that GOD
approved his Intentions, but that the Work it felf fhould be referv-
ed for his Son, whom the Lord wou'd raife up after him, and
eftablifh his Throne for ever.
(a) I Chron. xt. 3. fc) Tfa. cxxxii. 2.

{b) 2 Sam. V, 11. {d) 2 Sam, vii. i. and x Chron. xvii. i.
Ff By
:
Ii4 The Origin of Buiklmg: Oty The BookllL

By Examples of Building, we may plainly fee that the Ta-
thefe
bernacle of Mofes was what the People endeavoured to imitate ; the
Pillars of Dago?i\ 'Temple^ at Gaza^ is a plain Demonftration, that
they then made Ufe of Pillars in their Edifices ; and David's Palace
of Cedar is a fufficient Teftimony that their greateft Fabricks were
ereded with Timber, as the prevailing Tafte of Building at that
Time, when the PIot.i fes began to be more capacious than before
For we find that Eglo72^ King of Moab^ over and above the Con-
veniencics in his Palace, had a Summer Apartment, after the Form
of the Tabernacle^ the inward Part of which ferved as a Parlour,
and the outward Part as a Porch or Portico In this Room of :
State Rglon gave the People AudiencCj and particularly Ehud ; who
(e) pretended to have had a fecret Mefiage to him from GOD, and
thereby got all the People, befides himfelf, difmified the Prefence of
the King, v/ho rifing from his Chair, in humble Reverence, to re-
ceive it, Ehud drew
out a Dagger, of a Cubit long, which he had
concealed, and with his left Hand, at one Pufh, buryed it in his
Belly, by which he inftantly died ; and Ehud efcaped, by fliuting and

locking the Doors after him.
tH ERE is no doubt, but that

whole Habitations encreafed in
as
Grandeur, fo did the various Parts of which they were compofed
and the Chamber in which Delilah (f) pradifed her Deceit upon
Sampfo?2^ is a Demonftration of it ; for that Room muft have been
of a prodigious Size to be made the Scene of fo much Treachery :
But it don't at all appear, in any of the Buildings, that the Propor-
tions of the Tabernacle had been look'd into, or any further En-J
quiry made into its Parts, but in Refped; to the general Form,
which, in the Space of above five hundred Years, may have diffufed
itfelf throughout the v/hole World,
HIPPOCRATES tells us. That the Nomades, a Scythiait

People, had no Houfes, but dwelt in Chariots of fix Wheels, and
others of four, confifting fome of one, and fome of three Rooms, and
made Proof againft the Weather with thick Woollen Cloths, or
Felts, the very Pattern of the Tabernacle ; and thofe Houfes, Herodo-
tus (g) fays, were made with Shrubs, compaded with Rufiies. This
laft Author adds, that it was cuftomary for the Argippaeansy ano-
ther Set of Scythian People,under Trees, covered in the
to fleep
Winter Seafon with a ftrong white Cloth, which in the Summer
was fupplied by the Leaves. The fame Author fubjoins, that the
City of Gelonus^ the Capital of the Budians, the largeft and
moft populous Nation of all Scythia^ v/as entirely built with Tim-
ber, and furrounded with a Wall of the fame Materials, three hun-
dred Stades, or thirty-feven Miles and a half on every Side; in
which City there were Te?nples^ adorned with Images, Altars, and Cha-
ie) fudges iii. j. (f) lb. xvi. 4; (^) Lib. 4.

peU
5
Chap. V. Pldgiarifm of the Heathens BcteBecL 1 1
pels of Wood. This fhews us, to what a great Degree of Mag-

nificence this firft Sample of ArchiteBure was carried.
DAFIDy of Time, had a Son by Bath-fieba^

(h) in Procefs
whom he called Solojnon ; but the Lord fent to him, by Nathan
the Prophet, and told him his Name fhould be Jedediah, that is,
beloved of the Lo r d ; he being the Son whom promifed GOD
to raife up and eftablilli his Kingdom for ever.
After a long Series of Troubles that enfued the Birth of Solo-

mon^ David (i) direcled yoah to number the People, whereby he
might be enabled to judge of the Strength of his Kingdom ; but this
Proceeding fo difpleafed GOD, who had given thofe People mani-
feft Proofs, that their Strength was only in him, that he fent a
Peftilenceupon Ifrael, which deflroyed no lefs than fsventy-thou-
fand Men Under thefe calamitous Circumftances, the King made
:
an open Confeffion of his Guilt, and prayed to,GOD to avert his

Wrath from the Innocent, and only punifii him that had finned,
by executing his further Vengeance upon him, and upon his Father's
Houfe Hereupon the Angel of G O D commanded Gad^ fDavid's
:
Seer) to tell the King, to go up, and fet up an Altar to the Lord,
in the Threfhing Floor of Ornan^ the 'Jebuji.te^ as the beft and fit-
teft Means whereby he could make Attonement for his Tranfgreflions.
DAVID obeyed this Command, and Aratmah^

(k) inftantly
or Or?2an^ Names of the fame Import, perceiving him advancing
with his Servants, went out, and after making his Obeifance to the
King, afk'd him, on what Occafion he came there ; David told
him, to buy his Threfhing Floor, to build an Altar upon unto the
Lord, that the Plague might be ftay'd from the People To which :
Araunah replied. That the King might offer what feemed good to
him ; telling him, there were Oxen for Burnt-Offerings, and Threfh-
ing Inftruments, with other Inftruments of the Oxen, for Wood,
which he as a King^ did give unto a King and at his Tendering of ',
them, moft earneftly prayed to G O D to accept the Offering of

David : But the King would not take thefe Things, He infixed
upon Purchafing of them at their full Value, and accordingly gave
Araunah fifty Shekels of Silver for them. Then David (Ij built
an Altar there, offered Burnt-Offerings, and Peace-OfFerings, and
called upon the Name of the Lord ; who, after anfwering him by
Fire from Heaven, on the Altar, commanded the A7igel to put his
Sword again into the Sheath thereof ; .and thus the Plague was
ftayed.
The King, after this Proceeding, reflecting, that his offering Sa-
crifices would render the Land about the Altar ufelefs, upon any
2 Sm, xli. a^. [t) \ Chrott, xxi. f, (k) i Satn.îs. ij>, (/) i. Chron* -^^- ^6.
Other
;
1x6 The Origin of Building : Or, TIjc Book III.
other Occafion, propofcd ffn) to purchafe of Orna?t the Place of his

Threfhing Floor ; but that generous Man, fenfiibly affected with the
Miferies that had befallen his Country, made a Tender of that alfo
to the King, who refufed to accept it upon any other Condition,
than for Value ; and accordingly he gave for the Place fix
its full
hundred Shekels of Gold. David thus poflefling himfelf of Ornan^
Eftate, not only continued to facrifice there, becaufe the Tabernacle
of Mofes^ and the Altar of Burnt-Offerings, were, at that Seafon,
in the high Place at Gibeon^ but pronounced the Place {ri) he had
purchafed to be the Houfe of the LORD GOD,
and the Altar
he had eredled to he that of Burnt-Offerings for Ifrael And look- :
ing upon his former Vow to be fulfilled, he declared, That he

would forthwith make all the Preparations in his Power for the
Temple, fince GOD
had given him a Son that would foon arrive
to a State of Manhood, and be able to go on with that great Work*
CHAP. VI.
Of the Preparations made by King Da^

vid^ for the Temple^ at Jenifaknh
As David had purchafed X)rnan\ Efiate, he

foon as King
[a) commanded all the People that êre Strangers in the
Land of Ifrael, to be gathered together, and fet Mafotis

to hew and work Stones, to build the Houfe of GOD; he alfo pre-
pared Iron Nails, and Brafs, in Abundance, befides great Quanti-
ties of Cedar Trees ; infomuch, that when he called his Son Solo-
mon^ and charged him to build an Houfe to the of LORD GOD

Ifrael, he told him. He [b) had already prepared, during his Trou-
bles, for that Work, ten thoufand Talents of Gold, one hundred
thoufand Talents of Silver, and Brafs and Iron without Weight
alfo Timber and Stone, with Workmen in Abundance, fuch as were
capable of hewing and working of Stone and Timber, and of per-
forming all Manner of other Work.
DAV ID {c) growing old, and anxious to the laft Degree to have
the Temple built, made Solotnony his Son, King over Ifrael ; he
(ct) I Chron. xxi. a a, {a) I Chron. xxii. a.

\n) lb. xxii. i. (b) Jofephus'i Ant, I. 7. c. ll.
(0 I Qbron, xxiii i.
then
Chap. VI. Plaglarifm of the Heathens t>ete£ied. 1 1 ^
then afTemb led {d) together not only all the Princes, but fiich others
as were in Authority, or of any Confequence ; and after declaring
god's Favour and Promife to his Son Solomon^ he exhorted them
all to fear GOD, and encouraged his Son to build the Teinple^ giv-
i?jg him Pattern of the Porch^ of the Houfes, Treafuries^ Upper-

the
Chambers, and Inner Parlours thereof / V Place of the Mercy Seaty
the Courts of the Houfe, and all the Chambers round about, with the
I'reafuries of the Houfe, and Dedicated "Tbings ; he alfo gave hi^n In-
flruSiions for the Courfes of the Priefls and Levites, a77d for all the
Work of the Service of the Houfe, aTid for all the ejfels in the Ser- V
vice thereof; for thefe he gave the Weight either in Gold or Silvery
faying, [e) All this the Lord made me understand in Writing
BY his Hand upon me. David then turning to the People, fpoke
thus to them Solojnon, my Son, whom
: alone hath chofen, GOD
is yet young and tender, and the Work is great ; for the Palace
is not for Man, but for the LORD
GOD: Now, tho' 1 have
prepared for the Houfe of my GOD, Gold, Silver, Brafs, Iron,
Wood, Onyx Stones, Stones to be fet, Glittering Stones of divers
Colours, all Manner of precious Stones, and Marble in Abundance,
yet I, at this Time, further give three thoufand Talents of the Gold
of Ophir, and feven thoufand Talents of refined Silver, to over-lay
the Houfe withal ; and who then is willing to confecrate his Service
this Day unto the LORD?
This laudable Example excited all thofe that were prefent with
David, to contribute towards the intended Work ; and the Princes
and People offered and gave for the Houfe of five thoufand GOD
Talents, and ten thoufand Drams of Gold, ten thoufand Talents of
Silver, eighteen thoufand Talents of Brafs, one hundred thoufand
Talents of Iron, with Precious Stones in Abundance ; all of them
rejoicing, that they had offered willingly, with perfed: Heart, Da-
vid the King 'participating with them And after he had tendered :
his Thankfgiving to GOD

on this Occafion, he defired all the
Congregation to blefs GOD, who obeyed, bowing their Heads, and
worfhipping the Lord.
The [f)
Day after this, the Princes and People made a Sacri-
fice to GOD,
and offered Burnt-Offerings, one thoufand Bullocks,
one thoufand Rams, and one thoufand Lambs, with their Drink-Of-
ferings and Sacrifices, in Abundance, for Ifrael : Then they made
Solomon, a fecond Time, King, and all Ifrael obeyed him.
^d) I Chron. xxviii. |, (e) i lb. xxviii. i^. {[) 2 lb. i. 2.
CHAP.
n8 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book III.
CHAP. VII.
Of the Preparations made by King Solo^
jnon, for the Temple at Jerufalem.
WHEN an intent to
Solomoji was King over all Ifrael^ with
eftabliflied
begin the Temple^ which his Father pur-
pofed to build, he immediately acquainted all his Peo-
ple, that during the Time the Work fhou'd be about, they fhould
make their Offerings at the Tabernacle^ which was then in the high
Place, at Gibeon and as an Introdudion, Solomon himfelf offered,
;
upon the Brazen Altar there, one thoufand Burnt-Offerings. This

A(5l of Piety v/as foon rewarded, for GOD appeared that very
Night to Solomo?2ând bid him afk, what he fhould give him the
;
King refledlingon the great Mercy GOD had fhev/ed Father

his
Davidy and how he had made him to reign in his Stead, anfwered
and faid, 0 LORD GOD, let thy Promife to David, my Father^ be-
ejiablijhedy for thou hafi made me a King over a People^ like the
Dujl of the Earth in Multitude ; give me Wisdom and Know-
ledge, that I may go out and come in before this People, for who
can judge thefe thy People, who are fo great. This Petition fo well
pleafed GOD, that, over and above the Wifdom which he afked
for. He promifed him fuch Affluence of Riches, Wealth, and Ho-
nour, as fhou'd exceed what any King before him had, or any after
him fhould have. Solomon awaking in the Morning from his Sleep,
was fenlible he had had a Vifion, therefore upon his Return to ye-
rufalem [a] he prefented himfelf before the Ark of the Covenant,
offered Peace-Offerings before the Lord, feafled all his Servants,
and foon fhewed a Specimen of his Wifdom
after in the Deciiion
of the Difpute between the two Harlots.
When GOD put itOption to chufe whatever

to Solo7no?i\
Bleffing he defired, and He would grant it him ; Solomon, no doubt,
reflected on the Building he was going to ered, as well as on
the Nmiiber of People he was to rule, Tloe Building, fays he,
pall be wonderful great ; and therefore the extraordinary Nature of
it was fuch as required the continual Direction of the Divine Be-
ing, to enable him to go through with it, lince the Tabernack

could not have been performed, unlefs GOD
had filed thofe that
were prijicipally concerned ifz ity with his own Spirit^ in Wifdom
(a^ Kingi iii. 15.
and
9
Chap. VIL Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 1 1
and UnderJladding. He therefore praying for not Wifdom, GOD

only granted it him, but fuch infinite Wealth, as enabled him to
perform fuch immenfe Works, that the reft of the World, united to-
gether, cou'd not at that Time have done the like ; fo apparent
was the Hand of G O D in whatever Solomon undertook, through
his religious and good Views ; and his Wifdom was fo great, that it
rais'd Admiration in all Men.
Preparatory to the Beginning of the Work was his Contrail [b)
with Hiram^ King of lyre, for Timber ; then he raifed (c) thirty
thoufand Levites^ with Adoniran at their Head, to fupervife, dired",
and govern the Workmen, amounting to eighty thoufand Hewers in
the Mountains, feventy thoufand to bear Burthens, and three thou-
fand three hundred Overfeers, or Ofiicers, to rule over them.
These hundred and thoufand Workmen were partly the

fifty
Tofterity of thofe Gibeonites, which Jofhua condemiied to be Bond-

meii in hewing of Timber, and partly Bond-men^ which the Ifrael-
ites, from Time to Time, purchafed from among the Strangers, in
the Nations round about them ; for the Law [d) m.oft exprcily for-
bid them making any of their Brethren Mechanicks in the Building
Art, which was an evident Mark of Bondage, and as fuch all Works
wete performed by the Labour of Bond-men.
After thefe Preparations were

made, which took up almoft
four Years Time, King Solomoit began the Work, which we now
propofe to explain from the Sacred Text, and from what Jofephus
writes in Confirmation thereof.
CHAP. VIII.
Of the Situation of the Temple at Jerih

falem, and of the Year of the World
in which the Building was begun.
^ M '"^HE Ground on which the Temple was to ftand having

M been prefigured by GOD,
to Abraham, in his going
-M- three Days Journey thither, and offering up a Ram, in-
ftead of his Son, and determined by the Defcent of the Fire from
{V) I Kini% ?. 8, is) 1 Ktngi v. 13. and i Chm, xxiii, 4. {d) Livit, xxv. 50. 3nd4|.
Heaven,
no 7he Origin of BuiUing : Or, Tfje Book III
Heaven, to confume the Sacrifice upon the Ahar^ which He order-
ed David to ered, as foretold by Mofes, when he faid, [a) In the
Mount of the LORD it pall be feen, obviated all the Difficulties
the Nature of the Place fuggcfted, for fuch a great and Work ;
therefore Solomon refolved to build the Temple on Mount Moriah^ on

the Spot of Ground where Ornans Threfliing Floor was placed, be-
ing the very fummit of the Hill, having on the South Side a deep
Precipice ; and on the Eaft Side the Valley of yehopaphat ; on the
other Side whereof was Mount Olivat ; by which Means, from the
rifing Ground Eaft and South, there was a fair Profped of each
of thofe Fronts of the whole Ctrudure that faced it ; but the other
two Sides were intercepted by the more contiguous Part of the City
of Jerufalem^ gradually afcending towards it.
The Area of the Ground of the Temple^ remains, in fome Mea-

fure, entire, except that Part which was artificially made, on the
South Side, and of which Mr. MaundreU^ in a Journey he took
fi-om Aleppo to yerufalem, in the Year fixtsen hundred and ninty-
feven, gives this Account, to wit, (b) That on the South Side of the
Mountain, there are feveral large Vaults, at leaft one hundred and
fifty Feet under-ground, built in two Ifles, arch'd at Top with huge
firm Stone, and fuftained with tall Pillars, confifting each of one
fingle Stone two Yards in Diameter ; and in another Place he adds,
(c) That from a Terrace of the Palace of Pilots on the North Side
of the Area, where the T'emple flood, you have a full Pro^ped; of
the Ground where it was fituated ; and that a fitter Place for an
auguft Building could not be found in the whole World, than that
Area, which was one thoufand five hundred and thirty-nine Feet
in Length, and about one thoufand Feet in Breadth Our Author :
concluding, That one may flill difcern Marks of the great Labour
that it coft, to cut away the hard Rock, and to level fuch a fpaci-
ous Place upon fo flrong a Mountain.
This Situationmuft therefore make the Superftruciure confpicu-

ous, not only to all yerufalem^ but to the whole Country ; there-
fore Solomon, upon his Acceflion to the Throne, continued the Pre-
parations his Father David had made, and omitted notliing that was
necefiary for his immediate Proceeding upon the Work, as above ;
and indeed, if we confider the Extenfivenefs of it, the People of
no other Nation in the World, but this, could have yielded Hands
to have carried it on For as the Ifraelites were Bond-men them-
:
felves in the Building Art, fo they juftly afflided others, during the
Space of above four hundred Years, in the fame Manner ; who
being at firft the Inhabitants of four large Cities, were fo encreafed
by the Time Solomon was made King, that he colleded above one
hundred and fifty thoufand Men to begin his Works with.
{a) Gen. xxil 14, (b) Page iqo, (f) Page loff.
These
;
Chap. VIII. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Dete&ed. i zi
These Men having hew'd of great Magnitude, to lay the

Stones,
Foundation with, and brought them to the Place where they were to
be fet up, Solomon [d) began to ered the Temple in the fourth Year
of his Reign, in the four hundredth and eightieth Year after the
Ifradites came out of Egypt^ and about the Year of the World two
thoufand nine hundred and ninety-nine ; tho' according to St. Patd
[e) it was a hundred Years later ; but as this Apoftle was then fpeak-
ing to Jews and Gentiles^ and had made it a Principle to avoid (f)
Fables and endlefs Genealogies, he was not exad in his Computation
of Time, and ufes the Word about^ as unwilling to rejed the Chro-
nology of the Jews or Gentiles,
The Birth of Ifaac having been the fir ft Thing that was efFeded
for the Glory of the Ifraelites \ from his Birth, to the End of the Egyp-
tian Bondage, as foretold by GOD, was juft four hundred Years
from which Time, to that of their entering into the Land of Ca-
naan^ was forty Years more, making together four hundred and forty
Years ; fo that from the Birth of Ifaac to the Ifraelites taking Pof-
^
feflion of the Land, of Ca-naan^ was juft the fame Space of Time,
as it was from their coming into that Land, to the Beginning of
the Temple^ by King Solomon.
CHAP. IX.
Of the Temple, and the Parts thereunto

belonging,
SOLOMON
Moriah with
began
high a
thismighty Work, by enclofing Mount
{a) and ftupendious Wall, built with
Stones of fuch vaft Magnitude that they were twenty {h) Cu-
bits long, and fixThis the King ordered to be done,
Cubits deep :
that the Sides of the Hill might be fo filled up to the Level of the
Wall, as to form a fpacious Area at Top, capable of containing the
whole Strudure, with and thefe Walls were made
its feveral Courts ;
fo ftrong, that the Fabrick above might (land upon Ground that
would not yield to its incumbent Weight. Then Solomon ereded
the Temple in the following Manner, and according to the follow-
ing Dimenfions.
(d) 1 Kings VI. I, {a) 7of- Aat.\.%. c f,

(e) ASls xiii. 18. Q,] ib, 1. ao. c. 8.
H h The
IZ2 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book III.
The Length of the Infide of the Temple was juft fixty Cu*
(c)
bits, being double the Length of the Tabernacle ; the Breadth was
twenty Cubits, anfwering the Length of the Holy Place of the Ta-
hernacle and the Heiglit was thirty Cubits, which was equal to
\
the whole Length of the Tabernacle^ and to three Times its clear
Height, produced by the Length of the Boards that made the Sides
and End of that Edifice.
The Porch, at the Entrance into the Temple^ was twenty Cubits
long, and ten Cubits broad ; the Area of which preferved the Di-
menfions of all the Boards on the Side of the Holy Place of the
Tabernacle^ and the Height of this Porch was one hundred and
twenty Cubits ; which not only anfwered the Age of Mofes^ but that
Period of Time which GOD
gave Men, to return from their Wick^
ednefs and repent, before he deftroyed them by the Deluge,
The other three Sides of the Temple were environed with a Wall,
of about eighteen Cubits high, at the Diftance of five [d) Cubits
from the Wall of the Temple ; this void Space was called a Cham-
ber, and the Height was divided into three Stories, each five Cubits
high, in the Clear The Floors of thefe Chambers, were refted in
:
the outward Wall, and upon Rebatements made in the Wall of the
Temple^ of one Cubit, for every Story ; by which Means, the firft
Chamber remaining at five Cubits broad, the fecond became fix Cu-
bits, and the third feven ; whereby the Wall above thefe Chambers,
being properly the Wall of the Temple, was reduced in its Thick-
nefs three Cubits, and had narrow Lights in it, to illuminate the
Infide of the Temple : By thefe Rebatements, the Floors of the
Chambers were fupported without being faftened into the Wall of
the Temple, and the Way to them was by a Door on the South Side,
the fecond and third having been made acceffible by winding Stair^.
The whole Building was Roofed with Beams and Boards of Cedar,
covered over, on both Sides, with Plates of beaten Gold.
It is what Thicknefs thefe Walls wefe

impoflible to determine of
built, but by fuppofing thofe of the Sides and Weft End of the
Temple fix Cubits at the Bottom, thofe on the Eaft and Weft Sides
of the Porch feven Cubits and a half, and thofe of the Chambers,
being the outward Walls, four Cubits, the whole Building muft have
extended one hundred Cubits in Length, upon fifty Cubits in Breadth,
and have form'd a double Square, anfwering the Form and Dimen-
fions of the Couri of the Tabernacle ; and the Temple having been
thirty Cubits high, thefe three Dimenfions of Length, Breadth and
Height, made a Body equal to the one-third Part of Noah\ ArL
The better to fupport our Suppofition of the exterior Dimenfi-

ons of the Ground Work of the whole Temple, we will mention
(c) I Kitt£S \l 6, (J) lb, yi, 6.
Other
;
Chap. IX. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 123
other Things that were made in the Form of double Squares, to

fhew Solomons great Efteem for that Figure ; and firft, the Infide
of the Temple was reduced to forty [e) Cubits in Length, and twenty-
Cubits in Breadth ; fecondly, the Porch was twenty Cubits long,
and ten broad ; and thirdly, the Cherubims in the moft Holy Place
occupied twenty (f) Cubits in Length^ and ten in Breadth ; fo that
in the three Divifions of the Temple^ this beautiful and well-propor-
tion'd Figure was and vifibly apparent ; belides
feverally retained,
which, the Side of the Temple formed a double Square, as well as
the Parts above the moft Holy Place ; and of the fame Figure So-
lomon made the Sides of the Altar of Burnt-Oiferings.
And Proof that the Side Walls were of the Thick-

as a further
nefs we have fuppofed them, the twenty Cubits in the clear Breadth
of the Temple had, on each Side of it, fifteen Cubits, anfwering the
very Divifion in the Eaft End of the Court of the labernachy
where the Gate was twenty Cubits broad, and the Curtains on each
Side of it took up juft fifteen Cubits.
The was divided into two Parts, a Cube (g)

Infide of the Temple
of twenty Cubits, at the Weft-End, made the moft Holy Place, the
Remainder was call'd the Holy Place. The Divifion of the moft
Holy Place was made with Boards of Cedar, and all the infide
Walls were covered with Boards of the fame Wood, but the Floor
and Ceiling {h) were laid with Planks of Fir. The Doors, {i) with
their Frames, for the Moft Holy Place, were made of Olive-Tree
as was alfo the Frame for the Door of the Temple ; but the Door
itfelf was made of Fir. The Infide of the Te7nple^ as well as the
Doors, were richly carved with the Figures of Cherubims, Pillars
in the Shape of Palm-Trees, made of Almug Wood, and open
Flowers, and then over-laid [l) with Gold. In this Manner the
Sides, the Floor, the Ceiling, and the Roof of the moft Holy Place
were finiflied ; and nothing was to be feen in the whole Temple that
was not covered with Gold, enriched (m) with Precious Stones.
IN this Temple y GOD

Himfelf was the Hiftoriographer of the
moft beautiful and explicit Kind of Hiftory the World ever produc-
ed ; all the Ornaments of the Tabernacle were there colleded toge-
ther, and improved to the utmoft Degree, beyond Imagination itfelf.
The Pillars of Almug Trees fupporting the Ends of that Kind of
Covering, as an Entablature, which made the Roof of the moft
Holy Place, poflefled the firft twenty Cubits in Height ; and over
every Pillar there was the Statue of a Cherubim. The Chapiters
of thefe Pillars, which were made with Palm - Branches, bearing
Fruit, (for fo they muft be to carry the Figure of the Tree) were
(0 I Kingi vi. 17, {%) i Kingi vi. 31.

vi. (&) lb. X. 12.
(f) lb. 14.
\g) lb. Ti, 10. (/) lb. 6. 20.
(*3 a Cbnn, iii. («») a. Cbm, iii. tf;
feparated
1Z4 Tl^c Origin of Building : Or^ Tl:)c Book III.
feparated by a Moulding, in Imitation of a Cord, which was carried

from Pillar to Pillar, round the T'emple ; and the Intervals between
thefe Pillars were cmbcllilhed with curious Sculpture, reprefenting
all the various Flowers of the Field, at their full Growth ; and thefe
were done to that Perfedion, that Art itfelf feemed to vie with, or
rather out do the very Original.
Moreover, from Chapiter to Chapiter, in the Front of the moft

Holy Place, there were Chains [n) of Gold, garnifhed with preci-
ous Stones, fo artfully difpofed, that they formed a Feftoon of Flow-
ers, in all their natural [o) Colours, but with that dazzling Splen-
dour, which accrues to real Flowers, by the Morning Dews, and the
enlivening Sun rarefying, drying, and bringing them to their fragrant
Perfedion; under which was a rich and beautiful Vail, {pj o( Blue,
Purple, Crimfon, and fine Linnen, wrought with Cherubims, in
fuch exquifite Manner, that it added Luftre to the Work compofed
with Precious Stones.
And in order to add to the Splendour and Majefty of the whole,

the lafi: ten Cubits of the Side Walls of the Temple, as well as the
Ceiling, was a quite plain Surface of Gold, fave only fo much of
the Side Walls as was pofTeffed by the Cherubims, and the narrow
Lights.
The Temple being fuppofed to have reprefented the Univerfe, the

Entablature round the Infide of that Strudure may be conceived to
have intimated the Diviiion between Heaven and Earth ; the Lights,
thofe of the Firmament ; and all the plain Surface of Gold, that
beautiful and terminate View a clear Day exhibits to the Eye The :
Cherubims above, and the Pillars below, reprefented the Inhabitants

of Heaven, and thofe of the Earth ; the firft in their -real Shapes,
the laft Hieroglyphically : And
having been made in
thefe Pillars
the Figure of Palm-Trees, is fufficient to coroborate our former

Conjedure, that the Chapiters of the Pillars of the Court of the
T*abernacle were ornamented with the Leaves of that Tree.
The of the Sacred Strudures of the yern's thus refembling

Pillars
Palm-Trees, feem to have been defigned for an Emblem of the great
Oppreffion of the Ifraelites in Egypt, and Multiplying thereupon ;
and were introduced into the Tabernacle and Temple, to £hew further
the miraculous Support of thofe People, in the Suftenance they receiv'd
from the feventy Palm-Trees at Eli?n ; and that while they conti-
nued Good and Obedient to GOD,
He would make their Condi-
tion profperous, like that Tree, which is conftantly Green, Flourijh-
ing, and Fruitful, as well as ViEiorious ; the Paim-Tree, or a Branch
thereof, being a Symbol of FiEiory. And as the upper Part of the
(n) 1 Kifgi vi. SI. (o) Jof. J}}{. 18. c, 2.

(f) 4 Chron. iii. 54.
Temple
Chap. IX. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detected. 1
Temple is fuppofed to have reprefented Heaven, and the lower Part

the Earth ; the firfh by being plain, and of the richeft Metal, fhews
the Immenfity and Glory of the Seat of GOD
to be unapproach-
able to our Sight, which foon evaporates among thofe Rays he dif-
penfes to enlighten the Earth ; but the fecond Part was quite other-
wife, for that having been decorated with all the Ornaments of Na-
ture, every Thing was apparent to the Eye ; and thus, at once. Men
might have feen the Beauty, and, in a great Meafure, have conceived
very juft Ideas of the Magnitude of the Works of GOD.
In [q) the moft Holy Place of the Temple there were two Che-
rubims made of Olive-Trees, over-laid with Gold, each of which
was ten Cubits high; and from the utmofl: Extent of one Wing, to
that of the other, was ten Cubits ; fo that being there placed with
their Wings expanded, they reach'd from one Side of the moft Holy
Place to the other.
The whole Length of the Temple was three Times its Breadth,
and the Height was one-half of the Length. After the moft Holy
Place was enclofed, the Remainder of the Temple, upon its Area,
was juft a double Square ; that is, the Length was double the
Breadth, and the Height was half of the Sum compounded of the
Length and Breadth.
The Doors of the moft Holy Place, as well as thofe of the Tem-^
pky were double, and thefe latter confifted of two [r) folding Leaves
in each Door ; fo that the Entrance into the Tejnple was four-fold,
anfwering that of the Tabernacle.
The Altarof Incenfe was of Cedar, over-laid with Gold ; as

{sj
was the Table [t) for the Shew-Bread ; but the Candlejlich^ with
the Lamps, were of pure Gold. Solomon made ten of thefe Candle-
Jlicks^ and placed them before the moft Holy Place, five on the Right
Side, and five on the Left. He alfo made ten [u) Tables^ which he
difpofed of in the fame Manner as the Candlejlich.
The Porch was curioufty finifiied, for befides being over-laid

iîso) with Gold, two Brazen Pillars were placed in it, which, fot
their exquifite Workmanfhip and Magnitude, far exceeded the Ma-
jefty of the other Parts of this grand Edifice.
The compleat Pillars were each twenty-three Cubits high, of

which their Chapiters {x) were five Cubits, and their fquare Bafes,
(<?) 1 Kingi vi. 23. (/<) 2 Chro7i. iv. 8.

(r) lb, vi. 94. (w) lb. iii. 4.
(i) lb. vi. ao. (x) I Kittgi vii. i5.
(0 lb. vii. 48,
or
12.6 7he Origin of Building: Or, The. Book III.
or Sockets, Bottom, were probably half a Cubit ;
at fo that the
round Shaft of each Pillar was fcventeen Cubits and a half long,
fince both together were thirty-five Cubits. The Thicknefs of
the Shafts of thefe Pillars amounted to an Hand [z] Breadth, and
their Circumference having been twelve Cubits, their Weight mufb
have been at leafl: one hundred Tun, exclufive of the Chapiters,
which, confidering their Ornaments, could not be lefs than forty
Tun more.
Th elower Part of the Chapiters was made of Lilly {a) Work,

for four Cubits in Height, upon which there was a Bowl of one Cu-
bic high, and this Part was covered with feven Nets of Chequer
Work, and feven Wreaths of Chain Work, over-laid with two Rows
of Pomegranates, one hundred in a Row.
These Pillars were placed in the Porch of the Temple^ One on

the Plight Side, and the other on the Left ; th^t on the Right, or
South Side, was called yaching which fignifies. He Jljall ejiablijhy
from Jachiny the fourth Son of Simeon ; that on the Left, or North
Side, was called Boaz^ which fignifies. In it is Strength^ from BoaZy
the Name of Solo7?tons Great Grand-father, by Ruth ; and thefe
Fiilars reduced the Middle of the Porch to a fquare Form, agree-
able to that Part of it that was above the Roof of the 'Temple ; for
the Porch having been raifed one hundred and twenty Cubits high,
it formed a very lofty Tower, and undoubtedly m.ade the Center of
the inward Courts that it might have the fame Appearance from
iuch Places as fronted the four Sides of that Court, and be a Mo-
nument of the great a?td virtuous A£iio7u to which the Place whereon
it Jiood was facred.
For as the 'Temple furnifhes us with fuch curious Matters of Hif-
tory, the Porch was no Way deficient in contributing to the fame
End, fince GOD
Almighty pointed out that Spot of Ground for
the Place whereon to make Tryal of the Faith of Abraham^ and to
confirm the Frainife of a Saviour to the World to he in his Seed.
Abrahain feems therefore to have been reprefented by the Pillar
Boaz^ and the Stretigth of his Faith was in the Work he then and
there did, in Obedience to GOD's Commands. Jachin^ the South
Pillar, might have reprefented Ifaac^ whofe virtuous Education made
him willingly fubmit to furrender up his Life, to him that gave and
required it, by the Hands of his Father, for whom he had the
greateft Duty and Reverence ; and fhewed on that Occaficn a Re-
lignation, becoming the Son of fo good and pious a Parent. But
in the very Inftant, when Abraham ftretched out his Hand to flay
his dear and only Son ; GOD Almighty knowing the Integrity of
his Heart, and that he was fully bent upon obeying his Commands,
(>} a Cbm, iii. 15. («) Jerem.Xn. ii, {a) Kings ni. 15.
caufed^
Chap. IX. Plagiarifm of the Heathens beteSieJ, 127
caiifed his Ange/ to call to him out of Heaven, and tell him to for-
bear doing any Thing to I/aac, for what he had already done, was
a fufficient Teftimony of his Obedience to GOD.
A BRA H A in Surprize, turned himfelf about, and, at

fonie fmall Diftance, perceived a Ram, which was caught in a
Thicket, by his Horns, which he diredly took, and offered up for a
Burnt-Offering, inftead of his Son Upon which the Ajtgel called
:
to Abraham a fecond Time, and told him. That GOD was fo well
pleafed with what he had done, that in Blejfing he would blefs himy
and in Multiplying he would multiply his Seed^ as the Stars in Hec"
ve72^ and as the Sand which is upoii the Sea Shore^ that they Jhould
fojfefs the Gates of his Enemies', and that in his Seed all Na-
tions OF THE Earth should be Blessed, fi7ice he had obeyed bis
V oice. To this emblematical Reprefentation of Abraham, and Ifaac,
by the Pillars, Jachin and Boaz, and to the Continuation of the
Sacrifices to GOD, upon the Altar of Burnt-Offerings before the
Temple, Mofes feems to have alluded, when he faid, [bj That in the
Mount of the LORD it fiall be feen.
The Faith of Ornait, the Jebufite, which was fhewed in this

Place, may be faid to be a Paragon in many Refpe6ls, with that of
Abraham-, the Condition of cannot be fuppofed to be fuch
his Life
as could enable him to give fuch a confiderable Part of his Eficdls

away, as his Threfbing Floor, Land, Oxen, and Implements of Bu-
linefs, whereby it's probable he earned his Bread, on any other Ac-
count, but through the Confidence he had, that the intended Offer-
ing would appeafe the Wrath of an angry GOD^ and thereby ffop
the Contagion which fo vehemently raged, and had then deffroyed
no lefs than feventy thoufand People. His Faith was real, where-
fore GOD opened his Eyes to perceive the Meff enger of his Ven-
geance ; and the infpired Writers of the Scripture have defcribed his
Character and AiStion on this Occafion, with the Epithet due to fo
noble a Spirit, by faying. All thefe Things did he, as a King, give:
unto a King.
Therefore the one hundred and twenty Cubits, to which the

Porch was raifed, was to make it a Monument, for ever memora-
ble ; and to perpetuate to all Eternity the one hundred and twenty
Years Warning of the Deluge, and the Faith which was there (hew-
ed in G O D, by his true Believers that arofe after that dreadful
Mark of his Vengeance ; and that in Return, the Almighty had
verified great Part of his Promife, and would do all the Reff in due
"
Time, provided the People, on their Part, performed the Covenajit,
and kept the Laws he had prefcribed them The Chapiters there- :
fore of the Pillars explain, by the four hundred Pomgranates iii
(^) Gen. xxii. i^, . ^

128 The Origin of Building : Or, The Book III.
four Rows, the Number of Years from the Birth of Ifaac^ to the End
of the Bondage GOD had foretold Abraham of ; and the Seed of
the Pomegranates fhev/ s, that the Almighty had fo united the Hearts
of the Seed of Abraham^ that though they were fo numerous, when
they left Egypt^ not one fo much as offered to fwerve from the
common Diredion given to the whole, but facrificed their Male
Lambs, and fo came out of their Bondage victorious, under the
Banner of their Gracious GOD,
in the fourth Generation, from
their going there ; Mofes being the Son of Amram^ the Son of Ko-
hathy the Son of Levi.
Again, the feven Wreaths of Chain Work, circumfcribing the

feven Nets of Chequer Work, in the Chapiter of one of the Pillars,
correfponds with the feven Days of Vidory gave the IfraeliteSy GOD
and to the total Overthrow of Pharaoh and all his Hoft, who were
fwallowed up by the Red Sea, upon the feventh Day after the If-
raeliies began their Journey from Egypt.
In Manner, the Chapiter of the other Pillar having been

like
crown'd with feven Wreaths, it feems to allude to G O D's enabling
the Ifraelites to vanquifh their Enemies, at their firft Entrance into
the promifed Land of Canaa?i ; for after a folemn ProcefTion round
yericho, feven Days repeated, and feven Priefts founding feven Trum-
pets made of Rams Horns, and making a Shout of Conquefl, the
Walls of the City fell down, the with Tri-
Ifraelites entered into it
umph, and deftroyed all their Enemies, without meeting with the
leaft Refiftance.
The Nets of Chequer Work, covered by the Wreaths of Chain

Work, and circumfcribed by the Rows of Pomegranates, reprefent-
ed alfo the Thicket, in which the Ram was caught, that Abraha7n
facrificed inftead of his Son ; and the fleecy Part of that Creature,
was reprefented by the carved Lillies, with which the lower Part
of the Chapiters were compofed.
The Outfide of the Temple did not at all yield in Beauty to the
Infide, confidering was embellifhed [c) with the
its Situation ; for it
fame Ornaments, tho' carved in white Stone, or Marble The Pil- :
lars [d) had Bafes of Gold, to which Solomon alludes in his De-
fcription of Christ, by his Graces ; and the Roof [e) was over-
laid with Gold, which made the Contraft of the whole Strudure
charming to the Eye of the Beholder. Thus, this Divine Piece of
ArchiteBure^ was alfo Divine (f) Piece of Hiflory ; which we
will leave to be further confider'd.
(c) I Klnî vi. aj. {i) Cant. v. i j. (0 i Kift^s vi. 50, ff) Jof. Ant. L 8. c. 2.
CHAR
:
Ghap. X. Plagiarijm of the tieathens Detected. 1
CHAP. X.
Of the A/tar, Sea, and Laver, in the in-

ward Court of the Temple,
ly HE Altar {a) of Burnt-Offerings was placed before the
S Tsmple^ and was twenty Cubits long, twenty Cubits broad,
-iL. and ten Cubits high. This Altar was made with Brafs,
in fo exquifite a Manner, that though its Magnitude was above fifty-
three Times as mucji as the Altar^ in the Court of the Tabernacle^
no Imperfedion could be perceived in the Workmanfiiip of it. The
folid Cubits in this Altar^ amounted to four thoufand, which cor-
refponds, with the Number of Years, from the Promife of our
Lord and Saviour, to his Incarnation and the four {b) Branches
;
of the River that watered the Garden of Eden^ feem to refer to the
four Parts of this grand Period of Time ; at the Expiration of which,
the River performed the Office of all its ^former Branches
(c) itfelf
Noah feems to have been the firfl: Branch, whole Birth was about
one thoufand Years after the Fall of Man ; Abraham may be look'd
upon as the fecond Branch, whofe Birth was about tv/o thoufand
Years after the Fall ; and Solomon feems to have been the third
Branch, whofe Building the Temple^ and thereby /hewing the Glory
of Ifrael, was about three thoufand Years after the FalL
At {dj the Eaft End of the Temple, oppolite the South, the
Molten Sea was placed for the Priefts to wafh in, which was ten Cu-
bits Diameter, thirty Cubits in Circumference, and five Cubits in
Height. This Sea was made with Brafs, of a Hand Breadth in
Thicknefs, the Brim of which was curioully wrought with Flowers,
in Imitation of Lillies; and underneath thefe [ej there were two
Rows of Knops, in the Similitude (fj of Oxen, ten in every Cu-
bit ; fo that each Row contained one hundred and fifty Knops, an-
fweiing the Number of Loops and Taches which coupled the firft
and fecond Curtains of the Tabernacle together.
This Sea was fupported upon the Backs of twelve Oxen mad<gi
of Molten Brafs, whofe hinder Parts were inward j three gf thofc
(a) z Chroff. IV. 1. (J) 1 Chron. iv. 2.
ib) Gen. ii. 10. (e) x Kings

24. yii.
{c) Rev, xxii. i.

