I9
.~re~puow ~ll~q~ , l ~ ~:>ImAt? ggt?s,(t?dnp91!wgpoW
U~ nt?~AnOU~ !~ ~A~!:)t?9!~It?m:>t?~un sut?p
gl~l:>SU~ lug~t?llt? 'g?S~wgpow UO~!~pt?l!
gun.p Sgl~~!~l?q 'sg~uug:>?P S~l~!Wgp
SOU gnb It?UO~!t?Ulg!U~ 19lmln:> !ugw
-gUUOht?l un.p SUO~!~puO:>
sgl 'sgl~~s xngp
gp s~ld ~r?p t? h I! l~t?ss~lqt?!? l~~uuo~d
gJ .g~lt?l!Snv ug !g ~nb~l?WV .P S~UJ1
-S!t?!3 xnt? .g~ssn~ ug .nbsnr !g sug?<iOlng
sht?d sgl sno! !ugw~st?nb sut?p S?~lqnd
S!~l:>? sgs gp gn8u~I~!lnw UO~!:>npt?l!
gun ~ g:>t'18 sht?d xnglqwou ~p SUt?p
s~t?6ut?11gl~t?1-1~OAt?S
un,p !ugwgUUOht?l
gI 19S~lOAt?l !g gIqt?lnp !g gu~t?s .gp~los
'?!~lt?nb gp gllg! gp glm:>g!~q:>m gun,p
sgSt?q sgllgpuol !~"t? ~nb glt?Jm:>~!~q:>lt?
?!~wgpoUJ glqt?!!l?A gun SImp !!l:>su~ ,.?s~d
nt?gAnou" un.p uo!sn11~p t?l ~ ("glt?liu
glm:>g!~q:>lt?P gIo:>?" gun,p ln~!t??l:»
gnb~8o8t?p?d UO~!t?:)0A t?S .S!~rOl~ sgs
'S!!l:>? sgs md ~~nq!l!Uo:> s~t?uuohT lngs
-S~~t'q-~:>~~q:>m '(Of8 T-OVL 1) Xnt?lg~~OJ
s~o6Ut?Jd .Sg8t?"~A gp SUOS~UJ sg~~~::Jd ~g
sguugl sgp gfI?JtU gjm~~q:>Je.T gp sUo~~t?:>
-~lddt? sglngs xnt? ~Imddeq:>? 'sU!t?qJn sglq
-ngwrn~ ~g Sgs~og81noq SUOS~UJgp 'xnt?~:>
-~AOld xneg~t'q:> gp ~g ~OImUJ XngjqUJou
S:?J:Igp UO~~:>tU~SUO:>
t?l ~ g?!:>0sSt?~ut?~?
ug gssgTqou ~P s~gT sgs ~~u8t?8 gjjg~ gp
gjm~~q:>m ,I gnb s~t?J:>0~shqdsgp ~su;:Jd
t?Tgp ~ugwguuoht?J nt? ~:>tU8~g "sgj~!Uln'1
sgp gT~~S" np g!8O1O?P~.1gp uo!sTndUJ!,1
snos ~g11gug ~sg.J .(gT~~s ;)XIX ~g gl~!S
gIIIAX np mJ) s~uuo!~nloA;U-~sod ~g;Ud
sgnbod? xnt? U!eqJn ~g [I?ltU '~t?lndod !~t'q
t?l sUt?pgj!t?J-J!OAt?S
sgl 19 sgnb!1t?Jd sgl 1ut?Jg91U! gA!S!:)9P
g:)U1?SS!OJ:)
gp gSt?qd gun gJ1reUUO:)Jnod
( ggv ug,(OW 1n~q) sgIqnOJ1snId sgl gwwo:)
{g:)U1?SS!t?ug'l:I 'gU!t?WOJ-OIIt?g gpo!J9d)
sg1St?1snld :sgI sgg~ sgI 9SJgAt?J11U1?,(t?
(ug!qnut?p IPJmln:) S~!:)t?J) sgnb!q1!IO9U
sgnbod9 S~1 s!ndgp g9IJ!P9 gJJgi gp
19 S!oq gp ~m:)g1!q:)JV "(8 'g!d) U!1ug10J
np S!t?mw ,-sgp "gsst?w" t?l 19 gU!t?L!i\
-1g-glll,P S~m!qt?qsgp '(L .g!d) sgUUg9pUgA
"sgu!Jlnoq,;'. sgp "ggnt?ç" t?l Jg!Iqno
SU1?S'S!ogg!qIV 'sgpU1?'1 'g:)usIV '(9 .~!d)
gu~udWt!qJ '(ç .g!d) g!PU1?UJJoNgsSt?fI
19 g1nt?H 'g!Pm:)!d gp S!q:)JO11ggguqwol°:)
nu 'SW!g'l:I gp UO!~9J t?I gp 19 (17 .~!d)
gUJUW t?l gp ~lruA t?l gp "gJJ';}1gp xnugjJU:)"
xnt? 'gu!u1!nbv ,P 1ugwggml snld 19 (f
.~!d) ~uuomD gp sa1!°1!Jlg1 sgp "sgqopu"
xnt?,nbsnr 'gruuO!P!J9w gssgJg UI gp
19 (Z ~!d) 9U!qdnt?a np 'U!ss!t?ugi\ 1mWOJ
np "s,(t?d" xnu npug191Ugwgngjmt?u gugus
gp ruA np 19 ug!UUpoqJ J!°Ino:) np "9S!d,,
gl s!ndgp '( I ~!d) ruUO!1UUa1!°1!Jlg1 gl Jns
S';}1ugs9Jd1UOSUO!1:)IU1SUO:)
gp sgnb!uq:)g1
sgrud!:)U!Jd s~ .91!A!1:)gll°:) t?l gp sg:)IJ!P9
xnt? 1m!quq,1 gp 'gJJg1uI gp sgruJm:)g1!q:)m
S91!I!q!ssod sgp ';}1Ut?S!J°ruA
S~ 'sgl:)~!S sgp
IY nu ~oH9WR '~UJJOJSUUJ11g~lnwn:):)t?
gru!uow!J1t?d gssgq:)!J g1:Jg:)gp g!unw9P
1!OS !nb UO!~9l gp sud 1sg,u Il .u!t?qJn
19 ruJru 'g:)UtUd gp !l~q g~s,(ud g11U';}UJ9P
-uoJoJd gnbmw g.ug1 gp gjfil:)g1!q:)m ,'1
?J!UJc1pOlU VI '! u°.1J!PV.IJVI c1a .1
~.18o.ld sa~ .V
pnvll!n[) l.JaqnH
 19
S';}A!SSClU SUO!1Jru1S';}p S~I '~I~!pUOW ;m';}nD ?J1ug;) 1ugwgddolgA?P un,p 19 (JgAJgs?Jd
';}pUo~ ~I ';}p u~';}PU';}1 n~ .snou ~ ;:)lJ:)OJd s!l:!UJJOS?Pg1!l:!4nos uo,1 gnb ?pUJ8?p 1JOl
snld .?t!w';}pow ~s ';}p S';}!OA S';}I 1!~AnOJ1 ~u!ow!l:Jud gISJgAUJ:J~) glIgJmln;) ?1!1ugp!
;m';}1 U';} UO!1Jru1SUOJ ~I .(,;}!A ~ 'JJ~J np gun,p 1uum8 ~I gJ:}'i?J~oAnod 1!uJuddu
.S';:U!n~ aQU';} .JUOp t';}) S';}S!~~UeJj s';}~~dumJ ~nb gJJg1 nu!l?1UW nu ?1~IU1!AglIgAnou
s';}p ';}!A ~I ';}p UO!tUJO!I?Uffi ';}un SJ~A S';}npU';}1 gun 1ugslndw! sglIgm;)U sgnbod? sgï
S';}J!~UUO!mIOA?J-1Sod 1';} ?Jd s';}?qJn1JOO .nugAnOU ~ gwno1 gs UO,I gnb sgllguuo~1
s';}nbod? xn~ .';}JUeJd u3 .xn~;)01 xn~!:J?1~W -!pUJ:Jsgnb~Ulj;)::J11g
xnu~?1uw sgl SJgA1Sg, ;)
, 19 gjqwou pUUJ8 snld gl Jnod glq!ssg;);)UU!
s';}p !Oldw';}.1 ~ ';}WS!umu,{p n~';}AnOU un
1U,;}UJnSU! nOJnO1'JJ un 1u';}Sodw! !nb 1U';}W~ g1!A ug!q ?J?AU 1Sg,S '"sgwgpoW"
-dOI';}A?P np ?1!nU!1UOJ ';}un J';}JnSSU Jnod . , Xnu!l?1UW sg;) Jud ?S!loqwAs 'glu1ugp
, -~;);)011 ~ 1JO1UO;)un ~ uo~ssg;);)U ~un,p
s';}!fu';}U? u';} no xn~!:J?1~w u';} ';}!:Jnu?d ';}un ~
S';}A!1~W';}1IU s';}p J';}AnoJ:l ';}p ';}1m!A ?1!SS';}J?U gA'i?l gJ .?UJJp.UO1?qug no UO1?qgp S;)0lq
~I .S?1?!;)0S S';}I JUd S;;I?Sl,;}Allit ';}S!J:J';}p S';}po ug s~Ag4;)Uu~ SUO~1;)ru1sUO;)
sgp 19 s~lg1
-!.l?d s';}l tUOS ';}J ';}nb aQUOW ~O1S!4,'l gp Sgjn:)JgAnO;) sgl md s?nbmw 1U~AnOS
08-0L61 sa?uuv sal 1UOS s?ldngdjns su~uqJn sg8usAud sgl
suvp a.JuvJd VZ ap lUaUli1sS.l1saItuJ,7 "'l ~s gw'i?W !lqno,1 SImp Jgn8?lgj ~ sud 1Ugu
-ug!A.md gu giU1ugp!;);)0 uo!l~dsu!,p UO~1
.;xru!.JUOJ ';}1su!UJ!lJU s'{ud ~ dnoJ~ stmp -;)nJ1SUO;)gp sgnb~Ulj;)g1 sgl gnb 1ImlI!WOp
( S';}!:J';})';}nb!:Jq)uo!:tJnpoId;Jp S?1!Un.P uo!1Ullm UO!1;)ru1sUO;) gp nu!l?1UW un gjngwgp
-SU!.I Jnod s';}lqU:Jlmq SJ';}!SSop ~ ';}~muow :ul~1 UI 'gU!U1odwg1UO;) gnb!lN , I gp S:lt?J3
';}p 1';} ';}nb!UlouoJ?-{)J!uljJ;}1 ?1!I!qus~j sgp UO!1U?J;)ui gp 19 (09 S~UIm) g;)Impugd
~p S~m?,p ';}pumuwOJ~11';} (J1';} ..O.fl"Nâ -?PU!IP g1Ug;)?J gnbod?I gp ~Igp-nv
.1~Am.L np IUUO!WW';}1U! n~'JJng .';}IU~P .sgIUJ:Jsg;)Im sgnb!1UJd SJngI1ug!l:!m?dJgd
-UOUl ';}nblmg) xnuuO!1~W~UI s'Jws!lffifuo 'sgw'i?w-sgIIg '~nb Suo~1ulndod sgp gJ~Ul
s';}j) Stu';}W';}JlmUIj s';}j) .md ';}nu~nos 1Uourn -l!OAUSSgI1Ugw::J1~P 1UUS!1!ln'?1!A!l;)gIIO;)
';}S!:}JOOx';}.P ';}lmU';}W'JW'JAnO~ ';}plmWWOJ Ul ~P S~;)!J!P? sgl 19 1t?J~qu4Jn~1 xnu;)0l
t?l.';}I1'JJmlnJ no ~!lmS .';}IU!;)0S UO!W;)0A xnu!l?}UW sgJ1nu 19 ~JJ~1 ug 1ug~US!ru1