(f) % C^;c».ir. 3.
Oxen
ijo The Origin of Building: Otj The Book III.
Oxen looked towards the North, three towards the Weft, three to-
wards the South, and three towards the Eafl.
On each Side of the 'Temple there were placed five [g] Brazen
Bcifes^ each of which was four Cubits fquarc, and three Cubits high*
The MultipHcation of Length and Breadth of the Sides of thefe
tli€
Bafes^ being that Part of them which was always vifible to the Eye,
produces twelve, alluding to the twelve Tribes of Ifrael ; and upon
thefe Bafes there ftood ten [h) circular havers of Brafs, wherein
they waliied fuch Things as they offered for Burnt-Offerings. The
Bafes^ with the havers upon them, were made moveable, by four
Vv'^heels that were put under every Bafe \ and the Superficies of every
Side of thefe Bafes having been twelve fquare Cubits, as above,

the four Sides of every Bafe amounted to forty-eight fquare Cubits,
fo that the Superficies of the Sides of the ten Bafes together made
up the Number of four hundred and eighty fquare Cubits. Now
the cubical Content of the fame Bafes was four hundred and eighty
folid Cubits, which makes a Parity of Numbers in their folid, and
their fuperficial Content, as above j and this, it's highly probable, was
intended to allude to the Number
of Years from the ifraelites com-
ing out of Egypt^ to Solomons Beginning the Temple^ which was
jull: four hundred and eighty.
As the Things nece0ary for the Service of the Tabernacle were

an Altar of Burnt-Offerings, a Laver, an Altar of Incenfe, a Table,
and a Ca7^clleflicki fo in the Temple Solomon had the fame principal
Things, with ten Lavers, ten Tables^ and ten Cajidleflicks extra-
ordinary, to add to the Solemnity of their Offerings to GOD.
CHAP. XI
Of the Courts of the Temple.
THE inward (a) Court was built with three Rows of hew-
ed Stones, and a Row of Cedar Beams ; fo that the In-
fide of the Court was of Cedar, as well as the Infide of
the Temple. As to the Number of Pillars round this Courty they can
be only conjedural ; however, there is a ftrong Prefumption that
there were twenty-eight on every Side, including the two Corner
1 Tisngi. vii. 27, (Jj) lb. yii. 38. {a) lb. vi, 3^.
(l)
oneSj
Chap. XL Plagiarism of the Heathens heteiied. 131
Ones, fet at ten Cubits from the Center of one Pillar, to

diftance
that of the other ; for as the Temple Was inclofed by thefe Pillars,
the Number we have mentioned, correfponds with the Number of
Cubits in the Length of the firft Curtains, which directed GOD
to inclofe and cover over the Tabernacle. On this Suppofition, the
Outfide of this Court fhewed thifty-fou^r Pillars on every Side, in-
eluding both the Corner ones, and extended about three hundred
and forty Cubits, including the Projedion of the Bafes of the ex-
tream Pillars : By this Means the whok Number of Pillars wr^s
four hundred and eighty, Number of Years, from
anfwering the
the Ijraelites ceiming out of Egypt, to the Time of Solomons be^
ginning the Temple ; and to the Number of Cubits in the Length,
of the forty-eight Boards of the Taberiiacle, which was four hun-
dred and eighty, each Board having been ten Cubits in Length.
This Number is alfo apparent two feveral Ways in the ten Bafei
upoil which the havers flood, as above.
V- uiw i 'Jii- -
":-
• This muHb cyf Courfe have been covered over, and

treble Portico
all the Pillars and Cedar Beams mufl: have been fquarc, becaufe the
Stones, made ufe of in Solomdns Works, [bj were fawed after the
Manner and Mealures of the heWh [c) Stones, of which this Portico
conlifted. of ten Cubits Werfe common in Solomons
And as Stones
buildings, fo thofe Rows of Pillars were at leaft of that Length,

;e^clu{we of any Bafe and Capital they might have had.
The Spaces between the Pillars, we may conclude were regulat

and equal, becaufe the Tenons of the Boards of the Tabernacle, and
the Pillars themfelves of that Strudure, fufficiently pointed out that
Manner of DifpoHtion : Befides, Solomon Ihewed his great Regard
'to Regularity, by placing the havers. Candle/licks, and Tables, equally
,on the Right and Left Side of the Temple, both within and without ;
and his dividing thofe facred Utenfils into Fives, fhews us, that tile
five Bodies Abraham prepared, previous to the Sign, and alfo the
Fives alluded to by the Bars on each of the three Sides of the Ta-
bernacle, were all feverally retained in the Temple i.
What we have thus far faid of the inner Court, tends to prove
it to have been of the fame Length and- Breadth ; on the Eaft Side
of which was the Court of the Priefts ;- but that had no Portico's
round about it* Thefe Courts were furrounded with a low Wall,
(Jojephus fays of three Feet in Height) with handfome Doors at
its Entrance, covered with Brafs ; at which, two of the fix hevitesy
appointed for the Eaftward Part of the Te?nple, attended/ And, as
in the Tabernacle, one half of the Court was for the Edince itfeif,
and the other of Sacrificing; fo we may very

for the Purpofe
reafonably prefume one half of the whole Ground of thefe Courts
{l}) I Kio^t vii. ^. (0 lb. yi. jf,
to
132 Tloe Origin of Building : Or, TJje Book lit
to have been, for the Temple, and the other

and for the Priefts ;
that they formed together a double Square of three hundred and

forty Cubits, conformable to the Court of the Tabernacle^ which was
a double Square of fifty Cubits.
That one CGurt was before the other, and that the Court of thfe
Priefts was fquare, is evident and demonftrable ; for Solomon having
addrefied himfelf to GOD,
before the Altar^ in the Prefence of
the whole Congregation of Ifraely upon a Scaffold he ereded in the
Midft of the Court that was before the Houfe of the Lord, he
after waids hallowed the fame Spot, and thereon offered Burnt-Of-
ferings, and the Fat of Peace -Offerings, becaufe the Brazen Altar^
which he had made, was not big enough for all the Offerings at
that Time.
These Courts made the middle Part of a large Area, called the
great Court, (d) which was likewife encompaffed with a treble Por-
tico, confifting of three Rows of hew'd Stones, and one of Cedar
Beams. On
each Side of this Court there was a Gate ; that on the
Eaft (e) was attended by four Levites ; that on the North by four;
that on the South by four ; and that on the Weft by two. Now
if we make the Spaces betwen the Pillars in this great Court, the
fame with thofe of the inward Court, and augment the Number in
its Breadth to fifty, then the whole Breadth of this Court will be
five hundred Cubits on the Outfide, the Length will be eight hun-
dred and forty Cubits, and the Number of Pillars will come out
at one thoufand and eight, anfwering the Number of Years from
Solomons Beginning the Temple itfelf, to the Birth of Christ.
great Court, according to Jofephus, (f) was common to all

This
People, and it was furrounded with a void Space, and a Wall, in
the Nature of a Rampart ; at the Weft End of which were the two
(^) Gates
and the Gate of the Caufey. The Extent
of Afupphn,
of this outward Inclofure we have made fix hundred and forty-four
Cubits in Breadth, and nine hundred and ninety-four Cubits in
Length, the Gates included ; which makes up the whole Area of
Ground, defcribed by Mr. Maundrell, as above. But whether thefe
Meafures were the real Dimenfions of the feveral Courts, or not, it
is neverthelefs evident, that the Temple was furrounded, in a very
pompous and magnificent Manner, with all the Courts and Portico's
we have defcribed.
After Solomon had compleated this beautiful and ftupendous

Work, with every Thing belonging to it, and had depofited all the
confecrated Things thereirl, as well thofe of the Tabernacle, as thofe
(j; I Eingi Tu. 12. (e) t Cbr9», xkvL j;. (f) Att, L 8. c. u C^) i Cbm. jxvi. 17;
6f
Clhap. Xi. Plagiarism of the Heathens heteSled. 1 3 f
of Father David^ and what he himfelf had prepared, he, [h) in
his
the mofl folemn Manner, brought the Ark of the Teftimony into
the mofl: Holy Place, and inftantly a Cloud filled the Temple. Then
Solomon afcended a Brazen Scaffold, of five Cubits fquare, and three
Cubits high, anfwering the Altar of Burnt-Offerings in the Court
of the 'Tabernacle, which he had ereded in the Midft of the Court
of the and turning to the whole Congregation of Ifrael^
Priefts,
bleffed them, and bleffed GOD;

and kneeling down upon his
Knees, addreffed himfelf to the Lord, in the moft pathetick Prayer
[i) that ever was pronounced or uttered by Man ; which was no
fooner ended, than the Fire came down from Heaven and confumed j
the Burnt-Offerings^ and the Sacrifices, and the Glory of the LO RD

filled the Temple. Then the King, and all the People, offered Sa-
crifice before GOD, which, on this Occafion, confifted of twenty-
two thoufand Oxen, and one hundred and twenty thoufand Sheep.
CHAP. XIL
Of the Time
was ere£ling the
Solomon
Temple, with an Explanation of the
Plan of that Edifice.
TH E
Temple was about feven Years and a half in Building
and Finifhing, and the great Labour of it confifted chiefly
in Raifing and Working fuch large Stones as were made
ufe of, in bringing them afterwards to the Top of fuch a large Hill
as Mount Moriah was, and then in fetting them up in the Work ;
all which was performed by the Labour of Men, when the mecha-
nical Powers, to leffen their Labour, were either in their Infancy,

or not known at all.
The Cafting the Brazen Pillars and Sea, and bringing fingle
Weights of above fifty Tun, to the Top of a Hill three [a) or four
(b) hundred Cubits in perpendicular Height, is not fo eafily done,
as People, unexperienced in Works of Difficulty and great Labour,
may imagine.
No lefs than one hundred and eighty thoufand Men, befides

Officers, were employed on this auguft Edifice, to which fome of
(h) 1 Chron, v. 5. {a) Lamy'% Introi. 1. 1, c. 5.

(i) lb. vi. 14. Jof, Jnt. I. 8. c. a. and Tril Coo. p. 1. 1. ^.^
L 1 Solomons
134 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book III.
Solomons other Buildings were undoubtedly contiguous, at leaft to the
outward Inclofuie ; but that none of them were fo near the Temple^
as to be made a Part of it, is a Fad beyond all Manner of Contra-
didion For the Temple was facred to G O D only, it was made
:
for His Dwellings and exempt from every Thing but the Sacrifices
that were to be offered before Him, and the Service appointed for
the Priefts and Levites.
All the confecrated Things were depofited in the Chaitibers round

the Temple^ and there the Priefts were to put on their Veftments ;
but yet thofe Chambers were fo far judged impious, in Refped of
the Tempkj that Solomon would not fuffer a Stick or a Stone, that
belonged to them, to be refted in the Walls thereof, but raifed Foun-
dations On purpofe for them. Therefore, can it be fuppofed that
the Dwellings of the Priefts, or any other Dwelling was made, to
join to that of GOD, or any Part belonging to be it ? Or can it
fuppofed that Solomon would fit as a King, or a Judge, in a Build-

ing joined on to that of the great GOD,
and Judge of Heaven
and Earth ? Thefe Confiderations, fupported by the Manner in
which Mofes and Aaron^ with the Priefts and Levites encamped
round the Tabernacle^ may convince any one, that the Temple^
with its Courts^ confifted of no other Parts, but what Holy Writ
furnifhes us with an ample Account of ; and fuch as brings out a
Structure Sublime, Magnificent, Beautiful, and every Way agreeable
to the Ideas we can conceive of all that is Good and Great.
GOD fhewed us the Dwelling He required here in the

fufficiently
Structure of the Tabernacle ; and becaufe that was moveable and
imperfed. His Divine Pleafure was fuch, that He commanded an im-
moveable and perfed one to be made ; and as the ftrongeft and
higheft Inftance of His Directions being every Way performed, He
Hvas pleafed to Jill it with His own Presence, the very Moment So-
lomon publicUy declared it finiJFd.
In this Tempky a Man might have feen all that Art was capable
of producing, adorned with the choiceft and richeft Produdions of
Nature. No Objed a Man could fet his Eyes upon, but what would
make fome great and mighty Miracle in his Favour, recent in his
Mind ; and though he might have been deprived of feeing the Glory
and Majefty of what Was within, yet from many Points he could
not fail to fee the Brazen Pillars in the Porch, to remind him, [cj
That it is not the Offering that is acceptable to GO but the
Will of Him that offers : That therefore GOD
accepted Abraham\
Will, and for the Offering itfelf, Ifaac was chang'd for a Ram, and
that Creature facrificed inftead of him; in Confequence of which,
Abraham's Seed, after the Space of four hundred Years, were brought
(0 I Sam. x7. 2 2.
out
chap. XIL Plagiarifmof the Heathens DeteBed. 135
out of the mofl: fevere Bondage, which for four Generations they
had labour'd under ; and the Signal of their great DeHvery imme-
diately enfued the Sacrificing Rams of one Year old fought : GOD
their Battles, and- gave them Vidory over Pharaoh, and all his Hoft,
bringing them triumphant through the Red Sea ; and then, wheli
he had conduded them to the promifed Land, they enter'd it by
Conqueft, at the Token given by the Sound of Trumpets made of
Rams Horns.
A Building having thefe Matters of Speculation is Great, accord-

ing to the Greatnefs of the Adions reprefented ;be very
for it may
juftly faid, that it is not the Richnefs of the Materials, nor the Mag-
nitude of the Edifice, tho' difpofed in the moft perfed Manner, that
renders the Works of ArchiteB:ure the mofl: admirable ; their ultimate
Perfedion chiefly confifts in their having, for Objed, fome great
and noble Adions of him, by v^hom they are ereded, or to whom,
or to whofe Memory they are facred ; and as the Parts of this 'Tem-
ple feem fo exadly to have coincided with the great Miracles brought
to pafs by GOD,
whatever have been wrote, or whatever may
hereafter be faid, relating to that Strudure, can never fet forth the
Glory, and the Majelly of it ; of which, Plate 24. 25. contains
the Plan^
• A. A. A. A. The great Court.

a. a. a. a. The treble Portico round it.
B. The Court of the Priefts.

C. The Brazen Scaffold ereded by Solomon in the Midft of
- the Court of the Priefts.
D. D. The inner Court.

d. d. d. d. The treble Portico round it,
E. The Temple. . .
F. The Brazen Altar.

G. The Molten Sea.
H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H, H. The ten Bafes upon which the
ten havers were placed.
- I. The Porch of the Temple.
K. The Brazen Pillar Jachim
L. The Brazen Pillar Boa%.
M. The Nave of the Temple^ forming on the Ground a double
Sqttare of twenty Cubits, and on the Ceiling a treble Square of
twenty Cubits.
N. The moft Holy Place, a Cube of twenty Cubits,
O. The Arko^ the Teftimony.
P. The Altar of Incenfe.
The Table of Shew-Bread.
q. q. The ten Tables before the moft Holy Place.
The Candlefikk.
T. r. The ten Candlejlkh before the moft Holy Place.
S. Ona
I3<5 The Origin of Building, Gc. Book III.
S. One of the Chambers between the Walls of the Temple, and

that which environ'd it.
T. The Door to the Chambers.
U. The Winding Stairs to the Rooms above.
W. The Wall that furrounded the inward Courts,
X. The Wall that furrounded the whole Temple.
Y. Y. Y. Y. The void Space round the great Court.
Z. The Gate Shcillecheth, by the Caufey, at which four Levites
were appointed to attend.
s. s. The Gates Afupphn, at which four Levites, two at each
Gate, were appointed to attend.
t. The Weft Gate of the great Court, called Parbar, at which,
two Levites were appointed to attend.
u. The North Gate of the fame Court, at which four Levites
w. The South Gate of the fame Court, at which four Levites
X. The Eafl: Gate of the fame Court, at which four Levites
y. The Doors of the Court of the Priefts, at which two Levites
By this Temple, ArchiteSiure was brought to the higheft Perfec-

tion it ever arriv'd to ; from
and the Tabernacle, the
this Temple,
choiceft Examples of Building, among the Antients, were copied ;
and from the Tabernacle and Temple we hope we fhall be able to
prove, undeniably, that the Dorick, yonick, and Corinthian Orders
of Columns were taken. Thefe Orders we fhall treat of, after we
have recited fome of the great Works for which Egypt, Affyria^
Media, Babylonia, Greece, and Italy, are fo remarkable in Hiftory.
But before we proceed, it may not be improper to obferve, that

the Service and Care of the Temple was veftcd in four Orders of Men
fele^led out of the Levites, namely, Priejls, Singers, or Prophets,
Porters, every one of which had his particular
and Treafurers ;
College near the Temple, the fame as the feveral Families of the
Levites were placed near the Tabernacle. The College of Priejls,
by King David's Appointment, were only twenty-four [d) in Num-
ber, but Solomon encreafed them five-fold, and made them one hun-
dred and twenty [e) ; however, they were afterwards reduced to
eighty, (fj with an High Prieft.
(d) I Chroo. xxir. 4. (e) lb. r. 12. (J) lb. xxvi. 17.
THE
THE
ORIGIN O F
building: OR, THE
PLAGIARISM
OF THE
HEATHENS
DETECTED.
BOOK the FOURTH.
Of the Progress of BUILDING,

From the Completion of Solomons Temple, 'till it arriv'd to its higheft
Perfedion in Asia, Egypt, Greece, and Italy.
*
\
r
. , A fir ,
The
Origin of Building:
OR, THE
Plagiarijm of the Heathens
DETECTED.
CHAP. I.
The Introduction.
WHEN Ofiris afcended the Throne of Egypty he made
Choice of a Perfon for his facred Scribe, to whom he
committed all his Secrets, and was entirely governed by
Jiis Advice. This Scribe, according to Diodorus Siculus^ (a) was
the firft that taught the Greeks Eloquence, and for that Reafon they
called him Hermes^ a Speaker, or Interpreter. It was he that firfl
found out Letters, and inftituted the Worfhip of the Gods; it Vv'as
he that firft obferved the Motions of the Stars ; and it was he that
invented Mufick, Arithmetick, and Statuary In Sum, the Egyptian
:
Priefts made him the Inventor of all the Arts and Sciences ; but faid
it was their Kings that found out fuch Things as were neceflary for
the Support of Mens Lives.
Here an Age afligned for the Rife of Arts and Sciences among
is
vthe Egyptians : But whether thofe Arts and Sciences were really in-
vented by Hermesy or ftole from other Nations, and publifhed by the
Egyptian Priefts, as the Inventions of one of their own Country,
will not, we think, appear a Doubt to fuch as will conlider, with
''the great and learned Sir Ifaac Newton^ that OJiris^ Sefoftris^ and
'
Bacchus is one and the fame Perfon with Sefac, and this the lame
^
with ShiJJjak^ (h) who invaded Judea, in the 5 th Year of the Reign of
Rehoboam, and took away all the Riches of Solomons, Temple^ and there-
with, and with the Captives he carried away, built Temples in divers
{a) Lib. I. c. t. (^j 2 Chron. xxii. %,
Part^
140 7hc Origin of Building : Or, TJoe Book IV,
Parts of E(rypt, in Rich a beautiful and corredl Manner, that, by

thofe Works, the Arts and Sciences were allowed, in After-ages, to
have had their Origin in that Country*
The DifHculty that will arife to prove this, will be in making

Sefofl?"iS and Rchoboafn Contemporaries, but for this we call to our
Ailillance Herodotus, the only Hiftorian of all Antiquity, before
Diodorus Si cuius, that had his Account from the Egyptian Re-
cords: Our Author tells us, (c) That the Kings who fucceeded Se-
foJJris, were Pheron, Proteus, Rampjinitus, Cheops, Cephrenes, My-
ceri?ras, /Ifychis, /Inyfis, and Sethon : Thefe Kings, by his Method
of Computation, viz. three Kings to 100 Years, reigned 300 Years;
Sethon was fucceeded by Pfam?netichus, who reigned 54 Years, and
his Son Necus, or Necho, ruled 1 6 Years, and died in the Year 600,
before Christ, as the learned Dean Prideaux has very clearly fhewn.
Now reckon back 16 Years for the Reign of Necho, 54 for that of
Pfainmetichus, and 300 Years for thofe of the nine Kings, as above,
and it will make Sefofiris end his Days 970 Years before Christ,
and 5 Years after the Death of King Solomon : So that Rehoboam
and Sefojlris were Contemporaries ; and by Confequence Sefofiris was
the King of Egypt who invaded Rehoboain, and fpoiled the 'Temple
of y erufalem, in the 5 th Year of his Reign.
No Prince was ever fo ambitious of Glory as our Egyptian Mo-

narch, no Prince ever took fuch Pains, as he did, to publifh his Ads
and tranfmit them down and no Prince, but Sefofiris^
to Pofterity,
ever attempted to civilize Mankind, by teaching them the Arts and
Sciences to gain himfelf everlafting Honour ; and how ready the
Priefts were to do him all Sorts of Honours, by afcribing every ufeful
Invention to him and how well they were bribed for fo doing,
;
will appear manifcflly from a remarkable Paflage in the Writings

of Diodorus Siculus.
After Ifis, had colleded the feveral Parts of h^r

fays he, (c)
Hufband's Body, and cemented them together, fhe fent for the Priefts
one by one, and fwore them all, that they fhould not difcover
v/hat fhe fhould entruft them with. Then the Queen told them,
after recounting the good Works Ofiris had done. That they only
fliould have the Burial of the King's Body, charged them to inter
it in a proper Place among themfelves, and to pay unto him all
Divine Honour, as to a God ; flie alfo told them, to dedicate to him
one of the Beafts bred amongfl: them, and that while it was alive
they fhould pay it the fame Veneration as they did before to Ofiris
himfelf, and when it was dead, that they fhould worfhip it with the
fame Adoration and Worfhip given to Ofiris ; and to encourage the
Priefts to thefe Divine Offices, fije gave them the third Part of the
Country for the Mai7itenance of the Service of the Gods and their
(c) Usrcd. 1. a. {J) Dioi, Sie. 1. I. c. 2.
Attendance
;
Chap. 1. Plagiarism of the Heathens DeteBed. 141
Attendance at the Altars, The Priefts therefore, in Memory of

OJi?Hs\ good Deeds, and in ExpeSiation of their own Profit and Ad-
vantage^ performed every Thing that Ifis injoincd them.
This Inftance may ferve to convince us, that whatever curious In-
ventions the Egyptian Priefts afcribed to Sefoftris^^v/2iS by the moft
flagrant Bribery and Corruption ; and as the Arts and Sciences were
allowed to have had their Rife in Egypt under that Hero,
^ we know
on what Score they were attributed to him.
CHAP. 11.
Of King .5(?/owo;/s Palace, and of his other

Works.
SOLOMON, immediately after the Completion of the Temple^
raifed a new Levy of Men, by colleding the (a) Pofterity of
thofe A?noriteSy Hitiites^ Perizzites, Hivites, and yebufitesy
that were not deftroy'd when the Ifraelites £rft took PofTelTion of the
Land of Canaan ; thefe he condemned to be Bond-men, and, after
"placing 550 yews over them as Officers, fet them to work upon
Building a moft fumptuous Palace. Then Solomon directed Millo,
'and the Walls of Jerufalem^ with the Cities of
to be built, together
Hazor^ Megiddo^ and Gezer^ (given him in Portion with his Wife,
the Daughter of Pharaoh^ King of Egypt.) He likewife direded
iiis Bond-men to build Beth-horo7i the Nether, Tâdtnor^ the 20 Ci-
ties that Hiram refufed, Beth-horo7i the Upper, and many other
Cities which
; all Works feem to have been compleated in tlie Space
of about 20 Years.
'The Palace which Solojnon built was ePceemed a moft admirable

Strufture, as appears by what Jofephus (b) relates, in the following
Words : There was, upon
fays he, ereded, of Pillars, a
feveral Rows
Fair fpacious Pile of Building, in the Nature, and after the Man-
lier of a common Hall for the Hearing of Caufes, It was 100 Cu-
bits in Length, 50 in Breadth, and 30 in Depth Nor cou'd. it be :
well lefs, to receive the vaft Multitudes that came thronging thither
from all Parts for Juftice. It was fupported by 16 fquare Columns^
covered with Corinthian Work in Cedar, and fortified with double
Doors curioufly wrought, that ferved both for the Security, and
the Ornament of the Place. In the Middle of this Court, or Hail,
was another Edifice of 30 Cubits fquare, and under-fet with ftrong
(cjj I King% ix. %<S{ and a Cbron. tiii. 7. {Isi) Mt. 1. 8. c. 2/
Pillars
;
142 The Origin of Building: Or^ The Book IV.

Pillars ;which Quarter wa^ a Throne of State, where the King
in
hinifclf ufed to fit pcrfonally in Judgment. Next adjoining to this
Royal Court of Juftice, was the Queen's Houfe, and other Apart-
ments thereabouts ; for Diverfion and Retreat, after the Fatigue and
Cares of Bufinefs All fitted up with Cedar, and raifed upon huge
:
Stones ten Cubits fquare, which were partly plain, and Part over-
laid with the moft precious Marble, after the Fafliion of the mod
magnificent of Palaces or Temples;
To the fame Purport the Author of the firft Book of Kings

(c) writes : The
Houfe^ fays he, which Solomon built for himfelf,
was 100 Cubits in Length, 50 in Breadth, and 30 in Height'; it
flood upon four Rows of Cedar Pillars, which fuftained an Archi-
trave made of Cedar Beams, and thereon was laid the Cedar Tim-
ber that formed the Roof The were 44 in Number ; 15 Pillars
of which appeared in each Front, including one of the angular
Ones, and 7 at each End, including alfo one of the angular Ones.
The Spaces between the Pillars were filled up in fuch Manner as to
leave a proper Entrance to the Houfe^ as well as proper Windows
thefe were made in 3 Rows ; Light was fet againft Light in 3
Ranks ; and all the Apertures and Pillars were made of a quadran-
gular Form. To this Houfe Solomon added a Porch of Pillars, the
Length thereof was 50 Cubits, and the Breadth 30 ; and though it
flood before one of the Fronts, it was not detrimental to the Lights
in that Part of the Houfe the Intercolurrinations of the Portico hav-
^
ing been equal to thofe of the Houfe^ and left open ; and the Archi-
trave, upon which the Roof was refted, having been upon a Level
with the Architrave over the Pillars of the Hoife, Within this Porch,
and in that Part of the Palace where the King refided, there was
a Court, or large Hall, of the fame Work, /. e. Pillars of Cedar,
and the Interftices of Stone ; anfwerable to which, and at the other
End of the Palace^ there was an Apartment which Solomon built
for the Ufe of his Queen Between thefe Apartments there was- a
:
fpacious Room, which the King called the Porch of Judgment ;

this Room was finifiied with Cedar, adorned with 200 Targets,
and 300 Shields of Gold ; and the Throne was made of Ivory,
over-laid with the beft Gold.
Over the Hall Solomon ere6led a ftately Tower, (d) which fronted
towards Damafcus^ the North Eaft, and fo compleated this fu-
i, e.
perb Edifice in the Space of 13 Years: Its Furniture was fo rich,

that it confifted of nothing lefs valuable than pure Gold ; fo that
however mean the King's Palace in the preceding Age might have
been, when the very Center was a common Granary, (ej and Mar-
ket for Corn, in Solomons Days there was all the Magnificence,
which Art and Riches was then capable of, to make that Monarch's
place of Refidence equal to the Majefly of his Empire.
(c) Chap, vii, v. 2. ^d) Cant. 7. 4. (js) z Sam. W. C,

For
I
Chap. 11/ Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 14^

For to fuch as approach'd the Palace^ that glorious Edifice pre-
fented them with a noble Odoftyle Portico of the Corinthian Order,
with a lofty Tower behind it ; by
this Portico was afcended to
Steps, its Length was 75 Feet, and Breadth 45, including the Thick-
nefs of the Columns ; from this People went into a Corinthian Hall,
with Apartments on either Hand ; beyond which was an auguft Ba-
filica^ or Court of Juftice, likewife of the Corinthian Order, whofe
Nave was a Cube of 45 Feet ; and the Wails were adorned with
500 Shields and Targets of beaten Gold The principle Point of At-
:
traction was the King's Throne, over-laid with Gold, and elevated
upon fix Steps, with two Lions, of exquifite Vvôrkmanfhip, on every
Step. Next to this Bafilica was the Queen's Apartment, confifting
of a noble Salon, of the Corinthian Order, with Apartments on
either Hand for the King to retire to, when the Fatigue and Cares
of Bufinefs was over. So that the King's Palace was then adapted
to nothing but State, and the Adminiftration of publick Juftice ; for
the Depoliting of Stores of all Kinds, Solomon built whole Cities
throughout his Dominions*
Plate N^ 26 exhibits the Plan of Solomons Palace, to which he

gave the Name The Houfe of the For eft of Lebanon, becaufe, both
of.
Inilde and Outfide, the Corinthian Pillars refembled a For eft of

Trees ; (fo Vitruvius, for the fame Reafon, (f) called a Temple of Di-
ana, the Grove of Diana) and the fragrant Smell of the Cedar,
with the exquiiite Whitenefs of the Stone, is implied by the Word
Lebanon.
A. B. C. D. The Body of Solomons Palace.

C. D. E. F. The Portico
CD. G.H. The King's Apartment.
A B. L K. The Queen's Apartment.
L. The King's Corinthian Hall, equal in Height to two Stories
of the Side Rooms.
M. The Queen's Salon.
N. The Bafilica, equal in Height to three Stories of the fmall
Rooms.
O. The King's Throne of Ivory, over-laid with Gold.
Some of the Cities which Solomon built were fenced with Walls,
which fhews that he was experienced in that Part of Building which
relates to nor was his Skill alone confined to Civil an d
Defence ;
Military ArchiteBure, for he well underftood the Naval alfo So :
that a more univerfal Architect the World never produced. And

Solomon, by thefe great Works, having been exalted in his full Meri-
dian Glory, all the Kings of the Earth fought his Prefence, to hear
hisWifdom, and purchas'd his Favour with rich PrefentS;^ which they
brought him yearly.
(f) Lib. 4. c. 7,
In
144 TZv Origin of Building : Or, The Book TV.
In this high Degree of Magnificence to which Solomon was arrived,
GOD cautioned liim not to let his Profperity make him forget the
Hand by which he was advanced for in a fecond ; Vifion GOD
(h) thus fpoke to him / have heard thy Prayer and
: thy Supplication
that thoic hajl 7nade before Me : I have hallowed this Houfe which thou
haft built, to put My Name there for ever ; a7id mi?2e Eyes, and mins.
Heart ftjall be there perpetually : And if thou wilt walk before Mcy
as David thy Father walked, in Integrity of Heart, and in Upright-
nefs, to do accordirg to all that I have cof?27?ja?jded thee, and wilt keep
My Statutes, ajid My Judg?nents : Then I will eftablifh the Throne
of thy Ki?7gdo?n upon Ifrael for ever, as I proniifed to David thy Fa-
ther, faying, There fhall not fail thee a Man upon the Throne of If-
rael. But if you ft all at all turn from followi?ig Me, you or your
Children, a?id will 7iQt keep My
Commandments, and My Statutes,
which I have fet before you, but go and ferve other Gods, and wor-
ftip them : Then will I cut off
Ifrael out of the La7id which I have
given the7n ; and this Houfe which I have hallowed for My Name,
will I caft out of My Sight, and Ifrael ftoall be a Proverb, a72d a
Bye-word arno7ig all People : And at this Houfe, which is high, every
one that paffeth by it ftall be aftonifted, and ftoall hifs ; and they ftall
fay. Why hath the LORD done thus u7tto this La7id, a7jd to this
Houfe ? And Becaufe they forfook the
they ftjall a7ifwer, LORD
their GOD,
who brought forth their Fathers out of the La7id of
Egypt, and have taken hold upon other Gods, ai^d have worftoipped
thefn, and ferved tlmn : Therefore hath the b7'ought upon LORD
them all this Evil,
After Warning, one wou'd think that fo wife a King, as

this
Solo7non was, cou'd not have been drawn from the Worfhrp of GOD.
But alas The ftrange Wives which he had, contrary to the exprefs
!
Prohibition [i] of Mofes^ taken from among the Women (^) of the
Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Zido7iians, and Hittites, drew him
into the Worfhip of the Sun, by the Mediation of Abraha7n ; for
the Sacred Writers charge the King with going after Afteroth, and
Milccm, or Moloch ; and then with building High Places to Moloch,
or the Sun, in his full Meridian; and to Che77ios, or the fetting ^SV^;;.
These High Places feem to have been built by fetting quadran-

gular Bodies upon one another, leflening by Degrees as they afcend-
ed upwards, upon the Top whereof the Image of the Sun was ex-
hibited ; and they were fo luxurioufly finifhed, that the Jews drefs-
ed (/) them with rich Garments of divers Colours. Thus Solo7?wn
was led to ferve the Gods of his ftrange Wives, though it's plain he
cou'd not bring them over to ferve his This Jere77tiah [m) GOD !
takes Notice of Hath a Natio7i, fays he, changd their Gods, which
:
(h) I Kifigs ijc. :5. (l) Ezek. xvi. i6. and 13,
(») Exod xxxiv. 1^. (») Chap. ii. V. II.
IkJ I Kin^s xi. i.
:
Chap. II. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 1 4j
are yet no Gods f But My People have changed their Glory ^ for
that which doth not profit. Be ajioniped, 0 ye Heavens^ at this I
concludes the Prophet.
For this Idolatry, GOD, by the Prophet Ahijah moli probably,

{bon gave Solomon to underftand the Punifhment he would inflid on
him : Forafmuch as this isdone of thee^ faith GOD
to Solomon^ {n)
md thou hafl not kept My Covenant^ and My
Statutes^ which I have
commanded thee^ I Kingdom from thee^ and will
will furely rend the
give it to thy Servant, Notwithflanding^ in thy Days I will not do
it, for David thy Father s Sake : But I will rend it out of the Hand
of thy Son. Howbeit, I will not rend away all the Kingdom : But
will give one 'Tribe to thy Son, for David My Servant's Sake^ and
for Jerufalem'j Sake which I have chofen. This Sentence the Pro-
phet declared to Jeroboam^ who being a Man in great Authority
under the King, took the firft Opportunity to rebel againft him,
but was therefore forced to fly to Fgypt^ and take Sanduary with
Shifiak, the then reigning King, with whom he continued 'till after
the Death of Solomon.
CHAP. Ill
Of the Progrefs of Building in Canaan^

from the Death of King Solomon, to the
jth Year of the Reign of Rehoboam.
As foon as Solomon was dead, the People aflembled fa) to-

gether, at Shechem, to choofe a new King ; at which
Time
they fetch'd Jeroboam out of Egypt, from the
Court of Shifhak, and then they made a Propofal to Rehoboam, as Heir
apparent to the Crown, that if he would lefTen the Labour which his
Father Solomon had afflided them with, they would eled him King
And accordingly gave him 3 Days Time
on the Matter. to deliberate
Rehoboam, in that Interval, confulted the old Men who had been
Friends to his Father Solomon, and alfo fuch as were_ of the fame
Age with himfelf, and in whofe Friendlbip he confided, what anfwer
to make them ; and adhering to the latter, Rehoboam gave fuch a
rafh Reply, at the Time appointed, that ten of the Tribes inftantly
revolted, and chofe Jeroboam for their King ; the Tribe of Judah^
(0) I Khg% xi. II. W lb. 12. I.
and
146 TJjc Origin of Building: Ovy The Book IV.
and that of Be^jamin^ only remaining ftable to Rehoboam^ over whom

he reigned for 17 Years at Jerufalef?i.
Under thefe Circumftances, Rehoboam^ Return to ye- upon his

rufalem^ from Shechem^ thought it advifeable to fortify his Domini-
ons with 15 ftrong Cities, and fo ereded (bj Beth-lehem, Etami-
Tekoa, Beih-zur^ S/joco, Adidlam^ Gath^ Marejhah^ Ziph^ Adorainty
Lachifiy Azekahy Zorah^ Aijalon, and Hebron^ befides fortifying all
the ftrong Places, which he compleated within the Space of three
Years, whilft yeroboam was building (c) Shechem^ in Mount Ephrainiy
for his Capital ; the City of Penuel ; and divers [d) Houfes^ or TempleSy
in the feveral Cities of Samaria. Thus the Kingdom of Solomony
was divided, each contending Power fortifing his Dominions againft
the other, both foon forfaking the Law of GOD, and running head-
long into the mofb flagrant Idolatry, for which they were foon after
feverely punifhed ; for their Kingdoms were diverted of their Riches,
(particularly that of yudah) and the People made Tributaries to Shi-
JJjak^ K.ing of Egypt, who invaded them in the [e) 5 th Year of their
Reign, and with the Wealth, and the Artificers he carried away Cap-
tive, forthwith began to adorn his own Country with rich and ftately
Buildings ; and from thence forward ArchiteSiure declined in Canaan,
It was political Reafons that induced yeroboam to run into Ido-

latry, for no fooner had he found himfelf eftablifhed King over ten
of the Tribes of Ifrael ; than he, to alienate the Affedlions of the
People from the Royal Family of David, contrived Methods to
keep them from going to yerufalem to offer their Sacrifices to GOD.
For this Purpofe he called (f) a Council, wherein it was determin-
ed to make the Images of two Calves, and to fet the one in Beth-ely
the other in Da7^ : It was alfo refolved, that all the Levites in his Do-
minions fhould be expell'd ; that the Calves fhou'd be proclaimed the
God's that brought the Ifraelites, out of Egypt ; and that the People
fnou'd make their Offerings before thofe Images, in the fame Manner
as they had been ufed to make them before the Temple at yerufalem.
Accordingly, yeroboam made two Golden Calves, and fet them

up in Beth-el and Dan : He inftituted the Worfhip of them,
drove all the Levites out of his Dominions, and made Priefts of the
loweft of the People, to officiate at the Altars. He alfo raifed High
Places in all the Cities of Samaria, and, in the Temples by them,
carriedon all fuch wicked Pradices as drew the People from the
Knowledge of GOD, and made them embrace Idolatry, as well as
to adhere to the Illufion and Craft, for which Oracles were invented,
Contrivances which ftampcd the deepcft Odium on the Reafon of
Man ; and will for ever put human Nature to the Blufh.
(^) 2 Chrott xi 6. (f) a Chron. xii ».
{c) I Kiags xii. 25,
if) I Kings xii. tZ.
\d) lb. xii. }i. and xiii. 32.
CHAP.
Chap. IV, Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detected. 147
CHAP. IV.
Of the Progrefs of Building in Egypt,

from the Bondage of the Children of
Ifrael, to the Rife of the Affyrian Em-
pire under Pul.
'Otwithstandig the Ifraelites were employed in making

of Bricks, during the Time of their Servitude in Egypty
yet the State of ArchiteSiure was very low in that Coun-
try when they left it, the King's Palace confifting of nothing but
what was necefiary for the bare Conveniencies of Life, as we be-
fore obferved Nor can we imagine any great Improvements could
:
be made, for many Centuries after, in fo depopulated a Country as

this muft have been, after the Departure of the Ifraelites^ and the
great Slaughter of Pharaoh^ and all his Hoft. Befides, upon its
Encreafe, after that fatal Calamity, it was divided into many fmall
Kingdoms, and fo continued, Mifphragmuthofis^ and his Son
'till
Amojis^ made War upon the Shepherds, (fuppofed to be the Pofte-

rity of thofe Canaanites that fled there in the Days of yofiua) and
drove them out of their Country ; fome of whom, in Frocefs of
Time, went into Greece^ under the Condud of Cadmus^ and other
Captains Thereupon, Egypt was divided into one Monarchy, and
:
under their next Kings, Amnion^ the Son of Ammofis^ and Sefac^
the Son of Anmojt^ it was enlarged into a great Empire.
AM MO N Conquers into Phcenicta, and took

extended his
[a) Gezer^ Megiddo, and Hazor ; and thus aggrandizing himfelf

with Sovereign Power, Solojnon, upon his coming to the Throne of
Ifrael^ thought it advifeable to make Affinity with fo great, and fo
potent a Neighbour, to prevent his making any further Conquefts
upon his Dominions, and therefore married his Daughter, with whom
he had thefe three Cities given him. By this Mairiage there was sn
Intercourfe between the Courts of Ifrael and Egypt Solomon was ;
fupplied with many Things from that Kingdom ; and his Buildings
undoubtedly gave the Egyptia?7s a Tafle for ArchiteSiure ; for upon
Sefac.^ or Sefofris\ coming to the Throne of Egypt^ he re-edified
'Thebes in the moft magnificent Manner, and adorned it with three
beautiful Temples \ one of which he ereded in Honour of his Father
Afnmon.
I Kingt ix. 6. and Jof, Ant. 1. 8. c. 2.
SESOS'
148 Tlje Origin of Building : Or, The Book IV.
S E S 0 STR I S was brought up to hard Labour by his Father,
the better to enure him to the Fatigues and Hardfhips attending
War He was the Hercules of Egypt ; invaded Lybia ; fought the
:
Africans with Clubs, froni whence he was painted with a Club in

his Hand ;
Conquefts in Arnmonia^ Ethiopia^ and
and, in all his
Arabia^ raifed T'emples in Honour of his Father He alfo invad- :
ed the yews ; for upon the Death of King Solomon^ the Egyptian
King, finding tlie great Divifion in Ifrael^ took the Advantage of
their Difagreement, raifed a mighty Army of LybianSy Troglodites^
and Ethiopia?iSy and, in the 5th Year or the Reign of Rehoboam
over yuclahj and yeroboam over Ifrael, went into Canaan, re-
duced it into Servitude, carried on his Conqueft to yerufalem, and
there took all the Treafures of the Temple, and of the King's Pa-
lace : Flufhed with this Vidory, and all this Wealth, Sefojlris went
on conquering, firft Eaftward towards India, which he invaded, and
then Weftwârd, as far as 'Thrace*
In this Expedition he fpent (b) nine Years ;

and, after fetting up
Pillars in all his Conquefts, as Monuments of his Vidories, returned
back into Egypt, in the 14th Year of Rehoboa?n\ Reign.
As foon home, he fet up Oracles in the

as Ssfojlris was fettled at
Temples he had built to Ammon, the Egyptian Name for yupiter^
and the People then worfhipped and confulted Ammon as a God.
Sefojlris ^next divided (c) Egypt, by Meafure, among the Egyptians ;
he alfo divided the whole Country into 36 Nomes, or Counties ;
dug a Canal from the Nile, to the Head City of every Nome ; and,
with the Earth that came out of it, caufed the Ground of the
City to be raifed higher than the Land about it : He then built a
Temple in every Capital City for the Worfhip of the Nome, and, in
thofe Temples, fet up Oracles. The Pillars of fome of the Temples
were made fo as to refemble Palm-Trees [d) others were ornamented
with the Heads [e) and Figures (f) of Animals, in Imitation of the Pil-
lars in the yewifi Tabernacle and Temple, fo embellifh'd ; and every.
Temple had this Infcription upon it, (g) None of the Natives were
put to habour here : For all Sefojlris' s Works were performed by the
Multitude of Artificers, and other Captives, which that great Hero
had colleded in Canaan, and other Nations, during the Time of his
Expedition. So that the State of ArchiteSiure, in Egypt, was quite
another Thing in the latter Part of Sefoflris\ Reign, to what it
was before he afcended the Throne of that Empire.
It was Sefoflris who founded the great Temple of Vulcan, for

Herodotus [h] tells us, That the Stones with which that Edifice was
built were brought to the Place by Sefoflris\ Captives ; and both he
ih) Did. Sic. 1. 1, c. 4. (/; Herod. I. 7.
(/ ) Herod. 1. 2. (^) Tiiod. Sic. 1. i. c. 4.

id) lb. 1. 7. ib) Lib. a.
Qe) Vide iVheekr and Span.
and
;
Chap. IV. Plaglarifm of the Heathens DcteBed, 149

and Diodo'rus Skulus fpeak of this Temple^ as cxifling in the Days
of Sefoftris ; at the Entrance of which, that Monarch caufed Sta-
tues of himfelf and Queen to be fet up, of 30 Cubits high, and
each cut out of a fingle Stone. He alfo fet up the Statues of his 4
Sons, each of 20 Cubits high. Sefoftris then made a Ship (i) of
280 Cubits in Length, which was gilded with Gold on the Outfide,
and with Silver on the Infide. And laftly, he ereded two Obelifks
of 120 Cubits high, on which he engraved the Memorials of all his
Tranfa6tions.
Now if we compare thefe Works of Sefoftris

with thofe recorded %y
in Scripture, the former will appear to have been copied from the
latter. The Ship which the Egyptian Monarch built, was fo near
th^ Size of Noah\ Ark^ that it exceeded it but 881, and i qr. of fuch
Parts as the Englifh Foot contains 1000, by the Guild-Hall Stan-
dard ; weiLall fhew hereafter, that Sefoftris'' s Cubit was 1732, and
for
I -half, of the fame Parts in Length, and that the Jewiftj Cubit was only
1614, and I- 1 6th, of the like Parts. Th.^ Temple of Vulcan v/as
built with immenfe Stones, like that of Solomon\ ; both were adorn-
ed with Statues ; and both had two Hiftorical Pillars. Solomon raifed
a Xower at the Eaft End of his Palace^ like that at the Eafl End
of the' Temple, and this was 1 20 Cubits high ; of which Altitude (as
to Number of Cubits) were Sefoftris Obelifks. 1,
S0 LO M 0 N' Temple was built to record the Name of the

s
Supreme GOD,
and Sefoftris^ Temple was called by a Name, ex-
prefllng an Attribute of Him, whom the Egyptians held to be the
Supreme GOD,
/. e. the Sun. And it is worth obferving, that
both Vulcan.^ and Ammon, or Jupiter, fignify Fire, or Heat, and
therefore was the fame Epithet for the Sun, tho' perhaps at differ-
ent Times of the Day.
The Land of Canaan was over-fun with Idolatry when Sefoftris

invaded it ; fo that he brought into Egypt the idolatrous Cuftoms,
inftead of the pure Religion of the Jews. And as we have already

obferved, that the Pagans only raifed Temples to deceafed Prophets,
as their Gods Mediators,- and reprefented their Supreme Gods
by an Image : following the fame Rule, built Temples
So Sefoftris,
in all his Dominions, and placed his Father in them, as the Mi-
nifter of the Supreme GOD, and the Oracle that was to deliver the
Will of the Deity, to fuch as, at any Time, fhould want to obtain it.
In Ammonia, Jupiter was reprefented in the Figure of a Ship, on

which the Image of the Sun, with all his Attendants, were placed
as we have already recited from ûi7itus Curtius. And in moft
other Temples, Jupiter was reprefented by a Man with the Head (/)
Dtoi. Sic. 1. I. c. 4. (^) Herod. 1. 1.
pp and
150 The Origin of Building: Ofy The Book IV,
and Coat of a Ram : So that we have here the Berith of the Mo-
ahites^ of the Philijli?2es ; and confeqiiently,
as well as the Afta?ôth
if the Waters of the Nile exceeded their Bounds, the Prayers of the
People were addrefTcd to Jupiter^ as the Pojfejfor of the Covenant ; and
if they wanted any Kind of Blefling, they fupplicated Jupiter^ as
theMafter of Flocks and Herds, and him that was the Line of the
Law. And, in Order to compleat the Syftem, as foon as Sefofiris
-
was dead, his Qiicen got his Soul tranfpofed into a young Ox, that
he might fupply the Place of Dagon, and be the Minifier of the-
Supreme GOD, to whom the People fhould apply, as often as they
tilled the Ground, in View of a plentiful Crop of Corn.
Thus Sefofiris became the God, Apis, of the Egyptians, and the
proper Emblem of Agriculture. No Creature was fo proper as the
Ox to reprefent Sefofiris, as the Hercules and Hero of Egypt ; Since,
when the Ifraelites attempted to make the Image of Mofes, their
General, the Mould intended for a
; Man
two of produced a Calf
which Calves Jeroboam fet up jufl: before Sefofiris invaded him, and
declared them the Gods that brought the Ifraelites out of Egypt.
Mofes and Aaron were, no doubt, lignified by the Calves which Je-
rohoa7n made ; and in Imitation of them, the Egyptians had two
facred Bulls, whom they named Apis, and Mnevis ; but in. either
Nation only one was principally worPnipped, the Calf at Dan, in
Canaan, and the Apis in Egypt.
The Egyptians thus receiving the Spirit of Building, by their

great Hero, Sefoftris, fucceeding Monarch s to him left nothing un-
attempted, in their publick Works, to render their Country famous
to all Pofterity : For which Purpofe, Rampfinitus, (I) or Ramifes,
the third King after Sefoftris, added a Portico on the Weft Side of
the T'emple of Vulcan. Cheops, the next King, built the firft great
Pyramid, and fpent lo Years in making a Bridge 5 Stades, or 3000
Feet long, 60 Feet broad, and 40 Feet high, all of polilhed Stone.
Afychis, the 7th Monarch after Sefoftris, added a Portico on the
Eaft Side of the Temple of Vulcan. And in the Reign of Anyftsy
his Succeffor, a Temple was ereded in the Center of the City of Bu~
haftis, a full Stade, or 600 Feet, in Length, and the fame in Breadth,
with a Portico of 10 Fathom, or 60 Feet in Height, adorned with
Statutes of 6 Cubits each.
This Temple was dedicated Diana, and appear-

to Bubaftis, i. e.
ed, above the Buildings of the City, like a great Tower. The Walls
were beautified with various Figures wrought in the Stone, and en-
cios'd a Grove of lofty Trees, that encompafled a Chapel, in which
an Image was placed The whole making the moft perfed; Repre-
:
fentation of Solomons Temple ; for the Tempk of Bubaftis had an
il) Hero J. 1. 2.
Image
;
Chap. V. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Dete&ed. 1 5 f
Image in it, anfwerable to the Cherubims in the Temple of Jeru-

falem ; this was twice furrounded with a triple Portico ; that of Bu-
baftis was encompaljedwith Trees, and then with Pillars ; and
iirft
the Walls of both Temples were beautified with^ excellent Figures in

Sculpture.
After the Deceafe of Anyfis^ Setbon, one of -the Priefts of Ful-

cariy v/as made King of Egypt ; and he was fucceeded by 1 2 con-
temporary Monarchs ; for the Egyptians^ like the Ifraelites^ divid-
ed the Country into 1 2 Parts, and then conftituted a King over
each Divilion. Thefe Princes, built a Labyrinth, near the City of
Crocodiles^ a little above the Lake of Meris^ containing 12 vaulted
Halls, and 3000 Chambers; 1500 were in the upper Part of this
Ediiice, and 1500 were under Ground; the Chambers above had
all their Walls and Roofs incrufted with Marble ; the Walls were,
moreover, adorned with Figures of Sculpture ; and the Halls were

furrounded with Pillars of white Stones, finely polillied. At length,
the whole Government of Egypt devôlving into the Hands of Pfam-
metichus^ one of the twelve Kings, as above, he added a Portico
upon the South Side of the Tejnple of ulcan^ and fo furrounded V
that Edifice with a Portico, in the mofi: fuperb and augujft Manner,
like that of the Tejnpk of Jerufalem,
But notwithftanding this Magnificence in the publick Fabricks of

the' Egyptiafts^ thofc People {hewed little Regard to their private
Habitations, for though Egypt of Amafis^ contained
^ in the Time
20000 populous Herodotus^ in defcribing their Houfes, tells us.
Cities,
Men and Beafts lived together, contrary to the Cuftom of all other
Regions ; fo that one may very well conclude, that the firfl: Houfes in
this Country were built in as fervile a Manner, as Diodorus Siculus
(m) defcribes them, namicly, with nothing but Reeds ; and, in their
greateft Degree of Magnificence, the fame Author tells us, they
had Regard to their Houfes, looking upon them only as Inns,
little
wherein their Stay was very ftiort ; but the Sepulchres of the Dead
they called everlafting Habitations, and therefore they left nothing
undone to render them Grand and Beautiful.
This pompous Manner of Building in Egypt did not extend into ^
the neighbouring Nations ; for in Ethiopia we find, that the "Jch-

thyophages {ri) gathered the Ribs of Whales, which the Sea throws
up in Abundance, thefe they bound and tied together at both Ends,
and then covering them with Sea-Grafs, thus compleated their Ha-
bitations, in which they dwelt, as under the Cover of a £hady Arch
others lived in Caves with a Northern Afped ; while a third Sort
made their Cottages with the Boughs and Leaves of Fir-Trees, in-
terlacing one with another But the Chelonophages (0) had a more
:
(«?) Lib. I. c. 4. («) 2)fod. Sic. 1. 3. c. i. Co) Ib.Lj.ce.

noble
1 52 The Origin of Buildittg: Or.Tlje Book I V;^
noble Manner of Building, for they covered their Iôufes with the
Shells of Tortoifes : AVheftas the Hylogones and Lybians had no
Hoiifes at all, but the former flept like Bkds perched in Trees ; the
latter (p) lay in the Fields, -in the open- Air, and lived like Beafts,
cloathing themfelves with Goats-Skins.
Solomons Kingdom was'rent for his Idolatry ^ and as the Ido-

latry of his immediate Succcflbrs brought the Arms of the Egyytians
againft them, to diveft them of their Riches and Glory ; fo the
Illiifion which Sefojiris eftablifhed in Egypt^ and where ever he car- •
ried (q) hisconquering Arms, incurr'd GOD's Difpleafure and De-

termination, to transfer the Wealth of the Egyptians, to the People
of another Nation ; and accordingly, the Ajfyrians were raifed up
as Rods, to fcourge both Egyptians and yews. The firft Affyrian
King, thus raifed up^ was Ptd, and his victorious Exploits we may
place 200 Years after thofe of Sefojlris^ about 770 Years before
Christ.
CHAP. V.
1 wO.
Of the Progrefs of Building in Affyria^

, from the Rife of that Empire under
PuL, to its Deftru£tion by the Medes
and Babylonians. At
NINEVEH though
was
as above,
by AJhur^ in Ajjyriay
the firft
afterwards Refen became the Metropolis

City ere<£led
of thofe Parts ; and, in the Days of Mofes, Was efteemed a

great City. However, as Nineveh, was fituated in a fpacious Plain,
near the River Euphrates, in Pocefs of Time it encreafed to fuch a
Degree, that, in the Days of yo?iah, the Streets were three [a) Days
Journey in Length was governed by its own King ; and within
; it
its Diftrid, Multitudes of Cattle were kept So that in all Proba- :
bility there were Fields for Corn, as well as for Pafturc, to fupply
the Inhabitants with the neceflary Provifions of Life.
PUL was the reigning King at Nifiekieh, when yofiah was fent
there to preach Repentance to the People ; and this King finding
IJrael, upon the Acceflion of Menahem to that Throne, to be in
{jp) 7)iod. Sic. \. 5. c. 5. Spain, from whence it probably fprcad itfelf into Gaul
(7) Cfiris, Sesojiris, according toVafaus, Chron. atA. Britain.
,
Hilp. c 10. was the firft who brought Idolatry into (a) jonah iii.
J.
the
Chap. V. Plagianfm of the Heathens DeteBed. 153
the moft calamitous State, Army againft that Land, (for

led his
GOD {b) ftirred of Pid
up the to do fo) but Menahem foori
Spirit
appeafed him, and, with [c] looo Talents of Silver, not only pur-
chafed his Peace with the Affyrian King, but obtained his Alliance
to confirm and ftrengthen him in his Kingdom.
By and other Victories, Pul foon got Wealth to enable him

this
to enclofe the whole City with a Wall [d)^ 150 Furlongs in Length,
90 in Breadth, and 480 in Circumference The Height of this :
Wall was 100 Feet ; it was fo thick, that three Chariots, in a Breaft,
might be driven together upon it ; and it was fortified with 1500
Turrets, each of which was 200 Foot high. The King in the next
Place built himfelf a fpacious Palace, in the Heart of the City ;
and then laid out the reft of the void Ground, which before was
for Pafturage and Corn, into Streets of Houfes, which he ordered
to be inhabited by the Richeft of the y^Jfyrians, and by the People
of any other Nation that were inclined to take up their Refidence
in that City.
We fhall not pretend to defcribe the particular Buildings tvith

which this City was adorned, fince there were no Tefnples in
nor it ;
is there any particular Account of the King's Palace to be met with

in Hiftory to enable us to defcribe that Strudure. We fhall there-
fore only add, in general, by the Works of Nineveh^ Archi-
that
teSiure receiv'd its higheft Perfection in Affyria ; and that the Area
of the City was of the fame Proportion, with the Area of the Holy
Place of the Tabernacle^ the Length in each being equal to the
Breadth, and two-thirds.
The Erecting of the City of Nineveh is generally attributed to*
Ninus ; (c) Ctefias was the Author of that AfTertion, who makes
the AJfyrian Empire about 800 Years older than Herodotus ; and
fome of his Followers feem to have had in View, to make this City
of the immenfe Size which it at laft arrived to, and to be the Work
of Ninus, foon after the Confufion of Languages, and at a Time
when there was not People enough in the World to perform the
loth Part of the Work, much lefs to carry on the Invafion of each
other's Properties, which the whole Tenour of profane Hiftory fup-
pofes to have been profecuted with Armies compofed of many Mil-
lions of Men.
For Diodorus from Ctefias^ tells us, That Prior to Niniis\

Sictilus^
eredling the City of Ninus, (or Nineveh) he made a League with

Arieus^ King of Arabia^ and, with a numerous Army, invaded the
Babylonia?ts^ then next bordering upon him, whofe Province confift-
.'
{b^ 1 Chron, v. iS. (c) a Kings xv, 19. (i) 2)iod. Sic. 1. a. c. i. lb. I. i. c. i
ed
13:4 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV.
ed of many other Cities, bcfides that of the original Babylon, the
Inhabitants whereof, having been rude and iinexpert in Matters of
War, he eaiily fubdued, impofed on them a yearly Tribute, and
carried away the King, with all his Children, Prifoners. Anima-
ted by this Succefs, Ninus next entered Armenia^ where the King,
named Barzanus, foon became his Tributary, made him rich Pre-
fents, and entered into an Agreement to fupply him with Men and
Provifions for his War, as he fhould have Occafion. Ninus, thus
ftrengthened, next invaded Media, whofe King, Pharnus, com.ing
out againfb him with a mighty Army, was utterly routed, loft moft
of his Men, and was taken Prifoner, with his Wife and 7 Chil-
dred. This done, Ni?ius\ Ambition led him to conquer all Afiay
which lay between "Tanais, and Nile ; and accordingly, in 1 7 Years
l ime, he fubdued moft of the Provinces ; and then, by Way of
Recreation, before he invaded the BaBria?is, Ni?jus (fays Diodorus)
built the City of Ninus, in the Manner above defcribed. But whe-
ther all this could be done by the next Succeftbr to AJljur, at Nine-
veh, we leave to be examined by the State of the World, as deferibed
by Mofes in the loth Chapter of Genejis.
P UL was fucceeded by his eldeft Son, Tiglath-pilefer, who,

with a numerous Army, came into Judea, (for ftirred up GOD
his Spirit alfo) took Ijon, Abel-beth-maachah, Janoah, Kedejh, Ha-
zor, Gilead, Galilee, and all the Land of Naphtali, and carried the
People away Captives into AJfyria : After which, Ahaz, King of
Judah, to obtain his Friendfliip, not only fent him a Prefent of all
the Gold that was in the T'emple at "Jerufaletn, and in his own
Treafuries, but became his Servant, and paid him Tribute.
With thefe repeated Succefles, the King of Afjyria was enabled

to purfue theWorks begun to adorn his Capital City of Nineveh ;
and we need not wonder that the Queen of Pul raifed fuch a Mount
of Earth upon his Grave, as Diodorus Sicidu^s (f) tells us, was
throwed up upon that of the firft King of AJfyria, whofe Altitude
was 9 Furlongs, its Bafe 10 Furlongs broad, and from the diftant
Plain had the Appearance of a ftately Citadel.
TIGLATH-PILESER had for his Succeftbr Shahnanefer, after

whom Se?inacherib governed AJjyria, at which Time that Empire
was in its greateft Glory, and Se?inacherib looked upon himfelf to
be far fuperior even to the Gods of all the Nations around him :
The GOD of Ifrael he held in fuch Contempt, that he not only
fpoke, but wrote (g) betters of Rallery againfi him.
This haughty Prince having befteged yerufahfn, under the Con-

dud of his three Generals, Tartan, Rabfaris^ and Rab-fiakeh^ and
(f) Lib. 2. c. I. (5) 2 Chm. xjtxii. 17'.
they
Chap. V. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteSied, 1 55
they having ufed the moft blafphemous Expreffions to induce the

People to furrender the City to them, were inftantly punifhed for
their Infolence and Pride ; for G O D fmote the Affyrians that very
Night, fo that the next Morning 185,000 were found dead Where- :
upon Semmcherib, v^/ith the reft of his Army, returned to Nineveh ;
the Medes revolted from him ; and his Empire, from thenceforward,
began to decline.
SENNACHERIB was fucceeded in the Empire of Affyria,

by his Son, Efarhaddon^ who firft captivated Samaria^ then turn-
ed his Arms to Judea^ (for the Lord /'/^j brought upon the "Jews
the Captains of the Holl of the King of Affyria) took Manaffeh^
the King, and carried him, bound with Fetters, to Babylon : He
alfo captivated Egypt ^ and Ethiopia, as the Prophet [ij predicted,
dafhed (kj the young Children to Pieces at the Top of all the
Streets, caft Lots for their Honourable Men, bound their Great Men
in Chains, and fo continued to harrafs them for three Years.
MANASSEH, in the Time of his Captivity, humbled him-

bled before GOD, who releafed him, as the Prophet [IJ had fore-*
told, and then G O D's Indignation turned towards the AJfyri-
ans, who, for their extravagant Pride, and blafphemous Expreffi-
ons, were, in a fhort Time, totally deftroyed ; for the Babylojna7is,
upon the Death (m) of Jojiah, finding the King of Affyria weaken-
ed, by the Invafion of Pharaoh, Nechoh, King of Egypt, took that
Advantage ; and Nebuchadnezzar having married the Sifter of Cy~
axarcs. King of Media, thefe two joined t*heir Forces, and led the
Armies of the two Nations againft Ni?2eveh, ftew Sarac, deftroyed
the City, in the Year 612 before Christ, fhared the Kingdom of
the Affyrians, and fo laid the Foundation of the collateral Empires
of the Babylonians and Medes. And thus the Prophecy of Zepha-
7tiah was fulfilled, {n) A?td he will ftretch out his Hand againfi the,
North, and dejiroy Aflyria, and will make Nineveh a Defolation.
That Nineveh was the fineft and moft fuperb City in the World,
is evident by the Prophets comparing it to a Tree, and faying,
(0) That his Height was exalted above the Height of all the Trees in
the Field', that all the Fowls of Heaven made their Nejis in his
Boughs ; that uitder his Branches all the Beafls of the Field brought
forth their young ; and that under his Shadow all great Nations had
their Dwelling : And that the Riches of it was beyond thought, is
as evident ; for fays Nahum (f).
Take the Spoil of Silver, take the.
Spoil of Gold, for there is no End of the Store, And indeed, if we

confider the long and continued Career of Vidories attending thefe
People we can't wonder at it ; nor at the Magnificence of their
City, even as Diodorus Siculus, from Ctefias, dcfcribes it,
lb. xxxiii. M. (ot) i Kingi xxiii. 29.

7/}?>a^ xix. 4. .
(») Ze/)^. ii. 19.
(fe) Uabak. iii. 10. (o) Ezekiel xxxVi. 5.
. (I) Ifaiah x. 24. (^) Chap. 2. v. 8.
CHAP.
I $6 The Origin of Building : Or, The Book IV.
CHAP. VI.
Of the Progrefs of Building in Media^

from the Inauguration of Deioces, till
it arrived to its higheft Perfection.
^ '
"^H E Medesy upon the great Slaughter of Sennacherib^ Army,

|g
having revolted from him, chofe Deioces. for their King,
-iL and^ about the Year 708 before Christ, ereded the City
of Ecbatana for the Capital of his Kingdom ; wherein there was
a moft ftately Palace, which they undoubtedly built with a View to
exceed all others then in the World. Deioces himfelf was the Archi-
te(î:, and therefore chofe fuch a Situation for his Work, as fhould
moft contribute to fhew his Superiority over his Subjedls for this Pur-
pofe ; and with this View he (a) fixed upon a Spot of Ground,
to which the whole Country round it naturally afcended, the fame
as to a Hill throwed up in the Center of a fpacious Plain ; upon
this Eminence he built his Palace and Treafury, which he circum-
fcribed with feven circular Walls, one without the other, of fuch
a prodigious Size, that the laft was 60 Stades in Circumference, equal
to that of the whole [bj City of Athens, the Capital of Greece.
These were of the fame Height, but by the na-

circular Walls
tural AiTent of the Hill, they rofe fo high one above another, as
juft the Altitude of their Battlements, and were painted of different
Colours, the ift being White, the 2d Black, the 3d Purple,
the 4th Blue, the 5th a deep Orange, the 6th imitated Silver,
and the 7th was gilded with Gold. This being compleated,
Deioces ordered the Houfes for the Commonalty of the People to
be ereded round his ftately Palace, which feemed to triumph over"
them, when built, with greater Majefty than the Monarch himfelf
triumphed over the People ; for he was no fooner eftablifhed in the
Throne (to which he was advanced, in Recognition of his prudent
and mild Adminiftration of publick Juftice, when himfelf a private
Perfon,) than he became the moft infolent of Men, the moft fevere
Judge, and the moft compleat I'yrant, making himfelf inacceftible
to his Subjects ; whereby he vainly im.agined they would believe him
of a Nature fuperior to them ; and, by looking up at the Glory of
his ftately and exalted Habitation, adore him as a God, and as the
Repiefentative of the Sun in the Cent-er of the Planetary World.
(^j Hitsd. 1. I. {b) Arch. Graca. 1. 1 .c. 8.
When
Chap. VI. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBeJ. 1 57
When the private Houfes of this great City were compleated,

whole with a Wail,
Deiocesy or one of his SuccefTors, furrounded the
[J) of hewn Stones, 50 Cubits broad, and 70 high, in which there
were Gates, of the fame Altitude with the Wall, and 40 Cubits in
Breadth, with Towers over them of 100 Cubits in Height, upon a
Bafe of 60 Cubits broad, all built with Stones 6 Cubits long, and
3 broad. Thus this great and noble City was finiOied It was :
250 (e) Furlongs in Circumference, and about 47,745 Feet Di-

ameter: The Diameter of the outward Wall of the Palace amount-
ed to near 11,461 Feet ; and there was, mofi: undoubtedly. Suburbs
round the Palace and City fo broad, as to make the Diameter of
the Palace, with its Suburbs, a 4th Part of the Diameter of the
City, with its Suburbs : If we allow the Suburbs of the City 10
have been 177 Feet and a half broad, and the Suburbs of the Pa-
lace to have been 269 Feet and a half broad, then the Diameter of
the City, with its Suburbs, muft have been 80 Furlongs, and the Di-
ameter of the Palace, with its Suburbs, muft have been encreafed
to 10 Furlongs.
Now if we take a Review of this Palace of Deioces, will it not

appear evident that he intended it as a Reprefentation of the Plane-
tary World ? Can any Thing be a more glorious Image of the Sun
than a circular Wall, upon the Summit of a Hill, gilded with Gold ?
And can the Moon be better reprefented, than by the next Wall
gilded with Silver ? Or can the Planets, Mercury^ Vetius^ Mars^
yupiter, and Saturn^ be better exprefled than by the other 5 circu-
lar Walls of different Colours ? But from whence had the Median
King this noble Defign ? Why truly from the Works of the Jews ;
thofe People having built High Places to the Sim^ and dreffed them
with Garments of divers Colours, as above.
C H A R VII.
Of the Progrefs of Building in Babylon,

from Nabonaffar, till it arriv d to its
higheft Perfe£tion under Nabticbadmzzar.
WHEN Ptd Dominions in Affyria to his

died, he left his
eldeft Son, but the Land, which he had conquered in
Chaldeay he gave to his youngeft Son Nabonaffar^ in
which the antient City of Babel^ originally founded by Nimrod^ as
Juiith i. 2. ((?) Dioi. Sic. 1. 17. c. II.
R t above.
:
158 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV.

above, or rather the Ruins of was fituated This Place Naho-
it, :
najfar cho^c for the Seat of his Dominions, as may be gathered from
the Words of the Prophet Ifaiah (a)^ paraphrafed thus by Sir John
Marpam (b) Behold^ Babylon, the fpleiidid Metropolis of the Chal-
:
deans ; the Inhahitcmts of that T'oum^ not long fmce^ wajtdered in De^
fartSy without fixed Abodes^ 'till Nabonaffar brought thither Men that
dwell in Tents j fortified the Town^ ereSled Cafiles^ and built Palaces
in it.
As new
City of Babylon was for the Reception of a Set of
this
rude and uncivilized People, we can't conceive the Buildings, at firfl:,
to have been any Thing extraordinary, but improved from Time to
Time, as the Riches and Poffeilions of that Country encreafed ; and
therefore when Nijteveh was deftroyed by Nebuchadjiezzar (<:), and
Afuerus^ or Cyaxares, and all the Wealth divided between the Medes^
and Babylonians ; and when thefe laft People had taken yerufalemy
deftroyed the Te?npley captivated the yews^ and enriched themfelves
with the Spoils of and other Nations, Nebuchadnezzar^ about
this
ICQ Years after Deioces built Ecbatana^ began to enlarge Babylo?i to

a very great Degree ; which gave him Occafion to fay (d) Is not :
this great Babylon, that I have built for the Houfe of the Kingdofn^
hy tide Might of my Power^ and for the Honour of 7ny Majefly f
And confonant with this, Abyde?ius (who had his Hiftory from the
antient Monuments of the Chaldeans) writes 'Tis reported, fays he, :
that Belus encompaffed Babylo7t with a Wall, which in Time was

abolifhed and that Nebuchadnezzar afterwards built a
; new Wall,
with Brazen Gates, which ftood 'till the Time of the Macedon
Empire.
This great and ftupendious City formed a perfed Square, [e) 15

Miles on every Side, and was enclofcd with a double Wall, and that
fortified with a wide and deep Ditch, lined with Bricks, made with
Part of the Earth dug out of it ; the firft of thefe Walls was 50
Cubits thick, and 200 Cubits high, wherein there was placed 100
Gates of Brafs, with Pillars and Entablatures of the fame Metal
Upon the Edges of this Wall many Rooms, or Tovvers, were ereded,
and yet the Space between them was fuiiicient to turn a Chariot,
with four Horfes ; and as the River Euphrates ran through, and di-
vided the whole Area of the City into two equal Parts, the Walls
were brought down, on both Sides, to the River, witli fome Inflec-
tion at the Extremities, from whence a Rampart of Brick-work was
extended along the Edge of the River, on both Sides.
The fecond, Wall was built little inferior in Strength

or inward
to the outward Wall, though not altogether fo thick j the principal
Chap, xxiii. y. 13, (i) Dnn. iv. ;c
{b^ Can.ChYon. Secul. 17. \t) Herod. 1. 1.
{c) 'tobit xiv. 15,
Streets
Chap. VII. Plagiarism of the Heathens Deteclecl 159
Streets pafied quite through the City, the reft traverfing thefe in fe-
veral Places, led to the River, and little Gates of Brafs, equal in
Number to the lejQer Streets, were placed in the Ramparts, which
l3order'd the Stream In each Divifion of the City, by the Streets,
:
thxC Houfes were ereded, but not contiguous, fome 3, and fome 4
Stories in Height; and the Center of each Part of the City was
walled round, in which the King placed the Royal Palace^ and the
^jmple of "Jupiter Belus.
The laft Edifice confifted of an Enclofure of 2 Stades, or Fur-

longs, Square, in the Midil of which there was a Tower of a Stade
in Length, Breadth, and Height, fupporting the Temple^ which leffen-
ed by Degrees, with 8 Retractions, and on the Top a fpacious Dome
was made for the Reception of the God, under which a Bed was
placed, with a Golden Table by the Side of it Nebuchadnezzar :
taking the Defign of this Te?nple^ from that of Solomon^ and employ-
ing 1000 (fj Smiths and Carpenters about it, which were Natives of
yerufalem^ and, in all Probability, the very- Workmen which King
yofiah had before employed (g) in Repairing the yewip Temple,
under the Diredion of Shaphan, the Scribe, Maafeiah, the Gover-
nour of the City, and "Joahaz, the Recorder.
The Solomons Temple, like that of Belus, was a Fur-

Bafis of
long high ; each Temple covered a Piece of Ground, whofe Area
was about 640,000 Square Cubits ; and each Te?nple had the fame
Number of Retradions before it was crown'd with its laft Orna-
ment. For the Rampart round the great Court of Solomons Temple
made the ift Retradion of that Temple : The great Court made the
2d :The 3d was made by the Court of the Priefts The 4th by :
the inner Court : The 5th by the Temple : The 6th by the fide
Chambers of the Temple : The 7th by the Nave of the Temple :
And the 8th by the Tower whofe Roof anfwered the Dome of
the Temple of Belus.
The Royal Palace of Babylon [h) was in the Weftward half Part
of that City ; and it was firft furrounded with three high and ftateiy
Walls ; the ift of which made a perfed Square of 60 Furlongs in
Compafs, equal to the Circumference of the firft Enclofure of the Pa-
lace of Ecbatana : The 2d Wall formicd a Circle, it was 300 Bricks
thick, its Circuit was 40 Furlongs, and its Altitude was 100 Yards:
This Wall was adorned with Towers, which rofe 140 Yards above
it ; fo that every Tower, with its Bafe, was 480 Cubits high The :
3d and moft inward Wall, which immediately furrounded the Pa-

lace, was 30 Furlongs in Compafs, and far furpafied the middle Wall,
both in Height and Thicknefs And laftly, to this Palace there
:
(f) z Kings Jtxiy, iC. and yer. xxiy. i. (g) % Chm.xxxlr. 11. (ib) Diod- Sic. 1. a. c. 1.
were
:
i6o The Origin of Building : Or, The Book IV,

were three beautiful Gates, with Apartments under them for Enter-
tainments, all made of Brafs.
The City being thus compleated, of the fame Circumference with

Nineveh^ but in a Figure more capacious, Nebuchadnezzar made an
Image of Gold, {ij 60 Cubits high, and commanded all People to
worlhip it, under the Forfeiture of their Lives, by being caft into
the Midft of a fiery Furnace Yet in the Civil Government of the
:
various Colonies he had tranfported to Babylon, he did not impofe

his own Laws, but left the People of every Nation to be governed
by thofe of their own, and to be under the Jurifdidion of their
own Princes, the Jews from whence Jeremiah [k) ad-
efpecially ;
vifed them to build Houfes, plant Gardens, and encreafe their Fami-
lies
: For as ^luintus Cur tins (/) obferves. The City was not wholly
taken up with Houfes, but fcattered up and down in feveral Places,
and the Reft of the Ground was plough'd and fow'd, that, in Cafe
of a Siege, the Inhabitants might be fupplied with Corn within
themfelves.
As was 6 Cubits broad, and of pure Gold, its in-

this ColofTus
trinfick Value, upon a moderate Computation, could not be lefs
than 40 Millions Sterling ; a moft excellent Image for a great Army
to fight for, and for Mankind to admire A Copy of this Image I
having been made by Phidias, to reprefent Jupiter, and fet up in

the City of Olyjnpia, was, for his enormous Size of 60 Cubits in
Height, reckoned one of the Wonders of the World.
At the Time of Degree of Magnificence to which Ba-

this great
hylon arrived, Ezekiel had his Vifion of a new Temple, and a new
City for his Brethren, far exceeding Bahylwi, as we Ihall fhew pre-
fently ; and then Nebuchadnezzar was foon made fenfible of the
Hand by which he was advanced ; for GOD
reduced him fo low
as to make him live with the Beafts of the Field, and to feed like
them on Grafs, taking from him, for a Time, the very Reafoii
natural to his Species, which, when He was pleafed to return to
him, Nebuchad?iezzar made this Declaration of his Faith and Belief
[m) Now I, Nebuchadnezzar, Praife and Extol the King of Hea-
ven, all whofe Works are Truth, a?2d his Ways Judgment, and thofi
that walk ift Pride he is able to abafe. This Declaration, however,
did not prevent G O D's Determination to transfer the Bounties he
had entrufted the Babylonians with, to the People of another Na-
tion : And from henceforward we fliall find the Perjiafis growing
formidable 'till they took Babylon, by the Diredlion of Cyrus, their
Emperor, about 65 Years after Nebuchadnezzar had enlarged and
beautified it.
CO Dan. iii. i. (*) Chap, xxix. v. j. (/). Lib. 5- (m) Dan. iv. 57.
CHAP.
Chap. VIII. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detected. 1 61
CHAP. VIIL
Of Ezekiefs Vission of a new Temple and

City for his Brethren the Jems.
WHEN Nebuchadnezzar attempted to dcftroy the Know-

ledge of GOD, and bring all Mankind over to worfhip
his Idol, Ezekiel had a Vission (a), wherein a Temple^
a City^ and a Country were reprefented to him, to which his Bre-
thren fhould be reftored ; and that City^ for Magnificence, is far
to exceed any of the great Works of Antiquity.
The whole Temple is to be lOO Cubits long, and 50 Cubits broad,

which are thus accounted The Porch is to be 11 Cubits broad,
:
the Holy Part of the Temple is to be 40 Cubits long, the Door-

Pofts of the moft Holy Place are to be 2 Cubits inward, the moft
Holy Place is to be 20 Cubits, the feveral Walls of the Porch, and
Nave of the Temple^ are to be fix Cubits each, the fide Chamber
is to be 4 Cubits broad, and the Wall of the fide Chamber is to
be five Cubits thick ; all which, added together, compleats the whole
Length of 100 Cubits Again, the Te?nple is to be 20 Cubits broad,
:
the fide Walls are to be 6 Cubits each, the fide Chambers are to be
4 Cubits each, and the Walls of the fide Chambers are to be 5
Cubits each ; all which, added together, compleats the whole Breadth
of 50 Cubits,
The Temple is through a Gate of 50 Cu-

to be approachable firft
bits, leading into an outward Court of 100 Cubits, and then through
another Gate of 50 Cubits leading into an inward Court of 100

Cubits ; fo that from the Entrance at the firft Gate, to the Center
of the Te7npley will be juft 350 Cubits, and therefore the whole
Square of the outward Enclofure will be 700 Cubits on every Side,
fappofing the Center of the Te7nple to be that of the whole Building.
The Temple is to make the Center of a large Area, 500 Reeds,

<)r 3000 Cubits and the fame in Breadth; this is to.be
in Length,
furrounded with a Wall, on the Eaft Side of which there is to be
a Gate, and tlie Whole is to be environed with Suburbs of 50,
Cubits broad, to encreafe the Diftrid; of the Temple to a Square of
31.00 Cubits on every Side^
(<«) Ezekiel xl. i.
This
l6z The Origin of Building: Or, The BooklVir
This Temple, with the Ground about it, is to make the Center
of a much larger Area, which is to be a Piece of Land for the
Priejis and SanEiuary 25,000 Reeds, or 150,000 Cubits long, and
60,000 Cubits broad ; next to which there is to be another Piece
of Land for a City 30,000 Cubits broad ; and beyond that another
Piece for the Levitcs of 60,000 Cubits broad, and both of the fame
Length with the firft, the Whole making a Square of 150,000 Cu-
bits; in the Middle of which the City is to make a Square of
27,000 Cubits, v/ith Suburbs round it of 1500 Cubits broad. At
each End of thefe 3 Pieces of Land there is to be a Portion for the
Ki?ig, each of which is to be equal to the three Pieces together ; fo
that the whole Land for the Temple^ Priejis^ Levites, City, and
King will be 450,000 Cubits long, and 150,000 Cubits broad 5
parallel to which there will be a Piece of Land for every Tribe.'
Seven of the Tribes are to have their Lots next the North, and
5 next the South by v/hich Means 7 Bodies of People will have
;
their Habitations on each Side of the Tempk, and that Edifice will
be in the Middle of the whole Land.
The Land will better appear by the Draught,

Difpofition of this
Plate which A. A. A. A. may be fuppofed to be
27. 28. in
the whole Land of Canaan, in Length, from North to South,
about 517,800 Cubits.
B. The Temple, with its Suburbs^
C. The City, with its Suburbs.
D. D. Land for the City.
E. Land for the Temple, and PrieJls,
F. Land for the Levites.
G. G. G. G. The Land for the Temple, Priejis, Levites, and
City, making a Square of 150,000 Cubits.
H. H. Land for the Ki7ig, each Piece being equal to the
Square G. G. G. G.
L L L L The Land for the Temple, Priejis, Levites, City, and
King, containing in Length 450,000 Cubits ; and in Breadth
1 150,000 Cubits.
K. Land Tribe of Dan.
for the
L. Land for the Tribe of AJher.
M. Land for the Tribe of Naphtali.
N. Land for the Tribe of ManaJJeh.
O. Land for the Tribe of Ephraim.
P. Land for the Tribe of Reuben.
Land for the Tribe of yudah.
,
R. Land for the Tribe of Benjamin,
S. Land for the Tribe of Simeon.
T. Land for the Tribe of IJfachar.