~ StU,;}W!t~q 'Jp 1'J s';}IOJ? ,p .s1u'Jw'J~ol -SUO;) s?!l:Judxg SJngss!l~q sgl 's~IU~UOIO;)
';}p 'JJ!OtS~4.1 suep nuuoJ 1u'Jp?J?Jd SlmS sgnbod? XtlV .(Sg1~MUIV) qgj48uW
U!OS~ un ~ 'JJpuod?J Jnod xn~;)01 xn~!.l np 19 (nwog wgIm)l 'S.I.U48uoS 'UIm4D
-?tmu ';}p s'JJ~~IIJ s';}l J';}S!lm~JO , p ?1!ss,;}J?U 'S?)[U!lUw) gnb!lN ,P s~dwg sgp sgnbod9
~I tu'Jsod ';}u !nb 'Jnb!.ljV .P sA~d ';}p no0 S~pImJ8 xnu gw~lqns nu , nbsnf 91Jod 1nJ~nb
'Jnb !n4.pJnOrn~ t'Jjj'J u';} ts';}.u Il 1~mlnJ U!l:!;)!lJU:ulg1 ug l!~q gp 1JUun, P glqwgsug
t'J j!WJnp? .1U!;)0S .'Jnb!WouoJ? .';}nb!u4J;}1 Jngl sImp 1U~ul1~ow?1'( q~8uW 19;)Omw)
1u'JW~doI'JA?P np SUO!1~:)IJ!lmld S';}I suep "qn~I" ~p ~Jm;)g1~q;)m,1 '(u!l:!;)!llu 1s3
t';} s'Jnb!1~Iod s'J~~?1UJ:ISSJn'JI suep ';}1dwoJ -pns) "u8up" ~p ~~~1~q;)m,[ 'Osg,[ ~p
u'J tu'Juu'JJd sm'Jp~J?P s';}l 'Jnb~U'JA~ .I 'Jp ~nb!lN 19 ::J1dA83) "gqoq}" ~p no "qno1"
'JJ!AJ';}S n~ 1no1~ ';}lqm!.l?A un 'Jll';}1 U'J UO!1 ~p gJm;)g1~q;)m,1 'osgno,[ gp gnb!llV)
-JnJ1SUO:) ~I ';}P s~UJJOS?P 1UOj s'J!uu'J:)?P "O;)Imq" gp gJm;)g1~q;)JU,ï .gu~odwg1
s'JJ~!w'Jp xn'Jp s'JJ 'Jp sJnoJ n~ ';}JAn';}0 -UO;) gJJg1 ~p gJm;)g1~q;)m gun,p 1Ugw
U'J ';}S!W 'Jp 1'J uo!1:)npoJd 'J!~Olou4:)'Jt -gddO[gA9P un,p suo!l!PUO;) sg[ g;)u[d ug
~I Slmp s?S!IU?J s~OJd s'Jnb!1smlmj S'J11'J 1U~!UUgw gs ~nb '~oqu[9 s~ 1UgAnosg.u::J1
n~!.l?1mll np s'J:)lmUJJoj.lOO s';}P ';}S!J:Ivrnw~ gp gjm;)g'J!q:1rn,p g;)ugs?Jd gun,p 9u8?Jd~
.s'JIUUO!t~U s'Jurewn4 t'J s';}I1';}!.l?t~W S?1!1U!1 1ugwgJU89 gnb!lo1s~q U!1UJ::J1 un Jns 1sg,;)
-u';}1od 1';} s'J:)Jnoss';}J s'Jp uO!1RS!I~1n.l Jns 'auoqdo;)ImlJ gnb!llV ,P sAud sg[ SIma
(9
~p ~[!, [ ~p ~ugrn~~nb~ , [ .gp uo~~~~a aQU~ n~ ug!q 1Sg,J .gpUOUl np sg!UnUl?p
U[ '6L6 [ ug SJnoçno.L .Slngq:)Jgq~ sgp SUO!S?J sgp 1ugUlgSoi n~ ?1!I!q!ssg:)~ ,1
~~?1U!,pnugAnouro un,p gA!1U:)~~S ~ç~p gp 19 1u~~q np gnb!ssul:) g~snpU! ,1 .md
~~ ~!t!nu ~UalJ!l~q ~g[OA g[ JnS ~~ gsuod?1 1uaugUUOl!/\ug..I gp uo9nIIod~1 gp suo9sgnb
U[ Qo ".p.l.A ~g ~UgU1!Wq ug sg[qU:)Jodxg sg/\t!J3' sgp uo!1nl°s ~1 ~ UO!wq~uo:)
sgnb~uq~, ~[ lnS gq:llgq:)gJ gp [UUO~~UU gunl;}:jjodd~lnod g19n S!UUUOS?PgU1UUlOP
gj1JO,P [~du un ~!t!:)UU[ uo~~:)ru~SUO;) g:) Soop g:)001d ~1 gp g:)00/\~ glq~1!l?/\
-uuld gl ~uuu grn~U1 gu'.l;) .UO~~~tU1SUO~ug gun !SU1U1!upoluo:) 19 ~ugp!:);)0 gpuow
~~ nu~?1UU1 np !O[dU1g , [ gp uo~~~[Ull:J:m np s,{~d ~n~ un:)n~ sm!p 1ugl~/\!nb?,p
gun,p lngAul ug ~ugU1gAnoU1 un,p ~ , u 08-. g~~g:)?P ~1 gp SlnO:) n~ ?S!~?l
g:>UUSS!t!Ugj U[ ~ 19nq~uo~ ~g ( g[qU[n~[U~U! 1uaugsS9S?ÀU!,ï .gIIguuo!ssglOld gnb 1001nu
gjqU10U ug g~do;)()~oqd 'sguoqdo~Up.lJ sAud gJ!U1!Slg/\!Un UO!1~UUOl gp 19 ( sgs!ldg.IJug
sg[ suup ~g g:>urod ug s;:}})S~p ~ugU1g~JUI '~~~:uu 'sg3't!Jl\no ,p saI:lrnw) 1u~1~q
su°!1~P;1-?1 s~O.Q) ,.lgngs-~sgq" un l!UgAgp np ln~:)gS np s~ug1.illd sgl 100S!I!qoUl
~!t![[U !nb '~g.LW;) np " a.J.Ja.L ua a.J!n.Jl
s~ldUlgxg SUO9~:)!IdOO,p 'g~~~:J.m
-SUO.J" gp u°!1u:)!1qnd UI 6L6 I ug ~!UA~ns 19 gnb!uq~ 'gnby!1ug!:)S gq:)lgq:)gl gp
.gyUI!.1dU10~ ~g~ gp S;)()[q ~I lnS ~nb!1ddu gj~9UW ug S~OI!d SUO!1:)~,Pgnb!1!Iod gun
gq~lgq~gl gun ~dO[gA~P no~nopu~UnO 19ddolg/\?P 1!Unu ~Ut!Jd Uï .gjJ~ n~!l?1uw
gp (8)"d..L.g.N.ï gl 'P!Oll ~ ~S!I!qU:ls np 19 gsSUWO!q ~1 gp '~~loS g!3'lgU? ,1
g[!&u,[ lnS XnuAUIJ sgp g~u~ug (Ù.g..L.;)
gp S?1!I!q!ssod sgl 19SOll~U!,P 1!U:1:1gUlJgd
gI '8L61 u3 .gq:)Jgq:)gJ ~ suup ~s!t!~UP.lJ !nb gnb~oIouq:)~ g/\9~Ul~{1:!,P gq;).Igq:)gj
su°!1ll:J!1sU! sgp ~UgUJgsS!1~AU! ~UU:)JodUJ!, P gun 1u~!USodUl! "g!3'lgU?,I gp gs!lJ"
gsuqd gun ~ug~:)?Jd ~nb (osud UU!)(lng ~I 19 f:L6 I gp 19!IO.Q?d;)Oq:) gl lugUlUlg:)?J
!nq,plnoÇnu -mloA -.~nUH ug ~g !1UW nu) snld 'mju3 .~O/\I,P-g1gJ ug ooÇp!qV ,p
sU!U~~ sAud sg[ suup s;:IS!Jd~ug ~UOSSUO!~
(,,)a.L.ffïgy.md s~au sgpm?1g sgq;).Igq:)gj
-us!"[U?l SgSJgA~a "«9)N3l3av) aI111~!4;}JU xn~ 'g!l?3'IV ug OL61 ug ?:)001 Xn~lIU
ug S1UU!pll:J~ ,P gs~O[qoum UO~~U!:)0ssu sg3'um/\ 000 I sgp gURIrnJSold n~ gs!U~Ut!Jl
gun,p "a.J.Ja.L ua UO!Pn.J1SU°.J" ~!t!![qnd uo9t!J?dOO:) ~I gp UO9~d!:)!1.illd ~I gp su:) gI
~ugwguuQI!Aug.( gp ~ll:J!1sUJ.('gnbod~ gUJ~ !ssn~ 1sgIg.L"(gIdwgxg .md 'pns np ~nu/\ sgp
uI V ." UO!I:Jn.J1SUO:J VJ suvp !oldlUa uos SJnOS){sgp UO9t11mquq?J'q:)g~W ~ L91g
'a?S!l!qvlS a.J.Jal ap UO1?q "7" ~Ill:J!1U! sg~un Z9 (E>.S..L.g){1:!!;)0S1ugwg3'oI gp SUO!1t!J?dO
SUO!~UN sgp g~U.lAnO un ~ugrngfuuI ~!USI11JW S~SU/\gp uo~!lU?I ~I ~ 'sgpm? sgsngjqwou
19 ~!t!s~nPU.J:II~ lugUJgI~[1UlUd ."u°!1uUllolUJ gp Uo9~:)!1qnd ~I ~ 1ug!Uss9noqu 'U1U;)0.mw
~m!quH u°!1U~!J!uuld" gMgj US gp gll~ ug Jng!.I?1UJ,I gp gj~S!U!UI gI :)g/\~ uo!1t!JoquIIo:)
U°!1~tU1SUOO U[ JnS [U~~S QI;lUrnU un ~!U1!P9 g1!Ol1? ug S?UgUl (z).d."M.3'J np xn~/\~.IJ
(ç)H.n.W.S !d[ 'OL s~mrn ~P mj uI V sgI Qo ;)O.mw np su:) gI 1UgU1UlU:)OU1sg
.SJnaua.ldaJ1Ua 1(J su(J!.1 Ig.L .S1t!JO1~Old no sg!Uol°:) SgUU~:)OOSgs
-!JV.ld 'SJnalf.1.1alf.1 sap u°!JVS!l!qolU U] gp ~~ gp 1lmpUgd?pU! 1ugwgddoIgA?P
gl l':U~nos lnod s~oI!d sg{l1IllI:)d:j!q:J.msuo9
.Imld -~:)!ldd~ sgp 19 gq;).Igq:)gj ~I gp 1ugwgddoI
Jg!Ul~d ~no~ gp gnb!~l]od gw~ ~g 1alI1:}ln:) -g/\?P n~ 1!Unq!l1uo:) g:)001d ~I 'g1!nS .md
'IU!jos 'gnb!Wouo:)? 'gnb!~Olouq~ glgJ .uo9:)flQsuo:)gj us lnod n~!.I?1mlI g:) 1UgUl
un Jgnof ~ ~Igctdu n~AnOU gp ~sg gjj~ gp -g/\!SSUUl1!US!I9n!nb guS~UlgIIV ug wo1lns
alI1:}~~:)JU ,1gnb g~1 snld ul gngmd;}:)uo:) 19 ( «().fl""M.W np s~oI!d SUO!1~) ~Ut!Jd ug
uo!~~dg:):)u uos SImp g!s!Us ~g ~ugwgu 'lnguuoq ,I ~ gjj~ ~I 1ug!l?Uaugj ~nPU!