V. Land for the Tribe of Zebulum
W. Land for the Tribe of Gad.
The
Chap. VIIL Piagiarifm of the Heathens beteSled, 16}
The Divifion or* the Cify will appedr by the Draught, Plate
which A. A. A. A. is the Ciiy Wall, 4500 Reeds,
29. 30. in
of 27,000 Cubits in Length on every Side, and 144 Cubits
faj in Thicknefs, within which we have fuppofed a Street of 156
Cubits broad.
B. The Gate of ReubeHi
C. The Gate of JudaL
D. The Gate of Levi.
E. The Gate of JofepL
F. The Gate of Benjafnin.
G. The Gate of Dan,
H. The Gate of Simeon,
I. The Gate of Iffachar.
K. The Gate of Zebulun.

L. The Gate of Gad.
M. The Gate of Ajher.
N. The Gate of Naphtali.
The two central Streets leading from the Gate of Judah^ Norths
to the Gate of Iffachar^ South ; and from the Gate of Benjamin^
Eaft, to the Gate of AJher^ Weft, we have fuppofed 400 Cubits
broad ; but the Streets facing the other Gates made no we have
more than 200 Cubits broad. Thefe Streets traverling the whole
Ground of the City^ from Gate to Gate, divides it into 16 great
Squares, of 6400 Cubits in Length on every Side, 1 2 of which we
aflign for Inhabitants, from the twelve Tribes ; the other four, in the
center Part of the City, we allot for the Ki?jg's Palace y and the
Military Force of the Kingdom, to be feleded out of every Tribe ;
and for this Reafon we have divided thofe 4 Parts, marked with
O. O. O. O. into 16 Squares, by the central Streets of 400 Cubits
broad, and fide Streets of 1 00 Cubits, which leaves the Squares pre-
cifely 3100 Cubits in Length, on every Side, equal to the whole
Diftricl of the Temple^ as above.
Twelve of thefe 16 Squares v/e have allotted for the Refidence

of the Military Men of the 1 2 Tribes, who were to attend, in
Courfes every M^^nth, on the Ki?i&\ Perfon by David' s
; and thefe,
Appointment, were to be 24,000 in Number, 2000 from every
Tribe The other 4 Squares we have throwed into a grand Piazza of
:
6800 Cubits on every Side, marked with the Letters P. P. P. P. and

in the Center of which we have placed the Kings Palace^ of 1 200
Cubits fquare, and marked with the Letter this is environed with
the Seats of the Ki?ig\ Counfellers, 36 in Number, extending 4400
Cubits on the Outiide, and marked with the Letters R. R. R. R.
arid extending Within- fide 3600 Cubits, and marked with the Letters
S. S. S. S. From R. R. R. R. the Buildings are to be fet back 50 Cu-
bits for a Wall and Rampart, and by thefe Means a Space of 1 200
Cubits broad will furround the Palace^ as well as the whole Court.
ib) Rev. xxii, 17,
Jjg
The Origin of Building : Or, The Book IV*
In the Center of each Square allotted for the Inhabitants, we have
placed the head Magiflrate, in a Square of 500 Cubits ; thefe
Squares arc marked with the Letters a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. k. 1. and
m. and round them the 28 in Number to every
inferior Magiftrates,
'iTribe, have their Habitations allotted them, occupying a Piece of
Ground 350 Cubits broad, at the Diftance of 1000 Cubits from

the Ground of the head Magiftrate. In like Manner we have placed
the commanding Officer over the Men belonging to every Tribe, ia
the Center of the Ground allotted for that Tribe, and in a Square
of 350 Cubits, with a Space round of 250 Cubits broad; and the
it
Places for thofe Officers are marked with the Figures i. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II. and 12. We have laftly made central Streets of
TOO Cubits broad through every Tribe, and central Streets of 50
Cubits broad through the Military Men of every Tribe, thereby di-
viding the whole City into Squares of 1550 Cubits. Now if v/e
again divide thefe Squares into 16 Parts, with Streets between, of 50
Cubits broad, the Whole will fall into Squares of 350 Cubits; the
Sides of which being added together, and to that Total, the Sides
of the Pa/ace, and thofe of the 1 2 head Magiftrates, and commanding
Officers, it will produce 4,800,000 Cubits, which is equal to 12,000
Furlongs, the Content of this City, according to St. ô/m (c).
Of 2,000 Furlongs in Front of Building we have allotted

thefe 1
10,584 Furlongs for the private Edifices of the City ; and if we

affign a Piece of Ground of 20 Feet in Front, and about 153 Feet
in Depth for a Houfe, every Square of 350 Cubits will contain 90
Houfes, and all the private Houfes will amount to 272,160, which
will make a City, m.uch fuperior to any of the Cities of Antiquity.
CHAP. IX.
Of the Temple of Jerufalem, as built by

ZerubbaheL
WHEN Cyrus took Babylon, and became Emperor of the

Perfia7is, he releafed the Jews from their Captivity, after
they had been confined 70 Years, and fign'd a Decree
to impower them to rebuild their Te?nple at yerufale??! ; which De-
cree ftands recorded in the Book afcribed to Ezra, in the follow-
ing Words:
(f) Kev, xxii. \C.

Thus
Chap. IX. Plagiarifm of the Heathen
Thus faith Cyrus, King of Perfia^ in the ift Year of his Reigri,
{a) The LORD GOD of Heaven hath given me all the King-
doms of the Earth, and he hath charged me to build him an Houfe
at yerufalevi, which is in "Judah, Who is there among you of all
his People? His GOD be with him, and let him go up to Jeriifa-
kfn, which and build the Houfe of the
is in jfudah, LORD GOD
of Ifrael (he is the GOD) which is in Jerufakm. And whofo-
ever remaineth in any Place where he fojourneth, let the Men of his
Place help him with Silver, and with Gold, and with Goods, and
with Beads, befides the Fiee-Will- Offering for the Houfe of GOD
that is in Jerufalem. And (bj let the Foundations tliereof be ftrong-
ly laid, theHeight thereof threefcore Cubits, and the Breadth there-
of threefcore Cubits ; with 3 Rows of great Stones, and a Row of
new Timber And let the Expences be given out of the King%
:
Houfe. And alfo let the Golden arid Silver Veflels of the Houfe of
GOD, which Nebuchadnezzar took forth out of the Te?nple which
is at yerufalem, and brought unto Babylon, be reftored, and brought
again unto the Temple which is at Jerufalem, every one to his'

Place, and place them in the Houfe of GOD.
,
NoTwiTHSt ANDiNG this Dccrce, what by the Obftrudion of the
Samaritans, and what by the Prohibition of Cambyfes, the Son and
SucceiTor of Cyrus, the Te7nple was not compleated 'till the 6th Year
(c) of the Reign of Darius, the Son of Hyflafpis, and then it was
finiilied and dedicated, about 2 1 Years after Cyrus releafed the Jews.
This Temple was furrounded with a which feems to treble Portico,

have been comprifed within the Limits of the inward Court, of
that which was built by Solomon. The Body of the Temple was built
on new and ftrong Foundations, laid with great Solemnity ; at
which fome old Men, who had feen that of Solomons, wept aloud,
becaufe it was fo like to fall iliort of that (d) for Beauty and
Magnificence ; and others fliouted for Joy that they fhould have
any Temple at all.
This explains what Tobh

Regard to Canaan, when he di-
fays, in
rected his Son to leave Nineveh, and go into Media : (e) Our Bre-
thren, fays he, foall be fcattered in the Earth from that good Land,
and Jerufalem fiall be deflate for. a Time ; telling them at the fame
Time, That GOD
would have Mercy on them, and bring them again
into the Land where they fhould build a Temple, but ?iot like to the
frfi, until the Time of that Age be fulfilled.
C T RU S\ Decree concerning the Temple, Cambyfes\ Prohibi-

tiori of the Work, and Darius\ Confirmation of Cyrus\ Decree,
(rt) Ezra i. a. (i) Hdggdt ii.

(i-) lb. vi. 3, (e) Tohft x.lv. 4.
CO ib. vi, 15,
T t '
were
i66 The Origin of Building: Or^ Tloe Book IV.
were Events fufficient to make this Structure known throughout the

whole Earth ; and therefore we may come to this Conclulion, that
Zeriihhabel\ Temple was the Pattern which moft Nations of the Earth
folk-) wed in their Temples^ during the Splendour and Magnificence
of the Perpan Empire, which fubfifted about 200 Years 5 from the
Reign of Cyn/s, to that of Alexander the Great.
CHAP. X.
Of the Progrefs of Building in Perfia,

from Cyrus, till the Reign of Alexan-
der the Great.
«yHE Idolatry inftituted in Media by Deioces^ and in Ba-

B bylon by Nebuchadnezzar, with the extravagant Pride of
JiL thofe Monarchs, incur'd GOD
Determination to trans-
's
fer their Dominions and Wealth to another People ; and Cyrus, long
before \m Birth, was called by Name, by the Prophet Ifaiah (a\
for that Purpofe.
The
Perfians having revolted from the Medes, and, under the
Conduct of Cyrus, become Mafters of all Media, they next invad-
ed Babylon, took it, and fo became the greateft Empire, 'till then,
the World had produced.
CTRUS^ from
moft tender Years, fhewed an Inclinatioil to
his
ArchiteSiure, as we have already obferved ; and, upon his Acceflion
to the Throne of Perjia, he not only releafed the Jews from their
Captivity, but directed them to rebuild their Temple at Je7nifale?n,
as above.
As Cyrus wasthe Founder of the Pet^fian Empire, and as Per-

fepolis was built by the firft King of Perjia, and as no one was
more proper for that great Work than Cyrus, we fliall give the Ori-
gin of that City to him. Some fay it was 1 2 Parafangs long, and.
10 broad ; that is, 45 Miles inLength, and 37 and a half in
Breadth which is
; not improbable, fince the City of Gelo7ius was
37 Miles and a half fquare and the whole Land defcribed by Eze-
;
kiel for the City, for the Temple, for the Priejis, and for the Le-
vites, amounts to 46 Miles, and y-Sths of a Mile fquare.
(.?) Chap. xliv. V, iS.
The
;
6*7
Chap. X. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 1
Th e Palace (b) was furrounded with a treble Wall

of Perfepoli's
the I ft was i6 Cubits high, adorned with many fumptuous Build-
ings, and afpiring Turrets; the 2d was like the ift, but 32 Cubits
high ; and the 3d was a perfed Square 6 2 Cubits high, all of the
hardeft Marble On the four Sides there were Brazen Gates to
:
ftrengthen and fortify the Place ; near to which there were Gallows's
of Brafs, 20 Cubits high, raifed to terrify the Beholders The In- :
Ude was difpofed into ftately Lodgings, and Treafury Chambers ;

and the Whole was finifhed with the moft excellent Workmanfhip.
C TR U S was fucceeded in the Perjian Empire by his Son, Cam-

byfes^ who invaded Egypt burnt all ^ the Temples in that Country,
killed the God Apis^ and drove away all their Priefts, who undoubt-
edly fled for Refuge to all the Corners of the Earth. Among the
Captives which he took was the famous Pythagoras^ then upon his
Travels in Egypt Him
he carried to Babylon^ where he became a
;
Difciple to Zoroajlres^ and got inftru6led in all his Magick ; info-

much, that at his Return to Greece, he held it as a Divine Myftery,
highly praifed it, and publifhed [c) it abroad. He alfo taught that
Syftem of the Planetary World, which fucceeding Philofophers called
the Pythagoreait.
Upon the Death of Camhyfes, the Magiajts, or Perjian PrieJIsy

feized the Government of that Empire, but were foon flain for
their Prefumption and for the fame Reafon, their Religion was
;
brought into Contempt For as loon as Darius, the Son of Hyftaf-

:
pes, afcended the Throne, he, and his v^^hole Court, embraced Sa-
bianifm, but the common People were ftill prone to their old Re-
ligion which gave Zoroaflres an Opportunity of introducing into
;
the World his own Impoftors ; for upon the Plan of the Magian
Religion, he taught thofe Dodlrines he pretended to have received
from the Mouth of GOD, which he perform'd fo effedually, that,
in a few Years, his Tenets were eftablifhed all over Perjia, and the
greateft Empire of the World received a 72ew Religion.
These People, tho' they made it a Precept to ercc^l no Temples^

liad, neverthelefs. Edifices over their Altars, confifting of feveral
Pillars, fuftaining a Roof ; and
were introduced by Zoroajlres^
thefe
under Pretence of preferving their confecrated Fires, and prevent
their being extinguifhed by the Rains, or any other Effed: of the
Weather.
With Darius, the Son of

the Ruins of the Egyptian Temples,
Hyflafpis, built the City of Siifa, that City having been founded by
him, as we learn from Pliny ; and there it was that the Son of
Xerxes (proved by Dean Prideaux to be the Ahafuerus mentioned in
Dioi Sic. 1. 17. c. 3. (0 "Pliny 1, 30. c. i.
Scripturej
1 68 The Origin of BuiJdiftg : Or, The Book IV
Scripture) crc^Sed (d) a ftatclyApartment, for the Entertainment of
all the Princes under his Dominion, which was enclofed with curi-
ous Curtains, of divers Colours, hung on Marble Pillars, and faften-

ed to them by Rings of Silver, and Cords made of fine Linnen,
and Purple ; the AVliolc the moft perfed Copy of MoJes\ Taberna-
cle, with the Court about it. And, in Imitation of the Jewijb Works,
the Sabea?is, [ej People inhabiting a Country Southward of Ca-
naa?i, over-laid the Portico's of their Houfes with Gold, and em-
belUlhcd their Rooms with Gold, Ivory, and Precious Stones ; tak-
ing their Pattern from Solomo7is Buildings, when the Queen of Sheba
(f)
went to yerufaletn to view them.
The Eaflern Part of Ai'abta abounded with Villages and confider-

able Towns, fituated upon high Hills, and rifing Grounds, among
which the great Cities had flately Royal Palaces, and the Inhabi-
tants were very numerous and rich. And if we pafs into the very
Iflands in the A7âbia?i Ocean, we may find A?xhiteBure in its
fineft Drefs ; of Jupiter Triphylius, in Pan-

for the Tejnple (g)
chcea, was built with white Marble, like that of Solomons ; it was a
perfect Square, of 600 Feet in Length and Breadth ; the Columns
were curioufly Carved, and of a prodigious Size ; round the Temple
there were divers Apartments creeled for the Priefts ; and the Avenue
to the Front was 4 Furlongs, or 2400 Feet in Length, 300 Feet
in Breadth, and was adorned on either Side with large Statues of
Brafs, placed upon fquare Pedeftals.
The Tyrians,People inhabiting a Country North of Ca-

(h) 2^
naan, were in great Glory, as to their Works in ArchiteEiure \ for

Tyre confifted of the moft elegant and fubftantial Edifices, and
abounded with Workmen, (i) that affifted to build the 2d Temple
at yerufalem thefe People then retaining the Form of Solo?no?i\
;
Works, in which their Anceftors liad been employed tor the Tem- ;
ple of Hercules, (k) at 7yre, had two Columns like thofe of yachi?i,
and Boaz, in the Porch of the Temple at yerufale?n.
But notwithftanding this Magnificence in fome Parts of Afia, if

we crofs over the Land, from Canaa7i to the Euxine Sea, we fhali
find that the Phafians, at that Time, inhabited the ver-y Marfhes ;
and lived in Huts, built in the Water, of Wood and Reeds, and went
from Place to Place in Boats cut out of one Piece of Timber And :
if we examine the whole Country above Tyre, nothing very Curious

in ArchiteSiure is to be found ; for notwithftanding the LydianSy
(I) with Stones of extraordinary Dimenfions, ereded a Sepulchre to
Alyattes, the Father of Crcefus, of fuch vaft Magnitude, that it con-
(J) Efihfr i. 6. {Jo) Ifaiah xxiii, and Ezekiel xxvi.

(ej 2)iod. Sic. 1. 3. c. 3. (i) Ez,ra. iii. 7.
(f) Matthew xii. 42. [k) Herod. 1. a.

(g) 'Diod. Sie. J. 5. c. 3. (I) lb. 1. i.
tained
7
chap. X. Plagiarifm of the Hcathem DeteSIeJ, 1 6g

tained in Breadth 1300 Grecian Feet, and was in Circumference
3800 Feet, with 5 ftupendious Monuments upon the Top, fet for
Boundaries ; the Strudlures of Sardis, their capital City, both pub-
lick and private, were built with no better Materials than Canes,
for the moft Part ; and thofe that were built with Brick, were, ne-
verthelefs, covered with Cane.
Such was the general State of ArchiteSiure^ in Afia^ in the Time

of the Perjian Empire ; but all this Magnificence was to have its
Period, ashad in other Countries, which was foretold, long be-
it
fore it happened, by the Prophet Daniel [m). The Grecians^ having

been the next People, whofe Humility and Obedience to in GOD
Times of Profperity were tried, we will now confider how the Power
and the Wealth of the Ferjiam devolved upon them.
CHAP. XL
Of the State of Building in Greece, from

Cyrus, till the Reign of Alexander the
Great,
S I S T RAT U 8 did not becomemore remarkable for his 1

PI Years Tyrany at
[a)
Athens^ which commenced in the Year 550
before Christ, than for his Founding the Temple of Ju-
piter Olympius in that City : A Work fo ftupendious, that the
Foundation alone exhaufted all the Money the Grecia?is could pofli-
fely raife, before they were involved in the Perjian War.
At the fame Time that Piftjlratus formed his Defigri of Building

a Temple at Athens^ the Greciafts in Afia, came to a Refolution to
ere(St a Temple at EphefuSy in Honour of Dia?iay which they began
about the Year 542 before Christ For Pliny [b) tells us it was
:
220 Years about ; and from the Time of his Writing or Dedicating
his Book, to Titus Fefpajian^ made Emperor A. D. 78, to the Time
in which this Temple was laft finifhed, was about 400 [c) Years ;
which, being added to the 220 Years the Work was about, carries
the Period of its ift Foundation to the Year 542, before Christ,-
as above.
(m) Chap. 8. (^) Lib. 5^. s. 14.

(«) See NeivtOff's Chm. \c) Tlin. 1. 16. c 40.
CTESi-
I yo Toe Origin of Building : Or, The Book IV*
CTESIPHON was the Architea: of the Temple of Diana
lie was a Conteiiiporai y with Callimachus, to whom Vitruvius afcribes
tlie Invention of the Corinthian Order ; Callimachus flourifhed about
the 6oth Olympiad, or 537 Years before Christ ; and the Tem-
pk: of Diana was prior to the Introduction of the Cori?tihian Order
into Greece.
The Temple of Apollo, at Delphi^ having been burnt about the

Year 548 before Christ, the Grecians determined to rebuild it,
much more magniilcent than before ; and for that Purpofe alfefs-
ed themfelves, to the Amount of 300 Talents, (d) to defray the Ex-
pence of the Work \ of which, 75 Talents were to be raifed by Del-
phia?is, and 225 by the AmphyEiions, or general Council of Greece.
CTRU S becoming Emperor of all AJia, alDOUt the Year 536

before Christ, began his Reign with releaiing the Jews from their
Captivity, fign'd a Decree to impower them to rebuild their Temple
at Jerufalem, and ordered the Expences to be defrayed out of his
own Treafuries, as above An Adt fo remarkable, that every Na-
:
tion of that vaft Empire muft have inftantly known it. To that
Ad: we may therefore very juftly attribute the Founding of the Tem-
ple of Diana, at Ephefus, as well as the Temple of Jupiter, at
Athens \ and to that Ad we may alfo afcribe the Introdudion of
Io7tick and Corinthian Orders among the Grecians ; who had fuch
ftrid Regard to the Jewijh Works, that they made the Length of
their Bricks, for their private Buildings, 2 Spans, or 1 8 Inches long,
to anfwer one Side of the Altar of Incenfe, in the Taberjtacle : To
thefe Bricks they gave the Name of Didoron, (e) others they called Te-
tradoron, and a third Sort Pentadoron, The Tetradoron was 4
Spans long, equal to the Length of the Table in the Tabernacle ; the
Pentadoron was 5 Spans long, which was the precife Length of
the Ark of the Covenant ; and thefe two Kind of Bricks were only
ufed in the facred Strudures of the Grecians ; with whom the
Progrefs of ArchiteBure was foon flopped, by the War that broke
out between them and the Perfians. That War took its Rife on
the following Occafion:
The lonians, in AJta^ did not long continue fubjed: to tlie Per-
Jians, before they revolted ; and thefe People, with the Afliftance
of the Athenians, having taken Sadis, they inftantly burnt (fj that
City, together with the Temple of Cybele. Darius was then Em-
peror of Perfia, who refented thefe hoftile Ads to fuch a high De-
gree, that he forthwith waged War againft the Grecians, and made
a Vow never to lay down his Arms 'till he had burnt all the Cities
and Temples in Greece. The War thus begun, was purfued with fo
much Vigour and Refolution, that Darius\ Vow was, in a grât
(J) Ikrol 1. 2- (0 1: 35 - c. 14. (/) Herod. 1. 5.
Meafurc,
1;:
Chap. XL Pldgiarifm of the Heathens beteBeJ. 1 7
Meafure, fulfilled by himfelf ; and fully accompli£hed by Xerxes^

his Son and SuccelTor.
This King, upon his Invafion of Greece, having taken and burnt
Athens, left 300,000 chofen Men in Greece, under the Condu(fl of
his General Mardonius, to fubduc the Reft of the Country, who
foon after fent an Embaffador to the Athenians, to treat of Peace
but they defpiling the Perfian Power, returned in Part this Anfwer
(g) Go then, and tell Mardonius, that the Athenians declare, they will
never make Peace with Xerxes, fo long as the Sun Jhall continue to
perform his Courfe ; and that, trufiing to the AJJiJlance of the Gods
and Heroes, whofe Temples and Images he has burnt in Contempt^ we.
refolve to refji hi^ft to the laji Extremity.
MA RD 0 N lU S was foon after entirely defeated by the Gre-

cians, 2d Year of the 75 th Olympiad ; by which they got
in the
immenfe Wealth, and were thereby enabled to rebuild their Tem-
ples and Cities in the moft fumptuous Manner ; which was never-
thelefs, in a great Meafure, prevented by the Peloponnejian War.
And fuch Cities and Temples as were rebuilt, were performed, in fo
mean a Manner, that Plato wou'd not allow but few Architeds
in Greece ; for, fays he, Tou ?nay get the AJJiJlance of a common
Builder for 5 or 6 Drams, but that of an ArchiteSi you cant pur-^
chafe foi^ 10,006 Drams,
TheTemple of Diana, at Ephefus, was ruined and rebuilt no

lefs than 7 Times, [h) in the Compafs of 220 Years, that is, be-
tween the Time of Ctejiphon, and Alexa7^der the Great ; on whole
Birth-Day it was burnt by Heroflratus ; after which it lay about
25 Years in its Ruins, and then
it was rebuilt with Columns, whofe
Shafts were iingle Stones, of 60 Feet high, and the Temple cover-
ed a Piece of Ground 425 Feet in Lengthy and 220 Feet in
Breadth.
D IN 0 CRATES with great Probability, to have beeni

is faid,
the Archited of this gigantick Edifice, which Alexander offered to re-

build at his own Expence, provided he might have had the fole Honour
of it 5 and that no other Name fhould be added to his, in the In-
fcription upon it: But the Ephefia?is, by anfwering, [i) That it was
not confiflent for one God to ereSi a Monument to another, fatisfied
Alexa?iders Vanity, preferved his Friendfhip, obtained his Bounties,
and fo faved to therhfelves the Honour of the Work.
To
Alexander the Great we may very juftly attribute all the
Grecian Magnificence in Works of ArchiteSiure j for that Prince
(5) HQTOi' 1. 8. {b) TUfiy 1. 16, c. 40. (0 RolHn on the Arrt ahd Sciences. Vol. i. p. 4xt
having
172 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV.
having pofrefTed himfelf of all the Riches of Sufa^ and Perfepolis ;

together with the Riches of all the Countries where ever he carried
his conquering Arms, the King employed them chiefly in Building ;
and made fo great a Progrefs therein, that tho' his Reign was fo
fhort, his W
orks far exceeded thofe of any former Monarch.
And lincc have mention'd Perfepolis^ we can't omit relating

we
a Reprizal of a very extraordinary Nature, for that City having
been the Metropolis of Perjia^ the moft Luxurious of any under the
Sun, in its Strudures, the Wealthieft for
its Riches, and, of Confe-
quence, the Pride and Glory of that great Empire, founded upon the
Ruins of thole of the Egyptians^ Affyrians^ Babylonia?2s^ and Medes^
as well as upon the Ruins of moft of the Nations in y4Jia^ and
bordering Part of Africa^ including in the whole 127 Provinces.
Alexander the Great, [k) after taking it, made a fumptuous Feaft
for the Entertainment of his Friends, in Commemoration of his
Vidory ; at which, there was prefent an Athema?i Woman, named
'Thais, who perceiving the Company to grow warm with Wine, took
the Opportunity to fay, Alexander would perform the moft glorious
Ad: of any that ever he did, if, while he was feafting with them,
he would burn the Palace, that the Glory and Renown of Perfta
might be faid to be brought to nothing in a Moment. This had no
fooner reached the Ears of the young Men, but one cried out, Come
on, bring us Firebrands, and fo excited the Reft to fire the Cita-
del, to revenge the Impiety the Perfians had committed, in deftroy-
ing the Temples of the Grecians : At this, others with Joy fet up
a Shout ; but faid, That fo brave an Exploit belonged only to Alex-
ander himfelf to perform The King, ftirred up at thefe Words, and
:
all the Women having been called that played on Muftcal Inftruments,
jind Firebrands having been inftantly got, He bravely led the Way
to this Expedition, with Songs, Pipes, and Flutes ; and throwing
his Firebrand into the Palace, wa$ feconded by Thais, and followed
by all the Reft of the Company ; fo that in a very fliort Time,
the whole Fabrick, by the Violence of the Fire, was confumed to
Afties. And thus the Sacrilege and Impiety of Xerxes, exercifed in
his burning the Citadel of Athens, was revenged in the flime Kind
by one Woman of that City,
Soon Alexander had pafled his Army over into Afia, Dino-
after
crates, (/) the Archited, followed him with recommendatory Letters,
to divers of his Court, to introduce him to the King, which they
negleding to do, Dinocrates, who was of an extraordinary Stature,
and had a fine Prefence, laid afide his common Drefs, oiled his
Body over, crowned himfelf with a Branch of Poplar, covered his
Left Shoulder with a Lion's Skin, took a Club in his Hand, and,
in this Equipage, drew near the King's Throne: Alexa?7der foon
{k) îolSicA. 17. c. 8. (/} Vit. Pfcf. to Lib. s

perceived
Chap. Xl. Plagiarifm of the Heathem DeteSted, 1 73
perceived him, and afked him, Who he was ? To which he repli-^

ed : / am Dinocrates, the Macedonian ArchiteSi^ who brings to Alex-
ander Defig7ts worthy of his Grandeur. I made^ continues he, Mount
Athos, in the Form of a Man^ holding a great City in his Left
Hand^ a?id in his Right a Cup, which receives the Waters of all the
Rivers that run down this Mountain, in Order to four them into the
Sea. Alexander, pleafed with the Greatnefs of the Invention, re-
tained Dinocrates in his Service ; and, when he went into Egypt,
employed him in Building a moft magnificent City, to which he
gave the Name of Alexandria.
The Ground for this City, as well as the feveral Streets, the King
marked [m) out with his own Hand. The Form of the City re-
fembled that of a Soldiers Coat ; it was furrounded with a ftrong
and ftately Wall ; and one large Street, of icq Feet broad, traverfed
the City from Gate to Gate, between which, the Length was 40
Furlongs. This Street was adorned with an infinite Number of
llately Strudures, and private Houfes ; but the
both 6f Temples^
grandeft Building, in all Alexandria, was the King's Palace, which
every fucceeding Monarch took Pleafure to improve.
A LEXANDER built another capital City [n), at the Foot

of Mount Caucafus, called it after his own Name, and ereded feveral
other Cities, each a Days Journey diftant from that Capital : He
alfb built 2 large Cities, (0) after his Vidory over Porus : And
when he had put an End to his Expedition in India, he erected,
by the River Hyphafs, 12 ftupendious Altars, of 50 Cubits high,
each Altar, therein imitating the Jews ; for Mofes, when he had
brought the Ifraelites out of F.gypt, fet up 1 2 Pillars at the Foot
of Mount Sinai ; and yofhua fet up 1 2 Stones, when he had pafs'd
the River "Jordan.
ALEXAN DtR by the 'Kw^^ Acifines, 2 great

alfo built,
Cities; and, he ereded a 3d City of
in another Part of hidia,
Alexandria. But of all his Works, the grcateft was the Funeral Pile
of Hepheflion (p), in which the Bricks in 10 Furlongs in Length,
of the Walls of Babylon were ufed ; and that Part of the Walls
was taken down for this Purpofc. This Pile was 4 fquare, each
Side of which was a Furlong in Length, and the whole Altitude
was more than 130 Cubits. The Platform was divided into 30
Apartments, anfwering the Number of Councilling Gods in the
Chaldean Theogony ; and the Superftrudure was divided into 7 Ran-
ges, anfwering the 7 Planets, and then roofed with the Trunks of
Palm-Trees. All the Divifions were vailed with Hangings of Purple,
in Imitation of the High Places of the Jews, and 1 2,000 Talents were
(w) Dioi Sic. 1. 17. c. 5. (0) lb. 17. c. 10.
(») lb. 1. 17. c. 9. Ip) lb. 1. 17. c. IS.
X X expended
s
1 74 The Origin of Building : Or, The Book IV.

expended on the Work, which was 40 Times the Sum aflefled to
rebuild the Temple of Apollo, at Delphi ; and even that fmall Sum
could not be raifed, without begging [q] of T'oreign Courts, and
recalling Exiles, in Confideration of their contributing towards the
Expence of the Work, which, on this Account, was fevcral Years
about ; whereas the Funeral Pile of Hephejlion was compleated in fo
fhort a Time as while his Corps lay in State.
Such was the Poverty of Greece, in the Reign of Cyrus, King

of Perjia ; and fuch was its W zalth in the Reign of Alexander the
Great, who intended to build 1000 large Ships, v/ith Arfe?ials and
Ports for fo great Navy
6 magnificent Temples, and
a ; alfo to ere£l
to expend 1500 Talents, in the Coft of each of them; and, laftly,
to raife a Monument over his Father's Sepulchre, equal to the biggeft
Pyramid in Egypt : But his I)eath put an End to thefe Defigns.
However, Building flourifhed in Greece, 'till Athens and Corinth be-
came the moft beautiful Cities, for Works of ArchiteEiure, the
World ever produced ; and the Grecians afliimed, or the Romans
attributed to them, the Invention of the Orders of Colum77s, with
fuch Proportiojis, as were obferved by the Antients in their moft
perfect Buildings.
All this Magnificence was to have its Period in Greece, the fame
as it had in other Countries ; was foretold by the Prophet
and this
Daniel, according to whofe Vis ion, the Power and colleBed Wealth
of the World was next to be vefted in the Romans.
CHAP. xn.
Of the Progrefs of Building in Italy, from

the Burning of Rome, by the Gauls, to
the Reign of Augustus Caesar.
BEFORE Rome was burnt by the Gauls, it did not, as Mr.

Hooh, in his Roman Hiftory [a), obferves, defer\'e the Name
of a City, but the Re-edifying of it gave the Romans fo
much Experience in ArchiteEiure, that Epiphanes, about the Year
before Christ 170, made Choice of Coffutius [h) a Roman Citizen,
to finifh the Temple of Jupiter Olympius, at Athens, which was be-
(^) Heroi. 1. 2;
ia) Page 20.
ir) DM. Six 1. 18. c. i. ib) Fit. Pref. to Lib.-
gun
:
Chap. XIL Plagiarifm of the Heathens Dete'&ed. 1 7^
gun by Pijiftratus, as above. And the Romans thereupon growing

impatient [c) of Competitors in Works of ArchiteBure^ and reflccl-
ing on the Beauty of the City of Corinth^ they took Occafion of

denouncing War againft the Corinthians^ fo as the Conful Lucius
Mummius going thither with a numerous Army, reduced their City
to Afhes, in the Year 146 before Christ ; and 59 Years after that
Sylla deftroyed the City of Athe?ts^ and brought the Columns (d) oi
the Temple of Jupiter Olympius to Rome^ and there fet them up in
his own and Palace, in the Capitol.'' And thus the two
Houfe,
Cities that made the Flower of all Greece^ for fine Works in Archi-
teSiure^ were erafed, and no Foot-fteps left of the fuperb Edifices,
which render'd thofe Cities the Admiration of the World.
But in order to preferve the Knowledge of this noble Manner

of Building, and to give the Romans a juft Idea of it, Rutilius {e)
publifh'd his Orations on ArchiteEiurey which had this Efix;6l, that
tho' in theYear 78 before Christ, and 9 Years after the Dcftruc-
tion of Athens^ the Houfe (f) in which M. Lepidus lived at Rome-,
was efteemed the fineft in the whole City, yet before 35 Years were
expired, 100 Houfes were ereded that far exceeded it.
The Romans thus inflamed with the nobleft Ideas of Building,
M. Scaurus fhewed a Specimen inferior to nothing in Hif ory, for
he built a Theatre (g)^ capable to contain 80,000 People ; and not-

withftanding it was fcarcely to be ufed a Month to an End, he
adorned it with 360 Columns, in 3 Teer, and with 3000 Brazen
Statues The ift Teer of Columns were of Marble, and 38 Feet
:
high ; the 2d were of Chryftal ; and the 3d were of gilt Brafs

Part of which Columns he removed to the Court of his Houfe in
Mount Palatine ; where, fays Pliity^ he fet them up under the Nofe
of the Gods, whofe Images were but of Earth, and hard by their
Temples^ built and covered with no better Materials than Potters
Clay. So that however profufe Rojnans had been in their pro-
fa7ie Buildings, in their jacred they don't appear to have had the
lea ft Regard to Beauty and Magnificence.
In this State we riiay look upon ArchiteSiure to have been, when

Julius Ccefar began to aim at univerfal Empire ; who, to encourage
the growing Tafte of the People in Building, and to make himfelf
Popular, not only adorned [h) the principal Cities of Italy, but
thofe of Gaul, Spain, Greece, and AJia, with fplendid Edifices. For
the fame Reafon, Auguftus Ccefar was made to Itudy (/) the Liberal
Arts from his Childhood, lb that he gave all Manner of Encou-
ragement to the ingenious Men of his Age ; and was fo paflionately
(0 "Parall c 25. (^) '?'^'«- L c. 2 :
td) Tlin. 1. 5<J.c. 6. {h) Suet, in J, Ctejar, c. ;8.

(e) Suet, in Aug. c. 89; ( i) Suet, ift Ju^. c. 84^.
(/; Tlin.l 36. c. 15.
fond
176 TJje Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV,
fond of ArchtteEiiire^ that he almoft rebuilt {li) the City of Rojm

with Marble, which, at his coming to the Throne, confifted of
nothing but Brick Edifices.
But which gave Augufius the greateft Tafte for ArchiteEiurey

that
feems to have been the Vifit which Herod the Great made him,
after that Prince began to rebuild the Temple at yeriifalem ; for
Herod being no Prieft, was not permitted to touch the Body of the
lemplcy which was carried on by 1000 (IJ Priefts, who compleated
it in 1 8 Months ; and in that Time, Herod went to Rome, to fetch
his Sons, tlien educating in that City, under the Care of Augufius
Ccefar,
Soon after this Interview, the Roma?i Emperor took upon himfelf
the Office of High Priejl he then began to examine all the Pro-
;
PHETicK Books and, in the next Place raifed Temples to the Honour
;
of the Gods, in fuch Manner, that every Temple bore its Form and Si-
^
tuation, agreeable to the Deity to whom it was built : And by this
Means, all thofe beautiful Parts, of which the Jewifi facred Edi-
fices were compofed, and which were manifeftly intended as Em-
blems of the great Occurrences contained in Holy Writ, were vari-
oully applied by the Heathens, and produced thofe fine Examples
which have gained them fo much Honour ; and gave them Occalion
at laft, as yofephus [m) obferves, to traduce the yews as Blafphe-
mers and Deriders of the Divinity, when thofe People negled:ing the
real Part of the LaWy had alfo forgot the fymboUcal in the Parts
of their Templcy which they only held as a moft facred Structure,
without confidering to what the various Parts referred.
To Age we may attribute the Building the Pan-

the Augujline
theoriy a Temple facred to Apollo, who reprefented the Sun, and there-
fore this Edifice was made round, and in all other Refpeds it was
a perfect Emblem of the God, enthroned in all his Glory. The
Stin is exalted in his higheft Meridian, when he approaches the
South ; which Reafon the Entrance to the Temple is full North,
for
and the Image of Apollo was placed oppofite to it, in the principal
Niche. The Door, or Entrance to the Temple, imaged the Earthy
as the proper Place for Men. Tlic Moon, Meixuryy Venusy Marsy
yupitery and Satur7jy were placed in the 6 great Recefies on each
Side the Temphy between the Door and principal Niche. Between
every one of the Places affign'd for the Su7iy Moo?:, Ea?'thy and 5
Planets, there was a Tabernacle ; over which, and alfo over the
great Recefies, there were other Tabernacles, making together 24
in Number ; and therein we may fuppofe the Images of thofe 24.
Stars to have been plac'd, which the Antients looked upon as Judges
(A) Suet, in Aug. c. 28, {t) Jofephui Ant. 1. 15. c. 14. (w) An. I. 3. c. 7.
over
Chap. XII. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed, 177
over all Things ; 12 of which they aflign'd to the Living, and

1 2 to the Dead.
The Paiitheon (notwithftanding what Pliny fays to the contrary)

feems to be the 'Temple^ which, according to Sueto?iius^ Auguftus
built to Apollo : For to the Temple of Apollo there were Additions
made afterwards, as a Portico, and a Library
and the fame Addi- ;
tions, or the Addition of a Portico in the FVont, and a Building in

the Rear, were made to the Pa?jtheonj after the Body of that Temple
was finifhed.
VITRU VIUS^ Time

that Augtifius became High
at the very
Priefi^ and examined into the Prophetick Books, compofed his

Works on A?'cbiteBure, for Ccefar\ Inftruilion in it ; and as the
Emperor burnt [ri) above 2000 Volumes of thofe Books, preferving
only fome of the Sibylline^ can there remain the leaft Doubt, but
that Vitruvius attributed to the Grecians whatever was found re-
corded, concerning ArchiteSlurey in the yewijh Hiftory ? Here was
a fufHcient Cloak for his diverting the Jews^ and giving to the
Heathe7ts the Invention of every Thing curious in ArchiteElure :
And this Plagiarism will more ftrongly appear, when we come to

explain the proper Orders of Columns, with the Forms and Propor-
tions of the Heathen Temples,
AUGUSTUS CMSAR bore tJie Office High Priefl about

28 Years ; during which Time, Idolatry encreafed at Rome^ in the
fame Proportion with the Buildings ; 'till at laft, fays Varro^ no lefs
than 30,000 Deities were adored ; and Pliny makes them infinitely
more, For fays he, (<?) mortal Men^ re7nembering their ow7i Injirfnities^
each one chofe to moorpip and honour that whereof he Jlood in mojl Need ;
and thus^ every oiê being at Liberty to make as ?nany Gods as he
pleafedywe may^ continues he, conceive there are a greater Nu7nber
of Gods in Heaven above^ than of Men upon Earth, This Plurality,
or any Shape or Image peculiar to the Deity, however, Pliny him-
felf mofi: exprefly denies ; and, on the Contrary, affirms his Unity :
GOD! whoever he be, fays this learned Heathen, a77d in what Part
foever refient, all Senfe he is, all Sight, all Flearing, he is all Life^
all Soul, allof Hitnfelf. Now as the Ro77ians made all their Tem-
ples conformable to the Attributes of their Gods, there muft have
been fuch a Variety of Invention contained in thofe Edifices, as muft
have exhaufted the Genius ot the whole World And if we confider :
the great Number of Te7)iples, Bafilicas, Halls, Theatres, A7nphi-

theatres. Circus' s. Baths, AqueduEls,Tritmphal Bridges, Gates,
Arches, Portico s, Momwiental Pillars, and other publick Works,
with the 48,000 infulate Houfes which formed this City, we need
not wonder at Vegetitis\ faying, there were 700 Architects at one
(») SsB. in Attg. c, 9 J. {p) THti. 1. 2. c. 7,
Time
2;
1 78 The Origin of Building: Or, The Book IV.
Time or at their claiming the Sovereignty of the whole

in Ro?ne ;
World, and placing the i 2 Signs of the Zodiack on their Coins, as

the Cymbol thereof.
This Sovereignty, however, foon had its Period, as was foretold

by the Prophet Daniel \ then this vaft Empire was divided among
many Kings, and, by the coming of Christ, all the Earth were
made Partakers of thofe Bounties, which had before, in their GOD
Turns, entrufted fo many potent Nations with.
CHAP. xm.
Of the Temple at Jerufalem, as built by

Herod the Great.
AFTER about 500

Temple ereded by Zerubhabel had fubdfted.
the
Years, Her^
-i the Great undertook to rebuild
it, having been well qualified for fo large a Work, by
the Cities^ T'e?nples^ and Palaces he had been eredting in his Domi-
nions. He was 2 Years in making Preparations for the Building,
though he had provided [a) 100 Carriages for the Conveyance of
Stone, and had employed 10,000 of the beft Workmen to hew
them, by the Diredions of loco Priefts.
The Materials having been prepared and brought to the Place,

the Body of the old Temple was pulled down, and the new one
began in the Year 17 before Christ. This Part of the Work
was performed by the Priettf, and finiihed by them in 1 8 Months
but the feveral Courts were built by Herod\ Workmen, on which
18000 (h) were employed, during the Space of eight Years;
nor cou'd thefe Men have been lefs Time about it, fince the Stones
made ufe of, in this ftupendious Building, were 2 ^ Cubits long, 1
broad,and 8 thick; each Stone, thus containing 8100 cubical Feet,

amounted to 675 Tun, at 12 Feet to a Tun ; and exceeds, by 13
Tun and brought from Elephaniis to Sais^
a half, the great Stone [c]
by the Order of Amafis^ King of Egypt,
Th I s Stone was brought to Sais by Water ; and though it was

but 20 Days fail from one Place to the other,
yet the Tranfporta-
tion of it took 3 Years Time, notwithftanding 2000 Men, profefled
Jof. AntX 15. c. 14. {b) lb. 1. 10. c. 8. (0 neYoi ' x.

Chap. XIII. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteEled. 1 79
pilots, were employ' d : And when it was brought to Sais^ the La-
bour of moving it upon Rowlers was fo great, that it was left a
fmall Matter fhort of the Place where it was defign'd to be fixed.
This Inftance may convince us how much

Jews, in better the
Herod's Time, underftood the mechanical Arts, than the Egyptians
did, in the Reign of Amafts, about 500 Years before. And Herod's
Works, duly confider'd, will abate our Wonder, how fuch great
Stones, as the Obelifks at Rome, cou'd be brought there !
The Work of the Temple having been committed to the Priefts,
as above, they made that Edifice loo Cubits long ; built a Tower
to it of 1 20 Cubits high ; and ufed their utmofl: Skill to make this
Tefnple of the fame Form and with that eredled by King So-
Size,
lomon : While Herod, on his Part, fpared no Pains nor Expence to

enlarge the Portico's about it, and make the Whole as magnificent,
as it was in the Days of Solomon. King en-

For this Purpofe, the
clofed, with a treble Portico, twice (d) the Quantity of Ground en-
clofed by Zerubbabel ; every Side of the new Portico was a Furlong
in Length, and therefore the Side of the old Portico cou'd not have
exceeded 283 Cubits, fmce the Area of a Square of 283 Cubits, is
a Trifle more than half the Area of a Square of a Furlong, or
400 Cubits.
The Portico round the inner Court of Solomons Temple we have

made 330 Cubits in Length, in the Clear, within the outward Pil-
lars, and each Portico we have made 35 Cubits broad, including
the Pillars; from whence it. feems evident,, that the inward Row of
Pillarsof the Portico which furroundcd Herod's Temple, flood on
the fame Foundation as the outward Row of Pillars of the Porticd
round the inner Court of Solomons Temple and, by Conlequence, ;
the Portico of Herod\ Temple muft have

flood on Part of the
void Ground of the great Court and the Portico ot Zerubhabers
;
Temple muft have likewife flood on Part of the void Ground of the
inner Court of Solomons Temple.
Instead of the 3 Gates which King Solomon made in the Weft

Side of the Wall that environed the whole TempU, Herod made' 5,
one in the Middle, and two on each Side. This Wall made the ift En-
clofure of Herod's Temple ; the Portico, of a Furlong, made the 2d ;
the 3 was made by a Wall, infcribed within the Portico ; and with-
in that there was another Wall, or 4th Enclofure, which immedi-
ately furrounded the Temple : So that Herod's, as well as Solomo7i\
lemple, was approachable through 4 Courts,
Over the Valley that lay between the City and Temple, Herod
etedlcd a moft magnificent Gallery, after the Manner of an Egyp-
(d) Jof. Wars of the Jrxi 1. 1. c i^.
tian
I So The Origin of Building, Oc. Book IV.
tian Hall ; it was a Furlong, or 600 Feet in Length, in the Clear,
and 117 Feet broad. The middle t*art was 45 Feet broad, and
more than 100 Feet high each Side was 30 Feet broad, and up-
;
wards of 50 Feet high and the Whole was fupported by 162 Co-
;
rinthian Columns, of 6 Feet Diameter. At the Weft End of this

Gallery there was a fpacious Court, to anfwer the void Ground at
the Eaft End of the Temple; and on that void Ground Herod pro-
pofed to raife fome beautiful Strudure ; but Agrippa not agreeing
thereto, the King employed the 18,000 Men, who had worked upon
the TempUy in paving the Streets of Jertifalem.
HE rod's Buildings were antecedent to thofe of Aiigufius %

the Jewifi Monarch, full of Gratitude to the Ro?nan Emperor, de-
dicated moft of his Works to him ; and the Jewifi Buildings fur-
nifhed the Rofna?is with Examples, as their Hiftory did with Pre-
cepts, to bring ArchiteBure to its higheft Perfection in Italy, Ex-
amples and Precepts were accordingly, in this glorious Age, collefted
by Vitriivius, for Ccefars Inftruftion ; but whether from the. Gre-
cian W
orks and Writers, or from the yewifi^ let the Defcription of
the Orders ol Columns, as well as of the Forms and Proportions of
Temples declare.
We fhall now
conclude our Hiftorical Account of the Rife and
Progrefs of Building, with only adding, that the Jewifi facred Struc-
tures were the Forerunners of the moft conftderable Works the
World ever produced, in 4 Time, of about 500
different Periods of
Years in each Period. The Tabernacle was the Sample for the ift
Period ; Solomo7i\ Temple for the 2d ; EzekieFs Vis s ion, and Ze-
rubhahef s Temple for the 3d ; and Herod\ Temple for the 4th.
This laft Strudure was no fooner finifhed than Myftery ceafed, the
Vail between GOD
and his People was rent, his New (e) and (f)
Everlafting Coveiânt immediately took place, and all Mankind be-
came Partakers of by the Interceftlon of that Mediator, who
it,
was promifed at the Time of the Fall^ who was always expeded,
often miftook, and as often reprefented by Impoftures, the main
Pillars and Supporters of Paganifm, in the feveral Ages of the
World.
(e) Jerem. xxxi. 31. to 35. T/j lb. xxxii. 40,
THE
THE
ORIGIN O F
building: OR, THE
PLAGIARISM
OF THE
HEATHENS
DETECTED.
BOOK the FIFTH
CONTAINING
A Description of the Orders of Columns ; of the Forms and Proportions
of Temples^ Bajilicas, and other celebrated Edifices of Antiquity j and
of the Standard Meafures of the Antients,
T ri B
Origin of Building:
OR, THE
DETECTED.
C H A P. L
The Introduction.
VITRUVIUS round Colunmce [a)y
calls thofe Pillars that are
and fuch as are fqiiare A?it(e (^), Paraftdtce {c\ and Pilc^ {d),
according to the Places where they were applied ; the firft
we tranflate Colufnn^ and the laft Pilafier ; fo that for the future
we fhall call the round Pillars by the common E?2glijh Name of
Column^ and the fquare Ones by that of Pilajler,
The proper Orders of Columns^ by the Names

are thofe called
of the Doricky Io?ticky and Corinthiaii ; to all thefe Orders the fame
Things are common, that is, Bafe, Shaft, and Capital ; and the Co-
lumns of every Order fupport a Set of Ornaments, divided into 3
different Species, and called the Architrave, the Freeze, and the Cor-
nifh : But thefe Ornaments, as well as the Bafes and Capitals, are
made different, in the different Orders. The ift Order A. Plate ^
N^ 6, has every Thing plain and fimple ; the 2d Ordery B. Plate

N^ 6, has fome Ornaments added to the Simplicity of the ifl: ; and
the 3d Ordery C. Plate N^ 6, has the Addition of thofe natural
Ornaments, which renders it pleafant and delightful to the Eye.
The wooden Pillars of the Tabe?ijacle having been imitated in

the Temple of Solofnoriy in a more lafling and ponderous Material,
other Edifices were daily erected after that Example ; and as great
and noble Structures were raifed on lefs firm Foundations, the Peo-
(a) Vit. 1. 4; c. z, (b) Ib.l. 3.C, i: (0 lb. 1. 5. c. I (i) lb. I. 7. c. 4.
pie
184 The Origin of Building: Ovy The BookV.
pie found it ncceflary, as the Magnitude of the Building encreafed,
and the imbecilHty of the Ground happened, to enlarge the Bafe,
foractimes concealing it, and fometimes making it apparent to the
-
Eye ; when this fell out, as in the firft Order Plate ^

5,
the inferior Bafe was called a Pedeftal, became at laft a Part of
every Order^ and Avas difHnguifhed by three different Parts, namely,
Bafe, Body, and Cornice. Thus the whole Order was made up
of 3 principal Parts, to wit, the Pedeftal, the Column^ and the
Ornaments, or Entablature, each being divided into 3 others, and
thefe general Rules ^^'ere inviolably obferved by the Antients in all
the Orders,
It was alfo a Rule, in the mofl; celebrated Works of Antiquity,

to fet the Columns of every Order upon a large fquare Bafement, as
in Plate N'' 9, to have the Appearance of an entire Stone, under
the whole Front of a Building, after the Example of the fquare
Bafes, under the Lavers, in the Court of Solomo?i^ Te7nple\ which
Bafement, the Roma?is particularly adapted to thofe Columns^ on
which they impofed the Name of the lufcan Order^ as the proper
Pedeftal to that Order.
The Moderns have made the inferior Bafe quite different to the
Manner generally practiced by the Antients, as above, efpecially in
their private Houfes ; which, however, confifts of 3 Parts, as a Plinth,
a plain Wall, and a Coping, to which they gave the Name of
Fafcia, as it fwathes and binds the Head of the whole Bafement to-
gether. In the plain "Wall, the Apertures for Light, as well as the
Door for Entrance into the Fabrick, are placed ; which Manner of
Bafement has divers Prefidents among the Antient Works, where
Convenience required it to be practiced ; whereas the Moderns choofe
it as a great Ornament, fome of them diverfifying it without any
Regard to thefe fundamental Precepts.
The Proportion of the Pedeftals, proper to the Orders^ are regu-

lated by the Bodies of them \ this Part, in every Order, being a per-
fed; Cube, the Side ol fuch Cube muft be equal to the Length of
the Plinth of the Bafe of the Cohmi7i and being divided into 5
;
Parts, two of thofe Parts are given to the Bafe of the Pedeftal, and
one to the Cornice.
The Bafe of the Pedeftal is divided into 3 Parts, of which the

fquare Plinth, A. Plate 31, takes two, and the moulded Part
one ; this laft is again divided into three Parts, one of which is
given to the Torus, B; two are fubdivided into ftx, the

the other
Liftells, C. C. each taking one of thofe Parts, and the Cima, D.
the remaining four. The Proje6lion of this Bafe is the one-third
Part of its Height, and the Projedion of the Cornice is equal to
that of the Bafe.
The
Chap. L Plagiarifm of the Heathens heteSled. 1 85
TheCornice of the Pedeftal is divided into two Parts, one is

given to the Cima E. with its Liftells F. F. and the Corona G. with
its Cima H. and Liftell I. takes the other ; the firft of thefe Parts
isfubdivided into feven, of which each Liftell takes one, and the
Cima E. the other five ; the Cima of the Corona, with its Liftell,
are i-5th of the Height of the whole Cornice, and is divided into
three Parts, one of which is given to the Liftell L and the other
to the Cima H. The Plinth of the Column is marked with the
Letter K. by the Length of which the Body of the Pedeftal is de-
termined, as above.
CHAP. II.
Of the DoRicK Order.

THE Dorick Order according to Vitruvius (a) takes its
^
Original from a Temple built in the famous City of ArgoSy

to the Goddefs yuno^ by Dorus^ the Son of Hellen^ and
the Nymph Optice^ K.ing of Achaia^ and of all the Peloponnefus ;
after which Sample feveral other Temples were eredled in all the
other Cities of Achaia^ tho' at that Time there were no eftablifh'd
Rules for the Proportions, and the Manner of this Order was
wholly the Refult of Chance; and as it were by a Miracle of
Providence, it happened to bear the Imprefs of that which was
afterwards called Dorick,
At Time the Atheniafis^ after having confulted the Delphick

that
Oracle^ by a common Confent of all Greece^ fent into AJia 13
Colonies, each having their own Captain, under the general Con-
duct of lon^ Son of Xuthus and Creufa^ whom Apollo^ by his Oracle,
had acknowledged to be his Son ; Io?i having enter'd Afia^ con-
quered and founded 13 great Cities, to
ail Caria, wit, Ephefus,
Miletus^ Myiis^ which were fvvallowed up in the Sea, and the
Rights thereof transferred to the Miletians^ Priene, Samos, Teos, Co-
lophon^ Chios, Ery three, Phocea, Clazojuence, Lebedus, and Melite, but
this laft City was deftroyed by the others, which had all leagued
themfelves againft it, on Account of the Arrogance of its Inhabi-
tants and the City of Smyrna was fome Time after admitted in its
;
Place, by the fpecial Favour of King Attains, and Queen Arjinoe,
The People of thefe 1 3 Cities having entirely driven the Car iam
out of the Country, gave it the Name of Ionia, from Ion, their
(ij) Lib, 4. c. I,
Leader,
I?<$ The Origm of Building: Or, The BdokV.
Leader, in which they built feveral 7'effiples in Honour of the Gods;
the hril, which^was dedicated to Apollo Panionius^ was made after
the Manner of thofewhich the Achaians had before ereded in Greece^
and was for that Reafon called Dorick ; and they having been at a
Lofs what Proportions to give the Columns of this Tejnple^ to make
them fufficicntly llrong, to fuftain the Burthen of the Edifice, and,
at the fime Time, appear agreeable to the EyCj they at laft examined
the, lycngth of a Man's Foot, in Refped: to his Height, and finding
the former to be the i-6th Part of the latter, they formed the Co-
lumns fo, as that their Height, including the Capital, was juft fix
Times their Thicknels. Thus the Do?'ick Coltwin^ fays Vitruvius^
was firft introduced in Edifices, having the Proportion, Strength,
and Beauty of the Human Body.
This Proportion, however, did not long continue, for the lonians
foon added to the Length of the Colu??i7is one Diameter, making
them feven Times their Thicknefs in Height.
Thus Vitruvius on the Origin of the Dorick Order \ the Form

far
of which he gives us to underftand was owing to the Example fet
by Chance, by Dorus ^ at Argos, in the Pelepo?ineJus, in a T'emple
ereded to JunOy the Wife of Jupitery who thus had the firft Pro-
duct of Order offered at her Shrine, carrying therewith the Refem-
blance of her Hufbalid ; but the Proportions were firft adjufted by
the lonians^ in Carta.
H E LLE Ny according and Paufa?iias (c)y was th6

to Straho (b)y
Son of Deucalion, fucceeded him in Theffaly, and had three Sons,
jôlusy Xuthusy and Dorus. jôlus married Procris, the Daughter
of EreSiheuSy King of Athe?ts ; and he, with his Brother Dorus, ex-
pelled Xuthus out of Tljejfaljjy who fled to Athe^ts, to EreSlheus,
and there married Creufa, another of his Daughters, by whom he had
two Sons, Achceus and Ion : EreEiheus having been flain between
(d) the loth and 15th Year of Solomdn, in the Battle between the
Athenians, and the Elufzniarts, the Command of the Army of the
Athenians v/as afterwards given to Ion ; therefore the Expedition into
Afia was after the finifliing of Solomons Te?nple ; confequently the
'Tefnple of Apollo Panionius was fiibfequcnt to that of Solo^non ; and
the Temple of Jupiter cou'd not be much earlier.
The firft Building mentioned in facred Hiftory, in which Pillars

were made ufe of, was the Tabernacle ; and thofe of the Vail were
the firft dire*3:ed by GOD, who
did not give any Proportion for
them, as he did for moft other Things in the fame Edifice : But
when Solomon eredled his Temple, he made the Porch fix Times its
Length, in Height, and he caufed two Brazen Pillars to be caft, and
{h) Lib. 8. p. 388. (h) Lib. 7. p- 39^. (i) Nevoton'i Chron. p. 136.
fet
;
Chap. II. Plagiarism of the Heathens heteBed. 1 87
fet up infame Porch, each of which, including the Capita),

tlie
was 23 Cubits high, and 12 Cubits in Circumference; by which

the Diameter of thofe Pillars was very near the i-6th Part of their
Height So that by comparing this with what Vitruvius relates, it
:
appears to be the very fame ; and therefore the Truth of the origi-
nal Proportion of Columns comes from the T'empk of Solomon^ and
not from that of Apollo Panionius^ which the lonians built in Cariay
fuppofing Sir Ifaax: Newton\ Chronology to be right.
But if we follow the other Accounts; and place the Death of

EreBheus 264 Years after the Ifraelites left Egypt , then we muft
have Recourfe to the Tabernacle^ and prior Works of GOD, to fee

whether the fame Proportion Vitruvius gives to the Columns of the
Dorick Order^ is not to be found in them.
The firft Proportion revealed by the Almighty Archited; of the

World to Man, was that of the Length and Breadth of Noah\
Ark^ the latter being i-6th of the former ; and the firft Dimen-
(lon given for Jthe Tabernacle was for the Curtains that were to
cover it, Length feven Times their Breadth
which had for their
exactly correfponding with the Text of Vitruvius, who moft ex-
prefly tells us. That the Columns dt firft were fix Diameters high ;
then the lonians encreafed them to feven ; of which Length he (e)
himfelf makes them And fuppofing them to have Bafes, it will
:
anfwer the very next Dimenlion given By G O D, for the Curtains

that made the fecond Covering for the Tabernacle, which had for
their Length juft feven Times and one half of their Breath.
There no doubt but Vitrtivius well confider'd that notable

is
Action of Sampfons raifmg the Pillars themfelves, with all the Bur-
then they bore, when he made Choice of a flrong Man to found the
Proportions of the Dorick Column upon ; and indeed, if we confider
that noble Figure as the Principal of G O D's Creation, we can't
doubt of the excellent Proportions by which it is framed. Alberti
(f)
tells us, the Antients found the Breadth of a Man to be the
i-6th, and the Thicknefs, from the Navel to the Reins, to be the
i-ioth of his Height; of which Proportion Nebuchadnezzar (g)
made his Golden Image, which he fet up in the Plain of Dura, by
Babylon but the Hercules of Farnefe is about the i-8th of his
;
Height in Thicknefs ; which is alfo the Proportion of his medium

Breadth, when viewed in Front, and meafured at both Ancles, both
Knees, at the Wâift, and at the Head : However, difregarding this
Example of excefTive Strength, this certain Proportion there is in
the whole Man, when we compare Content either to a his folid
fquare, or to a round Pillar, of equal Altitude with himfelf ; for the

firft will produce for the Length of its Side the i-gth, and the
(e) nt, 1. 4. c. 3, f/; Lib. J. c. 7, (g) Dan, iii. 1,
fecond
i88 The Origin of Building: Or, Tloe Book V.
fecond will alfo produce for its Diameter the i-8th of the Length
of fuch Pillars, as we have often experimentally proved, by filling
a Veflel with Water, immerfing a ftrong and well-grown Man
therein, then by meafuring the Water forced away, and reducing
it to a fquare and round Pillar, of equal Altitude with the Man,
as above.
Notwithstanding what Vitruvius hath written of this Order^

it is neverthelefs true, that before and after the Time in which he
lived, the Antients had this determinate Rule for the Columns^ to
wit, their Shafts were feven Diameters in Length, to which they
added Bafe and Capital, each half a Diameter high ; thus the whole
Columri was eight Diameters of its Body in Altitude, and fix Times
the Length of its Bafe, grounding thefe Proportions on the Figure
of a Man, as above ; the Length of whofe Foot was the i-6th of
his Height, and the Diameter of his folid Content the i-8th of
the fame Height.
CHAP. III.
Of the loNiCK Order.

THIS Order is defcribed by Vitruvius
invented foon after that of the Dorick ;
(a)^ to have been
for the Athenians
under lon^ after taking that Part of AJta called Caria^
began to think of raifing 'Temples^ after a more delicate and orna-
mental Mode than thofe of the Dorick Order ; and refleding that
they had adjufted that Order on the Proportion of the Figure of a
Man, they therefore made Choice of that of a Woman for their
new and with it built the Temple of Diana^ making the
Pattern,
Diameter of the Columns the i~8th Part of their Height to thefe ;
Columns they added Bafes, made in the Manner of a coiled Rope,

to refemble, in fome Meafure, the Drcfs of the Feet ; they alfo cut
Volutes on the Capitals, in Imitation of the Head Tire and Trefles
of Women's Hair ; and they made fome Flutings along the Shaft,
to imitate the Plaits of a Matron's Robe Tlius they invented two
:
Kinds of Colufnns^ the one refembling the naked, negledled Simpli-

city of Man's Body, and the other the Delicacy and Ornaments of
a Woman's. And to render this Order ftill more delicate, fucceed-
ing Archite^ls, adds Vitruvius^ made the Columns eight Diameters
and a half in Length, and gave them the Name of lonicky as the -
lonians were the the Inventors of the Order.
(ji) Lib. 4. c. I.
There
Chap. III. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 1 89
There fomething very particular in the Account Vitrnvius [b)

is
gives of the Manner of getting Stone to ered the Te^nple of Diana,

which the Ephefia?js had Thoughts of fetching from Paros, Pro-
coniiefus^ and other Places ; but the Importation of it put them under
great Difficulties However, in the Midft of their Diftrefs, it hap-
:
pened, that as a Shepherd, named Pyxodorus^ was one Day feeding

his Flocks in the Country about Ephefus, two Rams fell to fighting,
but miffing each other in their Career, one of them hit his Horns
fo violently againft a Rock, that he ftruck off a Piece of it, which
feem'd fo exquifitely White to the Shepherd, that, leaving his Flocks
upon the Mountain, he immediately ran with that Splinter to Ephe-
fus ; on which Account, great Honours were inftantly deemed him ;
his Name was changed into Evangelus^ (v/hich fignifies the Meffen-
ger of good Nev/s ;) and the Magiftrate of the City, to this Day,
(adds Vitruvius) goes every Month to facrifice upon the Spot ; and
in cafe he fails fo to do, is fubjed to a fevere Penalty.
As the lonick Column founded on the Proportions and Drefs

is
of a Woman's Body, the only Example we can have Recourfe to^

to find out that Proportion, is by the Greciaji Venus^ which, if
meafured at the fame Places that we before mentioned for the Her-
cules it will produce a Thicknefs of the i-Qth Part of the Height
^
of the whole Statue, the Thicknefs of her Wafte, when viewed

Side-ways, differs little from it, and is the fame univerfal Proportion
between the Length of the ColumJt, and its Diameter, as that of
eight Diameters is for the Height of the Dorick Coluf7in, fuppofing
it to have a vifible Bafe of half a Diameter high, which was the
Proportion given to this Part, by the Antients, in all the Orders.
Notwithstanding Vitruvius has mentioned the Strudture of a

Woman to found the Proportion of the Columns of this Order upon,
we are ofOpinion the Antients only varied the Proportions of a
Man in every Order, as they were more or lefs mafculine ; and
as the Dorick Column reprefented an Hercules, fo they made the
lonick to imitate an Apollo, whofe Thicknefs, when meafured, like
the Hercules, as above, is the i-gth Part of his Height,
This Order is no lefs vifible in the 'Tabernacle, than that of the

Dorick, and may be perceived in moft of its Parts, in the Pillars at
the Door of that Structure, which had Sockets, Fillets, and Chapi-
ters ; to which, if we add the Cords that furrounded the Pillars of
the Court to faften the Curtains to the Bottom of them, the com-
pleat Bafe will appear, as we fhall fhew hereafter in the Draughts
of the Order.
The Capital that Vitruvius defcribes for this Order, feems to be

of Roman Invention, becaufe, in his Dcfcription of it, he makes ufe
(^) Lib. 10. c 7.
B b b of
;
190 The Origin of Building: Or^ The BookV.

of remarkable Expreflion, If they fiould be Pillowed [c).
this On
the other Hand, the Romans feem to have made ufe of the Grecian
Capital for their Compojite Order. However, both of them are ap-
parent in the Tabernacle : For in that which Vitruvius has defcrib-
cd for the lonick Order, what he calls the Pillow, is the perfed Re-
femblance of the Ornaments in the Candleftick, which confifted of
a Knop, and a Flower, the fame as the Pillow of the Capital
confifted of a Knop between two Flowers, or rather the Shells of the
Pomegranate, an Ornament ufed in the Robe of the Ephod.
'The Roman Compofite O'SiîxA, fhews at each of the four Corners

the complcat hinder Part of a Rams Head, with the Horns on
it ; fo that by viewing the four Fronts of the Colmnn, you fee two
Volutes In the fame Manner the Corinthian Capitals have their

:
Volutes difpofed ; but the firft being fuppofed to terminate in the

Head of the Ram, the other is produced into Stalks, and feem to
fpring from thence And Dioclejian, to fliew his great Veneration
:
for the Truth of' the Origin of this beautiful Ornament, made the
Volutes of the Corinthian Capitals of fome of his Cohmns, after the
Manner and Form of Rams Horns, as may be feen in the Profile
taken from his Baths, inferted in the Parallel [dj of the Antient
ArchiteBiure, compared with the Modern.
PA LLA D 1 0 highly extolls the Invention of the angular Vo-

lutes in the Temple of For tuna Virilis, at Rome \ and moft Authors,
that have wrote of the Roma?i Order, fay it is compofed of the
lonick and Corinthian, by taking the Capital of the firfl:, and fetting
it upon Part of that of the lafl: ; and yet the Volutes no way refem-
ble thofe belonging to the Io?nck Order, as defcribed by Vitruvius^
and copied by themfelves.
SCAM 0 Z Z I hath made the loTiick Capital according to our

Conjeclure, that is, advance from the four Cor-
for the Vokites to
ners of the Capital ; and hiigo yones hath teflified his Opinion in
the fame Thing, in the Front oi the Banqueting-Houfe of White-
Hall, in Lo?idon ; fo that the Compojite Order defcribed by Scamozziy
really anfwers the Truth of that Invention, the Capital fharing
thofe of the lonick and Corinthian too. ,
And though what we have already advanced touching the Chapi-

ters of the Pillars at the Door ol the Tabernachy is only conjectural,
yet it is very certain, ornamented their Works with
that the ^Jews
the Heads of Animals, of which the Brazen Sea before Solomons
Temple, is an illuftrious Example, that having been enriched with
300 Knops, in two Rows, in the Similitude ot the Heads of Oxen
from whence the Grecia?js introduced the fame Ornaments into the
Freezes, not only of the Dorick^ but of the other Orders alfo, un-
{c) Vft.li.c. 3. id) Chap. 35).
der
chap. III. Plagiarism of the Heathens Detecled. i gi
der Colour of their being Emblems of Labour ; the greateft labour-

ing Work being performed by thofe Animals, and therefore the
Medal ftruck for Hercules^ had the Skeleton of an Ox's Head for
the Reverfe. And it feems evident, that the Volutes in the Capitals
of the Temple of Diana^ which was the Example cited by Vitru-
viusy whereby the lonick Order was conftituted, were not there in-
troduced to imitate the Curls of the Hair, as he fuggefts, but as
Emblems to perpetuate the Memory of that Thing, which was the
Occalion of removing the Difficulties the Ephefians lay under, on
Account of the Stone for the Work, as well as the high Pitch of
Glory thofe People were arrived to, to be capable of accomplifliing
fuch a ftupendious Piece of Building ; a Horn among the Jews,
and other People in the Eaftern Part of the World, fignifying every
Thing that contributes to a Sovereign, Sovereignty, and Power,
For when Mofes Power of Jofeph, his

fet forth the Strength and
Expreffions were. The Horns of Jofeph are like the Horns of an
Unicorn (e). Hannah (f) after the Birth of Samuel, defcribes her
,
Glory and Honour, in faying, MAne Horn is exalted in the : LORD

He fhall give Strength unto his King, a?id exalt the Horn of his
Anointed. Job (g) who was once the greateft of all the Men in
the Eaft, fheweth the Lbwnefs to which he was reduced, by faying,
/ have defied my Horn in the Dufl {h). Habakkuk [i) gave this
Defcription of the Majefty of GOD,
His Glory, fays he, covered
the Heavens, and the Earth was full of his Praife. His Bri^ht-
nefs was as the Light, he had Horns (or Beams, and Rays of Light)
coming out of his Hand, and there was the Hiding of his Power.
The ten Horns of the fourth Beaft in Daniel s {k) Villon, alludes to
ten Kings that fhould arife out of the Kingdom that Beaft denoted.
"Jeremiah fhews the Power of Ifrael to be debafed, and that of hef
Adverfaries to be advanced, by faying, hath cut off all the GOD
Horn of Ifiael, and hath fet up the Horn of her Adverfaries (I).
And Zacharias, in his Prophecy [m] of. our Lord and. Saviour,
thus expreffes himfelf, Bleffed be the LORD GOD of for
Ifrael,
he hath vifited aJtd redeemed his People, a77d hath raifed up an Horn
of Salvation for us, Houfe of his Servant David ; the Horn
in the
here, figiiifying a King of Kings, and the Supreme of all Sovereign
Power,
. HERO DOTU S writes, that when Hercules defired to fee

liis Father Jupiter, after Death, Ammon prefented himfelf to him^
Ram ; from whence the Egyptians reprefented Ju-
in the Skin of a
piter by an Image, wearing the Skin of a Ram ; and this proved
the Rife of adorning the Statues,, and Medals, of the Antients^
with Rams Horns, or fomething relating to that Creature.
C«) êut. xxxiii. 17. (fe) Chap. vli. v. 24.
(f) \ Sam. ii. i. and lOi (/) Lamen. ii. 5. and 17.
(^) Chap, i. V. ;. {m) Luke i. (»8.
ih) Job. xvi. 15. («) Lib. 2,

{i] Chap, iii. v. 3. and 4?
Mr.
192 The Origin of Building : Or, The Book V.
Mr. HATM [o\ as an Introdudion to Explanation of Aihe-
his
nian Medals, delcribes two as ftruck for Cecrops^ the Founder of

Athens, one of which has a Horn arifing from the Bottom of
the Hair of the Head which turns up by the Side of the Face. And
the fame Author has dcfcribed feveral other Medals, which have
Horns proceeding out of the Head, above the Ear ; this Practice
becoming very common in Greece, after the Time of Alexander the
Great, who thus bore the Horn, that it might make the People be-
lieve that he was the. third Son of yupiter Ammo/i j and thofe that
followed him, had in View to prove themfelves, by the Horn, the
true Defcendants of Alexander.
Mr, HA TM Draught of a very curious Medal,

[p] has given us a
in the Colledlion of the Earl of Winchelfea, which he fuppofes to
be of Alexander the Great, becaufe the Head has a Diadem, and the
Horn of yupiter Ammo7t, in the Manner above defcribed ; and the
Reverfe has a Lion, agreeing with a remarkable Circumftance relat-
ing to that Prince For Plutarch tells us, when Olympia, the Mother
:
of Alexa?ider, was big with him, his Father dream 'd that he had
fealed her Belly with a Seal, on which was engraven the Figure of a
Lion. He [g) has alfo given us Draughts of three other Medals, in
the Manner of this Monarch, one is in the Colledion of the Earl of
Pembroke (r), and was ftruck by the People of Aphjte, in Thrace ;
the other two belonged to the Duke of Devonfiire; they have for their
Reverfes a Palm-Tree, and were ftruck by the People of Cyrene.
The Ram, or the Horn of that Animal having been thus a Cym-
bol of the higheft Pitch of Divinity with the Antients, fo it was
of their earthly Power and Valour. Lyfimachus (s) King of Thrace,
having incurr'd the Difpleafure ot Alexander the Great, by giving
Calijlhenes, the Philofopher, (whom Alexander had condemned to
be tortur'd to Death] a Dofe of Poifon, to haften his End, he was
inftantly thrown into a Lion's Den, to be devoured by one of thofe
Beafts, for his Prefumption But Lyfimachus defended himfelf with
:
fuch Bravery, that he foon overcame, and llew that fierce and ra-
venous Beaft. Alexajider, from tlienccforward, conceived fo great
an Admiration for liis Courage, that lie diftinguiflied him for one
of the braveft Macedonians in his Troops, and he was the firft of
his Commanders that obtained the Title of King, after his Death.
Lyfi/ndchus therefore, to fliew himfelf worthy to fucceed his Maftcr,
cauied a Horn to be put in his Medals, juft above the Ear ; a
Draught of one of thofe Medals Mr. Haym (/) has inferted in his
Book, copied from an Original belonging to the Earl of Wifjchelfea.
The People [u] of Egina put a Rams Head on their Medals, to fliew
(0) I'eforo 'Brit. vol. \. p. i6\. (5) Lib. i. c. p,
(/} lb. V. 2. p. 9. (r) Tf/. 'Brit. v. i. p, 140.