-UOJ!Aug,1 ~ g?!1 gnb~~uW?lqOJd gug:) gp no s?Jm:)UJnumu xn~!.I?1mlI ug g!.Inu?d ~I 19
 r9
gsno[n°..L gp s~d "JUg(l?A~ 1:1~~ 1Sg "gJj~ ~p Sln~!snId .uo9:)lUtsuo:) u~ w~ ne!1?1ew
gp g11UgJ" un 'v861 ug SlnOrnO..L .(gllg1 np s~IIgm:)e sgnb!~OIOU11~i S?1!I!q!ssod
n~!l91mu np gnb!-Q~0i3'\4 1u~~odwo~ s~I.Jns 'UO!1eJ?dOO:)~p suo~1:)e,p ;}Jpe:) ~I
'g.u~ n~gs;u np gs'\(l?ue 'sgA9~IlQSUO~ SUO!1 suep 19g:)UeJd ug s~gw s;}J!UIdwgxg SUO!1
-!sods!p 'gJj~ n~!l91~w np UO!1~~1J!1ugp!) -e:)!Idde sgp UO!1e:)~ld~1Inwel tJ 'gq:)Jgq:)';:U
l861 ug 9~ue[ g4~lg4:)g1 gp gWWU1~ t?1 gp 1ugwgddolgA?P ne «,,()JI\IlL;)V
-old UOS gddoTgA9P gJjg..L~J n~ 9!:)()SSt? '«(1)3.W.dV '(z,)WANV) s!U3ueJJ 1e13,1
'.g...L.S.J g[ 'V861 u3 lUgwgddoTgA9P ~p sg[Uuo~1eu sg:)U~~e s~ne,p 1~ (uo~:je:)
ug s'\~d sgT suep 19 (l?UO!1~U dl!°1!llg1 g[ '~!UnUJWoJ 1~ ;}JmlnJ 's;}J~~URQ? s;}J!UjJV
lnS 199ue4~ n~ 19 xn~!l91~w sgp UO9~npold' r~!I!snpUI '~~~OIOU11;)g.L 'gq:)J~q:)g~) s;}J~
~T 1:1 g~lm1S!sSt?,[ suep 19 UO!1~npold ,:-s~ll!WSaJ:Ine,p 'uo9:)lUtsuoJlffild gI ;)gA~
gp syg!l91~w X~AnOU gp uo9-e;u~ ~T suep 'Jgnq!I!uo:) 1Ugwgaml ~A ~nb (ll>d()()JX3'M
gs!Jd~ug ,P 19 Tg!-QsnpU! 1U~;}SS!1sgAU!,[ gp 1~!1?1S~~UJJ~~ gWU1lli~OJd gl ??J:) 1Sg
gTq!sugs s~ uO9~~!Td9[nW gun gAlgsqo uo ~ULm gw~ ;:!11gJ.~Opu ug gA~ssed~loS
f861 gp 19JUd V .( g.u~ ug sgnb9s!.Ino:j S1U~ 1m~qeq,p gJm;)g1~q:)J~ gun,p 1ugwgddol
-gd!nb9,p 19 ~!q~4,P S1groJd gp uo9t?S!(l?;U -gA?P ~nb9smlffiJ un 1UgsS~uuo:) !nb s!Ufl
~[ suep g~no,p gs!.I1!Rw ~p S~S~~JO -S:Ie13sgp 1s~no-pns ~I suep SU~!:)9llid s~P
sgp :jg sgu!U:JüJUW SUO!1m9sU! sgp 1ugWgs modgpm?,p g~UI.OA un gs!Ut!fuo 19 1861
-'S!1SgAU!,[ 19S!WUU'\p 1!UT(l? !nb gwWeJ~ ug ".1!uai\v,p nv.u?Jvw '3.1.lal UJ" ?lm9~
-old) ;:x)JUW n~ 4:)g){tillUW 1:1dOOJX3"M [U!:>?rls OJ?UJnu un g!lqnd (01)W.'l.H sgp
UO!1~~ gun,p 'dJpe~ g[ suep S1UgWg~O[ 09 gp ?1?!:J()suI gp ,.H" gnA;}J ~ .sg{mugw!1?dx~
guru1Uiâ'old un,p 1u~g~ueT g[ 1!OA g9mm suogeJ?do sgP 19 gq:)Jgq:)';:Uel gp 1Ugwgd
gw~ 'JUgJ .(gTqoU'dJD gp 'dJm:Jd1!4:J.re,p -dolgA?P np JngA~J ug [Uuo9uw~~ 1Ugw
gToJd)"gs~~UlliJ gJj~ g4;)Jg4:Ja1~[ gPSg!OA -gAnow un, p g:)ugfugw? .I Jgs!Uffiul.p 1!U1[u
sgT" l!mJ9P 1:11ueS!A g~!d~~ g4~lg4:)g1 gun ~IIg Qo 1ugwgddolgA?P ug sl.ud Sln~!snId
gs~ g:){rn.Id~T 'f861 ll.3 .~V ,P-g[SI,T gp Slffip 19 sguug?dOJng sg{m!du:) sgpueJ~
"gJjg..L ~[ gp gU!Uwoa" np 19roJd np lno1n~ snld sgl suep ~ugs?Jd ~~ ~!nsug 1!U1[u
"gJj~ ug uo9~llQsuo~ ~T gp 91!(l?m~~.1" Jns UO9!sodxg ;:!11~ .s!lUd tJ nop!dwOd sgfuo~
l~uo9~ugnbono~ un,P u°9t?S~;U~ .gU!wl ~ug:) nu 1861 ug ~1ugs?Jd ,,~U?II!lU
gnb!l9wv ug 19 gnb!lN ug UO!1lli9dOO~ UO9!Pt'..Qgun,PJ!UgA~.I no W~ gp S~;)g1
ug S1grold Slng!sn[d gp :jugwg~~~ug,[
-!q:)Jy S'.J(l" uo!1!sodxg,1 :lffiId Jg!lU;}Jd
:jg (:jueA!nS I ~!1l!°A) n~gqv ,P-g[sI.[ gp 1nO1gp l;}JmIn:) 1UgwgU~A? unJBd ?S!Uffiul.p
"gJjg..L t![ gp gU!UwOCJ" np ~0[!d ~d 1ugwgIqm?P~suo:) aJ:I~1~J[U~nb 1UgwgAnow
np d9mm gw~ 'JUg~ 1Ugwg~ue[ gI '9S!d 'w~ nu!1?1UWgI Jns 1lffimuAu.Q sg[UUO~~?J
g[ Jnod sg4~ueq gp 19 19!~OW 1:1Slng~ruw SUO~1U~:J()SSU
sgp uo9~:)!Id~1Inw uI 19
gp 'gjjg1 gp S:JO[q 1:1 sgssgld gp sgd,\:j w~ ug s~mq sg~olli!-Q~d sgp gpm?,1 1lffiU
xn~gAnou gp 1U!od n~ gs!lli ~[ g.IUgUllgd -Jg:}UO:) sg[UUO~?J suo9~ sgp n~gAnOU;}J
1~I(l? !nb "gJj~ ug uo9~llQsuo~ ~T 1:1S91d1?pu gI :J~OA
08 ~!1IU~P ~I gp :Jnq?p gJ .~plUtx'J
S[g!l91~W" gw~4:1 g[ Jns Z861 ug 9~ueT 'J?Smqms gI~ u'J UO~1:)IUtSUO:)
gp S1LmSod
'"MV ANV1g uo9~llQsuo;)-ueTd 'dOOJX3"M -wo:) 'Jp :J~od n~ 'JS!lU ~I tJ ngn 1lffiUUOp
1U!OrUOO'dI.lJO,P Tgddu un 19 (Ç[).g:L.s.J gTJ'ed I~S 'JI ms sgq:)Jgq:);}j sgs g;)lffiI sguug~
gJj~ n~!l91~ gT ms gnb1J!1ug!:)S g4;)Jg4:Ja1 gp (6)V.S.N1.I '0861 u3 .gs~oqew w~
gp gwwlli2oJd un,p 1861 ug 1ugwg~uuT ;}J~HIJ 'JUn,p UO9~S!Ut!~JO.Ims 08 ~
d'l .gnb~oToUl{~~ g:)ueA~ gun 1U~OJUO~ sgp :Jnq?p n~ 'JA!S~:);1PUO:)eJ gp Jgl.ndd~,s
19 s~~UUlJ 1ugwgsS!1SgAU!,T gp s~~oJd :J~I[u ~nb [U~:J()s:Im~qeq,p ~OJd ~SUA
sg[ gA!S!:J9P uo3uJ gp 1uguu°(l?r suo9:Jt? sg:) un g;)lffiI (s;}JowoJ sgp Igd~q:>.rn);:!11ol.ew
Ç9
'"aug.L UI gp gu~wO(l" np ~gfOJd ~ ;I1!A9~ 'JU;:0 .~!U~ g:)U~~WOO gl~!.f?A
3t\!S!.J?P UO!Jnq!.JJUO.J 3Un "V gun,P 1UgmguuOÂlli gl gWg;)UO~ !nb g;) Jnod
n1J3qv,p sguoqdo~UpJj s~OOsgl sugp 1ugmglUd!~U!Jd
-alsI,l ~ ,,3.U3.L VI ap aU!VlUOG" .17 Ï 'Jg8lmJ:}9,1 ~,nb ~UO~U g~O1!ll~ gl Jns
1lffi1 08 ~ S;::lJ>
SJnOOm! ~~U!wop ~9
.(~AI 19sg~~noo 'S';:I[009 ~ gJP.1111:>d1~::lm
UO!1t?S!It!;u;::lJ>
;I1!A9~,ï
00( 1Uop) s:)ljqnd S1Uall9~ ooç ~ 'S1!1R:JOI slaro.ld ap uO.J1vs]lV!.I
sglqn~ OOf 'slgnp!A!pU! S1u;}UIg~ol VJ ap aU!VUlOp al suvp s~:tao.ld s.rz .fI
OO)Çgp snId ;:}{)uo9US!1B;U
~ iu~~doIgA9P
;:}{)~ ~s gp ~;J! tm ;J!dWO;)!nb [U!;)OS '; .(SloI S!ndgp
1m!ql:14,p gruw~Old ~Sl:?A un "dUoAl:1W ~~odUl~- ~nld ~d gun 1lrnu'dJd !:>-gllg:) )
;:}{)gI!,1 lnS 'l~;li}nO,p S~01!ll;J! ug ';li}tm,I g1lrnSS!l:!UUO!WUUOl gp 91!A!1:JUgun JUd
'Ç861 ~f861 ;:}{)uoAï;:}{)s~d9S![u~'('aJ~ ;Jq.Iosqu1UU19~S'dJ'df '( %Oç) 'Jq;)Jg4;);ll ~g:J
n~v ,P-glsl,1 gp "g.ug.L l:1I gp g~oa" gp SW1lns?I sgp g"guuO!1U.I';)dOUO!W:J!lddu,1
np ~Old gl '[Uuo!:Jt?u~01!ll;J! gl lnS ~ 19 ( %OV ) gJUJm:J';}1!4:JJU19 gnb!u4:Jg1
'gun,ï .08 ~sal~~Sg:);:}{)SdmI:!d suo9 'gnby!1ug!:JS g4:JJg4:J';}j uI ~ g9pJo:J:JU
-P.l~O xngp lt1S 'su~~ sgp ~s!UlluAp ~uull!Ulop 11Ud gun :JgAU spJnol s:JlrnJl
g:) gp u°!1p.l1snw lnod 19 ~OUI~ jflod gp SUO!mw Ç1 gp s~d ~ 1!U1UOUlgs ({U:JOI
'u°9u;JUt:!,1 ~;)!P.l~ U() .alpnos~ ~ 1U~gu no JUuo~?I IguuO!1m!lSU! no :J!lqnd '9A!Jd
-uOJ!1\ug,p ?J![tmb;:}{)~~lqOJd SdIJI1I:!
,P!ssrm 'dJ~:mJU:) ~ S1UgwgsS!1SgAU!Sgp 'g4:JJg4;);ll
1UO~b sg?nIoA? snld S;:}{)~O;) ~lillAl:1 gp sOO!nh9 sgp sg"gnuuu SUO!1mOp sgp
SU!OUIsgI s?J?!;)OSS;:}{)xng!UOUU1:?l{
1ugru~ 19 Slng4;)J~4:J sgp sa1!UfCSsgp uo!1dg:Jxg ,1
-dolgA9P tm sgI9n s~ ;li}~ 19 1U~~ np ~) "gJJg1 'dJ~!IY" uI Jns s!l:!.0)UU.IlW13,1
uo!pn[JOld gp ?J~~ ,1strep ~Id jflgl l!U;J! gp 1UgUlgss!lSgAU!.1 'Slrn bu!:J gU!OO ~ ug
1ugrugU!gld 1UgAn;xI g.u;J! ug aIn:}~N~,1 1!OS'Ç86 l ~ 1861 gp1lrnlJU gpo!J';)d ~g:)Jns
19 UO~1;)nQSUO;)l:11 gnb SlnOr sgl sno1 .(S1grOJd gp sg!4~OUOUl 'g!4dut3o!lq!q
1U~O;) 19 Slngu;xIIOJd S~ 1UOSsnu;J!qO .1:J) JUg9u9S nu 'osud uu!)(Jng nu
?1~[Unb gp SW1lns~ sgl s!1:?W .g:)lillSS!Ol;) 'gnuwos ug .g!do!413 ug ':Jo.mW tm '!JUW tm
gp gse4d ug 'aJO;)ug 'd.Ingrugp iu~g~1 'P.PlrnM'2:1nu .!pmung tm :1ugwOOdolgA9P
snld J!nouOO?,S ~ ?1~d1:?,nb ug~q 'g.u;J! gp np s'aJ!muoloA gp SUO!lU!;)0SSU sgp
aIn:}~N~,1 gp ~AnoU'aJ gl m;) '?Jrn;)YJ!p 19 (.D.N.O) sgfC1UgwgUlgAnog uou SUO!lus
SlillS UOU i1JOld ~ 1U'dUgrusn,nb S;):>U~~ -!lrnfuo sgp JUd s9ugw S1groJd xn'dJqUlOU
-UIOO gp aQS~'aJ un,P ~od ~4,pmortm S~ gp Jg:jnOrU 1!OP UO slgnbxtm s!l:!.0)(mJj
1UOS 'XngjqUlou 'Sln~p.l~O sgJ l!1:?Al:1l1 Slngu'dJd;},QugSgp 19 S~!4:JJU sgp 'Slng4:J
gp g!iùgU? ,P 19 1ugrug:)lffiU1J ;:}{) dno;)nl:?".1q -Jg4:J sgp uo!lUd!:J!11Ud uI 1ugS!I!qoUl !nb
1!'RSmqoUl !nb g?A!ld 19 gIIguuO9fil!1SU! SlggUP.IJ9sÂud Slng!snld suup s9~gug 1UOS
g4:).1gq:JaI l:11gp uo~ndd1:?,1 ;:}{) 19 1U;xIIgs s~OJd Xn'dJqUlou gp 19 g!puuuuoN
-s9sgAU!,I gp 1Ugru;J!~ ~Ins~ g[P..Ifil~ ug '(Z l .g!d) no1!od gl Slrnp 'gU!l:!l!A
-~4;)m u°91:?S!TI!~ ;:}{) ?J!A9:>t! 'dUg:) gnb ~;)~ -1g-gm ug 19 s!U1lrnU sAud gl suup '(n.g!d)
p.lgII~dPiUO .(gN~nq~q J;))W1?1UOjug gsnolno.L gp s~d .sguug'2:1~ 'g~dUJU4J
!nh sgnb~UOUI no sgnb!llq~ sg~no ug .(01.gH) gSJoJ ug '(6.g!d) g:JUU.Id
xngjqwou sgl 1URInO~d ug 19UUOjU! uI gp !P!Ul ~I suup xnuUO!g?l Sln~U.I;:IdO
ug, s RUnod ln~1 ~ .gSjgAW gnb 1(rn1tm S~P JUd S~!Jd'dJ1ug 1UOS sgfU.Im:J~!4:JJU
glqp.I?p~SUO;) 'Sg?Ulill X!P gp gwj;J! nl:1 isg suo!lUS!{l?;us.mg!snld .!n4 .p1nürtm ~ t86 l :::I(]
gIIg 1(rn11g9ug uos strep l!lAno;) l:11~;)!p.llnod .gJUuo~?I g"~::ty ,1~ S1grOJdgp uo!lUS!fU?I uI
gu uo 19 g?nbOA? 1ugwwgp?;)~d ?J? l:1 Jgmu~,p 1UUUguJjOO(!lmzloJ .f 1!4;)JU)
 99
;}P -;um;);}..~4;)J13
,p ;}10~ J ;}P ';}UU;}~..H S ~nu~1nOS ~\~U~W~~x~ uo~1~:)~\dd~.p 1~
;}P -;um;);}"1N;)J13,p
;}10~,1 gp (61)3d..L.N"3,1 ~q:)J~q~ ~p ?l~A~1:)~.P n~~AnOU~ un J'p.d
;}P '.a..L.s.J np '(8J)J3.LO;)0S ~1QJ"1uo:) ;I~ndd~ ~~ t~\~ tU~~u~A;I t~J ï861
;}P nU';Unq np 'SJn~-;udaJtu~ ..~ S~;);}"1~4;)J13 u~ .s~d 'J 'nop!dwOd s~gJO~D ~JtU~:)
sJn;}~Snld ;}P 'nop~dwod s~fuooD aJtU~:J np ~I~u°!:J~W~tU! uo!:J!sodx~,I ~P UO!t~
np sJno:Juo:) ~I J1?d ~nu~..nos ~II~uUO~l -uas;lJd ~I md ~:)ouI I'JJmIn:) t~q;lp ~P
-~Jydo UO!l~S~I~qow ~11~:J~p SI~!lU~S~ ~nb~u,(p ~I ~p I1J t!OJp ~I soup t!l:>SU! , s
S;;!J11!ug1JWs~I aJt~ 1u~!t!I~ (LJ)8( JVdO,I ,,;uJ~.L ~I ~p ~~woa" np t~roJd ~
1~ (9()Vmd3.'l .xn~!l~qw~ i~UO!~?J .;'
l;}r°.ld np a.l!OIS!l{ ai\i!.lEI .q
1U~W~~~U~ , p l~fOJd UoS Jnod n~'.JqV :p ~ "(Ç86I s!nd~p
-;}ISI,I ;}P ;}II~Anou ~II!A ~I ..;} 'sJn~u-;ud . ou red S~!S!A OOç z) ~A~q::m U°!:J~S!I1?;u
-~J1U~,p 1~ SU~~:J!l~ld ~p 'sJn;}4:JJ~q:J , ~I s!nd J~!:Jouq:) ~I J~!S!A tOUU~A SUO!t~g
~p ~!nb? SJn~!snld ~p 1U'JUI;:xldoI~A?P~I -;lI;lP sasn~Jqwou xn~ ~:)~ 'J~gOUJt;l,I
?1JOluo:J 1tmA~ 1~ ?S!d U;} S-;um;);}l!q:JJ1?