((/) lb. V. 2, p. 95. («) lb. V, I. p. 2i8.
Ir) lb. V. z' p. 124,
their
Chap. III. Plagiarism of the Heathens DeteBed, 1 9j
their Dominion by which Element they contefted for So-
Sea, in
vereignty with the Athenians-, and Carauftus [w\ when he affumed
the Purple in Britain, put, for the Reverfe of liis Medal, the Fi-
gure of a Ram.
Th erefore were reprefented in the loriick

as fpiral Figures
Capital, the Idea of them cannot be afcribed to the Curling of a
Woman's Hair, as Vitruvius would make us believe, when Nature
furnifhes us with an infinite Number of other Examples of that
beautiful Ornament ; and when itof is recorded that the Altars
GOD had Horns at the four Corners of them; when Horns were
Emblem.s of every Thing that contributed to Sovereignty, and Power,
as above ; when Ifaac was exchanged for a Ram, miraculoufly
caught by the Horns ; when the Ifraelites were brought out of
Egypt, inftantly after Sacrificing young Rams ; when the Dwelling of
GOD was covered with Rams Skins ; and when the Walls of Jericho
fell down at the Sound of Trumpets made of Rams Horns. The
Heathens muft have known this Hiftory, and they were fure there
was fome hidden Virtue in that Creature, to caufe them to make it
a Cymbol of Divinity and Power ; and therefore the antient Archi-
tedls applied the Head of it to the moft effedual Machine of War
they had to batter down Walls, that were irrefiftible to every other
Thing ; befides which, Phryxus, when he (with his Sifter Helle)
fled from hw, the Daughter of Cadmus, put a Golden Ram for the
Enfiign of his Ship And fuch Veneration had the Antients for the
:
Ram, that they made him the firft of the twelve Signs of the Zo-
diack ; and, confequently, to be Mafter of the one- 12th Part of the
whole Circle of the Heavens.
If the 'Tabernacle had never furnifhed the Heathens with any

Forms at all for the Orders of Columns, and if they never had
heard of the great Miracles in Favour of the Ifraelites, nor of the
emblematical Meaning of the Horn among the Jews, the battering
Rams, perhaps, may appear Antecedent to the People [x] of Io?iia
erecting Structures after theOrder called by that Name ; for the
Greeks (y) taking Epeus with them to the Siege of Troy, it is faid
that he invented a Kind of Ram, with which they battered the
Walls of that City ; and was the Foundation of the Fable of the
Trojan Horfe [z), fo much celebrated by the Poets ; for the Body of
this Machine had a Houfe over it, to cover the Men that worked it
from the Befieged. The Flight of Phryxus is ftill older than the Siege
of Troy ; and the Story of Jupiter and Hercules muft ftill be older.
The Carthigenians, according to Tertullian and Vitruvius, were

ttie Inventors of battering Rams, but we are inclined to think they
(w) T'ef. 'Brit. v. i. p. 289.

(*) See 'Paul Dcf. of the Ant. of the Times. Taris Edit.
(y) Filelîen's Lives of the Architefts. p. iz.
(2>) 'Pliny (1. 7. c. 52.} lays this Engine was at firil called a Hora
Gee were
194 The Origin of Building: Or, The BookV.
were only the firft People, after the Trojans^ that put thefe Machines
into Practice in their and the more becaufe they were a
Wars ;
Colony of Phcenkia?js^ in whofe Part of the World battering Rams

became very common in the Days of Ezekiel {a)y who prophefyed
of tlie Deftrudion of Jcrnfalem^ and the Babylonian Captivity of the
J erases : And in the Explanation of DaniePs Vifion of the Ram and
H^Goat, (which is reprefented in the Freeze of the Profile taken
from Diocelijians Baths, as above) the two [b) Horns of the Ram
lignity the Kings of Media and Perjia ; and that of the Goat, Alex-
ander^ the firft King of the Grecian Empire, which fhews that
they were typical, as well as emblematical Reprefentations of great
Things among the Jeîvs.
CHAP. IV.
Of the Corinthian Order.

TH E Corinthian Order foon followed the lonick,
by Vitruvius (a), to the Invention of Callima-
attributed,
chusy an Inhabitant of Corinth^ a mofl: opulent and flourifh-
and is
ing City of Greece^ and happened on this Occafion A Virgin o£ :
that City having been upon the Point of Marriage, fell Sick, and
died After her Funeral, her Nurfe put into a Bafket fome fmall
:
Vafes, which £he had valued in her Life-Time, and then fet the
Bafket upon her Tomb ; and leaft the Air and Weather fhould do
the Vafes an Injury, fhe covered the Bafket with a Tile The Bafket :
having been accidentally placed upon the Root of an Acanthus, or

great Dock, in the Spring of the Year, when the Herb began to
fprout, and put forth Leaves, the Stalks thereof crept up along
the Sides of the Bafket, and meeting with the Edge of the Tile,
were forced down again at their Extremities, by which they form-
ed the Sweeps of the Volute.
The Sculptor Callimachiis^ who, for the Delicatenefs of his Work-

manlhip upon Marble, and for the Genteelnefs of his Invention, was,
by the Athenians^ furnamed Catatedmos^ paffing near this Monument,
began to cafi: an Eye upon the Bafket, and to confider the pretty Terr-
dernefs of that ornamental Foliage which encompafTed it ; the Man-
ner and Form whereof fo much pleafed him for the Novelty, that
he fhortly after made Columns at Corinth^ refembling this Model,
and ordained its Proportions agreeable to this Corinthian Mode.
{a) Chap. xxi. v, 22. {b) Uan. viii. 2o< {a) Lib. 4. c. i.
This
Cliap. IV. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteSled. i
This Vitruvius\ Relation of the Original of this beautiful Part

is
of AfxhiteBure^ on which we muft obferve, that it was about the

6oth Olympiad, or 537 Years before Christ, that CalUmachus
flourifhed ; fo that it may well be prefumed that it was in the
lame Age the other Orders received their Being among the Grecians^
fmce Ctefiphon^ who was the firft Archited of the Temple of Diana
at Ephefus, was Contemporary with CalUmachus ; and this Temple,
according to Vitruvius {b\ was the firfl: Example of the lonick Or-
ders before which Time, the Grecians might have only imitated
the general Form of the Pillars in the Temple of Solomon, without
looking into the Proportions of them, or adapting fuch others as
were of fufficient Authority, to render them Rules to Poftcrity.
The Columns of Order are generally ten Diameters in Length,

this
which continues the fame Gradation of Proportion, as accrued in the

other Orders, by the Proportion of thofe Figures Vitruvius names
to found them upon ; and this arifes from the moft llender and
elegant Thicknefs in the Man, namely, from his Navel to his Reins.
The Length of eight Dorick Column, fuppofing

Diailieters for the
it to have a Bafe of half a Diameter ; nine Diameters for the lonick ;
and ten for the Corinthian, are more univerfally approved, and are
oftener found in antient Works than any other Lengths, riearly ap-
proaching to them ; for thefe were the Lengths always in View,
rarely exceeded, and not often found deficient in approved Buildings.
That the Corinthian Cohmn

apparent in the CoUrt of the Ta-
is
bernacle, is in effed: proved by what we have before cited, in Treat-

ing of that Strufture; and if any Infufficiency fhould be thought
in our Conjeclures bri that Work, the Brazen Capitals of four Cu-
bits in Height, in Lilly- Work, (nearly equal to the Diameter of the
Pillars, to which they belonged) in the Porch of Solomo?t\ Temple ;
the Pillars of Al mug- wood carved in the Figure of Palm-Trees, in the

fame Temple, and the fquare Pillars in Solomo?is Houfe, mentioned
by Jofephus (c) X.O have been covered with Cori^jthian Work in Cedar,
(that they were ornamented in that Manner, which was after-
is,
wards practiced by the Corijithians) are Evidences too ftrong in our

Favour ; and incoiiteftably fheWs that Vitruvius\ Account is near
500 Years too late, for the Original of that which was delivered
from the Mouth of G O D to gratify Mankind with more Oppor-
tunity of Adoring and Honouring him.
VITRUVIUS\ Account feems, neverthelefs, to have fome Truth

for its Foundation, and to be founded on that Law enaded by
Mofes [d), whereby the Ifraelites were to make an Offering to GOD
of a Balket of the Fruits of the Land of Canaan, after they fhould
{h) Lib. 4. c. r. (f) Ant. 1. 8. c. 2. {d) 2)euf. xxvi, i,
be
1 96 7he OrigiJt of Building : Or, The Book V.
be fixed in the PofTcflion of that Land ; which Bafket every Man was
to brins: to the Place of the Altar of the Lord, there to deliver it to
the Prieft, (who was to fet it down before the Altar,) and then to
make an open Confeflion of the Bounties he had received.
The Grecians finding that three different Sorts of Things confti-

tuted the moft per fed Work, they attempted no other Order of
Columns, but the Dorick, lonick, and Corinthia?i, thofe being fuffi-
cient to anfwer all Purpofes in ArchiteEiure.
The Dorick Order was the firft faid to have been invented, the
CoIu?nns of which were plain, and without a vifible Bafe ; the lonick
Order was the fecond, and more enriched, the Columns of which
were higher than the former, and had Bafe and Capital ; and the
Corinthian Order was the third, the Columns of which were ftill
higher and richer ;which Properties are manifeftly apparent in
all
the Pillars of the "Tahzmacle, for thofe of the Court were low, to
which add the Plainefs and Want of a projeding Bafe in thofe of
the Vail, and their being the firft Pillars direded by GOD, the
Compound produces all the Properties peculiar to the Dorick Column,
Again, the Pillars of the Vail wxre higher than thofe of the
Court ; to which if we add the Bafes and Chapiters of the Pillars of
the Door, the Compound produces all the Properties peculiar to the
lonick Column,
And laPcly, the Pillars of the Door were ftill higher than thofe of
the Vail, having both Bafe and Chapiter which add the Excefs
; to
of Ornaments in the Pillars of the Court, from their more free and
open Situation, where the Trees would naturally fpring and bud forth
more than even at the Door of the Taberjmcle, and the Compound
produces all the Properties peculiar to the Corinthian Order.
When we were fpeaking, among our Remarks on the Pillars of

the Tabernacle, of their different Kinds, we took Notice that the
Chapiters of thofe in the open Air were a Reprefentation of natural
Produdions, but that the Contrary happened to thofe within, there
is no doubt but that the Grecians well confider'd this, when they
invented that acccffary Ornament called by the Name of the Attick
Pillar, which, in Effed is no more than a diminuti\ê Dorick Pil-
lar ; and this, in the moft elegant Strudures, was fet upon the Co-
rinthian Order, to crown the Innocence of that charming^ Com-
pofition.
However, we by no Means for advifing, or even infinuating,

are
that it is an Impropriety to fet the Dorick firft, and in its Place
fubftitute the Coriftthian Order, fetting upon that the lonick, and
giving the Dorick the higheft Place, as the fame is, in fome Mea-
fure,
"
Chap. IV. P lagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 197

flire, pradiced [e) in the Caftle of Madrid, in France, built by
Francis the Firft, in Imitation of that in
Spain, in which he
was detain'd Prifoner by Charles the Fifth ; for in thofe Buildings
the Corinthian Order fupports the Dorick, which crowns the Struc-
tures, and over that is the Io7iick, forming feveral Turrets On the :
Contrary, we would ever afTign the Dorick the loweft Place, but
the Intercolumnatiohs we would quite reverfe, and make the Dorick
Colmmts very near to one another, the lonick wider, and the Co-
rinthian ftill wider. '
^
Our Reafons for this Inverfion Xve ground upon thefe Autho-
rities, that Satyrus
(f)
and Phytus placed the Dorick Columns, in
the Maufoleum, at a Diameter and a half from one another; that
Ctejiphon placed the lonick Columns, of the Temple of Diana, at
Fphefus, at three Diameters, or thereabouts, from one another ; that
in the Works of the greateft Antiquity, it was ufual to fet Columns
upon Columns, and even three Degrees over one another ; that Pî-
truvius (g) teaches, when Order is fet upon Order, the Columns
above (hould be d. fourth Part lefs than the next below, grounding his
Reafon on the Diminution natural to the Cyprefs, Pine, and other
Trees, which neceflarily widens the Intercolumnations the higher
you afcend and that the moft ornamented Columns of the Taber-
;
nacle were the wideft froni each other, and the fhorteft employed
in the fame Work To all which we ihall add, that Strength in
:
Fadl, and Appearance too, is in fetting the Columns nearer to one

another ; and, on the other Hand, the Beauty refulting from the
tender Ornaments, and airy Shape of the Column, is no ways fo
confpicuous as when they are removed from each other, fo as to
give the Eye a little Intermiflion to view them feparately.
C H A P. V.
Of the general Proportion of the Accef-

fary Ornaments of all the Kinds of
Columns.
TFIE Dorick Order being the Pattern of the greateft Strength

in a perfe6t Piece of Building, muft therefore prefcribe
Proportions, in that Refped:, to the other Orders', and
as it hath been hitherto compared to the Body of a ftrong Man,
we believe we fhall not err much (if at all) by afferting, that the
(e) Vide. City and Country Palaces in the VrenQh King j Cabinet. if) Fit Pref. to Lib. 7.
(^) Lib. 5. c. I.
Dd d greateft
198 The Origin of Building: Ovy The BookV.
greateft Breadtli of a Man's Foot, one half of the greateft Length,
is
therefore his two Feet together is equal in Lengtli and Breadth, and
one of thefe Dimenfions anfwers to the one-fixtli Part of the Height
of the whole Man, as above This, however, is not the Cafe
:
with the antique Statues, which are fuppofed to confift of all the
F>xcellencies of tlie Human Body collected together j and therefore
thofe Parts moft liable to Alteration, by Drefs Of Adion, appear to
have been made according to the Ideas of the Sculptors, from the
Examples of corrupted Nature ; fince the Feet of a Man becomes
more or lefs in Breadth, as they are more or lefs confined by Shoes,
Sandals, or whatever the various Countries, or Times, afforded for
their Defence.
The Changes the Parts of the Human Body are fubjed: to, are
every where to be feen, fo that it will be needlefs to colled: a Num-
ber of Proofs under this Head. Hippocrates tells us, the Macroce-
phali (People living near the City Cerafus^ in Cappadocia) are a Na-
tion different from the Reft of the World,
by their long Heads,
Avhich he fays was owing to a Law or Cuflom among them, to
fafhion the Heads of their young Children with their Hands, and,
by the Ufe of Bondages and proper Arts, forced them to gro^ long-
wife : And Herodotus (a)^ upon the Examination of the Skulls of
dead People, after a Battle between the Perjians and Egypt iajis,
found thofe of the latter much ftronger and thicker than thofe of
the form.er, from the Egyptian Cuftom of Shaving the Heads of their
Children early, by which Means the Bone was rendered thicker and
ffronger through the Heat of the Sun, whereas the Heads of the
Perjiafts were foftened by the contrary Cuflom..
The Feet of a Man forming a fquare Bafe under his Body, equal
in Length and Breadth to the one-fixth Part of his ^vhole Height,
and the Diameter of his folid Content, when reduced to a round
Cylinder of equal Altitude to himfelf, being the one-eighth Part
of his Height, as above, produces, for the Projedion of the Bafe,
the one-fixth Part of the Diameter of the Body fuffained by it,
which is the very fame that is given to the Bafe of the Attic Pil-
lars, applied to this Order, and anfwers the very Projedion the
Sockets in the Tabernacle are reafonably prefumcd to have had, be-
fore the Boards of that Strudure which, having been quite plain,
;
had, in Effed, the fame Proportion between Length and Breadth,

as the plain Part of the Dorick Coluf?2?Js have between the moulded
Parts of their Bafes and Capitals, or rather between the Iron Rings,
or that which imitates them, at each End of the Shaft.
The Entablature of the Dorick Order is the one-fourth Part of

Height of the Cohmn, or two if its Diameters, of which the Archi-
{a) Lib. J.-
trave
;
chap. V. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Dete£led, 199

trave half a Diameter, and the Freeze and Cornice three Quar-
is
ters of a Diameter each.
As the following Orders naturally become more feeble and weak,

the Coltmns fhould have Weight alligned for them to fupport,
lefs
or, however, an equal Quantity ; and this muft be proportioned in

Refped: to the Diameter, in which alone the Strength of the Co-
lumn confifts. The Dorick therefore giving Laws to the other Or-
dtrsy as in this, the Ornaments together are two of its Diameters
high fo likewife in the lonick and Corinthian Orders two Diame-
;
ters of the refpe£^:ive Columns^ at moft, fliould determine the Height

of the Entablature ; for there is no Reafon why the Entablature
fhould encreafe, as the Columns become more tall and ilender, as if
it was intended that this ornamental Part, which is defigned to
crown the Columns fo beautifully, fhould, at the fame Time, over-
whelm them with Weight.
But the Wider the Columns are from each other, the bigger the
Architrave ought to be, and the lefs the Freeze : The Architrave
reprefents, and often is, the firft and chief Beam over any Sort of
Pillars, and on which the Floor, or Roof, of a Building is refted
but the Proportion that it ought to have, in Refped to the Length
of its bearing, is one of thofe Points called Arbitrary, and at the
Difcretion of the Architect, as may be gathered from the Meafure
of this Part, in antient Edifices, where we generally find the Do-
rick Architrave lefs than the lonick^ and the io?nck lefs than the
Corinthian \ fo likewife we find the Cornice of the Dorick to have
lefs Altitude than that of the lonick, and the lonick lefs than that
of the Coriiithian.
The Diameter of the Dorick Column^ A. Plate 6, being di-

vided into 60 Parts, the Bafe has a Projedion of 10 of thofe Parts
on a Side, or 20 in the Whole: The Column^ with its Entablature,
being ten Diameters high, the Column takes eight of them, the
Architrave half a Diameter, or 30 Parts, the Freeze three Quarters
of a Diameter, or 45 Parts, and the Cornice three Quarters of a
Diameter, or 45 Parts.
The lonick Column, B. Plate 6, with its Entablature, being

II Diameters high, the Bafc projeds 11 Parts on each Side, or 22
Parts of 60, contained in the Diameter of the Cohmin, the Archi-
trave 33 of the like Parts, the Freeze 40, and one-third, and
is
the Cornice 46, and two-thirds.
Also in the Corinthian Order, the Column C. Plate 6, with

its Entablature, being 1 2 Diameters high, the Bafe projeds i 2 Parts
on each Side, or 24 in the Whole, the Architrave is 36 of the like

Parts, the Freeze 36, and the Cornice 48.
Now
zoo The Origin of Building : Or, The Book V
Now the Rcafoii why. the Aj'chitrave of the Dorick Order is fo
low, and at the fame Time Beam, and the Freeize,
called the chief
which is made by the Thicknefs of other Beams laid reverfe upon
it, fo high, is eafily anfwered, fof the Beams which make the Archi-
trave having fhortcr Bearings than thofe which make the Freeze, are
laid Flat-ways ; but thofe of the Freeze, whofe Bearings are fup-
pofed auich more than the other, are laid Edge-ways Befides, the
:
chief Beam is really the Biggeft, for the Co/umn requires it to be as

wide as its Diameter above, which is lefs than that below by an eighth
Part, and therefore becomes 52 Parts and a half broad, by 30 deep,
whereas the crofs Beams are only 45 deep, and 30 wide.
The Rule was obferved in the other Orders for determining;

.
that
.
the Diameter at Top, was by producing the Diminution allowed in

...
the Dorick, 'till it came to the Length given to the naked Shafts,
which gives for the Diameter of the loftick Cokwin about fifty-one
Parts, or Minutes, and a half at Top ; and for the Corinthiaft
51 ; bi-it. this .is on the Suppofition that in every Order the Dimi-
nution be two-thirds of the Length of the naked Shaft of the '6(?"
///;//;/, and that it begins after the other one-third is brought up of
the full Size of the Diameter at Bottorri, as was fometimes prad:iced
by the Antients, and generally followed by the Moderns ; tho' the
moft natural Manner of Diminution of Coluinns, was to begin from
t
the very Bafe, as in the Columns of the Porch of Septimitis SeveruSy

at Roms ; a Work of the moft aftonifhing Beauty !
The Roffians commonly made the Diameter of the Columns of

thefe three Orders the fame at Top, keeping it to 52 Minutes, on
Account of the optick Appearance leflening all Objects, the further
they are removed from the Eye, in the fame Situation ; and there-
fore, for that Reafouj-'they introduced, in their Works, many Things
no Way confiftent with Reafon, or Proportion: Nor did they con-
fider, that a Building is not to be looked at Irom any particular
Point or Diftancc, as thofe Things are, which in the Eye, at one
View, fhould appear perfect in all their Parts.
In many
of the famous Buildings ereded at Ro?ne after the Corin-
thian Order, the Entablature was made the one-fourth Part of the
Height of the Columns, which being generally ten Diameters in
Length, thereby made the Ornaments two Diameters and a half high,
which was commonly divided which were
into ten Parts, three of
given to the Architrave, and
three to the the remaining
Freeze,
four to the Cornice Thus the Entablature of the Corinthian Order
:
became much more maffy, than that of the Dorick Order \ the
Cornice being the full Diameter of the Colwmi ; whereas, in the
Dorick Order, it was only three-fourths of the Diameter of the Co-
hmn : But to remedy this Encreafe of Weight in the Entablature,
as
Chap. V. PJagiarifm of the Heathens heteBed. 2c i
as the Columns advanced in Iêighf, they brought them nearer to

one another, and lb eftabUfhed it as a Rule in their T'emples^ that
the Intercolumnation of the Dorick Order fhould be very wide, tliat
of the lonick lefs, and that of the Cor'mthian flill lefs.
Thus the Entablature over the Corinthian Column became fuli

one-third more in cubical Content than it would be, had it been
made only fimilar with \\\^ ' Dorick^ in Proportion to the Diametefj
and not to the Length of the Column ; which, in Point of Qecc-
nomy is very cbnfiderabk. ^ But this, thougli taught by Vitruvius^
is a Thing that the Romaits :{<:tm to have had no Regard to in their
Buildings For, as Monfieur Ferrault^ in his Preface to his Tranfla-

:
tion of Vitruvius^ cbferves, among all the Rojitan Laws that were
made to put a Stop to Excefs and Extravagance, there were never
any to regulate the Expence of Building.
.So that if we confider the Nature of thofe great People, and

the Fondnefs they fliewed in being deiirous to leave to Pofterity
Buildings of fuch Magnificence, and their ftripping the Dorick
Order of fome of its Ornaments, and adding to the Corinthian more,
thereby to amufe the World with their being the Inventors of two
new Orders of ArchiteEiure^ we can't depend noon the Models they
have left us of the Grecian Orders^ to be after the real Grecimi
Manner or Proportions, but alter'd and diverfifyed, the better to
colour their own Inventions ; Examples of which were raifed in their
triumphal Arches with the Spoils ol the rich Buildings they
brought from ytjia^ Egypt^ and Greece, after a total Devaftation of
all that was Rich and Beautiful in thofe Countries.
This Licentioufnefs Vitruvius well for efaw would, in Time, prove

the entire Subverfion of the real Orders themfelves and in his Days ;
he tells us, That the Corinthian Order was not fo ftridlly followed,
but it often partook of the Ornaments peculiar to the Dorick and
lonick^ and rarely differed from the one or the other in any Thing
but the Capital for which Reafon he will not admit it to be pro-
•
perly an Order And indeed if we turn to the Tlilêrnacle, we fhali

:
find but two Orders in the Structure itfeif, the other ferving for the
Ornaments of the Court of that Edifice. But notwithftanding this
Do6lrine of Vitrtivius, the Caprice of the Romans ftill prevailed in
the fucceeding Ages, and led them fo far as to diverfify the Columns^
even in the fame Edifice, though they flood upon the fame Bafe, in
the fame Line, and fupported the fime Entablature ; for Proof
whereof, there is a remarkable Inflance in the great Hall (b) of
Dioclefia?t% Bath^ at Rome, where four of the Colunzns are Corin-
thian^ and the other four are Co?npoJite,
(h) 2)efgodeiz's Meafures of the antient Buildings, p. 906'.
E e c CHAP.
202 Ike Origin of Building: Or, The BookV.
CHAP, VL
Of the particular Meafures of the three

Orders of Columns, and of the Names
of the feveral Parts of thofe Orders.
^ ra HE Dorick Colmhn is fuppdfed to reprefent one of the
B Forked Trees^ which, in the original Dwellings, was ftuck
-BL up in the Ground ; and fuch Tree had only three Thingji
remarkable in it ; the firft is that juft under the Branching out of
the Limbs, it encreafed by Degrees 'till thofe Limbs made a Fork :
Secondly, thofe Trees, from their natural Manner of growing, in-
fenfibly diminifhed from the Contraction above the Rbot, to the
Head, or Branching out of the Limbs : And, Thirdly, thofe Trees,
by being fet up in the Ground, their lower Part, which from the
Root, to the natural Body of the Tree, decreafed by Degrees, Was
buried. A
Tree fo fet up and imitated in Wood or Stone, the Re-
prefentation is called a Column, as above, from Colum?ice^ a Prop.
When were to be imitated in Stone, the Contrac-

thefe Colufhns
tion of the Root was called a Bafe, from Balis^ a Reft, or Support,
and was divided into many lefler Parts ; the Encreafe of the Fork
was called the Capital, from Capitellum, the Head or Top of any
Thing, and was likewife divided into many lefi'er Parts.
The firft Part of the Bafe is called the Plinth, from Plinthus,
a fquare Tile, and this takes its Original from the Sockets of the'
'Tabernacle,which GOD
direded to be made of a more Lifting Ma-
terial than what was fet upon thern, ns being next the Earth, whofe
Moifture would foon have rotted the Wood, had not the Pillars and
Boards been thus fortified ; this Plinth is the one-third Part of the
Height of the Bafe, or the one-fixth Part of the Diameter of the
Colum?2.
The Remainder of the Bafe is circular, bccaufe the Menibers are

the Imitation of the Cords that twice furroundcd the Pillars of the
Taber?jacle : This Part of the Bafe is the one third Part of the Di-
ameter of the Column, and confifts of three Parts in the Formation of
it ; the firft Part h the lower Cord, called the Toru^ Inferior, from"
Toros, a Cable, and is in Height the one eight Part of the Diameter
of the Column ; the fecond Part is the Space between the two Cords,
called the Cavetto, from Cavus, a Hollow, and is equal in Height
with
;: ;
Chap. VI. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Deteêd. 26J
with the Torus Inferior, whiph, to make it the more obvious, has a
fquare Fillet, both above and below, each of which is the one-fixth
of the whole Cavetto ; and the third Part is the upper Cord, called
the Torus Superior, equal in Height to the one-twelfth Part of
the Diameter of the Column : The Torufes are made one bigger than
the other, notwithftanding they are the Imitation of the fame Cord
and this Variation from Nature produces an agreeable Harmony to
the Eye, as founded on that Diminution fo commonly given
it is
to the Works of GOD,

as they afcend upwards.
The Column is the Refemblance of the plain

plain Part of the
Body of the Tree, and was diftinguifhed below from the Bafe, by
a fquare Ferril, in Imitation of the Fillets which were put round the
Pillars of the Tabernacle^ and is called the Apophyge, from the Iron
Rings antiently made ufe of to keep wooden Columns from fplitting
Above, it was diftinguifhed from the Capital by another fquare Fer-
ril, and an Aftragal, from Aftragalos, the Bone of the Heel, but
it was no more than the Imitation of the Cords that tied the Cur-
tains to the Tops of the Pillars of the Court of the Tabernacle ; and
being thus diverlifyed, produces that Encreafc, peculiar to thofe Works
of GOD which he hath given a Head unto ; and therefore it gives
us all the Beauty, in this Part, the Imagination is capable of con-
ceiving. The Fillet next the Bafe is the one-thirtieth Part of the
Diameter of the Column below ; and the
and Aftragal next
Fillet
the Capital is the one-twelfth Part of the fame Diameter ; and be-
ing divided into three Partsj one is given to the Fillet, and two to
the Aftragal.
The Capital is equal in Height to the one-half of the Diameter

of the Column, and is divided into three principal and equal Parts
the firft of which is called the Gorge, Gule, or Neck, and is equal,
in its Diameter, to the Top of the naked Part of the Column ; the
fecond Part is divided into feveral lefler Members, and reprefents the
Tree, juft under the Fork ; and the third Part is the Corona, from
Coronis, the Crowning, and was a fquare Tile, or Piece of Wood,
laid on the Capital, to defend the Top of the Column from the
Weather.
The Members of the fecond Part of the Capital are called Annu-
lets, and Echinus, denoting Degrees of Proje<^tion, and receiving their
Names from the Rings, or Ferrils, the Annulets reprefent, and from
the Roughnefs of the Carving, the Echinus is ufually enriched with ;
three of thefe Annulets are under, and one is above the Echinus ;
every Annulet is a 6oth Part of the Diameter of the Column^ and
the Echinus is the one-tenth Part of the fame Diameter.
The Corona, or third Part of the Capital, is divided into other

Members, as a Cima, from Kymation, a Wave j this is bound with a
Lift,
204 TJje Origin of Building : Or, The Boak V^.
Lift", from Liftello, a Girdle ; and it was an invariable Ride aiitoitg

rhe Antients, to finifh the of every Thing expofed to the W^-
Top
tlier with a Member, reprcfenting a Wave of Water, the one -lidff
of which was Convex, and the other hall Concave ; when the itpper-
niolt Part of the Cima is Convex, and the lower Part Concave, it
is Cima Reda; and when the upper
called Part is Concave, and. the
lower Part Convex, it is called Cima Reverfa though fome have told ;
us the hrft is the Reverfe, and the laft the Right Cima, which is a
Point not very Material, Nature producing Inftances cf both Sorts",
when the Water is put into Agitation by the Wind, or by the En-
creafe of its own Velocity, from off the Roof of a Building, or an^
other declining Svuface ; and for this Reafon we find thofe Cima's
were fometimes formed by the Quadrant, and fometiraes by the onc-
iixth Part of a Circle. The Cima, with its Liftel, is the one-fifteenth
Part of the Diameter of the Column ; and being divided into three
Parts, one is given to the Liftel, and two to the Cima.
It was alio a Rule among the Antients, as often as any principal

Part was bound with a Fillet, to unite it to the Part to which it
belong'd, by a Cavetto, or Hollow ; from whence it alfo became a
Rule to finifh, in this Manner, all fuch Parts as made the CrowhJ
or Cover, of a Thing, provided always it was not the laft and upper-
moft Part of the whole Order ; for in this Cafe, the Cima, with
its Liftel, and not the Cavetto, with its Fillet, made the finifhiqg
Member ; the Fillet, v/ith its Cavetto, the one^fifteenth Parr of

is
the Diameter of the Colutmi ; and, being equally divided, one hajf
is given to the Fillet, and the other half to the Cavetto.
Upon the Colimiits of the Dorick Order

placed the Architrave, is
or chief Beam, which not only ferves to keep the Colmmis together,
but makes the Foundation of the Floor and Roof, fupported by
thofe Columtis : This Architrave is divided into three principal and
equal Parts ; the firft of thofe Parts continues plain, and is called the
firft Fafcia; the laft is and the upper-
equally divided into two Parts,
moft of thofe two Parts is but

called the Ta?nia,
the undermoft:. is
added to the middle principal Part, thereby niaking it one half of
the Architrave, and this is called the fecond Fafcia, which is in-
terrupted for half the Diameter of the Colunm in Length, over the
Middle of every Column^ and likewife, at the Space of three Quar-
ters of a Diameter in Length upon the whole Extent of the Archi-
trave, by an Ornament reprcfenting fix Drops, hung to a String,
and called the Guttae's, and thefe arc of the Depth of the under-
moft Divifion of the two, into which the upper principal Part of
the Architrave is divided into ; and being divided into three Parts^
one is given to the String, and the other two to the Drops.
These Fafcia's, in the Architrave, are thus named from th^

Swathes the Antients made ufe of to. cover their Legrs and Thigjlrs
Chap. VL Plagiarifm of the Heathens Detected, 205
with, inilead of Breeches and the oftener they revolve, the larger
;
they grow The Tienia is alfo thus named, from a Ribband, or

:
Headband, to tie up the Hair with And the Guttae fignifies a

:
Drop of Water ; which Names have all the Affinity we can con-
ceive with the Members they denote.
Upon the- Architrave is placed the Freeze, whofe Height is de-

termined by the reverfe Pieces, or Beams which make the Floor ; the
Ends of thefe are reprefented diredly over the Guttfe's in the Archi-
trave, are called Triglyph's, from their hollow Graving, refembling
three Furrows, or Gutters, and the Spaces between are called Me-
topes. The Word Freeze, in the general Senfe, jfignifying a Thing
congealed ;
and, in ArchiteBure^ a Piece of Embroidery, it is ma-
nifeftly derived from the embroider'd Curtains of the Tabernacle^
when they were drawn up.
The Cornice is the next and laft Ornament of this Order and ^
conftfts of four Parts, namely, the Bed Moulding, the Mutules, the
Corona, and the Cima. The firft is fuppoled to be a Piece laid
upon the Extremity of the reverfe Beams, parallel with the Archi-
trave, to bear the Ends df the Rafters that make the Roof; the
fecond is the Ends of the Rafters ; the third is a Piece laid upon
the Rafters to bear the Tile, or other Covering ; and the fourth dif-
covers the End of the Materials the Roof is covered with, and there-
fore tho' included in the Name of the Corniccj yet it*s of a dif-
ferent Species to the other Parts that compofe it ; fo that the Cor-
nice with, or without this Cima, ftill retains the fame Name. The
whole Cornice is divided into four equal Parts, of which the Bed
Moulding takes one, the Mutules one, the Corona one, and the
Cima one ; each of them being again fubdivided into lefler Parts,
to form the fmaller Members. The Bed Moulding conftfts of three
Members, the Mutules of two, the Corona of three, and the Cor-
nice of two. The Bed Moulding is divided into nine Parts, four
of which are given to the Capital of the Triglyph's, four to the Ca-
vetto, and one to the Liftel. The Mutules is divided into four
Parts, three of which are given to the clear Mutules, and the Cima,
that crowns them, takes the other Part. The Corona is divided into
three equal Parts, of which, the Corona takes two Parts, and its
Cima and Liftel one which laft Part is again fubdivided into four
;
others, of which the Cima has threCj and the Liftel one. The Cima,
or laft principal Part of the Cornice, is divided into four Parts,
three of thofe Parts are given to the Cima, and one to the Liftel,
which ferves as the laft Member, and is a Band to the whole
Cornice.
The Mutules, for their greater Ornament in Stone- Work, are

made horizontal underneath, inftead of anfwering the Inclination of
the Roof, by which Means the Water is more liable -to run alono-
F f f the
;
2o6 The Origin of Building : Or, The Book V*

the Bottom of them, comes to the Tiiglyph's, then to run
'till it
down them, and fo drop over the Architrave ; for which Reafon
Indentures or Gutters, were made in the Faces of the Triglyph's,
j
the better to bring the Water together, that it might drop off ; the
Drops are reprefented by the little Bells which lie on the Architrave
and becaufe, when the Rain ceafes, it's natural for the running down
of the Water to contract itfelf, by Degrees, into Drops, from this Ob-
fervation, or from the Pendants of Ice in the Winter, from fuch
Places where the Water falls, is the moft reafonable Conjed:ure of
the Original of the Drops in the Sofits of the Mutules. Plate 32.
contains a Draught of the Dorick Order ; and the Diameter of the
Column being divided into 60 Parts, all the othef Divifions are figur-
ed with the fame Parts*
A. The Plinth.
B. Torus Inferior.
C. Liftel.
D. Cavetto.
E. Liftel.
F. Torus Superior.
G. Apophyge.
H. Diameter of the Column below.
I. Diameter above.
K. Liftel.
L. Aftragal.
M. Gorge, Gule, or Neck.
N.^
0. S Annulets.
P. 3
Ovolo, or Echinus.
R. Annulet.
S. Corona.
T. Cima ol the Corona.

V. Liftel of the Corona,
U. Firft Fafcia.
W. Second Fafcia.
X. Tsenia.
Y. Guttae.
Z. String.
1. Triglyph.
,
2. Metope.
3. Capital of the Triglyph.
4. Cavetto.
5. Fillet.
6. Mutules.
7. Cima of Mutules.
8. Corona.
g. Cima of the Corona,
;
Chap. VI. Plagiarifmof the Heathens DeteBed, 207
10. Liftel of the Corona.

11. Cima Reverfa.
12. Liftel of the Cima.
13. Guttas's ill the Sofit of the Mutules.
A. to F. The whole Bafe of the Column.
G. to L. The whole Shaft of the Column, fuppofirig it con-
tinued.
M. to'U. The whole Capital of the Column,
U. to X. The Architrave.
2. The Freeze.
3. to 12. The whole Cornice.
A. to V. The compleat Column, comprehending Bafe and Ca-
pital, fuppoftng the Shaft continued.
G. to L. The whole Column, without Bafe and Capital.
U. to 12. The whole Entablature.
We have alfo added a Draught of this Order, void of all Orna-

ments, as in Plate 33. For as thefe Farts are only as the Drefs to
a Man, fo we find the Antients embelliftied the Dorick Order, accord-
ing to the Circumftances of the Builder, and
Nature of the to the
Materials the Place produced : This Simplicity was pradliced at Rome,
that Pofterity might think the Ro^nans the Inventors of a new Order ;
and therefore they gave this plain Sample of Dorick Work, the
Name of Tufcan Order.
The lonich Order is made by omitting the Neck of the Dorick

Capital, and, inftead of the Ovolo and the Annulets in that Order,
by putting in four Heads,Rams
with their Mouths meeting toge-
ther, in the Center of the Top of the Colu77in, to form the Capital
and thefe Heads being placed on their Jaw Bones, with the back
Part of them where the Corner of the Corona fhould be, ah Ovolo
arifes, in Imitation of the Skull of the Head ; and the Cima, with
its Liftel, in this Order, is called the Abacus, from Abax, a fquare
Trencher. The other Alterations in this Order, are only the Addi-
tion of an Aftragal to the Apophygc of the Colu7nn, in leaving out
the Triglyplf s in the Freeze, adding another Fafcia and a Cima to
the Architrave, making and without Drops in the
the Mutules lefs,
Sofit, and in adding a Liftel to the Cima of the Mutules, by which

they receive a new Name, and are called Modillions, from the Ita-
lian, Modiglioni.
As Order becomes more ftender than the Dorick, the Pro-

this
portions of fome of the Members are altered, fo as to correfpond
with the Softnefs of the other Part of the Compofttion of it ; and
the fame Rule we have taken to give the Dimenfions of the Do-
rick Order by, we have likewife followed in this, fo near as we well
could come, without large Fradions, as above The Members retain :
the fame Names in this Order, they had in the former, favc only
thofe
zo8 The Origin of Building : Or, The Book V.
thofe that make the Alteration in the two Orders ; and the Capital
of the Triglyph's, by being placed above the Cavetto in this Order^
is called the Ovolo.
The Circvimvolving of the Rams Horns in this Order ^ is called

the Volute, from Volvo, to fold, and each of the four Sides of the
Column fliews two Volutes, between which there is always placed a
Flower, to fill up the Cavity that would otherwife appear, as is feen
in Plate, N« 34.
A. The Aftragal added to the Apophyge,

B. B.The Abacus.
C. The Flower.
D. D. The Volute, Eye of which is equal, in Diameter, to
the
the Aftragal of the Coliijmty and its Center is the one-fourth of
the Diameter of the Column from the Abacus, which being di-
vided into nine Parts, feven of thofe Parts is the Depth of the
Volute below the Center of the Eye ; fo that the whole Height
being fixteen Parts, the Eye takes two of them The Breadth of :
the Volute is fourteen of the fame Parts, and the Center of the
Eye is diftant from the outward Side of the Volute eight of thofe
Parts, and from the inward Side fix,
•J,.. E. The third Fafcia.