,p 'J t~ ~:)mud u~ 's~nb!t!Iod SJn~P!:);lP s~I
;}nb!lols~q ~u!ow!J:J~d un,p ~?10P 's;:xlIV z~q:) t~?lU! I~ un t~!:>sns I! :g:>munsse ,P
-;}U9~ UO~~?J~I l;}~~S?P l~A~p ~nb~~oI ~~s,(s np ~nb !S~ u°!:J~!Jmw°u ~I ~P t~
~u~J .~UO!~?J 1U~lU~~~U~ ,p UO~lt!JydO ~nb!uq~ ~I9Jtuo:) np '~!ldaQu~,p ~::m,I
;}P~ ~un Stmp l~fOJd ;}1~11,J:JSlf!
';}.U;}1U;} ~P .'JJAn';)0,p ~S!lt!1?W ~[ ~P '~g~JAnO.p
UO!l:JnJ1SUO:J
~I ~p ;}W;}poul Jn~:J;)S ;}1suup ~!.Q.,rnw ~I ~ tu~~0!:J!sod un ttmnalJJ-;:xI
S~~UO!~?J S;}:JU~lydWQ:J ~p 1JOl ;}Igd un u~ "JJAn';)0 U~ ~SIW
., ~S ~ , nbsnf ..,n~u~t~W
J~IJt?1slf!~ ?nq!J:Juo:J~r?p 1uuA~ SUO~lm!lSU~ np UO!t:)UJtX;), I s!nd~p '~~qoIg uo!:J:)npüJd
s~P 1~ s;:xl~nb? s~P J~l?P?l '?1!W~pow ~I 1;}, ~p ~U!~q:) ~un,p Xn~~A!U Stu;u;l.IJ!P n~
SUO!1!P~J1s~I ';U"1U~~nb!lOlS!q ?l!nU!luo:J sg:>u~;ldwo:) s~I tUUJqwasSUJu~ au~ ~!11j
~un J~Jns~,p u~ ~U!ow!Jlud ~q:J!l ~Iqm!l;lA ~un,p s~q S;)I t~Jnss~ I!
un,p ~?1op UO!~?J ~un stmp lf!t!JOdW~lUO:J :uo!t:)npoJd ~P
l;}fOJd un ~J!l:JSU! :S?lUOIOA sJn;}!snld ~ sI~!l?l~w ;)P tU~w~:)ouI ;)I ~nb !SU~ UO!t~
-;upuod?J l~A~p ;}.U;}1U;} UO~l:JnJ1SUO:J
~I ~p -!~!:)J~wwo:) ~P t~ uo!t:)npoJd ~P S;)Jm
-:)rutS ~P ;):)~Id u~ as!W ~I 'J t~!:)U! I! -
?l~W;}pow ~un,p ;}q:JOJdd~ ~u~J .su~~Jod
-W~lUO:J .~J~~l-J!OA~S s~p 1~ S~nb!uq:J;}l ~~~Jm:)~!q:)J'p.
s~p 's~:Juuss~UUO:J s~p 1tm!:JOSS~Jn~I u~ uo!td~:)uo:) ~I Jns t;) UO!t:)rutsuo:) ~P
SUO!..!P~J1s~p J~S!I~m:J~-?J l~~Anod uo , I t~ uo!t:)npoJd ~P s~pow S;)I Jns 'n~!l;lt~w
~nb J-;U1UOWl!~PU~:Ju~ :J~foJd ~J .S?pJoq~ ;)1Jns ~nb!uq:);)t t~ ~nb1J!tu~!:)s ~q:)J~q:)~J
UOUSJO~ , nbsnf s~w~IqoJd xn-;uqwou ~p ~ ~[ ~P tu~w~ddo[~A;lP ;)I t!~Inw!ts I! -
suo!:anlos s~p J~1Jodd~,p !SU!U ~JU~uu;:xl ~;uJ~t ~P s;um:);)t!q:>JB s~P nWAnOU;U un,p
1~sI;;)?J s~:J!:JJ~X~, p s-;Up~:Js~I su~p ~?m!S Jn~A~l u~ 'I'JJmIn:) t~ ~!:>0s '~UO!t~U t~q;lp
;}.U~1U~ UO!:J:JnJ1suo:J ~1I~Anou ~un,p s;)SUq un ~t~J:)UO:) uo~~l ~P t!~tU~W![~ I!
s~I -;U!nJ}su~ 1~1I~ :a~fOJd~:J '(uo!:J:JnpüJd :Xn~;)A!U SJn~!SnId 'J
~p sI~!l?1~w 1~ xnu!l?l~W ~p slu~:J!lq~l '~~UUJj ;uJ~ ;u~:q1J~un.p uo!t~!oufuo-;u
:a~ ~q:JJ~q:J~J ~p S~J:JU~:J's~:Ju~Jns~,p ~[ 'J ~A!S!:);lP uo!tnq!ltuo:) ~un t!~odd~
s~~u~~dwo:J 1~ ~nb~uq:J~:a ~I9J:Juo:J ~p ~!:>os tm!q~q,p t~roJd ~;) .OL s~;luUU s~P
nU';Unq 'SJn~u-;udaJtu~ 1~ S~;);}"1!q:JJ1?
'~~t!JA u1J ~I SJ~A ~;1:)OUA~;lt;l t~A~ !nb tU';}W!tçq
-no ,p ;}J:a!~W:J~SJn~~~U?urn) 1U~W!1t'q np np UO!t:)rutSUO:) ~[ ~P ~!uugJO Jn~t:J;)S
UO!l:JnpoJd uI ~p SI~m!q~q SJn~l~Jydo s~1 ~[ SOUp ~ru:J ;uJ~t ~[ Jas![!tn;IJ ~P ~;lP! , I
J~S!I!qow ~ 1tmSS~ssn?Ju3 "(-;um:J~l!q;)J13, I t!US!t;IJ:)uo:) (uo,('l ~P s~d) ~u!1?tUOj~[[!A
~p uO~l:)~l!a 'dOOJX~ 'UO!:a:JIU:JSUOJ ~P ~unwwo:)'n~~v ,P-;)[SI,[ ;)P ~[[~AnOU
-u~ld) S~I~UO!lUU SUO!lm!:Jsu! s~I J~d ~II!A ~[ Jns Ç861 ~;lUlrn .r ~P u1J~[ 'J ;lA~q::m
L9
O!~UJJngn~grn un 1!~lm.ruâ"~g UO~US!IU?Jgp
SUO!~~puo;)sgl Jgs!lll9do Jnod glqusu:;JdS!PU!
~ugwgluâ"? ~!uJUddu '~uowu ug '(sJngu
-gJdgJ~ug ~g sg~;)g~!q;)JU) sJng~uJ?<lo sgp
gnguUO!ssgJoJd UO!~uUJJoJu'l .(gldwgxg
JUd UO~?q no uo~?q gp ;)Olq) sgJ~~IY
s~nu ,p ~dsU! uou gjJ'J1nu!J?~mII nu gnb
~!J!:ryds uo~~;)npoJd gp ~guo~dg;)uo;) gp gnb
-!â"ol gun l'J1dopu , p uo~uâ"~lqo ,1 guuyUO;)
UO~~UJ?<lo,'l .gJAngo ug gS!lll gp sgpoW
sgl ~g xnUJm;)g~!q;)JU 's~nb~uq;)g~ x~oq;)
s~1 Jns ~lqusuOOs~~ UO~~U1l~;)UO;)-
~un
1!lqm? Jnod SJn~u'dJd~u~ sgp 19 .UAngo ,p
s~mw S~p ~U~w'dJ~~ln;)~d snld ~g uo~~
-us~JU?JuI gp ~Uowu ug SJn'J1UJ?<los~p ~g
SUO!~;)Usgp UO!~uU!pJOO;)gun,p ?!~ssg;)?U
uI ~!UJUddu 'uo~~UJ?<lo,1~p uo~us~uuâ"JO,1
gp uuld nv .?q;)JUw un,P 'dJl1:I.l~Ano,1JUd
~~1JOWU~~ ~nOO~nb ~~q;) 'sgs!Jd~ug
xnu ~~ndw~ ~~ gA!OP UO~U~W!J?<lX~,1
SUUp ~U~w~SS~SgAU!,P gâ"JUq;) gun,nb
U~!q (a)JU!;)0s ~u~wgâ"ol np ~;)U~J?J?J
~p x!ld s~p s~~!Ul!1 sgl suup 'dJ!IU:JSUO;)
1nOO uo .1 ~nb ~ugUJJYUO;) S:tmlns?J
s~J .%01 + ~ OZ -~p 1uul{U ';}:I:Igq;)JnoJ
~un suup S;)UUJJ00 I f ~p 1Sg ?JJU;) ~~w
nu s~xm SJoq u~,(ow x!Jd ~I ~nb ~uow
UO!1;)IU1SUO;)~p S1UO;) S~p ~s,(luuu,1 19
S;)UUJJ~p SUO!11!UlÇZ s~1 ~q;)()Jddu 1~ÇOJd
np ~Iqwgsu~ ,'l .( S:tugrngâ"ol ;}J1Unb~p 1UO;)
nu 1ug{UA~nb? 1Sg1ugrng;)UUmJ ~;) 1UOWU
U~ ~q;)J~q;)'dJ ~p 1JO.lJ~SOJ'j,un 1~ S1l:;Jdx~
sgp ~nb~~ ~S!SSU ,l1!U~UIJ UO~;)\1Q
-suoJ-uuld g'l .UO!1UJ?<lO
,1 ~P Imugw
-!J?<lx~ 'dJ~;)UJU;) np 1~J np ~U'dJ?J?J gp
x!ld nu 1JoddUJ JUd % 01 ~P 1ugrngssud?p
~p uo~us!l°~nu ~un J~pJo;);)u 1!U,(OAgs !nb
8f JVdO,1 JUd ?;)uumJ ~!U1?~gÇOJdnp glq
-w~su~ , l '~nb!Ulouo~ ~nA ~p 1U!od na
UO!lv.J?dO, 1 i1p Iv.J?U?g UVZ!H 1
.(S?S!JU?JS:tu~~
'LI '91 'Çl 'PI .â"yl~ÇOJdnpgssuwuuld'fl
.~H) ~mud-gjJ'J1 ug 9 UlJUg 19 (S:tugwg~ol
Iz) 9S!d u~ 1UU1Jodw! 'dJqwou un s!nd
'(S:tugw~~ol If) gjJ'J1 gp ;)Olq gl Jnod ?!do
1UU,(US1~ÇOJd
sgp ~~d gpuui3 gun gAJgsqo
uo 'StugtUggoI sgp gIqtUgsug,I Jns .S!oq
glmUSSO gun,P g~USS!IdtU"d1ug 'gsngt1od
uou gfi!Ud-"d1l~ uI tg gsn~od g!1guuo~
ug ~:JUdtUO::Y-olq!A g9smqUtS gllgt gp
;)()Iq gI 'gsn~od g!1guuo~ ug tg 9St:\&:J9lll
rm IguuO~!~ np t(ffiIJU "d1Angoug gs!lU gp
sgpom sgs Srmp 9SmqUtS uou 9S!d gI :S!O.I:J
gp "d1qtUOUrm tUg{llgJU~::>U!JdluOSgn3
sa?s!1?m UOp.JrulSUO.Jap sanb?Ulf.Jal strj .a
" , .g2mq:J 'J S:j(ffiJUg,p
,
"d1qtUOunp tg nugA"d1np O~t!.I gI uoIgs 19,(OI
np %O6'J.()çgP1!1Ano:Jtngd ~g,nbs!nd
gIqU";}~IJ~9uuou g:)JnoSS"d1
gun tsg .ï"d"V ,ï
.«zz)ï"d"V 'sgJUmwuJsuo~U:JOIJU 'JU!J!UrnJ
tUg{ll9[dtUOO ) xrm!;)()s St!oJP sgp g:)1J9uyq
np 9tugtU~rm tsg snugA"d1 gp puoJe[d
gJ "(tUntU!U!tU "d1!UJUSg[qnop) (ffi JUd
s:JlW.IJ(XX) 00 1 tg ( gnb!un JUmwuJ ~JUS )
(ffi JUd tUntll!U!UJ tgu s:JlW.IJ(XX) Zç ~ug
gm!S gs snugA"d1gp puoJe[d g[ tUOp sg~u9UI
ug sg~9.1 sguuOSJgd S:jUg:)S!O.I}UOl!AUg,p
uo!:JU[ndod gun gwg:)uo:J tgrold ~
a?lUa.JUO.J uo?1VZndod U] .p
.gIIg:JJUd gnbuq:J gp tUg{llg~u9urn , I
gt~[dtUo:J J!WA!1d U!pJUr u[l .g~uJU~ tg
uo:JJUq no U!~~O[ '"d1lgs 'g!1gp(ffinq 'lg!IIg:J
:sgxgU(ffi SJng!sn[d gp ~tOp tsg gJUd!:JU!Jd
UO!tUt!quq,I .XrmgA!U S!°.I} no xngp lnS
g~d9~ "(9J) ztU 011 'J Ç01 tg (çJ) ztU
801 'J L6 '(vJ) ztU 96 'J 9L .(W ztU (L 'J Ç9
gp tUOA !nb sgIqUt!quq sg~uJ1ns sgp ;)gAU 9
gdhJ.rm ( gdhJ. np sug,(Ot!lU StUgUJg~O[X!p
'J bU!:J gp S:jQI! ZI Jns s~d9.1 S:jugrng~oI
8Ç gp ~m!tSuo:J tsg ("W.ï.H) ,,919POtU
19,(O[ ~ tm!quq ,p" UO~t!.I9dO gugJ
larQJdnp aUlUIv.l8o.ld trj ..J
.Ç861 mJ ug 9-:I~rmU!
tg 9Agq:JUt!m9 tgrold np gIqtUgsug .ï .Ç861
ug gtrmq gIIg:JJUd gun,P mJug tg V861 ug
trmtrm '(861 ug s~rm ~unb gp .SJg~(ffiq:J
'81 Slg!lUgld S!O.I} gp ";}lfit1gAno , I gp .Z861
ug .s!nd "d1m~!Q:JJU ,p SJno:Juo:Jun,P !A!nS
'JUUO~UUUUJdrm 9:J(ffiI t~9 S"dJtltuP!p(ffi:Jgp
[gdduun.1861 u3.([z>ng!lUoIoatn:)~sU!,Itg
(Ol).W.DT~V g[qoU";}lD gp 19!JnOd qdgsof
9t!SlgA!un,I gp tg (;mgLV~J) g[qoU";}lD
 89
.St~!qe4 xn~ sysodoJd ~ '(J!}:Jnpold Ings) dl~W!ld lnd}:Jgs
1UOS s1!npoJd xned!:>u!Jd S!OJ.L dl 19s!~!AdJ ~ 'sdIId!l9}~W }d sd~wn4
s?sodD.ld Sd:UnOSSdJ sdl l!OAnOWOld ~ ldnq!l'!UO:J
sluawa~ol ap la Sl!npo.ld ap sad.{.L ..1 PUd}Ud }d }udwOOdOldA9P dp ~qolg
.~!:>0s 1~!qe4,p ~w94:JS un s~P }!l:JSU!,S dWW~lgOld
~nb!1!lod el ~JAn'JO U~ ~JU~W ~p ya'Je4:> d'] .Sd~:J OOç L lnS UO!}UdAld}U! dUn
J~!:>~ug 1~ ~nb!u4:>~1 Jn~11?Jydo, p ~IQJ ~ugs9lddJ ~ld:J 'sd9u~ sdJ~!WdJd X!P sdl
~l ~nof !nb .(,,)WIS ~l '( ~x!ill ~!ill°uo:>y ,p lns .S~ ~U!A Ud 9:J!UUdl9d dp }d 9:J!lqnJRS
y1y!:>0S) ~J~!I~qoWW! y1y~:>0S ~un - .1 dp 'pOJUO:J dp wnw~U!W un ~ S:tU'JUIdgol
:( ~:>Ue.Id'.:JpJno1 np suoua'OOwoJ) 1U~~ ~ sdl sno} ldUd~,P J!}:Jdfqo lnod dUUOp
np SJ~!~yW S1U~JyJJ!P xne S~S!~ s~l r dS ~nb 6L-8L61 Ud d~uy9P }Sd }U}~q~4,1
1~ St~!qe4 S~[ ~UJJoJ !nb ~"~(nIO!s~JoJd '., dp UO~}UlO!I~,P dnb!}!lod dufl
UO!1eUJJoJ ~[ Jnod UO!1~!:>0sse ~un -
.uO!}~lndod ~I dp ~qolg }dfdJ un, P }dfqo , I
:1ugm!1~q Jn~~ np s!o[dw~ S~[ J~S!I!qms }~J }d dlqUJnP no0 'dJqnJRSU! d.I!OA ".1l!t!:J9Jd
1~ ~:>uesS!OJ:>~[ J~IQJ1uo:>Jnod ,.I!~AeJ1 ~P s~ }Sd SldUUO~}~Pt?J}S:tUdWdgOt dp :)jUd np
~noq" ~P ~[QJ ~[ ~nof 's~S!~ S~[ gd!nby }U}9 ,'l .( Sd{eI9u9g SdJm:Jt1.QSpJJU!'uo9U:Jnp9
1~ ~UJJoJ 'xne!Jy1ew S~[ ~1U~W!Jydx~ 'dJmln:J!i3'~ '9:Jtms) ~op Sdl sno} srmp
'SI!1no 1~ xne!Jy1~W u~ StUOOI~UUO!S!A dlq&J~!SUOO pJe:JdJ un dUU1jUO:J ( SdJOWO.J
-oJdde s~l ~[ua'YJ !nb ~A~1?JydOO:> ~un -
Sdp lOO!4:JlP. '(~z>Will) dUoA~W dp dl!,1
:s~~OJd ~~[ ~nb~!J:> ~~ UO!1 dp }udwOOdOldA9P dp }U}9,1 '9L61 u3
-d~:>uo:> ~[ ~ ~P!"U !nb SJn~~J1s!u!illpe ,P SJ!I:Ji1rqO Si1p
1~ snly,p 'St~!qe4,p Uo~e!:>0sse ~un - li1 i1wwv.J:Jo.Jd np 'li1ro.Jd np uollunl1S .v
:UO!1~U!pJO i1110.{7JW 1! l".':JOS
-o:> Jn~l 1~ s~wwef1,OJd S~P uo!1d~:> 1l11.1qm[,p aJ!VZdlUaXi1 alUlU7J.laO.ld iJ'] "'l
-Uo:> ~l gjnsse !nb 1u~wgd!nby , 1 ~P UO~
-~ ~l '.JP,,~!:)()S 1U1!qe4" ~ln"~:> ~un -
.l1UdA~,P dJm:J';)}!4:)jU
:Jns ~!ndd~ , S ~"3 .0000000a'oJd np dUn,p d:J!Algs n~ uo9:Jt1J}suo:J dp dWdpoW
1u~wgdd01~AyP ~l J~!UffluÂp Jnod ~:>eld dnb!U4:J';)} dun }Ud!Adpdl !nb d:J S~P d:J~y
u~ ~!ill 1U~W~A!SS~OJd 1S~ UO!1:>npoJd -UO:J dIIdAnOU dUn lp.d S9S!tlmuAp }U'JUIOO
~p 1~ 1U~W~Jpe:>u~,p ~Jm:>w-.S ~ufl -doldA9P Ud sA~d Sdp S!A-~-S!A }UdWWt!}OU
UO!I:JnpD.ld ap a.lnl:Jn.lIS .q 'uO~:J!ldd1?,p Sd}X~UO:J dp dJ:JS!gdJ dglP.I
.11?Jm~!4:ue 1~ ~nb!u4~ snld un srmp au~ n~!l9:J~ np Uo9~!19n ,P
'J~!:>~ug '~nb!p!Jnf ~U~W;)Jp~:>u~ S9}!I!q!ssod SdIIdAnOU dp dU!.Q!A Ud gsod gs
un Jed ~nU~1noS UO!1:>[UJsUO:>01ne,p1~ !nb 'OOom3 Ud }U'JUIdglP.I snld }d d:J~ltl
xne!J9JIm1 S'.:Jp
uo~:>nPOJdo1ne,p ~oJJ~ s~p Ud aud} dp SdJm:Jd}!4:JlP. Sdp 9}!WdpoW
UO~~S!1U~:> ~11~ sgwwo4 s~p UO!1~UJJOJ ~I }d suo9!PUJ:J sdl dJ:JUd Ud!1 dl }!1qU}9 !nb
el Jns 1~Ândde,s u~ ~[!,l ~p ~lqw~u~,l '}~A~,I dpJdlre,P9:JuoloA dun ~JUo:J !nb
Jns YJqmnby ~nb!4~Oya' 1UOOI~do[~A?P dl!Rldwdxd }dfOJd un dm9suo:J UO91?.19dO
un ~S~A SUO!1:>eS~p Uo~eS!~J1u~:>?p ~p dUd:J 'sdlqU}!A9U! }U'JUIdUUO~ Sgs ~~W
~!a'y1UJ1S~ufl .~~!qe4 Jn~l ~ SdW~1 Jn~l ~p '}UdWd~U!tl .Sd:JImJnS~.P };} s;}nb!p!lnf
1Jed~puRt3 oon Jgj:>esUO:>1U~AnOO!nb S!UW Sd!}lrnlP.g Sdp J!l1JO lndl }d sdnb!U4:J;}}
1u~fue ,p sed 1ugsods!p ~u !nb SJn~ln:>~ ,p SJnd}~J9dO Sdp sdnb!}Uld sdl J;}{U9!g91
%06 xne ~!JO!Jd U~ 1~ S!1?l°4t!W s~l Sn01 Jnod d9lqwo:J aq9 }!op ~nb sJ9mwou S~X~
~ ~SSgjPe,S Uo~eJydo,ï lu~wgddol~AyP ;}P ;}un:J~1 dpmol ;}un lnS }Ud:):)U , l '.UUdW
np s~lqewn01uo:>U! SUo~!puo:> 'yS!1yUOW dp S!UUOO ~ uo9Ul9do,1 'mju3 .S:tuo:J Sdp
I!"UA~J1 un,p ~a'~ss!1u~Jdd~,1 J~S!JOA~J ;}!Wou009 , I };} ;}{eIm:J';)}!4:)jU 9:J!{1ffib ~I aqUd
69
ug S:)0lq gp 000 000 'l sgl gU!S!OA~ !nb 1~J91U!, l 'J:)u'JP!A9 U'J 1U'JU'JW Z8-1861
uo!};)npoJd gun ;)gA~ Sgs!Og~~"!A S?}n~U u'J s'J9u'JW 91!I!qus~J 'Jp s'Jpm9 s'J'l
-nWWO;) xn~ xn~!J?}~W sgp uo!:f;)npoJd "('JJ!l:)sOJd ~) 1U'JW!:) 1'JJ'Jw 'Jp 'Jlqus
gp s?}!un sgp gA!SS~l~OJd UO!SS~;) 'Jp ~u~dJud 'JI :( 'JJ~lnirnJ~ UO!1:)'JJJO:)J'ed
~un S!WJgd gj}nO ug ~ gWW~l~Old ~'l 'J9ss~~9P 'dJ1~1UUAgp 1'J 'Jsn'JI~J'e S~J1)
.(U 'I'l 'O'l '61 .~!ti}S~;),{1 }g S~~~"O;) 'JI1:1:)01
'JJJ'J1ui '(J'Jq:) 1'J 91Jodw!) 1U'JW~:)
'sgJ!~w!Jd sgIO;)? OOf }UOP 'S;)!lqnd 'JI '(91Jodw! oo!l9Ww 'UO!1:)tUJSUO:)UI ~
S}ugW!}~q OOç 'sgA!}~:)0I SUO!}~!quq,p s'JI!W n'Jd s~I1:1:)01
s'J:)u'Jss'J) S!oq 'JI '( ~~uS
s?}!un ()()f 'S?Agq;)U }UOS !nb Xn~!:)0s -su:)uo:) ~p'~U~9l~u s'Jp J!WnoJ 1uuAnod)
S:Ju~~~oI 000 ç SU!OW nu }S'd,;) '(s?q;)rew 'JJJ'J!d q '("U~~OJ919q s~uw 'J1UUpuoqU)
'S~?;),{I 'sg~~"o::: 'S~IO;)?) S~S!og~~II!A 'Juulozzno.d el '(uo~el np ~nb~~olo:)9
s?}n~unwwo;) sgp }ugwgd!nb? , p }g JU!:)0s 'JJq!l~nb9,1'.~ 'Jlqesu'Jds!pU!) ~~uld 'Jp
}~!q~q,p ~ww~J~oJd np ~;)!;)Jgxg U!gld 'Jlqes 'JI :SUO!1e:)0A S'dJ1ne,p ~ s'Jlqusu'Jd
gp S~?UUUbu!;) ~p ~~} nu '8861 u3 -S!pu! no uo~1eUJJoJsueJ:Jsuus s'JlquS!I!W
SJUVUUO?SS3.idUl?