F. The Cima.
G. The Ovolo.
H. The Modillions, fo divided to anfwer that Manner of In-
tercolumnations, called the Euftyle,
I. The Liftel.
Sometimes Order was executed without Modillions, for the

this
fame Reafon we gave in Treating of the Dorick^ as above ; and there-
fore we have given a Draught of the Entablature, marked with the
Letter A. Plate 36. to explain it.
The Cori7ithian Order is made by adding an Aftragal to the

Torus of the Dorick Bafe, another to the Apophyge, by altering the
two firft Divilions of the Capital, and, inftcad of the plain Neck, the
Annulets and Echinus, by putting two Rows of Leaves, eight in
each Row, anfwering the Number of Volutes in the lonick Capital.
One of the Leaves of the fecond Row is in the Middle of every
Front of the Coltmm ; and on each Side of thofe Leaves there is a
Stalk, with a Flower, out of which there Iprings not only the an-
gular Volutes, in Imitation of thofe in the lonick Order^ but other
Volutes which meet over every central Leaf of the fecond Row.
Above thefe laft Volutes there is a Flower, or Piece of Fruit, fup-
ported by a Stalk, ifliiing from Huiks, refted on the central Leaf of
the fecond Row of Leaves ; and thus every Thing in this Order is
fuppofed to rife up againft the Encreafe at the upper End of the

Forked
Chap. VI. Plagianfm of the Heathens t)eteBed, 209
Forked Stick ; whereas in the other Order it is placed upon the Top
of it. This Swelling is called the Bell of the Capitâl, as it very
much refembles that Inftrument.
The Architrave and Cornice of this Order ^ have more Members

than the Architrave and Cornice of the lonick Order^ viz. the Faf-
cia's are divided by Aftragals, imitating the Hem of the Swathe
the Fafcia's reprefent; the Cavetto of the Cornice, is altered and made
a Cima ; over which is a fquare Member, which, from the Manner
of its Carving, is from Denticulus, Teeth; and
called the Dentils,
the Modillions are enriched By which Additions, this Order receives
:
all that can render it Beautiful and Elegant. In Plate No 35. we

have given a Draught of this Order with the Meafures, which are
all fet down by the fame Rule that was obferved in the other Orders.
A. The Aftragal in the Bafe»

B. Bell of the Capital.
I
Aftragals.
^'
E. Cima.
F. Dentils.
•The Cornice of this Order is made by firft dividirig it into three

Parts, of which the Bed Moulding takes one, and the other two are
again divided into three, one of which is given to the Modillions,
one to the Corona, and one to the Cornice. The Modillions are fo
difpofed as to anfwer that Manner of Intercolumhation called Syfty-
los but the Proportion of thefe Parts are arbitrary ; neverthelefs,
;
the Modillions muft always be one half of the Space between them,
and the Pannels in the Sofit of the Corona ought to be fquare.
The fometirti'es omitted in this, as Well as in the

Modillions are
other Orders ; and notwithftanding the Materials the Place afforded,
and the Circumftances of the Builder commonly determined their
Drefs, yet the Antients had extraordinary Regard to Nature, for they
generally took Care, in fuch Edifices as were two Story's high, or
more, to make the Order fuppofed to bear the Floor, without Mo-
dillions in the Cornice, but rather made Ufe of Dentils, as they bear
a greater Refemblance to the Ends of Joifts ; whereas they made
the upper Order with Modillions, fince it fupported the Roof where
the Ends of the Rafters, and not of the Joifts, fhould be feen. In
this plain Manner we have given a Draught of the Entablature,
marked with the Letter B. Plate N* 36.
Monsieur Perrault^ and others, have greatly perple.ted themfelvTS

with the Myftery of the Antients, in making the Coltim?is of the Por-
tico of the Pantheon about ten Minutes, or the one-fixth Part of the
Diameter lefs than ten Diameters, and the Columns of Ca?nfo Vaccmo
Ggg ten
2IO The Origin of Building: Or, The BookVi
ten Minutes more than ten Diameters high; but thefe Variations
arife from the Dodlrine bf Vitruvius^ and thofe he copied after,
wlio fays, The Corinthian Order differs, from the Io7nck in nothing
but its Capital ; and therefore, as the lonick Colm?in was eight Di-
ameters and two-thirds high, without the Capital, and the Capital
above K. (Plate 34.) was one-third of a Diameter, to make the coni-
pleat Column nine Diameters ; the Architedt of the Pantheon took
this Shaft of eight Diameters and two-thirds, and added the Corin-
thian Capital ot one Diameter and one-fixth to it, which made the
whole Cohmtn nine Diameters and fifty Minutes high Whereas the
;
Archited: of the Cohmuis of Campo V

accino added to the whole lonick
Coliwin of nine Diameters, the Corinthiaft Capital of one Diameter
and one-fixth, and fo made
Columns ten Minutes more than ten
his
Diameters high. Other antient Architects have deviated, in the fe-
veral Orders, from the general Proportions of eight, nine, and ten
Diameters, for the Height of the Doricky lonick, and Corinthian
Colu7nns ; but their Reafbns for fuch Variations feem to have been
grounded on one particular Proportion they fixed to themfelves, the
fame as above And therefore what they have left us may be fafely
:
rejeded to embrace the perfed Proportions of eight, nine, and ten,

founded on the Human Body, as above.
Thus we have given a full Account of the Orders \ and though

every minute Part of them is not proved in the Taber?iacle and Tefri-
ple, yet thofe Strudures are manifeftly the Source, from whence
Pofterity have taken the Parts w^hich conftitute them. The Appli-
cation of thefe Orders, in the Pagan Temples and other Edifices, we
fhall next confider.
CHAP. VII.
Of the Situation of the Pagan Temples, and

of the Orders peculiar to them.
VITRUVIUS, after fhewing how a City fhould be laid out into
Streets, tells us, a Place muft be pitched upon for Buildings
common to the whole Town, fuch as Temples, and a Fertim :
If the Town fhoti'd be near the Sea, the Place for the Forim muft
be near the Harbour ; if diftant from the Sea, this Place muft be
in the Middle of the City. The Temples of the Tutelar Gods, as
well as thofe of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, muft be fituate on
the moft eminent Place, that from thence one may have a View of
"Chap. Vn. Plagiarifmof the Heathens Det^'Bed. 2\l
the greatefl: Part of the Walls of the Town ; the Te?npks of Mer^
cury^ Ifis^ and Scrapis, muft be in the Market ; thofe of Apollo ancl
Bacchus near the Theatre ; that of Hercules in the Circus^ if there
lliou'd not be a Place particularly appointed for Exercifcs, nor an
Amphitheatre ; and thofe of Mars^ ulcan^ and V
enus in a Field V
without the Town.
The Reafon of this, fays Vitruvius^ is feen in the Writings of

the Tufcan Soothfayers ; for the Temple of Venus was fituate without
the City, in order to remove from young Perfons, as well as Mo-
thers of Families, by the Diftance of it, feveral Occafions of De-
bauchery ; the Tef?iple of V
ulcan was placed alfo without the City,
in order to fecure Houfes from the Danger of Fire, drawing with-
out the Town, by Sacrifices to him, all the bad Effeds of this God,
who prefides over Fire ; and the Temple of Mars was fixed with-
out thfe Walls, to hinder Murders arid Quarrels among the Citi-
zens, and protect them from the Defighs of, Enemies ; the Temple of
Ceres ought alfo to be built without the Town, in a retired Place,
and where People might not be obliged to go, but to Sacrifice, be-
caufe this Place fhould be treated with great Refped:, and with great
Sandity of Behaviour ; and the Temples of the other Gods ought to
have convenient Places for their Sacrifices,
These which Vitruvius hath given us relating to

are the Rules
the Situation of Tejnples ; but they were not fl:ri(5tly obferved at Rome^
as Monfieur Perraulty in his firft Note on this Chapter, obferves,
where he takes Notice, That the Temple Marsy the Revenger, was
in Auguftus\ SquarCj that of Venus in yulius Ccefar^, and that fe-
veral Templesy even of the hurtful Divinities, were in the City, as
thofe of the Fever Vulcan^ Bad Fortune^ and Slothfullnefs : But
this might happen by the great Encreafe of Rofne, after thofe Teffi-
ples were originally founded, or at leafl: fome of them neverthelefs ;
we find that ftrid Regard was always had to the Situation for the
Temples of the Supreme Gods, and thofe that were Prote6lors of
the City, which were placed in the moft high and confpicuous
Parts thereof, in Imitation of the Place on which Solo7non\ Te??tple
Itood but the Entrance to them was generally at the Weil End,
.; .
(as Herodotus (a) obferves, when he fpeaks of the Tem.ple of Dia?ia

in Delos) in dire<5l Oppofition to the Entrance to the Jenjifi Taber-
7iacle and 't'etnple^ which was at the Eaift End of thofe Edifices, and
facing the rifing Sun.
The having been thus fixed, the Pagans appropriated

Situatio7i
the Dorick Order to fuch Temples as were built in Honour of Mi-
nerva^ Mars, and Hercules, becaufe Fabricks without Softnefs,
were fuitable, they faid, to fuch Deities as prefidcd over War but
(a) Lib. 4,
they
The Origin of Building : Or, TIjc Book V.
they maintained, t\i^\. X.O Fe?jus^ Flora^ the Mu/es, tht Njmphs, and
the moft delicate Goddeflcs, Temples ought to be reared, that agreed
beft to the bloomy,and virginal Age, wherefore to thefc
tender,
they confecrated the Corinthian Order ; on the other Hand, to yunOy
Diafta^ Bacchus^ and fuch other Gods, they afligned the Io?iick Or-
der^ which hold8 a Medium between the Dorick and Corinthian^
CHAP. Vlil.
Of the Forms, Profpects, Kinds, and Com'

partment of the Pagan Temples.
TEMPLES were at firft but of two general Porms^ qtia--

drangular and round, and of thefe Vitruvius only treats ;
but other Fafhions were afterwards introduced in the Fi-
gure of feveral Sorts of Polygons. And as the Antients adapted the
Situation of Temples to what was fuitable to each of their Gods, fo
they did their Forms ; for which Reafon, becaufe the Sun and Moo7t
are perpetually defcribing their Orbits about the World, they made
the Temples to them round, or at leaft in fuch Sort, that they ap-
proached to roundnefs ; of this Forni they built the Tejnple of Vefidy
whom they held to be the Goddefs of the Earth, which Element
we know is round; and to "Jupiter (a), as Governour of the Air
and Sky, they made Temples uncovered in the Middle, with Portico's
round them.
The Shew, or Appearance, that a Tcjnple makes to fuch as

firft
approach it, is called the ProfpeB ; of which the Antients had feven
Sorts, namely, Antis^ P?ôJlyloSy Amphiprojlylos^ Peripteros^ Dipterosy
Pfeudodlpteros, and Mo7iopteros : The firft is a Front in PilaJlerSy
becaufe A?itce is the Name
of the Pilafters that are made at the An-
gles or Corners of Buildings ; the fecond Profpeci is a Front in Co-
lumns ; and the third hath the fame Diipofiticn both in Front and
Rear, Amphiprojlylos^ fignifying both Fronts in CoIu?mis. The Prof-
peSls Antisând Amphiproftylos were fo rare, that Palladio (h) fays
there were no Examples of them left in his Days.
Th e fourth ProfpeBy is a Building furrounded with CoIw?mSy

fometimes joined to the Wall of the Te7?ipley fometimes detached from
it ; the fifth ProfpeSiy or the Dipteros^ was a Building twice fur-
(a) Fit. 1. 1, c. 2. Ci) Lib. 4. c. 3,
rounded
Ghap. "VIII. Plagiarism of the Heathem lête&ei, ^ r 3
rounded with Columns^ which formed a double Portico ; and the

Pfeudodipteros^ or {ixth ProfpeSi^ was made by leaving the outward
Row of Colunmsy in the Dipteros, and taking away the next inward
Row, fo as to make two Intercolumna-
the Portico's as large as
tions, and the Thicknefs of a Column : This ProfpeSl was the In-
vention (d) of Hermogenes^ on which Vitruvius makes this Enco-
mium // Jhews^ fays he, with what Subtility of Contrivance Her-
:
niogenes conduced his Worh.^ which deferves to be confidered as the

Spring frofn whefice Pojlerity has taken the hefi and mojl elegant Pre-
cepts of Architedure. The feventh and laft ProfpeSi was a Build-
ing wholly of Colic7?ins^ fupporting a Dome^ and feems to have been
the Invention of Zoroaflres, who contrived fuch Kind of Strudures
to keep the confecrated Fires on the Altars from being extinguifh-
ed by Rain, or any other Effed of the Weather.
In dired Oppolition to thefe Monopterick Temples^ the Antients

uncovered the middle Part, or Adytum, of their Dipterick Temples^
and fo conftituted a new Kind of Temple, which, from its being
uncovered, was called Hypd^.thros ; round the Infide of which there
was two Portico's, one above the other^
The Temple whofe ProfpeSi was Ant is, had, in the Fi-ont thereof,
two Pilafiers, one at each Corner, and two Columns in the Middle,
which advanced forward, and fupported the Fronton over the Entry.
The Temple whofe ProfpeB was Proflylos, had, in the Front thereof,
two Pilaflers, one at each Corner, and four detached Colum?is, whichi
formed a Portico. Thewhofe ProfpeSi was Amphiproflylos^
Tejnple
had four Pilaflers, one at every Corner, and four detached Colum7ts
in the Frontj four in the Rear. The Tejnple whofe ProfpeSi was Pe-
ripteros, had Hx Columns in each Front, and 1 1 on each Side, compre-
hending the angular Ones, of which one Intercblumnatiort was, fome-
times, taken all round the Temple for a Portico, leaving the Body nd
larger than four Columns in Front, and nine in Flank. The Tetn-
ple whofe ProfpeB was Dipteros, had eight Columns in each Front,
and fifteen on each Side ; and as the Body of the Temple contain'd
no more than four Columns in Front, and nine in Flank, the Por-
tico round it was double. The Temple wliofe ProfpeSi was Pfeudo-
dipteros, was the fame with the Temple whofe ProfpeSi was Dipteros;
with this Difference, that the fecond P.ow ot Cblumns that furround-
c<l the Body was taken away, to make the Portico's as large as'
two Intercoliimnations, and the Diameter of a Colufnn : Befides, the
Pfeudodipteros contained, fometimes, ten Colmn7is in Front, and nine-
teen in Flank. And laftly, the Temple, whofe ProfpeSi vVas Mo?iop^
teros, had twelve Colu?n?is in the Outfide, and as many within,
forming a fingle Portico ; and were fet upon Lines, anfwering thofc
of a perfed Circle.
(a) Vii. 1, 5, c. 2.
H h h The
;
214 7he Origin of Building : Or, The Book V.

The Manner of fctting thefe Columns diftinguilKed the Pagan Tem-
ples into five different Kinds^ to wit, Pycnoftylos^ Syjlylos, Diaftylos^
Areojlylos^ and Rujiylos, The firft figtiifies a Building, thiok-fet with
Columns ; the fee end an Edifice, with greater Intervals between the
Columns ; the third is a Striidure^ with yet wider Spaces between
the Colu?nns \ the fourth a Fabrick, with larger Openings between
the Colimms than is convenient ; and the fifth a Building, with
reafonable and convenient Intervals between the Colu7?ins,
The firft four Kinds of Temples^ according to Palladia^ are de-

fective ; the Pycnojiylos, and Syjlylos are fo, becaufe their Intercolum-
nationsj by being of one Diameter and a half of the Column for the
firft, and two Diameters for the fecond, are fo very narrow, that
two Perfons can't go Hand in Hand, or a Breaft, into the Portico's,

but will be obliged to walk in a Line after each other ; neither can
the Ornaments of the Doors be feen from any Diftance ; and, from
the Narrownefs of the Space, the Walk round the Temple will be
much embarrafed But yet thefe two Kinds of Temples are toler-
:
able, when the Columns are made large, as they were in almoft all the
antient Temples. The Diafiylos is defedtive, becaufe the Intercolum-
nations,by being of three Diameters of a Column, are too large,
and the Architraves, by Reafon of the greatnefs of the Space, are
liable to break. And
the Areoftylos is defective, becaufe the Inter-
columnations, by being four Diameters of the Column, or more, are
low, wide, and mean
but not fubjeft to the Defeft of the Diajlylos,
;
becaufe the Architraves are made of Wood.
From all this, fays Palladio, it follox^^s, that the moft beautiful
and elegant Ki?id of Temples, is that called Eujiylos, whofe Inter-
columnations confift ot two Diameters of a Column, and a fourth
Part; for it ferves perfedlly well for Use, for Strength, and for
Beaut V.
Now this Ki7id of Temple was abfolutely founded on the Front of

the Tabernacle ; for that Strufture having been twelve Cubits broad,
in the Clear, and about ten Cubits and a third high ; if we divide
the Height into eleven Parts, and take one of thofe Parts for the
Diameter of the Pillars^, as in the loniek Order, and two and a
Quarter for the Spaces between them ; and if we fuppofe the Boards
which made the Side of the Tabernacle a Quarter of a Cubit thick
and that the Middle of each extream Pillar anfwered the Middle
of the Boards, as is fliewed by the prick'd Lines, S. S. Plate 3. 4.
then four Pillars, and four Inter\'als, will occupy, within an Inch,
the whole Space of twelve Cubits and a Quarter, and form that
Manner of Intercolumnation called the Eujiylos, or that which is
deemed the moft perfed Manner of fetting Columns at a proper
Diftance from one another.
The
Chap. VIIL Plagiarifm of the Heathens Dete&ed, lis
The Portico of the Temple of Cybeie, at Rome, confifting of five

Columns in Front, is an evident Demonftration that the Rofnans vjtvo.
acquainted with the Form of the Tabernacle, and therefore we fhall

endeavour for no further Proof of that Fad at this Time.
In the Compartment (b) of the Pagan Temples, three Things were

(Common to them, to wit, the Portico, the Anti-Temple, and the
Nave The whole Breadth of the Temple was divided into four
:
Parts, and of eight fuch confifted the whole Length ; five of thefe
were given to the Nave, and the other three to the Anti-Temple,
Now if we turn to the yewijh Tabernacle and Temple, the fame

Compart?nent will appear to have been in thofe Edifices, and the Pro-
portions of five by four, arid four by three, in the Aiiti-Temple,
and Nave of the Pagan Temples, are anfwered in the Side of the
Ark, with the Mercy Seat upon it, in the moft Holy Place of the
Tabernacle, the firft having been five half Cubits long, and four high ;
and the laft having had for its Breadth three Parts in four of its
Length. The Proportion of three by four is many other
apparent in
Inftances in the yewijh Structures, as in the End of the Ark alone, an(i
in the Sides of the Holy Part of Solomons Temple. Finally, the Whole
of this Divifion feems to have been grounded on the Proportion of the
Ark, with the Mercy Seat upon it, whofe Front, or Side, Was five by
four, and the End three by four, making a double Square, and are
the Numbers on which Pythagoras formed his moft excellent Propo-
fition, the 47 th of the firft Book of Euclid, as above.
The Invention of Hermogenies, fo much celebrated by Vitruvius,

is pointed out in the Tabernacle ; for there the Pillars which fliould
have form'd feveral Portico's round the Edifice, preferved only their
outward ProfpeSl, and the Infide was clear and fpacious for Ufc.
Moreover, the ProfpeB Amis, and the outwiird View of the Ilypce-
thros, are pointed out in the fame Structure for the Taber?iacle itfelf
;
is the firft, and the Court the fecond ; at leaft fo near it, that v/e
can't defirc more perfect Ideas to lorm them by And all the wing-
:
ed Tejnples, are only the Tabernacle and its Court, varioufly applied
under the fame external Proportion, or very near it ; for the great
Ephejian Tctnple anfwers the Proportion of the Court, each having
been a double Square within the Colufnns. The Maufoleufn was of
the fame Proportion with the Tabernacle itfelf, each having been two
Squares and a half in Length, at leaft the Maujoleum was fo near
it as to differ but two Foot three Inches from it ; which Variation
may arife from Caufes common to all Works, fince Negligence in

Architeds, and Ignorance and Carelefihefs in Workmen, have been
too notorious in all Ages ; and therefore when Works appear to be
fo near fuch perfed Proportions, by their Meafures after compleated,
{h) Talhdio I.4. c ?i
as
zi6 7he Origin of Building : Or, Tfje Book Yk
as tht'fc we arc fpcaking of, it's a Demonftration they were the very-
Proportions intended So that Buildings founded on them, as they
:
were taken from fuch Authorities as the JewiJJj I'abernacle ar^d Te?n~
pk, n\u{\ of Confequence become fo exquifite, as to raife the Admi-
ration of People to the higheft Degree, as we are told by P/wjy, ^c.
thefe Edifices of Dianas Temple^ and the Maufoleu7n did, fo as to
make them two of the feven Wonders of the World !
The of Diana was 220 Feet in Front, and 425 Feet in

'Temple
Flank ; the Columns were 60 Feet high, and feven Feet fix Inches
thick ; and the Temple was of the Dipterick Figure, which fhewed
eight Colli fmis in Front, and fifteen in Flank, as above So that this :
Temple was of the Diajlyle Kind^ lince the Intercolumnations were

near three Diameters of the Columns ; and the middle Intercolumna-
tion at each End was half a Diameter more, which fo encreafed the
Labour in fetting the Architrave over that Void, that, fays PUny^ it
was feigned the Goddefs placed it herfelf in its right Portion, upori
the Architects defpairing of being able to do it.
This leads us to obferve, that all the winged Temples willexadly

anfwer the Proportion of the Court of the Tabernacle, if the middle
Intercolumnation at each End be half a Diameter of the Column
wider than the other Intercolumnations, whether the Temple be of
the Kujlyle, Pycnojiyle, Syfiyle, Diajlyle^ or Areofiyle Kind,
Notwithstanding Vitruvitis has laboured to adjufl: the Inter-^

columnations, in RefpeCt to the Diameter of the Coliim?is, it is never-
thelefs true, that the Antients determined them according to the
Height, and fo made the Intervals between the Coliwins of 2, 3, 4=j
5, 6, or 7 Squares high, as their Works, upon a
ftrid Examination,
will abundantly teftiTy : And were
thefe Intervals
applied in thofe
Works, according to the Magnitude of them, without any Regard
to the Order fuch Works was built after. So that the Areojlylos, as
well as Pycnofiylos, was applied to Buildings of the Corinthian Order.
We only add, in this Place, that fince the Situation of the

fhall
Temples ereded by the Pagans, in Honour of their Supreme Gods,
anfwered the Situation of Solo?no?is Temple ; that lince the quadran-
gular Temples of the Pagans were of the fame Figure and Propor-
tion with the yewiJJj Tabernacle and Temple ; that fince the mofl:
perfe(ll Manner of Intercohimnationobfcrved by the Pagans in their
Works, had Foundation in the Front of the Tabernacle ; that
its
fince the Co??ipartmcnt of tlie Pagan Tej?iples appears fo clearly, in

the Works of the yews, there can't remain the leaft Doubt but that
the Pagans copied their moft celebrated Works of ArchiteSlure from
the Works of the yews ; and here we fhall reft our Proof of that
FaCl, 'till it can be inconteftably proved, that Dorics, the Son of
Hellen, £ourifhed before Mofes,
CHAP.
y
Chap. IX. Plagiarifm of the Heathens t)ete£ied. 21
CHAR IX.
Of the Form atid Proportion of the antient

Bafilicds, Halls^ Squares^ and Places for
publick Exercife.
"^HE antient Baflicds wete made of a quadrangular Form^
H with a Semi-circular Projedicn at the End, over-againft
-M- the Entrance to them. Thefe Courts of Jujlice had dou-
ble Portico's, one above the other, on each Side of them, as well as
the End next the Entrance ; and the Columns with which thofe
Portico's were made, enclofed an Area, which formed a double
Square ; beyond which was the Semi-circular Projed:ion for the Seat
of the Judges, which encreafed the Nave to a Figure of near two
Squares and a half From whence Palladia lays it down as a Rule,
:
that Bafilicds fhou'd never exceed three Squares, nor be defigient

of two.
SO LOMO N's Throne was of a Semi-circular Form

and there-
;
fore from that Throne^ and his Tc??iph^ the antient Bajtlicd s were un-
doubtedly taken, lince the common Part of each Strud:ure was a
double Square, and three Sides thereof h:id Ifles, feparated in the one
with infulate Coltwms^ in the other with a continued Wall,
Much of the fame Defign with thefe Bafilicd s were the Egyptian
Halls which were of a quadrangular Forniy infcribed with a Por-
^
tico that reduced the middle Part to a double Square. Thefe Por-
tico's were only lingle, but the Nave had two Orders of Columns
one above the other ; and between thofe of the upper Order the Aper-
tures for Light were placed, the fame as in the Te?riple of Solomon.
To the Seats of the Antients, a Portico^ an Atrium^ or Hall^ a

Secofid Rooni^ and a Court bevond that, furrounded with Columns^
were common. That Kind ot Hall^ which was called by the Name
of the Tufcan Atrium^ had for its Breadth two-thirds of its Length j
the Room next it was a perfect Square ; and the Court beyond that
Second Room had for its Breadth juft three- fourths of its Length :
So that the Parts which made the Entrance to one of thofe Houfes
formed a Gradation of Proportions, as a Square, a Square and a
third, and a Square and a half. And as the Proportion of the
Atriums and Courts were varied in different Houfes, fo the Grada-
tion was continued on, in the fame Series, to a double Square.
I i i No-y
218 7h Origin of Building : Or^ The Book V}
Now tliat a Gradation of Proportions, from a Square to a double

Square, and even to a triple Square, is apparent in the Jewip Ta~
heniacle and Temple, needs no further Explanation ; and therefore
it ismore than probable, that thoTe Striidiires were the Source
from whence the Pagans had thofe excellent Proportions, which they
applied to the various Parts of their Houfes ; efpecially fince their
Tet7âjhk Hall. vi?ts the Pattern of tlie Tabernacle-, each of thofe
Rooms having had and thofe Columns having had
four Columns \\v it,
the {lime Effed, in reducing the Rooms, in which they were placed,
to a much better Proportion, than they were of without them.
The Places of publick Exercife among

the Greeks were called
Palejlrce, and Xifti, and feem to have been governed in their
Compartments, by the two principal Parts, namely, the Square, and
the Large Hall, in which the Scholars were taught The firfL was :
precifely Square, and the laft was a Square and a half, conformable
to the like Proportions in Solo7no7t\ Temple from' which Stru(^luê
-,
the Greeks and Romans, no doubt, took the Pattern for their SquareSy
lince the firfl Peo'ple made thofe open Areas perfectly Square, the
fecond of a Square and a half, and furrounded them with double
Portico's, in the fame Manner as the Courts of Solo?nons Templa
were environed with Portico's, tho' of a triple Kind.
As the yewiJJj Works feem have given Rife

fo apparently to
to the Orders of Columns, the Forms and Proportions of Squares,
Temples, Bafilicd s, and other celebrated Edifices of Antiquity among
the Greeks and Romans, why may not the fame Works have given
Rife to the Buildings in Britain, and even in the moft early Ages ?
This therefore leads us to confider the State of Building in this
Country.
C H A P. X.
Of the State of Building in Britain.
AN Opinion has for

taught the Britons
nificent Strudurcs.
fome Time
how
Romans
prevailed, that the
and other mag-^
to build Temples,
This feems to have been grounded on
what Ccefar writes, in the fifth Book of his Commentaries ; and onr
what Tacitus relates in the Life of Ag?'icola : The Britons, fays Cas-
far, call a thick TVood, furrounded with a Ditch, and fortified with
a Ra?npk.r^ a Tow?t, which they retire to when they are apprehe?ifve

9
Chap. X. Plagiarifm of the Heathens t)eteBed, z1
0tf
'-
lnctfrfions from their Neighhours. And Tacitus^ That the Bri-

tons, mighty by a Tafte of Pleafure^ be reconciled to InaSiivity and
Repofe, Agricola firfi exhorted them^ then publickly affified them, to
build 'Temples, Houfes, and Places of ajfembling. Tacitus adds, That
Agricola took Care to have the Sons of their Chiefs taicght the Liberal
Sciences,
This Cuftom of calling a thick Wood, a Town, arid Agricola\

Policy, wou'd be apt to make one join in the common Opinion,
was it not for what Ccefar Writes a little before, in the fame Book
of his Commentaries Britain, fays he, is well peopled, and has
:
Plenty of Buildings, much after the fame Fafhion with the Buildings
in Gaiil. The fame Author adds, in the preceding Book of his
Commentaries, That he, himfclf, burnt the Britifh Towns and Build-
ings for many Miles about.
From hence it is moft manifeft, that the Brit07is, before Cafars

Invalion, had Buildings for Convenience, and that too in great
Abundance From whence it is natural to conclude, that they muft
:
alfo have had Edifices as remarkable for Art and Magnificence, fince
the Veftigia's of fuch Buildings are ftill remaining, and befpeak a
Parent of more Antiquity than the Romans. We will therefore ex-
amine fome of thofe Veftigia's;
It wou'd be endlefs to emimerate all the remarkable great Stones

which lie flat on the Ground, as well as the Heaps made of feveral
fmall Stones ; or the fingie Pillars, Lines, Circles, and
Triangles,
Squares, ered Stones,
compofed ot which the Britifh Dominions
abundantly produces; It muft fufiice to fay in general, that there
are fuch Monuments, of the reinoteft Antiquity, now remaining,

wherein Art and infinite Labour are the moil; predominant Cha-
raderefticks.
Mr. TO LAN D, in his Hiftory of the Druids, takes Notice of

a Stone in Hoy, one of the Orhiey Iflands, of 36 Feet long, 18 Feet
broad, and 9 Feet high, which lies fiat on the Ground on a bar-
ren Heath, in a Valley between two moderate Hills. This Stone is
worked hollow within, has a Door of two Feet fquare, facing thq
Eaft, and a Hole at the Top. At the North and South End of this
Room there are the Forms of Beds cut out of the Stone ; that on the
South End capable of holding two People, and has a Pillow.
i?. The
folid Content of this Stone, before it was fcooped, or hollowed, was
5832 cubical Feet, which, at 12 Feet to a Tun, amounts to 486
Tun ; and it is not eafy to determine which was the greatefl:, the
Labour of raifing and bringing fo large a Block of Stone to the
Place where it now lies, or the Art in Working it into the Form
tve have been defcribing.
Just
^
Z20 The Origtn of Building : Or, The Book V.

Just Tuch another Edified Hoy^ AmaftSy King of Egypt
as this in
intended to place in the Adytum of the Temple of Minerva^ in Sais^
for the Habitation of the Goddefs. It was, according to Herodotus^
31 Feet 6 Inches long, 2i Feet broad, and 12 Feet high, and
brought from Elepha?itis^ to Sais^ by Water.
Now, if we conflder the Situation 6f the Stone-Houfe in Hoy^

the Scottijh, and not the Egyptian Work muft
have been the greater.
One appears to have been a Copy of the other ; both muft have
been near of the fame Antiquity, and the lateft long before the Ro-
viaii^ came into Britai?i.
Mr. TOLA N D alfo takes Notice, that on the Tops of Moun-

tains, and other Eminences in Ireland^ in Wales^ in Scotland^ in the
ScottiJIj Iflands, and the Ifle of Man^ there are great Heaps of
Stones, (like the Mercurial Heaps of the Greeh) round in Form,
diminifhing upwards, and are covered on the Summit with a flat
Stone : They are of all Sizes, fome containing at leaft 100 Cart
Load of Stones, from i to 100 Pound Weight ; thefe Heaps, in
the antient Celtic Language, are called Carns ; and every Cam is
fo placed as to be in Sight of fom€ other.
The moft eminent Example now remaining, is d. Car7i called

Crig-y-dyrn, in the Parifh of Trelech^ in Carmarthenfiire^ being
about 60 Yards in Circumference at Bottom, 1 8 Feet high, and is
covered with a flat Stone of 9 Feet long, 5 Feet broad, and from
10 to 12 Inches thick.
The Carns were originally deflgned for Fires, to be kindled upon,

at the half-yearly Feftivals of the Druids. The firft of thofe Fef-
tivals was on May Eve, in Honour of Beal, or Bealan, the Sun,
when two of thefe Fires were made in every Village, one on the
the Cam, the other on the Ground ; between which the Men and
the Beafts to be Sacrihced were to pafs And when the Flames were
:
extinguiflied, the Lord of the Place, or his Son, or fome other Per-
fon of Diftindlion, took the Entrails of the facrificed Animal in his
Hand, and walking three Times bare-foot over the Coals, carried
them to the Druid at the Altar. Tlic fecond Feftival was on the
Eve of the firft of Nove?nber, when every Body was to put out his
Fire at home, and take a Portion of the confecrated Fire, to kin-
dle it anew, which, for the enfuing Year was to be lucky and prof-
perous ; and for this the Druids receiv'd a certain Sum of Money
from the Mafter of every Family. Thefe Car?is, in Procefs of Time,
adds Tola?idy ferved every where for Bacons.
Now if we compare
Account with the whole Tranlddion of
this
Labans Covenant with yacob, no greater Refemblance can appear
between any two Things, than there is between them And if we :
were
1
Chap. X. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. i1
were to fcrutinize all the Works of the Druids^ we fhou'd find theiri
to have been copied from the Works of the Jews ; for as the High
Places in Scripture reprefented the Sim^ with all his Attendants, fo
the Remains of the Druidical Works now at Stanton-Drew^ near
Bath and Brijiol, point out the moft antient Syftem of the Planetary
World ; there we fee a Circle of Stones, on the Summit of a Hill,
which images the Sun \ near which there were other Circles and Stones,
reprefenting the Moon, the Earth, and the Planets, Mercury, Venus,
Mars, Jupiter^ and Satur7t. One of thefe Circles anfwers the very
Defcription of the I'ejnple of y
erufalem, as it was direcHred to be built
by Cyrus, for it was furrounded with four Rows of Pillars-, it is
60 Cubits Diameter; and fome of the Pillars are fix Feet thick.
Again, we
turn to Stone-Henge, Won't Cyrus\ Decree appear to
if
have been the Guide to the Builders of that Work, to fuch as will
confider that it is 60 Cubits Diameter, and made of four Rows of
Pillars f This Building was, moft undoubtedly, a Work of the
Druids, fince it is expreffive of their Learning, which they wou'd
never commit to Writing. The 30 Stones that made the Architrave
over the outward Row
of Pillars, anfwered that compleat Revolu-
tion of Time, deemed by them an Age ; the 30 Pillars in that out-
ward Row, and 29 in the next, anfwered their alternate Months of
30 and 29 Days : And if we were to collate every other Part of
the Building, (of which the Plans hitherto publifli'd are Fiditious,)
with what Ccefar, Pli7iy, Diodorus Siculus, and other antient Authors,
write, concerning the Druids, we fhall find the like Conformity.
These and the like Works werewhich Britain was

the finl with
adorned ; then Agricola inftruded the Britons to build Temples, and
other magnificent Strudures in the Roman Tafte ; and thefe Te?nples,
as well as othersof the Paga?i World, were converted into Churches^
when Chriftianity began to prevail Temples and Churches were
:
therefore founded on one and the lame Plan, and both had their
Origin from the yewiJJj Works. And indeed, if we were to exa-
mine into all our Churches, we fhou'd not only find them to con-
tain the very Form and Dimenlions of thofe Works, but whatever
hath been thought excellent in the Grecian and Roman BuildingSo
This we fhall illuftrate by an Example.
The Cathedral of Landaff, in GlamorganjJnre, is, beyond doubt,

the moft antient Church in Britain the Eaft Part whereof was built
to imitate Solomons Temple ; and when it was repaired, about the
Year 1 1 20, the Nave was enlarged, fo as to form a Figure fimilar to
that of Noah\ being 186 Feet 6 Inches and half in Length,
Ark,, it
and 31 Feet in Breadth. The Side Arches of this Church were fi-
nifiied by a Torus, 3 1 Feet above the Floor, and 1 5 Feet 6 Liches
above that Torus, there were Corbets, which determined the Height
of the. old Church \ but when it was enlarged the Roof was raifed
k k K 5 Feet
22.2 ne Origin of Building: Or^ The BookVi
5 Feet 6 Inches higher ; whole Altitude of the Nave,
fo that the
before it was repaired in the Year 1734, was 51 Feet 8 Inches; by
which it's plain, the End of that Part of the Churchy formed a Fi-
iûre, like the End of Noab\ Ark^ of three by five, and the Floor
of the Church u as in Length, juft fix Times its Breadth, as the Floor
of the Ark was.
Moreover, Solomo?i\ Têmph was 30 Feet broad, and 45 Feet

high ; and the Nave of La?idaff Church was 31 Feet broad, and
46 Feet 6 Inches high. The Entrance to the Temple was at the
Eaft End of that Striidiire, fo was the Entrance to the Church ; and
both Entrances were about half the Breadth of the Nave of each
Building. I'he Temple was 90 Feet long in the Clear, it was envi-
roned witli a Chamber and Porch, and the exterior Dimenfions was
150 Feet, by 75 Feet.- Now x)[\q Church, with the Ifles, is 75 Feet
broad, 90 Feet from the Eaft End there are Pillars, and if we ftill
go Weft, to the next Pillars, and meafure from them to the Eaft
End of the Side Ifles, which extends beyond the Eaft End of the
Nave of the Church, the Length will be about 150 Feet.
Again, the Pillars on each Side the Nave are in Breadth the
one-fixth, and one Part of them is in Depth the one-eighth Part of
the Height of the Arches, and the Arches are two Diameters high ;
fo that here we have the very Proportions of the Dorick Order, and
the Intercolumnation generally applied to that Order : Thefe Pro-
portions, as well as the Figures of the facred Edifices of the yews^
we have found difguifed under Gothick Drefs, in many other Churches ;
and therefore, were thofe Churches ftripped of their licentious Or-
naments, the Beauty of the Proportions obferved by the Antients
wou'd appear, in the ftrongeft Manner, in them.
To enable us to judge of the Beauty of thofe Proportions, the

Knowledge of the Sta?idard Meafures of the Antients will be con-
ducive.
CHAP. XL
Of the Standard Meafures of the Antients-
TH E greateft fimple Number being ten, every Nation pro-

ceeded by that Number, in Encreafing their Meafures of
Length and Capacity, whether the Integer was the Foot^
the Cubity or the Fathom,
When
Chap. XI. Plagidrifm of the Heathens DeieBed, 22 J
When the Integer with the Egyptians was the Cuhit^ they made
their Reed ten of thofe Cubits in Length, and loo of thofe fquare
Reeds ^ or lo in Length, and lo in Breadth, formed an Aroura of
Land, of lOO Cubits^ or 150 Feet fquare, 36 of which made a
Piece of Land of 900 Feet fquare, which was the Portion (a) af-
figned to every MiHtary Man in the Kingdom.
When with the Greeks was the Foot, their Reed

the Integer
was 10 of thofe Feet in Length, the Square of which made their
Clima ; and 10 Climatds in Length, and 10 in Breadth, formed
their Flethrtm of Land, of 100 Feet fquare.
When the Integer with the Romans was the Foot, they made their
Calafnusy or Pertica, 10 of thofe Feet in Length, the Square whereof
formed 10 of which in Length, and 10 in Breadth
their Scrupulufn,
made their Verfus of Land, of 100 Feet fquare
,
But when their
:
Integer was the Orgyia, or Fathom, 10 of thofe Fathoms in Length,

and ten in Breadth, made a Piece of fquare Land of 60 Feet on
every Side, which they called a Clima \ two of thefe Climatas in
Length, and two in Breadth, made a fquare ASius ; 10 ASlus s in
Length, and 10 in Breadth, formed a Decumanus \ 10 Decumani
in Length, and i o in Breadth, made a Centuria ; and i o Centuricc
iii Length, and 10 in Breadthj conftituted a Saltus.
The Fngliflj Perch, when the Integer wasJ d Foot, was antiently
10 Feet in Length, and 10 10 of which Perches in
in Breadth
Length, and 10 in Breadth, formed the Rood of 100 Feet fquare;
and four of thofe Roods made an Acre of Land, of 200 Feet fquare :
But when the Integer was a Cubit, 10 of thofe Cubits made a Pole^^
4.0 Pole a Furlong, and 1600 fquare Pole one fquare Furlong.
, A Stadium,
or Furlong, in every Nation of old, was a Meafure
of ioo Orgyia in Length, or 600 Feet, eight of which Stades, or
Furlo7igs, made a Mile : And therefore, as the fquare Stade of the
Britons contained 9 Acres, or 36 Roods of Land, that of the Ro-
mans 36 Verfus s, that of the Greeks 36 P letbrums, and that of the
Egyptians 1 6 Aroura s ; it feems evident that all thefe Meafures were
at hrft taken from one another, whatever the Variations may have
been by the Encreafe, or Decreafe of the Integer.
To afcertain the Integers of thefe Nations, we muft previoufly

obferve, that the Meafures made ufe of by Man, were taken
firft
from the Parts of the Human Body. This is a Fa6t that remains
uncontroverted ; and therefore it will be neceffary to fhew the Pro-
portion the Parts of that noble Strud:ure bear to one another, be-
fore they are reduced to any determinate Lengths.
ia) Herod. 1. z.
224 77^^ Origin of Building : Or, The Book V.
of a pcifc6l and unconfined Growth, when neither indulg-
Man,
ed with Eafc, nor opprefTcd by Labour, ftanding in an ere6t Pofture,
with his Arms extended horizontally, forms a perfedl Square, that
is, whole Height is equal to the Length between the Ends of
his
his middle Fingers ; and this laft Length is called a Fathom : His
Foot, from whence the Meafure of the Foot is taken, is equal to
the one-hxth Part of his whole Fleight His Arm, from the El- :
bow joint, to the End of the middle Finger, from whence the Mea-
fure of the Cubit takes its Rife, anfwers to the one-fourth Part of
his Height The whole Arm, to the middle of his Back, being the
:
Origin of the Yard, anfwers to the one-half, the Spa?i to the one-
eighth, and the Breadth of his Hand, or the Pahn^ to the one-
twenty-fourth Part of his whole Altitude. Thus the Length of the
Foot is equal to four Times the Breadth of the Ha?jd ; the Cubit
is double the Span^ and equal to fix Times the Breadth of the Hand ;
the Taj'd is double the Length of the Cubit^ three Timês the Length
of the Foot^ and one-half of the Height of the Man.
These Proportions were univerfally received by the Antients ; and

as all Nations foon grew emulous of Glory, one of their Maxims
was to encreafe whatever Figures were eftablifhed on them, fo as to
make Pofterity believe the Succefs of their great Exploits was from
their People being of a larger Stature than ordinary. Alexa7ider the
Great carried this Point fo far, that, upon putting an End to his Con-
quefls in India, he fbj erefted, at the River Hyphafes, 12 Altars to
the 12 Gods, every one 50 Cubits high ; he then threw up an En-
trenchment round his Camp, thrice as large as the former, making
it 50 Feet broad, and 40 Feet deep ; and with the Earth that came
out, he raifed a Mud Wall on the inner Side ; he next commanded

every Soldier to provide tv.'o Beds in his Tent, of five Cubits high,
and the Horfemen to make Mangers twice as big as any other, and
that every Thing they left behind fhould be enlarged in the fame
Proportion ; to the End, fays Diodo?'us Siculus, that thefe Monu-
ments might make the World believe, that thofe with him were Men
of mighty Stature, and ftronger than any other.
The
Cubit was, beyond difputc, the firft eftablifli'd Meafure in
the World, fixed to a Standard vvlicn direded the Ark to GOD
be built, and moft likely by the Tvcngth of Noah's own Arm ; and
it's very probable, this Meafure was given fo Mofes to make the Ta-
bernacle by, that the fame might be preferved in that Sacred Edi-
fice, as well as the true Weight of the Jewifj Talent ; after which,
when People began every where to work by ftated Dimenfions, and

they knowing by what Rule the Length of the Cubit was originally
fixed, every Man therefore judged of it by his own Arm ; but as
all Men differ in Size and Proportion, there feems foon to have been
(b) Diol 6ic. 1. 17. c. so.