slVllns?i S3a .3 n'Jd 's'JJ'eJ 1UOS 'J»oAuW 'Jp 'JI!,I Jns
"(Sgjng!l;rJU! SgjmU!gd }g suog~!~q s'JI!W UO!1:)tUJSUO:)'Jp xne!l91uw s'J'1
'S!oq ug sguu~!SJ~ ~ s~!lgs~nugw '}Ugw!;) as!v.i01{vw a.i.ial a.i,?!1lf V'] .p
-~~} ug SUO~~!~q 'S?JnAlgu Jg!:)U S:)Uqug .Suu OI ~ 9 Jns UO!S~~
SgjI1:J~O}
'sgUOI;),{;) gp sgngnb S'dp~~l?Ssednu u'J J'JAoi 'Jp 'JUJJoJ snos 1u'Jw'JSJnoqw'JJ
l~!S;U Jnod s~ugdrnq;) s~p ~~t!J;)Ut!';)JUu~ 'Jp UO!1e~nqo 'Jun 'JnbndUl! !nb 1'Jl'JUUOSJ'Jd
sgl~~Ano '~g} gp S:)0lq ug Jn~ss~d? ,p 1Jodde un 1'J UO!1U'JAqns 'Jp 'JJnp9:)0Jd
'Jun 'J!:)Qssu !nb ';1d!nby xn'J'!W ' zW çç ~p
W;) Of no t I ~p SJnw 's;rJ;)~dwo;) ~~~Iq!l;)
gp S}~q;)?P ~p s~lqwgJ Jns }U~W!;) ~p p~ snld gseq gp 1u;;)W'J~olun 1S'J!"b "OOA1
1m!quq" no I1:1!:)0Ss~ 1u;;)W~~ol u11 -
gd~q;) 'gllg~d ~p SUO"OOW gp g!lguuo~~w
u~ }U~w~sseqnos ~p }~ u~?doI;),{;) UO}?q .9l~91U! ~~ues
u~ SUO!}~puoJ ~p SUO!}nlos) S~}UUA!nS 1u'Jw'Jd!nby un 1'J snld 'Jp 'J:)~~d 'Jun
S~?UUU S~p SlnO;) n~ SUO~:f~S~JU?J
S~p :)gAe zW pç ~ 'J~:)IjJOOnsel 'J1Jod 'J9.1o~19UJ'e
gIqwgsug , I sUt!p }UOJpn~A?Jd !nb xnt!Jm ,,'JJmuu u'J 'JP!V " UO!SJ'JA 'Ju11 .(zW OP
-~!q;)re }g sgnb!uq:)g} X!oq;) sgI l!U1J?P gp ~ Çf 'Jp "S'J~UeJeA" xn'Jp 1'Js~!d xn'Jp ~
}~ SUUS!~ sgp }g slg~}gnb!lq S~P JgUlJOJ 'JSe:)) S~Joqew 1m!qeq,1 !dp 'J11'JuuOn!pUJ1
~P tu~gUlJ~ ~nb (LZ)S~}OI~d-sJg!}Ut!q;)s~P uo!1!sods!p ui 'Jp 9J!dsu! 'Jseq ~p
}UoS ~~} ug s}Ugwg~ol gp UO!};)ru}SUO;) I1:1!:)OS
1m!qeq,p 1!nPOJd un ~ puods'JJJo:)
~p S~WW~J~Old SJg!w~Jd s~ almeu u'J ~~ -;ru'J:)'sdw'J1 ;;)W~!xn'Jp un
.Ç861 u~ suua .'Jnb!uq:)'J1 'J:)umS!SSUu'J 1'Jxne!l91uw
~ll~} gp S:)0lq 000 ()()f 1 ~,nbsnf gj!npoJd u'J 'Jp~ 'Jun,p 1~~U,S Il .U'J~1'JJ1U~Jn~1
~P }U~U~tW~ !nb f861 t~ 'l861 ~l!U~ S~?I 1'Juo9:)tUJsuo:) Jn~1 Jnod S!1U'JSUO:)
S1JoJ1'J
-lUtsu~ ~U~W~A!SSmOld }UOSsg!J~~~nb!lq s~1 J'JS!lli~1do ,p '91!I~qeJnp Jn~1 ~uop 1'J
.1n~u-x~a .~~old np Sln~~t!J?do s~I s'J11~UUO!1~PUJ1
sgse:) s~1JalO~lyurn ,p sdw'J1
md ~nu~gj }S~ ~nb ( °!lJ8wnW!"1mW) }U~W~;) J~!lli'JJd un suup 1um1~UJJ'Jd wnw!U!W
n~ UO~t~S~I~q~}S ~un ;)~A~ ~u~Iozznod ~~oJd :,,'JJmeu u~ ~p~V ,'l" -
~I ~P }~ ~nb9!l;rJ~I ~~ ~I ~P ~~uuI?W ~P .UO~1:)tUJSUO:) ui
uo!~nlos ~un }U~W~JUU1J}S~,;) .~~J..VM;) ~ 'Jp~ 1'J 'JJ~!:)uoJ uo!1edn:):)0,p 91!ln:)9s
nu :f~ (9V.W.D.~.g n~ ~!JUO;) S:Ju~w 'Jp ~~1UUJ'e~.J~'!Wmno:) 1!OJp 'Jp s'Jd!:)u!ld
-gs~~ S~P UO~}~;)!J~tU~P!,P UO!ss!W ~un,p s'JI Jns 1uuAnddu,s Uo!wq!l11e .1m!quq,1
~t!ns ~I ~ ~~Id u~ ~s!W }S~ uo!};)npoJd 'Jp UO!SU~1X~,p s'JUoz s~p ~J!UWWOS
uo!1uS!I!qe!A :s~~UU?WU s~l1~:)J'eds'J'1 -
~I tUOp ~ll~:f n~!l?t1JW np ~nb!wouo;)?
 OL
e 1UgW!1~ np siguUO!SSgJOld xne 1ugW'.11 s~lsueP '~;)~Jd u~ '~~:J ~p ;}Jm~!q;)JI? , I
-~P 1uesSgjp1?,S UO~OJ gp gjJjO ,'1 ~p :J~UO!:J;)TUfSUO;)
~I ~p n~~AnOU~J ~
alV!I!U! a.Jjfo, 7 .v UO!IVUUOf
;}11;}UUO!SS;}J°.Iduo"eW.l°J e~ .1 vl .ap aU!VUlOp al 5'Uvp 5'î!.l8QJd 5'iJ'] ":J
.g10I!d glgl un gnor ~Ut!ld el QOUO!WUllOJ .~J~oJd
gp glIg!1ugssg 91!A!1~e ~ug~ 19new9P ~;) ~p ~:J!ssn?J ~p SJn~:J;)~l xn~d!;)u!Jd
negAnou ~ 1!t?I[1!,nb 'X!P-g1Ut!X!OS s~1 :Ju~JfiJ '( %L ~ :JU~W~A!SS~J~OJd
sg9u~ sgp uy el SlgA '1ugwwg~91 S?U~UJI?J %ÇI) ~nb!uq;)~:J ~;)~:JS!S~,P
S~11gnb 1Sg, u gJ (8Vg!PlP.~!d ug 19 ( s!lp.d ;:s~ ~p ~:JW:JJodw! ~~q;) ~un,p :JJI?d?p
gp s~ld) ÂlAI ~ sg9ugw sg101!d SuO!1eS' ';n~ ~:Jdwo;) u~ ;}s!ld ~I ':Ju;}w~!nb?,p
-![1!9l sglp.l gp ~Igp-ne 'gllg1 ne!l91ew :J~ UO!:J~WJol ;}P ~nb!:J!lod ;}un,p J!~d
np !Oldwg91 ~q!ssod ne 'gnbod9,1 ,.~ S??J;) S!Oldw~ sgp ~A!SS~J~OJd U()!:J~s
~ '9plO~~e 1nJ !nb 1~191U!,P ngd gl -!I!q~s ~I 'u°!:J;)TUfSuo:)0:Jn~, I gp :J~uo!:J;)np
g!1lp.d gp~ ug gnb!ldxg !nb ~ glIgUUO!S -oJdo:Jn~,1 ~p :JU;}W~JP~;)U~,I '(WIS ~Ù
-sgJold UO!WUllOJ gun lnS 194~noq9P ;)JAn~ u~ ~!W ~p ~nb!un UO!:J~U!pJOO;)~p
sed 1ug!eA;}p gu g~Ut!ld ug .n .~.W ~s!De~JO un,P :J~S~!IR!:>?rls s~nb!uq~
gI lp.d s~ugw sg~ug!l9rlxg s~ .(gllgn8 S~;)U~:J?dWO;) ~p Jno:Jn~ ~;)~;)YJ~ :J~
el gp mJ el s~lde SUt! V 1!OS'.v.a.~ -xg ~S!I1U"!U;}:>?P':Ju~W~Jp~;)U;},P ;}IR!A!AUO;)
ug 6v6 I ug S1!nIJSUO~S1ugwg8o1 000 Lf ;)Jm;)TUfS ~un,p ~;)~Id U;} ~!W ~I 'UO!:J~
gp s~ld) gu8ew;}IIV ,1 ~P UO!1~nIJSUO~ -J~;)UO;) ~I :J~ uo!:J~u~W!l?dX;},1 'uo!:Jd~
el ~ 1UgwgA!1:)1?S~ 19d!~!1lp.d 1Ug!t?Agp -UO;) ~I 'd.QU~~A!:JeJ?t! :JU~WUlI?:JSUO;)
~q;)
sg1s!le!~9rls sgJ .sUt!S!1lP. 19 slng!U98u! -Jl?W?P ~un,P ~nb!Ull?uAp ~I '?t!A!:J~U°;)
.sg1~g1!4~lP. ,P sgU!t?1ug~ sgp gA!SUg1U! ~I :J~ sJ~!ln;)!:JJI?d s~1 Jl?d J!:JU;}SUO;)
uo3eJ gp 1Ugl~OJ !nb ~![1!!~S U°!1 ~ S:Jl°11~,p :JJI?d~I ~nb !su!t! S:JU°;)SJn~1:J~
-eUllOJ gp S;}j:Jug~ sglqm!l9A gp g:)1?ld ug S:J!npoJd ~p s~At s~p 'l;}Jmln;) ~X~:JUO;)
gs!W el :)';}Ae'g[1!!PUOW 'JllgnD ;}pUO:)';}Sel n~ ~?:Jd~~ ;}!~?:JeltS ~un J!uy?P ~p
gp u!t?wgpugl ne 1;} 1Ut!pugd .gu8ewglIV s!Wlad ~ !nb' :J~!q~q-ouv~ ~:Jgnbu;} ~un
ug 'se~ gl ;}lO~Ug 1S;} Igl, .S1ugW!1~q gp ~A~ U°!:J\m:J!S~I ~p :JUOUJl?
u~ :J~SUO;)~I
19 Sglm~nIJS gp Sgdf.10101d gp UO!1eS!}1?9l 's~lq!uods!p S~U;}!l?t~ :J~s~u!t!wnq S~;)
gp 91!A!1~e,1 ~ ~!I s~ 1!m9 f. U°!1eUllOJ -rooss;}J s~p :J~uo!:J~lndod ~I ~p suo!:J~d~
e'1.(uof.'1 gp UO~9l el sUt!p) g~U!AOld ug s~p ~:Jdwo;) :J~U~:JU;} UO!:JeJ?do~~A gu~;)
s!nd s!lp.d ~ 1UgwgA!Ssg~~ns 1!t?ddolgA9P ?WUffiiàoJd :JUO!nb ~wwoq s~p :JJI?d?p~p
I!,nb ,,;}lellU glm~g1!4~lp.,P glo~9,P" ?tuoloA 1?'1.~!unw?p S?t?!:)0S sgp :Ju'JUJad
19rOld UOSgp lnO1ne gnby!~s UO!1euuOJ -dOI~A?P np ~;)!AJ~S n~ ';UJ~:JU~ UO!:J;)ru:J
gun 9S!Ut!fuo 1Ut!f.e !~-!nlg~ 'xnrog1U!oJ -SUO;) ~p ~!~Olouq~:J ~I ~p UO!:J~;)!ldd~, I
S!O3ueld gp 19!UUO!d gwS!Weuf.p np ~p I~UO!:J~w~:JU! ~Id n~ ~;)u;)J?l?J ~un
1ug!t?!~Y9u;1q !nb s-;U!t?uuo!1nloA;U-1Sod 19 ~m!:JSUO;)guoA~W ~p ~I!, I ~p IR!:)0s :J~!q
91d sgnbod9 xne 'g~Ut!ld ug 'se~ gl 19JJg -~q,p ~~oJd ~ "(?:J~s :J~uo!:J~;)np?
ug 1Sg Igl, .u°!1~nIJSUO~ ug 'Jllg1 ne!l91ew '~;)J~WWO;) '~ws!lno:J '~q;)gd '~Jmln;)
np !Oldwg91 ne sg9uuoP suo!slndw! -!l~ ) :Ju~w~dOI~A?P np SJn~:J~s S'd.Qn~,p
sglIgAnou gp sgse4d sgl '1ugwgnb!lo1S!4 s~p ~?u~JI?d? :J;} ~?:Jnor~ ~J!~?UOW
.nug1nos SlnOrnO1 e UO!1eUllOJ gp 91!A!1~e Jn~IRA el ~p :JU'JUJ~S!:JS;}AU!
un J~~S!AU~ ,p
gugJ .gl!e1!Sl;}A!Un 19 ;}lIguUO!SS;}JOld :JU~:J:J~WJgd(?Idn;)?p ~ u~Aow ~J!t!I~s
U°!1eUllOJ gp S91!A!1~esgp 1ugwgddolgA9P ~I ) ~!A ~p n~;}A!U np :J~WnW!U!W ;}J!t!IRS
ne 9!1 1UgWg1~gl!P S~11 1Sg gpuow gl np ~P!d~J uo!:Jnl°A? ~un :J;} S!Oldw~ ,p
sUt!p 1ugwg8lp.I snld 19 sgUO4do~Ut!lJ sf.ed uo!:J~?J;) ~~1 ~un ~ ?nq!.Quo;) ~ II .686 I
IL
!nq,pJnorn~ 1UOS'~lqou.uD ~p Y1!Sl~A!Un,1 ;)P SJUO:)UO:) ;)1 :);)AU ;):)uld U;) ;)S~
1~ ~ll~.LV"i:IJ ~I :>~A~ UOS!~!I u~ '~Iq UO~U;)!l° ;)11;)AnoU;)U;)J .;)JJ;):JU;) xnuJfi:J
-OU~JD ~p .um~1!q:>m ,p ~1°:>9,1'1~JJ~u3 -:);):J!q:)JU S;)U!OW!l:JUd S;)P u09U:J!I!quq9J
..uJ~1 ~p.um:>~!q:>m,1 1~ UO!1:>nJ1suo:>
~I -UO!JUJnU:JS;)J-UO!:JUAJ;)S9Jd ui ;)P Jn;)pod
Jns ~~!Sl~A!Un UO!1~Ol ~I ~p ~~op -~~J:)s!UWl°s9P ;)W~q1 ;)1;)JAno:) 'S;)Urew;)S
~I Sm1p ~:>m1A~U~ S~J} 1S~ ~:>m1Jtl t!'l :J!nq ;)P :JU;)W;)ul3'!;)SU;)
UnSJ;)A UJ;)nIOA9 !nb
(J.J!Vl!S.J(Ji\!unUO!IVUUOf 1TJ .Z 'S;)u!UW;)S xn;)p ;)P s;)nby!:)9ds SJUO:);)P
;)~OJd un ':JU;)WW;)~J snld "( sJn;)u
.~II~UUO!lt!J9do -;)Jd;)J:)u;)~n;)!U9~U! 'S;):J:);):J!q:)JU
) J;)!:JU;)
S~:)U~:j9dUIO:) S~P UO!:jt!:)!ld!llnUI9P ;)PUOT.Î1
np';SnSS! SI;)UUO!SS;)JOJd;)P :)!Iqnd
t!11ns t!l~!nddt! , S !nb :jUt!SS!t!U9q:JJmU ~:) ;)~JUI un.p. :J9J9:JU!,1:JU;)UU;)!};)JslI .L861
~P uo!sUt!dx~,1 ~P s91:)s~P ~un,1 'l!u~At!,I~ s!nd;)p S9S!uu'3J01U;)W;)J~!ln~9l }UoS (.:):J;)
'~nop sUt!St!J'JS~1I~UUO!SS~JOld uo!lt!UUOJ ';)IUJfi:J:);):J!q:)JUUO!:Jd;):)UO:) ;)P s:JU;)W919
t!'l .1!U~AJ~:jU! ~ :jU~U~UIUIO:) xnt!UO!g;u '~!ldWO:) ;)JJ~ ;)P s:)()lq S;)PUo!}:)npoJd)
Sln~t!J9dO S~:)~p SJn~!snld ~o '1~gUt!J:j9,1~ s;)nb!:Juw9q} 'sJ!SU;):JU! SI;)UUO!SS;)JOJd
!ssnt! s!t!lll ~Ut!Jd u~ ';}.U~ ~P ~m;)'dJ!q:lrn ,1 SJno:) ;)P S;)WWUJ~OJd S;)P ;)nb UJ;)AJ;)Sqo
~P :j~ uo!l:)lUJsuo:) t!1 ~p 9q:lrnUI nt!~AnOU Uo uyu3 "(S;}S!°JJ:ezs;)S!ld;}J:)u;) '(OE)TaJ-
un,p ~UJJ~Ano,1 ~p J!lt!:)y!ug!S s~J:j :jS~ IQflNO) ~ nu '( S}u;}Wnuow :J;)s;)9Snw
lu~UI!lt'q np Sl~!:j9UI xnt! :jUgw~~p S~ S;)P ;)IUUO!:JUU UO!SS!WWOJ) u!l9~!N
:jUt!SS~lpt!,S 'xnt!UO!g91 S~U~:) Sln~!snld nu '(OJOflH) ;)PUI U;) '(OJS3NO)
~P l!:jJt!d ~ ~1I~UUO!SS~JOldUO!:jt!UUoJ t!1 ;)!ftlWoS U;) '(6v'lVJS3NOJ) ;)nb!x;)w
~p nt!~AnOU~ ~ .~ufu~Anv U~ "J!U~At!,P nu 'SJ;)~UUJ}9 sÂud S;)I suup UO!}UUJJOJ
;}.U~ 9S!d" uo!:Jt!!:)0sse,1~P no '~!PUWUON ;)P S;)WWUJ~OJd S;)P ';)PUUW;)P ui ~
~ssmuO!g uo!lt!!:)0sSt!,1 ~p 's~Ut!N ~ :J!Uddol;)A9P :J;)s;)J~~UUJ:J9SUO!:Jm!:JSU!
S;)P
~!UJlpA1n~~!;"tJ uo!:Jt!!:JOsse
,1~ 'asnolno.L JUd ~}!:)!"OS snld U;) snld ;)P ;)}!ns UI JUd
~P s~d 'gU~{t!At!'l gp 'Jll~ gp ~ugJ gl :J!U:J9;)lqoU;)JD ;)P ;)Jm:);)}!q:)JU , P ;)10~ ,1
md ~9S!Ut!fuo SUO!lmIUOJ~ St!:) gl :jsg Ig.L ;)P ;)JJ;).LWJ np ;)d!nb9,ï .;)q:)J;)qj;)J
.'Jll~ ~~!T1J t!1stmp ~UUt! SaI~!UI~P S~ ~p ;)P S~noJ~ ;)P 'sUUS!PU , P }U;)W;)dnoJ~
SlnO:) nt! S!lS~AU!:jll1?:j9,S'JS!ld~u~,1 gp no ;)P ';)nb!l1'°10uq:);}:} U09UUJJOJ;)P S}m9sU! ,P
~~~:lrn J ~ slguuO!SS~JOld sgp md :j~ :J;) S;)ftlUO!~9J SUO!:JU!:)()SSU , P ;)PUUW;)P
suo!:Jt!!:)()SSt!SgSJgA!Pmd S9S!Ut!fuoslguuO!S ui ~ S9S!UU~JO :JU;)!U}9 S;)~u:Js S;)J:Jnu,P
-sgJold sggt!:jS gp sgwurn~old gp g:)t!ld ':JU;)W;)I~"UJUd .;)ss!ns ui };) ;)nb!~I;)g
ug 'JS!lU uI ~ ng:q :jugwg{t!g9 guuoP ( g:)UgA ui ;)nb SI;):J SU!S!OA S;)Uoqdo:)UUJJ sAud
-old 'g!PUt!UlloN 'gufugAnv 'gogt!dumqJ ;)P :JU;)W;)fU~9 s!Uw ;):)UUJd ;)P :Ju;)w;)ln;)S
'g~t!:jglg '~U!t!:J!nbv) SUO!g91 SJng!snld UoU :JU;)!UU;)A S:JUp!PUU:)S;)ï .S;)U!UW;)S
stmp '~Ut!Jd u~ 'Jll~ ug uo!l:)lUJsuo:) t!1 ~p 8 Jns 9ddol;)A9P ';)nb!:JuJd };) ;)!J09q}
nugAnOU~ :jU~ np lnO:jnt! ::xIdol~A9P 'JS :JUU!:)()ssu ':J;)ldwo:) snld ;)WWUJ~OJd un
!nb 9:I!A!Pt!,1 gnb mJug t!J~nbJmU~ uO SJ;)A t86 I U;) }U;)!UnIOA9 S;)u!UW;)S Z ;)P
"(sug!:)Ut! S;)~U}SSJ;)!w;)Jd s;}'"J .SUo~UW SUUS!Puxnu
sg:j!S s~P UO!:jt!AlgSUO:) :jg g!golo9q:)Jt! :J;)SI;)UUO!SS;)JOJd
SJn;)!U9~U! :J;)s~:)~!q:)JU
'gl!O:jS!q) gq:)lgq:)gl t!1 gp :jg (slngugld xnu '08 S~uuu S;)P :Jnq9P nu ';)9SS;)JPU
-~u~ 'Sln~!U9gU! 'sg:j:)g:j!q:)Jt!) :jUgUI!:jt'q }U;)W;)A!SS;)J~OJd :JS;), S UO!}UUJJOJ ;):J};):)
np Sl~!:j9UI sgp gpUt!UIgp t!1 gp nt!gA!U ';)10:)9,1 ;)P s:JUU!pm9 sln;)s xnu ;)p;)Ano
~1 Jt!d ggnf u~ uo,1 !S s~9uUt! sgu!t!q:)old :Ju;}W;)ftI!:J!UI .;)lqoU;)JD ;)P ;)Jm:);):J!q:)JU, P
S~P SlnO:) nt! g9ddolgA9P :jU~UIglqt!l ;)10:)9,[ JUd S9S!UUfuo S;)~U:JS ;)P ;)UJJOJSnoS
-9P!suo:) gl:j~ :j!t!lAgp ([oWO}IJJI,1 'OL S;)~UUU S;)P uy uI s~p ~Jn~nuu! ~:J~
 'lL
?S!I~!:Jds 1m3.p.;)WS!U~~JO :lVJS3NOJ .6"G :Jp SUO!SS!W S:Jp 1e!Je1?J:>:JS :.H.n.W.S .ç
;)3U~Jd ~I ;)P 1S3-PJON ;)1 su~P :JJ!OAI.P-:J1QJ .uerp!qv .s:>!lqnd XnUAUJ1
.SU;)!WV .P s~Jd .1;)nbs°8 np n~;)w~4 np S:Jp 1:J 1U:JW!1~q np :JJ!O1UJoqU'l :d..L.9.'l .p
?S!I!q~1s ;)JJ;)l ;)P U01?q U;) S;)WJ;)JXn;)p S;)'l .8"G :J?S!I!qU1S:JJJ:J1:Jp UO1?q :.S..L.g .E
;)lqoU;)JD ;)P ;)Jm3;)1!43J~.P :>OJUWluqu~ .uO!1eUJJol
;)103?1 1;) ;)JJ;).LV~J ;)1 .~IS ~I J~d 1:J s:Jq:>J:Jq:>:JJs:Jpm?p :JJ1U:JJ :.d.~.3.J .Z
.Z861 U;) .!1U!~W~SS~d ;)P ;)UnWW03 ~( JnS :JWS!uuqJn.1 :Jp
?S!I~J .;)?S!I!qms ;)?W!JdW03 ;)JJ;)1;)P S:JOlq 1:J UO!1:>ru1sUO:J;}~ UI :Jp :JJ~1S!U!W:n.~.w .1
U;) S1U;)W;)8018 ;)P J;)!1Ut!q3 un 1U;)WW~10N .LZ
sa1oN
uo!un?~-~I-;)p-S!U;)a-1S .S;)J~!U!W 1;) s;)nb
-!~010'?~ S;)43J;)43;)J ;)P n~;)Jn8 :.~.D.~.8 .9Z
;)110Â~~ .noZpnoW~W ;: .';}J~!SJ';}A!Un }u';}w';}u~~';}su';},1
.;)110ÂI!~ ;)P ;)J~!I!qoWW! ?1?!30S :~IS .SZ ~ }';} ';}q:JJ';}q:J';}J ~I }m!~:JOSS1? SUO~}:J~ s';}p
J;)W-;)J1no.p S;)J!01!JJ;)1:~O.L .tZ
}u';}W;}Ss~nom!d~ un }m!U';}WJ::)d 'smu~od
UO!leJ?d0.1
;)P S?4JJ~W S;)P ;)nbod? .1 ~ .?JJ~J ;)J1~W '., snld u';} snld ';}p 's~~I~~:J9ds UO~}~WJOj
n~ d 00.000 t ;)P ;)JPJO.1 ;)P U;)ÂOW x!Jd .a ';}p xn';}~1 s';}p }UOJ';}AnOJ} ';}JJ';}} ';}p ';}jm:J';}}
1U;)W;)~01 n~ ;)?S!I~UUOSJ;)d;)P!V :.'ld.V ."GZ
-~q:Jm,1 }';} UO~}:JtU}suo:J~IIJo }mo}:JOp un,p
;)3Ut!Jd .;)lqoU;)JD
;)P J;)!Jnod 4d;)SOf ?l!SJ;)A!Un .;)!~0I~J?U!W s~nd (s,;}~puojoJdd~ s';}pm~,p ';}w9ld~p)
1;) ;)!8010?~ ;)P n;)!W010a )m!1SUI .(Z V3a un,p '(s,;}~s~I~~:J~ds s';}Jn';}!l?dns
;)3Ut!Jd .;)lqoU;)JD
s';}pm~,p ';}w9ld~p) SS3a un,p ';}:J~ld
;)P J;)!Jnod 4d;)SOf ?1!SJ;)A!Un .;)nb!U~3?W
1;) ;)!8010?~ U;) S;)J!I!U!ld!3S!pJ;)lU! u';} ;}S!W ~I Jns ';}UU';}} 1Jno:J ~ ~J,;}q:Jnoq~p
S;)q3~;)43;)J ;)P 1m!1SUI :.~.Dl~l .OZ 'su~oJn';} s';}n~olowoq s;}S Jns ';}:Jm!Jd
;)3U~Jd .;)uQ4~ .UOÂ'l .1~13.1 ;)P S3!lqnd ~I ';}p }u';}w';}~~~ un ';}lU';}WJ::)d ';}p ';}nA u';}
Xnl!AI!J1 S;)P ;)1~UO!1~U ;)1033 :.3.d..L.N.3 .61
;):JUt!Jd ~~~~u';} '::)doJn3,1 ';}p ~q:Jrew pm!J~ np
.;)J~SI .n;)!lIl!f-U!0~Jn08 .UO!13IU1SU03~I ;)P ';}j"1J';}A no, l ';}p ';}A~}:J::)dSJ::)d~I sm!p ";}J~~S
;)nb!U43;)1 ;)IQJ1U03np ?1?!30S :J3.LO;)0S .8(
-J';}A~Un }U';}W';}U~~;}SU';} ,1 ';}P uo~}mm:JtU}s';}J
;)3U~Jd
.;)lqoU;)JD .;)J~SI.I ;)P UO!13IU1SU03 ;)P 1;) ~I '}u';}w';}"';}m:Jv .sÂ~d ';}JdoJd Jn';}l ';}P
1U;)W;)~~U?W~.P 3!lqnd ;)JyJO :8t JVdO .L( S~~SJ';}A~Un s';}l :J';}A~ uos~~1 u';} uo9~WJOj
n~;JqV.p-;)lsl.'l ';}P s';}wureJ~oJd s';}P J';}~~~u';},P 'xn';}
;)P ;)11;)AnoU ;)I1!A ~I ;)P 1u;)w;)8~u?w~.P
aqu';} , P su~';}:J Jnod '}';} UO!}~WJOj ';}P sm!