1
chap. XL Plagiarism of the Heathens heteEled, lis
a Deviation Standard by thefe Means ; fo that whert

from the
Mofes defcribes the extraordinary Dimenfions of the Bedftead (c)
of Ogy King of Bapan^ the laft of the Race of the Giants, (which
was nine Cubits long, and four broad) he fays, The Meafures were
after the Cubit of a Ma?i ; that is, they were taken by the Standard^
and People were to judge of them by that Meafure^ and not by the
Length of their own Arms, nor by the Arms of Men of extraor-
dinary Stature.
The People that began to enlarge the Standard Meafures

firft
were the Egyptians y from whom the firft Hercules was defcended ;
and he having been the original Divider of their Country, into pri-
vate Property, puts beyond all doubt, that the Fathom^ or Royal
it
Ctibit of Egypt, was eftablifhed on the Length he could em-

brace, the fame as our Engliflj Yard was fixed by King He?try the
Firft, from the Length of his own Arm. This Tard is fomething
longer than the Standard Tard in Guildhall ; for the latter being di-
vided into 3000 Parts; the former contains 3022 of thofe Parts,
and i9-27ths of another Part: We ftiall therefore, for the future,
defcribe all our Standard Meafures, by fuch Parts, as thofe contain-
ed in the Guildhall Tard, as above.
The Length of the antierit Royal Cubit of Egypt, appears exadlly

by the Dimenfions of the greateft Pyramid, which Ibn Abd Alhokm,
an Arabian Writer, quoted by Mr. Greaves (d), tells us was 100 of
thofe Cubits on every Side, and that they were equal to 500 Ara-
bian Cubits ; this anfwering to 693 Feet, by the Guildhall Standard^
every Arabian Foot was 924 Parts long, and every Royal Cubit of
Egypt was 6930 of the fame Parts in Length.
DIODORUS SICULUS (e) tells us, was four

that Sefoflris
Cubits and four Spafis high, and that the great Pyramid was 700
Feet long on every Side ; his Foot was therefore 990 Parts long,
which makes his Cubit 1485 of the fame Parts ; now four of thofe
Cubits, and four Spans, make 6930 Parts in Length, equal to the
400th Part of the Length of the Side of the Pyramid, and to the
Height of Sefoflris \ a fourth of which makes the common Cubit
of Egypt 1732 Parts and a half in Length; and by this Cubit Sir
Ifaac NewtQ'fi proves this Pyrajnid to have been built.
The antient Egyptians were Men

of fine Stature, owing to theif
going naked (f) from their Infancy, to the Time of Manhood But :
yet their general Height could not exceed that of the People of
the prefent Age, becaufe Mr. Greaves faw many of their Mum-
mies no higher than the People in thefe Days ; and the Monument
(c) ZIm/ui. II. (<0 Mifccll.Y>- no. («) Lib. 1, c. 4. ff) TJiolSk. 1. 1. c. 6.
L 1 of
y
zz6 The Origin of Building : Or, The Book V.

of CheopSy in the great Pyramid^ don't exceed 6488 Parts in Length,
in the Clear, which was probably deiigned to prcferve their Standard
C//i^/V, amounting thus to 1622 Parts, fince the Ctibit it was ereded
by was of a much larger Size, as above.
To Standard Meafure of the Antients,

attain therefore the true
in the Length of their Cuhit^ their Foot, and their Fathom we muft
entirely lay afide the Works of their Heroes, and take fuch Accounts
as facred Hiftory, confirmed by profane, furnillies us with.
The 'Tahernacle remaining entire

Solomons Temple was built, 'till
is an evident Demonftration that the Original Weights and Meafures

could be prefcrved ; and that they were preferved, there is not the
leaft Reafon to doubt of. The Brazen Pillars (g) in the Porch of
this Temple, were 3 Fathoms, or 12 Cubits in Circumference, and
1 8 Cubits high The Pillars (h) in the Court of Herod\ Tempk
Were .fo large, that three Men could but juft fathom them, and
their Height was 27 Feet : The Columns (i) in the Temple of Peace,
at Rome, built after the Deftrudion of the Temple at yerufalem,
and probably fome of the very Pillars of that Strufture, are pre-
cifely 6074 Parts and a Quarter in Diameter y and Mr. Matindrell
(k) found, in the under-ground Work of the Ruins of the Tejnple
at yerufakm. Pillars of two Yards Diameter Now fuppofing So- :
lo7no7is Pillars were exactly copied by Herod, though differently de-

fcribed in their Meafures by Jofephus, 12 Cubits, as well as the
Fathom of three Men, was equal to 1 8 Feet, and thefe Feet to pro-
duce a Diameter, equal to 6074 Parts and a Quarter, muft have
contained 1060 Parts in each Foot,
The
yewiftj Standard of the Cubit, from hence, muft have con-
tained 1590 Parts ; fuppofing the Columns in the Temple of Peace
at Rome, were Part of the Ruins of the Te7nple at Jerufalem ; and
fuppofing alfo, that thefe Pillars, at the Time Monfieur Defgo-
detz meafured them, retained their genuine Size, and were not lef-
fened, which we can't well fupfofe, after their ftanding k> many
Ages as they have done.
The, National
Standards that comes neareft to the above Foot
of 1060 Parts, are thofe of Naples, Conjiantinople, Perfia, and
Paris : For the Braccio at Naples, being a Meafure of two Feet,
contains 2100
1050 in a Foot; the lener TurkifJ? Pikcy
Parts, or
likewife 2l Meafure of two Feet, contains 21 31 Parts and i-qr. or
,
1065. and 5-8ths in a Foot-, the Perfan Arifi, or Tard, contains

3197 Parts,; or 1065 and 2-3ds. in a Foot; and the Paris Foot is
in Length 1068 of the fame Parts.
(g) I Ki»^s vii. 1 5. C>)Ttefgodetz^ Meaf. of the antient Buildings at Rome. p. 107;
{h) Jof.Arif. 1. IS. c. 14. \k) Journey to Aleppo, p. ico.
We
chap. XI. Plagiarifm of t he lieaihens DeteBed, 227
We may from hence conclude, that the Standard^ from whence

all thefe Nations took theirs, was a larger one than appears at pre-
fent, from the remaining Parts of the Te7?jple at Jerufalem^ as
above.
SNELLIUS maintaiiis the Rhinla-ad Foot, containing 1033

Parts, to be the Size of the Rojmn Foot, grounding his Opinion upon
the Meafures of a Fort near Leyden, fuppofed by Ortelius to have
been built by Claudius Ccefar, in his intended Voyage to Britain ;
for t;hat Fortwas a per fed Square, in Length and Breadth 240 of
thefe Feet, and therefore equal to four ASius s ; a certain Meafure
of Land among the Roina77s of 120 Feet fquare, as above.
The Roma77S having introduced ArchiteSiure:, foon after the Time

of Claudius, into England ; and it having been an univerfal Cuftom,
as well among the Heathens as Chriftians, to make the Nave of
their Te?nples and Churches 20 Cubits, or 30 (i) Feet broad ; the
Breadth of our Cathedral Churches, generally running to about 31
of our prefent Feet, demonftrates that our Standard Foot was anti-
ently longer than at prefent, by about a 30th Part; and probably
it was once equal in Length to the Rhinlajid Foot, and even longer
when our Acre of Land was adjufted to the Quantity it now con-
tains.
Time, the Standard Foot at Rome was in a great State

In Pliny %
of Uncertainty and though the modern Writers have contefted, that

;
the Foot on Coffutius\ Monument was the true Standard, as well as

that on the Monument of Statilius, while fome maintained the Co?i-
gius of V'efpafran to be the Size of the genuine Foot-, yet it's evident
Pliny followed a Stajjdard different from any of them, when he re-
duced the Pyramids in Egypt to the Rojjtari Meafure then made ufe
of ; becaufe Herodotus makes the longefl of them eight Plethrons,
or 800 Grecian Feet in Front, at the Bafe, which Pliny calls 883 :
Now Pliny\ Calculation arifes on the Suppolition the Rhinland Foot
was the true antient Roman Foot, and that the Grecian Foot was fo
much longer, as that 600 of them fhould make up 6 2 5 Rojnan Feet ;
625 of the antient Roman Feet, at 1033 Parts in a Foot, being there-
fore reduced to 600 Grecian Feet, each Foot muft have contained
1076 and 5-i20ths of another Part ; arid 800 of thefe Feet
Parts
to produce 883 of the Roman Feet made ufe of in Pliny s Time,
will give to each Foot 974 Parts, and 2374 Parts in 2649' of ano-
ther, which is about 8 Parts more than what are contained in Cof-
futius's Standard, and is a mean Proportion between thofe of Coffu-
tins, Statilius, and the Congius of Vefpafian; the firft being 967
Parts, the fecond 972, and the third 986 which being added toge-
;
ther, the one-third Part of the Produd is 975 Parts: From which
Foot, or a Foot of 976 Parts, the Romans adjufted their Pd?n at
732 of the fame Parts,

Bv
Z2S The Origin of Building : Or, The Book V.
Bv what has been faid, it is clear, that the Greek and Rofnmz
Stade was of the fame Length, tho' they contained a different Num-
ber of Pcet ; and there is no doubt but the E?iglijh Furlong was at
firfl equal to the Grecian and Ro7?ian Stades, but adjufted to 660
Fccty about the Time when Pli?jy wrote, or when the Footy from
whence the Roman Palm of 732 Parts was adjufted, was made ufe
of here, or a Foot, a trifle longer- for 600 Grecian Feety at 1076
Parts, and 5-i20ths to a Foot^ are equal to 660 Feety at 978 Parts,
and i45-66oths to a Foot,
The Portico of Septi?nius SeveruSy at Romey (fo named from his

Repairing it was burnt) was built by the Rhi?iland Foot ; for
after it
Monfieur Defgodetz having found the Colu?nns in that Portico to be

3 Foot 4 Inches ^tnd a half in Diameter ; the Length of the Area
of the Portico to be 29 Semi-Diameters, 18 Parts, and one-third of
the Colu7nns ; the Breadth to be 20 Serni-Diameters, 4 Parts, and
a qr and the Entrance at each End to be 9 Semi-Diameters, and
;
1 3 Parts,produces juft one-half of EzekieF s Vifwfiary 'Tempky

it
fmce one of thefe Semi-Diameters reduced to EngliJJj Meafiirey makes

1803 and i-9th ; fo confequently it is within a Trifle of
Parts,
I Foot and a half, and a Hand's Breadth, by the Rhi?ila7td Standardy
which amounts to 1807 Parts and 3-4ths.
TheRhinland Foot having been thus univerfally followed by the

Rotnans and BritaijzSy and the Nave of the 'Temple of Peace contain-
ing 80 of them in Width, and the whole Edifice being compre-
hended in a Figure 300 Feet long, and 200 Feet broad, exclufive of
the circular Projections, it eftablifhes the true antient Roma?i Foot at
1033 Parts, and the Grecia?i Foot at -1076 Parts, and 5-i20ths;
and 6 of thefe Grecian Feet amounts, within about a Quarter of an
Inchy to the Length of the Monument of Cheops y as above. Thus the
Egyptian and Grecian Standards are brought, in Effed:, to an Equa-
lity, as they ought to be, according to the Teftimony of Herodotus*
TheGrecian Meafures were manifeftly taken from the Tabernacle^

for thefe People fixed the Lengths of their Bricks for their Build-
ings, both publick and private, by the Parts of that Edifice, as the
Didorony of two SpanSy or 18 Inches long, for their common Edi-
fices, by the Altar of Incenfe of a Cubity or 1 8 Inches over ; the
Tetradorony of 4 Spans, or 36Inches long, and the Pentadoron of 5

Spansy or 3 Feety 9 Inches long, both lor their facred Strudlures,
by the Length of the Ark and Tabky the firft being 2 Cubits and
a and the laft
half, ;two Cubits long to the
their Orgyia was equal
Fathofnyand their Stade confifted of 100 Orgyiay or 600 Feet i
From hence the yewijh Cubit in the Tabernacle viâs 1614 Parts, and
i5-240ths of another Part, or i Foot and a half of the Grecia?t
Meafure.
chap. XL Plagidrifm of the Heathens Deteêd, 2.251
When the fevcral Eafterti Nations fell into a State of Depravity,

and the Princes opprefled the People, it begari by a Corruption of
Weights and Meafures^ and an Advancement in the Value of their
Money ; therefore when the Jews were iri Captivity at Babylon^
Ezekiel was for reftoring to his Brethren their true Standard of the
Cubit^ lefTened a 6th Part The Cubit, fays he, is a Cubit and a
:
Hand's Breadth ; which he diftinguifhed from the Babylonian, and

all other Cubits then known to the Jews, by calling it the great
Cubit, and that by which the Tabernacle was made. And confonarit
with this, Herodotus tells us, the common Cubit at Babylon was
three Digits lefs in Length than the true Standard, or Royal Cubit
of that City;
Now that a Cubit fo fmall a^ the one-fixth lefs than the Jewijh
Standard, or about 1383 Parts and 2-3ds, was made ufe of in AJia,
hath been already fhewn ; that of Arabia containing 1386 of the
like Parts. This Arabian Standard was not barely confined to that
Country^ for it may be traced through many others, and now con-
tinues the Standard in Spain, with very little Deficiency ; the Spa-
nijh half Fâra containing 1380 Parts, and the Foot 920. By this
Foot the Pantheon feems to have been built, fince it contains 2!oo of
them in Diameter ; and a Pabh from the fame Foot, or one a fmall
Matter longer, Mr. Greaves found engraven on a white Marble
Stone, in the Capitol at Rome ; an evident Demonftration of its be-
ing a Sta?idard once followed in that City,
Notwithstanding, the Arabian Foot, by thfe exad: Length of

the Pyramid, comes out at 924 Parts, yet it might have been lefs
by a Part or two and then Ezekiel\ Cubit of a Hand's Breadth
;
more than the common Arabian Cubit, agrees with the Grecidn Mea-
fure, and fo fixes the jewijh Standard o£ the Cubit at 1614 fuch
Parts, and i5-240thsof another Part, whereof the Standard Yard
in Guildhall, Londo?^j contains 3000, the Paf^s Foot 1068, and the
Rhinland Foot 1033 The Jewijh Fathom thus amounting to 6456
:
Parts, and a Quarter, falls within the Limits of the clear Length of
the Monument of Cheops, in the great Pyramid, that Monument be-
ing 6488 Parts in Length, as above Tile DifTerertce between 6488,
:
and 6456, is not above a Quarter of an Inch, which might have

happened by a Decay of the Stone, of by its Swelling in fuch a con-
fined Place ; and therefore this Monument was, in all Probability,
defigned, by the Egyptians, to tranfmit to Pofterity, the true StaK-
dard of the Jewijh Fathom, as well as of their own Cubit.
The Jewifo Standard thus feems to have been the Sta?i-

fixed,
dard the Builders of Sto7te-He?ige made Ufe of in that Work ; which,

from the moft exad Survey on the Spot, we found to be 97 Feet
Diameter in the Clear, by the Standard in the Exchequer ; and with
th€ outward Row of Pillars 1 04 Feet Diameter : So that the clear
:
Mmm Diameter
tô The Origin of Building : Or, The Book V.
Diameter bf this Work, as it now ftands, is 97 Feef, 733 Parts,
and 20-27ths, by the Guildhall Standard^ which exceeds 60 Cubit Sy
by the Jcwip !Sta?idard, no more than about 890 Parts ; and this
Hxccls may be owing to the Wafte of the Stone, and to the leaning
Portion of the Pillars^ outwards, fince they were fet up.
As the Certainty of all thefe Calculations depend upon the exact

Mcafures taken by Mr. Greaves^ as well as upon the Truth of his
comparing and adjufting the Standards of other Nations to that of
Kfigland^ it may not be improper to examine one of thofe Dimen-
lions he is with the fame Dimenfion taken
defirous to perpetuate,
by another Hand, namely, the Door of the Pa?itheon i This Door
Mi. Greaves tells us is 19 Feet and 602 Parts in Breadth ; and Monf.
Defgodetz makes it nineteen Feetyand one-third^ (or 18
609 Parts,
Feet^ 4 and
Inches one-third by the French Meafure) a Difference
fo inconiiderable, that we can't tell to which to give the greateft
Accuracy, fince Monfieur Defgodetz\ Exadnefs may be proved from
a Meafure taken by SerliOy in the fame Temple^ to wit, in the
greatefl: Diameter, which the forriier, from Pilafler to Pilajler, has
taken at 133 Feet 7 Inches ^ the latter at 195 Palms: Now the
French Meafure at 1068 Parts to a Foot^ falls fhort of the Roman
Meafure, at 732 Parts to a Palm, no more than 73 of fuch Parts
whereof the E?iglifj Foot contains iooo, as above.
We fhall only add, under this Head, that every fquare Foot of tile'
Grecian Meafure was above a third Part more than a fquare Foot
by the Arabian, or Babylonian Standard ; therefore before we can
form a juft Idea of the Effed: of the Works ot the Antients, by rfieir
Magnitudes, it will be necefiary for us to be well affured
of the
Length of the Standards^ by which thofe Works were made, mea-
fured, or defcribed in Hiftory ; for without fuch Knowledge, how
will Hiftory miflead us ? Pliny, as a .learned Writer, makes the
great Pyramid a Square of 883 Feet ; Greaves, as a learned Mathe-
matician, found it to be no more than a Square of 693 Feet, by a
Standard lefs than the E?iglifi Foot ; and by the Foot a Square P^m
of about 649 Feet. Now the Square of 883 is 779,689, but the
Square of 649 is no more than 421,201 So that if we were to:
conceive the Magnitude of that Pyramid, by Pli?iy\ Numhtr of Feet,

and the French Sta?idard, it muft cover almoft double the Ground
to what it ftands upon ; and the Magnitude of the Whole miaft be
above double to what it really is.
In like Manner, if the Stone-Houfe at Sais, in Egypt, was mea-

fured by the fame Foot, Herodotus, or thole he had his Account
from, ?neafured the great Pyramid, it was not much above half
the Magnitude of what it muft have been by the Grecian Staîdard
Foot, as above ; and therefore that Houfe was, in all Probability,
'
far deficient in Magnitude, to the Stone-Houfe in Hoy, ^ -
CHAR
Chap. XII. Plagiarifm of the Heathens Dete&d. 2 j 1
CHAP. Xli.
The Summary, and Conclusion.

BEFORE wefumconclude
up
for us to
this Treatife, it may
not be improper
the Evidence which hath been given tp
prove the Origin <?/"Building, and Detect the Plagiarijm
of the Heathens : For notwithftanding a Cloud of further Evidence
may be produced in Favour of our Hypothefisy yet what we have al-
ready colledled will, we hope, be a fufficient Convidtion of the Truth
of it, to fuch as are inclined to admit of Fads, after a fair and
candid Hearing.
The Debate is between facred and profane Hiftoryand they ;
are both unanimous in this, that Mankind had no fuch Thing as

Houfes to dwell in for fome Generations after the Creation But :
Sha77ie for the Forfeiture of Par ad ice, and Fear for the horrid Ad;
of Murder^ having fuggefted to Man a Place for the Shelter^ as
well as Security of his Perfon, he very ingenioufly imitated the Birds,
and fo began to build Huts to dwell in After which, Mankind,
:
by dwelling together, began to invent many Arts, and fuch Things as

were further ufeful and beneficial to them*
However, thele Arts were only a Prelude to that Mark of

G OD's Difpleafure, which he executed in Deftroying the World ;
and thofe Men, whofe utmoft Skill in Building amounted to np
more than eredling Tents, were enabled, by thofe Arts, to perform
a Timber Strudure, furpaffmg the Art of all fucceeding Genera-
tions ; for that Strudlure was not only built, but it pcrfcM-med the
Office it was intended for ; it bravely braved that which nothing
elfe cou'd withftand ; and, for near four Months Time, furmounted
both Earth and Sea.
But fuppofe there was no fuch Thing as the Deluge^ (which in

Fad wou'd be admitting nothing beyond our Knowledge) How beau-
tiful the Metaphor ! Mofes tells two Se(ts of People in
us there were
the Antediluvian World, the Sons of G 0 and the Sons of Men :
Thofe who by their Piety obtained the firft Name^ were at Length
'bver-whelmed by Luft, and joined themfelves with tliofe, who, by
their DifTolutenefs, had incurr'd the Name of the Sons of Men^ and
fo corrupted the whole Earth. Then GOD
interpofcd, and re-
duced the whole Race of the Human Species to a fingle Family,
the Prificipal of which was the only righteous Perfo?t in his Genera-
tion j
z^z The Origin of BuiUing: Or, The BookV-
tio?i and with him
;
GOD
made a Covenant^ that he would never
proceed to the Hke Extremity again.
The Heads of this Family were Eye-Witnefies of the Buildings

common in the Antediluvian World, confequently they knew how
to ered proper Habitations, and as fuch they made themfelves Tents
to dwell in, 'till Noah fent the IfTue of his Sons abroad, to reple-
nifli the Earth, who, in their Travels, had inteftine Quarrels, which
perverted their Ideas of the Religion of their Anceftors ; and when

they got into a fruitful Plain, one of the Family of Ham turned Le-
gijlator^ inftituted a new Religion, and the People, as a Mark of their
Piety, raifed a Tower, which they dedicated to the heavenly Bodies,
but primary to the Sun, as the Chief of that Order, and the Body
from whom they received the moft Benefit. After this, one of the
Defcendants ol: She??i turned Legijlator alfo ; and finding that the
Moo?i was of great Ufe to this lower World, adopted that Luminary
as the Chief of the heavenly Bodies, and inftituted a new Religion,
wherein the Moon was to be addreflêd, inftead of the Sufj, as the
Mediator between GOD and Man. Hereupon fuch Dijputes and
Contentions arofe among the People, that they feparated from one
another, their Works of Piety became Works of Confufion, and the
Worfhip of GOD, by the Sun and Moon, was propagated where-
lever thofe People went.
This Depravity continued for many Generations ; at length, when

Abram was born, his Father began to change his Ideas,and gave
his Son fuch an Education, that Abram becariie an Oppofer of the
Religions inftituted, as above, and undertook to reftore the Primitive
Religion, taught by Noah \ for which he was perfecuted and drove
away from his Nativê Place. Then GOD revealed Himfelf to
him, gave him a Land for the future Abode of himfelf and Family,
and promifed. That in his Seed all the Families of the Earth
SHOULD be blessed: And in Token thereof Abram built an
Altar. This Promife GODrenewed to Ifaac, the youngeft Son
of Abraham, who, following the Example of his Father, ereded a
Pillar, poured a Libation of Oil thereon, and thefe named the Place
where that Pillar was erected, The House of GOD: And thus
Places feparated for the Adoration of GOD took their Rife, and
were as Marks of the Gratitude of the Founder.
These were fucceeded by other Monuments, and fuch as affedted

the Fidelity of Man ; Abraha?n planted a Tree, when he made his-
Covenant with Abimelech ; and Ifaac raifed a Pillar, and a Heap
of Stones, when he entered into a League with his Father-in-Law
Laban and fo Mofes, when he made the Covenant between
; GOD
and the Ifraelites, fet up 12 Pillars as Monuments thereof.
As
Chap. XII. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed. 233
As Idolatry taok Rife by a Regard paid to the heavenly Bo-

its
dies, on Account of the Benefits they yield to the Earth, upon the
iame Principle the Pagans paid Divine Honours to whatever they
received any Advantage from. Prophets and eminent Men were par-
^
ticularly adored ; and, after peath^ like the Sun and Moon^ repre-
feoted by theij: Images But of thi$ Clafs, Hiftory points out but three
:
in the moft early Ages, Noah^ .-the Poffejfor of the Covenant ; Abra-
ham^ the Line of the Zv<3:to; atwi Jofephy the ColleSior of Wheat :
All thefe having been reprefented by Image, thofe Images had In-
telligences, faid to have been drawn down from Heaven, to animate
them, and they declared the Will of the Deity to fuch as wanted
to obtain it* But alas what were thofe Intelligences ? Why, truly,
!
human Creatures, like ourfelves, concealed in thofe Images, or in

the Pedeftals on which they were fet. t
,.,AB RA HA M and having been feparated from the

his t'amily
Reft of Mankind, to put an End to this Craft and Illufion, GOD,

in order to try their Faith, and engraft Humility in them, deftin d
them to a State of Pilgrimage and Slavery for 400 Years, and then
leleafedthem by the Hand of his Servant Mofes ; whoj in his con-
ducing them to the promifed Land of Canaan^ the Land given to
thek Father Abram^ took Care to explode the Worfhip of fenfible
Beings^ as well as all the Aparatus of Oracles ; for upon his croffing
the Red Sea he made a Vow, That he woud build an Habitation
for G O and. thereby Exalt Him. ,
^
Accordingly, to make good this pious Refolutidii, OD not

only gave Mofes the Pattern of a proper Habita'TiOn, but direded
it fo as that every Part thereof fhou'd be expreffive of his Ads to-
wards Men. He alfo gave Mofes full Inftrudions how he was to be

WORSHIPPED, fpeaking to him as one Friend wou'd fpeak to ano-
ther, and not in dark and obfcure Sentences ; while Mofes^ on his
Part, took Care to convince the People, that no other Prophet wou'd
have the fame Accefs to GOD, 'till one fliou'd arife, endowed^ like
himfelf, nsoith the Divine Light and PerfeSiion : 'Till then, the Seat
of GOD was to be feparated by a Vailj from the Place that was
made acceflible to Man.
King David^ moved by the fame Pious Intention that ftirred

up
Mofes^ determin'd to build the Habitation of GOD
in a more
{lately Manner than Mofes had done. But notwithftanding his De-
fign was approv'd of, and GOD
direded how the Work fhou'd be
done, yet the Execution thereof was referved for his Son Solomon ;
who was no fooner eftablirtied in Peace on the Throne of Ifraely
than he began a Temple of fuch a ftupendious Size, and finifhed it
in fuch a beautiful, corred, and coftly Manner, that it far exceed-
ed any Strudure the World ever produced. And indeed, no Prince,
befides Solomon^ was ever quahfied for fo large an Undertaking ; for
Nnn as
2^4 ^^^^^ Origin of Building : Or, The Book V;
as the Ifradites were Bondmeh
themfelves in the Building Art, and
had juftly ailh(^>cd the Inhabitants of four large Cities, and their Pofte-
ritv, for 400 Years, in the fame Aftj he was able to colledl above
183,300 Men, all compleat Artificers, to carry on his Works with:

Works which raifed the Admiration of the whole World, and all
tlic Princes of the Earth thought it their Intereft to purchafe King
Solofno?i\ with rich Prefents, which they broiight him yearly;
¥-A.\o^CiX
fo that Silver was reckoned as nothing in his Days, and was as

Plenty as the very Stones at yerufakfn !
SOLOMON was not content with all thefe Riches and Mag-
nificence, he wanted to carfy on an Intercourfe with GOD, but
the lâil prevented it, and the King was foon led to confult the
Gods of the Pagafi World For which open Violation of the Law,
:
GOD determind to rend the greatefi Part of the Kingdom out of the
Hands of his So7i- ; and the Jews^ after Solomo?t% Death, plunging
themfelves further into Idolatry, GOD alfo refohed to transfer their
immenfe Wealth to the Egyptians, and to make the7n tributary to the
People of that Nation.
This was put into immediate Execution, for Rehoboam^ the Son
of Solofnon^ had not reigned five Years before Shifhaky or Sefofirisy
King of Egypt^ came into yudea with a numerous Army, difpof-
fefs'd the Ifraelites of their Riches, afid therewith, and with the
Captives he carried away, began to adorn his own Country witii
(lately Buildings, particularly with Temples to his Father Ammon ;
in which Temples he fet up Oracles, and caufed Amjnon to be wor-

fhipped and confulted as a God.
For this Arrogance a final Period was foori put to the Egyptian
Magnificence, GOD raifmg up the Aflyrians to divefl the People
of that Nation of their Power and Riches ; which they had no
fooner done, than they themfelves abandoned all Thoughts of Hu-
mility, and their Pride grevv fo great, that they openly bid Defiance
to the GOD of Judah.
This Vanity and Impiety proved the Deftruc^tion of the AJfyrians,
and the Advancement of the Babylonia?is^ mahing Nebuchad-GOD
nezzar chief Monarchy as well as Proprietor^ of the colleEled ealth W
of the World ; but this Prince, puif 'd up with Pride and Arro-
gance, foon forgot the Hand by which he was rais'd, and affumed
his Profperity, with the Works he had accomplilh'd in the great City
of Babylon^ to his ow?i Merit ; for which Prefumption, firft GOD
debafed him, then deprived him of his natural Reafon, and after-
wards tranfmitted the Power and Riches he had vefed in hi7n to the
Medes, from thefe to the Perfians, 72ext to the Grecians, and lafi of
all to the Romans ; who had not long enjoyed them, before the
Prophet defcribed by Mofes arofe : Then the Vail in the JewifJj
Temple
;
Chap. XII. Plagiarifm of the Heathens DeteBed, 255
I'emple was Rent, the Seat of GOD

was made acceflible to aJl
Mankind, and the Boutities he had, in their Turns, intrufled fo
many potent Princes with, were divided into many Branches, and
given to as many Kmgs^ alluded to by the Horns of the fourth Beaft
mentioned in Daniei\ Vifion.
To the Supreme Power and collected Riches of the Earth, Archi-

teclure became a fure Acceffary ; for every Monarch employ'd his
Captives, conlifting chiefly of the beft Artiiicers of every vanquifh'd
Country, upon fome ftupendious Building, as the principal Objedt
of his Ambition, to perpetuate his Name, the Power of his People,
and the Wealth of his Kingdom. But this Monument of Pride,
inftead of anfwering its delir'd End, became the Deftrudion of him
for whom it was erected ; for the Riches exhibited in it, animated
the People of other Nations to endeavour for them, who foon
obtained their Prey ; becaufe thofe inured to Fatigues and Poverty
could not fail of beitig too powerful for thofe that wantoned in Eafe
and Wealth. And thus, in a continual Succeffion, ArchiteSiure has
been the chief Caufe of the Glory and Envy, as well as of the Ruin
of Kings and Kingdoms, Erriperors and Empires, each Potentate
endeavouring to outdo the other in Works that wou'd render him
moft remarkable to Pofterity.
Our Conclusion therefore is :
That the Pagans^ finding how the Parts of the yewijh Struc-
tures coincided with the Matters contained in the Hijftory of the If-
raelites^ they foon copied thofe very Parts, and applied them to
their own Idols in the 'Temples they ereded to them ;
which, on
thisAccount, that a Profanation of the?n
they held fb Sacred, was
funifUd with prefent Death That thofe Pagans, not fatisfied with
:
this Application, in Procefs of Time, assumed these Things to

THEIR OWN Invention, and then traduced the Jews with being
Blafphemers and Deriders of the Divinity ; thofe People, by ne-
glecting the Real Part of the Law, having alfo forgot the Symbolical,
nor could they tell to what divine Matters the various Parts of
their Sacred Edifices referr'd !
This we have fufficiently made appear in the preceding Sheets

in which we had no other Hypothefis in View, nor have we any
other now, but that of RENDERING C^SAR, UNTO THE
THINGS WHICH ARE CiESARS AND, ;
UNTO GOD,
THE THINGS WHICH ARE GODS.
FINIS.
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AUTHOR
Wood
TITLE
Origin of Building
DATE DUE BORROWER S NAME /
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211
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(Containing an Account of the Rise dnd Progress of BUILD--

CHAP. The Introduction.

CHAP. XII. of the Urim and Thu?n?nim. p. 62.

BOOK the SECOND.

CHAP. I.The Introduction. p. 67.

CHAP. XV. Of the Salifications of Mofes, f- 9^'

BOOK the THIRD.

CHAP. The Introduction.

BOOK the FOURTH.

CHAP. I. The Introduction. p. 139.

BOOK the FIFTH.

CHAP. I. The Introduction. p. 183.

The Order of the Plates.

BOOK the FIRST.

Of the Rise and Progress of BUILDING,

AS Riches and Captives Ages of the World

The Name of Shijhak, or Sofofiris, King of Egypt will be ever ^

{a) Herod. 1. 2. (f) Herod. 1. 5.

Empire, was no fooner chofen King by liis Play-Fellows, than he di-

ftrudions how to build the Second Temple of yerujalem. Alexander

gan to aim at Univerfal Empire, He, in order to gain the Efteem of

Architecture thus becoming

the People of every Nation fhou'd endeavour to be thought the Inven-

(e) Herod. 1. i. (g) Suet, in ^ul. Cajar, c. a8.

The Rife of Order our Author takes next into Conlideratioti,

V ITRU VIU S proceeds with fliewing lis how Proportion took

Sometime fame People, Vitruvius tells us, eredled

Bafes to thefe Columns, made in the Manner of a coiled Rope, to

proving the Delicacy of the fmaller Columns, gave feven Diameters

The Third Order of Columns, our Author informs us, is called

Thus Vitruvius on the Origin of Building, as well on the Rife,

Temple of Minerva at Priene ; iSiinus and Carpion, who defcribed

Delphos ; Philo^ who treated of" the Proportions of Temples, and of

who wrote of the Pfeudo-Dipterick Temple of Diana^ of the lonick

The Chance or Fortune which fuperintended the Rife of

This Account, which Vitruvius has collected, however fpecious

fiiall find it moft expreflly declared, that Mankind at firft dwelt in a

Immediately after the Completion of the Tabernacle^ Mofes [t)

ThePeople thus difpofed, Mofes^ after confulting GOD, began

Chap. L Plagiarijm of the Heathens DeteBed, p

Thus far Sacred Hiftory on the Origin of Building, as well as on

FITRUFIUS tells us. That MOSES tells us, That after

FITRUFIUS fays. That MOSES fays. That Man hav-

FITRUFIUS adds, When MOSES adds. That Cain\

FITRUFIUS goes on with MOSES goes on with tell-

Human Body. portiofis agreeing with fome in

The lonians built themfelves The Ifraelites built themfelves

The Corinthian Capital, ac- The Capitals of the Brazen

in Height to the Diameter of the Temple^ were each four Cubits

The Timebetween the Rife of The Time between the Rife

amounts to Four Hundred and by King Solomon^ according to

Now fince Vttruvius attributes the Rife of Building to Chance,

Of the Rise of Building.

THE moft certain, and probable Account, that can

The Rife of Building being thus afcertained by Sacred Hiftory, we

Knowlege of the Ufefulnefs of Fire^ and of other Conveniences, they

Thus, from Sacred and Profane Hiftory it appears, that Mankind

Asthe Habitations peculiar to the People of the Eaft in the firft

That the firft Builders formed their Houfes in Imitation of the

Chap. III. Plagiarijm of the Heathens DeteBed. 1

Effay in Building, we may colled: two

Of the Progress of Building, from