3!lqnd 1U;)W;)SS!lqI!13 :Vald3 .91
S;)J~H.P-U!1JI!~-lS -;)lqoualD .Xn~!J?1~W xn';}p Jns s~nb~ J~OA~S ';}1J;}S!lO~A ~ }m!}
S;)P ;)nb!sÂ4d UO!S!A!a .1U;)W!1~q np -t';}WJ::)d Jn';}l ';}"';}uuo~ss~jOJd uo9l';}SU!,P
;)nb!U4:YJ11;) ;)nby!1U;)!:>S ;)J1U;)J :.8..L.S.J .Çl
';}~OA ';}un ~AnOJ:J 'uo~}d';}:Jx';} su~s 'sno}
;)3U~Jd
.s!J~d .;)nb!WOU03? ;)11;)!J1snpU!;)nb!U43;)1 }UO !nb s~WJOj ~}~ ~r~p }UO SJn~~u~~u!,P
UO!1I!J?dOOJ ~I Jnod ;)3U;)~V :~I.L;)V .tl }';} s';}};J';}}~q:Jre,p ,;}u~m!x~os ';}u!1 .snSJn:J
;)3U~Jd .S!J~d .;)!8J;)U?1 ;)P ;JS!J1!~W
~I Jnod ;)S!~~U~JJ ;)3U;)~V :.3.~.d.V .tl ~p uo~}d!lj~ù! ';}nb~q:J ~ ';}Jm~p~pm!:J
;)3UI!Jd .s!J~d .;)q3J;)q3;)J ~I ;)P Jn';}l tu;}Ju';}s?Jd J';}~}u';} ';}puow np swp~pm!:J
UO!1~S!J°I11A;)P ;)1~UO!1~U;)3U;)~V :~VANV .ZI ';}p ';}u~u';}:J ';}un :s~:Jns pm!J~ un lrnuuo:J
;)JU~Jd .s!J~d .UO!1~JdooJ
U;) S;)I111u;)w!Jdx;) S;)q3J;)4:YJJ :dOOJX3~ ï ( ';}"3 :(9Z }';} ÇZ 'vZ 'EZ .~~d) }u';}w::)d~nbg,1
S?J?pow SJ;)Â01~ SUO!1~1!q~H :.W.'l.H .01 ';}p ';}J~}S!U~W np ~ws!m!qJn ,1 ';}P }';}
;)3U~Jd .S;)UU;)~ .s;)?nb!lddl! ';}Jm:J;}J!q:Jm,1 ~P UO!};J';}J!G ~I ';}P !J\dd~,I
S;)3U;)!3S S;)P I~UO!1~U 1m!lSUI :.V.S.Nl .6
;J';}A~ v861 u~ ~Jn~n~u! ~}~ ~ (';}JJ~.L
OSt!d l!u~Jn8
.nO~nopl!~~no .S3!lqnd Xn~A~J1 S;)P 1;) -W3J) ,,';}Jj';}} ';}P ';}jm:J;}J!q:Jre u~ s';}!PUOj
1U;)W!1~qnp I11U°!1I!U;)J!01eJoqU( :d..L.8.N.'l ..-
~ -oJdd~ s';}pm~,p }~:Jy!1J~:J" ~I 'UO!}~Oj
;)3UeJd
.S!JI!d .s;)nb!Jq 1;) S;)I!m S;)P ;)J1U;)J :.8..L.J .L C}}}';}J .C}I:JÂ:J C}w~~xnC}p C}P C}w9ld!p
;)JUI!Jd un,p S~lm!} }~ SJnC}!u~~u! 's;}J:JC}}!q:Jre
.;)lqoU;)JD .S;)lql!l;)AnoU~J UoU S;)!~J~U? xn~ tm!ssc}Jp~,S ~Jnp C}n~uol ~p C}~S!I
1~ S";}nbJuq:YJ1
s~p ~pm~.11~ 1u~w:Jddol~A?P
-~!:J9<fs uo!1~WJOj C}un J;}SodoJd ~ C}puow
~I Jnod U°!1~!30SSV :N3.L3aV .9
1~1!q~q.1 ~p 1;) ~ws!Ut!qJn.1~ n~ sC}Jrn}!SJC}A!Un SUO!}llJ!}SU! sC}lnC}s SC}I
 EL
luaw'dd!nh3J ap al~1S!U!W np SUO9!P? .uo9
-:J!U1SUO;)-U~[d .!lq~-su~s S;)P 1UaWa~O[ np
areUO9~Ula1U!~UuV :1arOld ap ;)rqd~fJouow
.a.LJa.L1J] ap aulVUIoa iJ'] :nlJaqv,p alsl,1 V
.d f9 .V&61 ..N.A.D.S np 1a vmd3J
;)P SUO9!Py 'sla[Q1d sap UOlllJIUas?ld 'a.LJa.L
ap 5'UOSllJW 'allai\noN alllA 'nlJaqv,p alsI,7
.S;)Z;)lD .a 1a p;rel!.L ";).f .1n;)W.q:JuzO"l .V
.dO6I'6861
'a[qou;)jD 'aJj~.LW;) SUO9!P? .08 sa?uUlJ sap
5'U°l1lJS.lllJl.l .anb.ufv uaa.LJaJ ap a.Jnt:Jal11{:J.llJ
.I
ap ?11U.l;jpoW .pn~[[!nD .H .ali;).LV~;)
.d fÇZ.L861 .a[qoualD
.;)li;).LW;) SUO!1!Py 'a.J.Ja.L ua IlJl1qlJH
'L81{:Ja'flJ.l.JlJW '1V1a pn~[[!nD .H .;)li;).L~
.la:Jul1.11?.I t' Ja a:Juv.ld
ua S?SnlJ?1"sJa!o.ld ap sal'ldl1.1:JouoW -Z
.d 18 ' L86 l ';}IqoU;}JD
';}JJ;}.L WJ SUO~!P? 'S'JvJuV.lf S'la.U?lVUl
S'al :an.J.J a.l.la.L ua uo!i.Jn.llS'U°.J 'I;}q:>!W
.qd 1;} ~qS;}W .V 'J;}!A!IO .W '.3"d..L.N.3
'Â;}UJ;}A .3.d 1;} u~noH .H ';)JJ;}.LWJ
.dZL '8861
'S;}II;}xruH 'Ta.J np SUO!l!P? 'uo!1.Jnpo.ld
ap la.U?lVUl np X:l01J.J:a?lU.UdlUO.J a.l.lal ap
S'.J°lfl 'Â;}W;}A .3d 1;} u~noH .H ';}JJ;}.LWJ
.d ÇÇ '6861 ';}II!;}sreW 'S;}s~q1u;}md
SUO!l!P? 'a.I.la.L ua u°!1.Jn.llS'U°.J ap
?lJV.I.L 'pn~II!nD .H 1;} u~noH .H ';}JJ;}.LWJ
.d 98Z 'Ç86 l
1;} 861 '6L61 's!Jt!d 'S;}A~~W;}lIV suo~!P?
'iJ.J.la.Lua a.l!n.llS'u°.J 'IV1;} l~OQ "d ';)JJ;}.LWJ
uOJ1.mpo.ld UJ.lnS'Jil S'anb.tu'l.1al S'aav.IAno -1
(SI;}!1U;}SS;} S;}gUJAnO ,p ;}1S!Ù
;}A!J;);}I~S
;}uoqdo;)utt.lJ ;}~dtt.l~O!lq!g :;}X;}UUV
.;}nb!uq:J;}1 uo!1~J?doo:J ~[ ;}P
1;} UO!1~:J!Unwwo:J -UO!1~1U;}Wn:>0p ~[ ;}P
.;}q:JJ;}q:J;}J~[ ;}P .u°!1~WJoJ ~[ ;}pS?UU1[nW!S
S;}u!Uwop S;}[ sUt!p .;}JJ;}1 U;} [~Jm:J;}1!q:JJE
;}u!ow!J1~d np UO!1~AJ;}S?Jd~I Jns ..VIVD"
1;}roJd np I;}nuUt!!JnId 1u;}w;}ddoI;}A?P
;}1 Jns 1U;}WW~10U .DV3-;}JJ;}.LV~:J 1;}
WO~:J:JI,I ;}!:>0ss~ I!~A~J1 ;}P U°!1U;}AUO:J
;}Uf1 .;}!I~1I .;}WO~ .sI;}JmIn:J SU;}!g
"d 8II'Ç86I S;}P U°!1t!Jn~1S;}~ ~I 1;} U°!1~AJ;}SU°:J ~I Jnod
's!lUd .I~q:>!W "qd 1~ u~noH "H 'pnBU!nD S;}pm3.p I~U°!1~W;}1UI ;}J1U;}:J :WO~:J:JI ïf:
;}q:J!J1nv .;}UU;}!A
.H 1Boa d .J~!q1~a "f '.W"'l"H"N.f1,I
'I;}!J1snpU! 1u;}w;}ddo[;}A?P np ;}J1U;}:J
~p I II oU H ~nA~J ~!UdAV.P d.l.Jd.L
-I;}!J1snpu! 1U;}wOOdoI;}A?P ;}1 Jnod S;}!uf1
S.ld.JSSOa-f SUO!1~N S;}P UO!1~S!U~gJO :la:J-Iaf1NO .Of:
.d.a o:J!X;}W
.L86 l 'd 8 '~JJ~LW;)-NVS SUO9!P? 1~986 I
.Â1!:J-O:J!X;}W .;}J!~IO:JSU°!1:JMSUO:J ~I sUt!p