Load Calculation

Madrid, October 31, 2017

1. Introduction

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

Main IEC standard for Wind Turbines:
IEC 61400-1 for onshore
IEC 61400-3 for offshore
Originally published in 2005, amendment in 2011

Currently working on:

IEC 61400-3 1: bottom fixed
IEC 61400-3 2: floating platforms
1. Introduction

• Computation of ultimate and fatigue loads

• 700-1500 loadcases for onshore
• 4000 loadcases for offshore

• Aeroelastic codes with BEM model are tipically used:

• Elasticity of blades and tower requires a small time step (aprox. 0.01s)
• Tipical simulation length: 3,600s
• 360,000 evaluation of rotor aerodynamics
• Efficient simulation model is required

• Some aeroelastic codes: Bladed, FAST, Flex5, HAWC,…

2. IEC 61400-3
2. IEC 61400-3
2. IEC 61400-3
2. IEC 61400-3
2. IEC 61400-3
2. IEC 61400-3
• NTM: Normal turbulence model
• Modelos de turbulencia: Von Karman, Kaimal, Mann

• ETM: Extreme turbulence model:

2. IEC 61400-3

• EXTREME WIND CONDITIONS

• EOG: Extreme Operating Gust

2. IEC 61400-3

• EDC: Extreme Direction Change

2. IEC 61400-3

• ECD: Extreme Coherent Gust with direction change

2. IEC 61400-3
Postprocessing: Two types of loads analysis: Fatigue cases
time series
Extreme Weibull probability
cases time distribution
series
Weighted cases
Safety factors in lifetime
(1.1 / 1.35)
Rainflow cycle
counting
Increased
loads time
Markov’s
series
Matrix

Max & min Miner’s rule

Ultimate
loads Equivalent
fatigue loads
3. Exercise - Model

• OC3 monopile wind turbine (IEA Annex 23)

• 5MW NREL baseline wind turbine
• Rotor diameter: 126m
• Hub height: 90m
• Cantilevered monopile
• Water depth: 20m
• Vrated: 11.4 m/s
• Class II
Natural
Frequency
(Hz)
1st Tower Fore-Aft 0.28
1st Tower Side-to-Side 0.28
1st Drivetrain Torsion 0.62
1st Blade Collective Flap 0.70
1st Blade Edgewise 1.08
2nd Tower Fore-Aft 2.42
2nd Tower Side-to-Side 2.39
2nd BladeFlapwise 1.89
3. Exercise - Model
3. Exercise - Model
• Location: coast of Ireland
• Class II
• NCM: 0.609 m/s

Period (s)

Height (m)

9-11m/s
3. Exercise – Fatigue Cases
Wind files have to be computed before running the simulation case

Sea states can be defined in the FAST platform input file

Wind Sea State

Mean Wind Turbulence
Height Period
Wind type Speed intensity Type
m/s % m s
NTM 2 57.0 NSS 2.3 8.18
NTM 6 26.9 NSS 2.13 7.96
NTM 10 21.0 NSS 2.57 8.02
NTM 11.4 19.9 NSS 2.97 6.58
NTM 14 18.4 NSS 2.93 8.29
NTM 18 17.0 NSS 3.46 8.27
NTM 20 16.5 NSS 5.41 8.24
NTM 22 16.1 NSS 6.66 12.7
NTM 26 15.5 NSS 11.52 17.2
ETM 11.4 30.56 SSS 11.5 15.48
ETM 20 21.01 SSS 11.5 15.48
ECD 11.4 - NSS 2.97 6.58
3. Exercise – Extreme Cases

Design load case: 1.3

Operating condition: Power production
Wind condition: ETM
Sea condition: Normal Sea State Extreme Turbulent Model:
Type of analysis: Ultimate
Partial safety factor for fatigue: Normal

Description of simulations:

Wind conditions Wave conditions Jonswap spectrum:

Mean wind Sign. Wave Peak
I long (%) Yaw error
speed (m/s) height (m) spectral per.
13a 11.4 30.56 2.97 6.58 0
13b 20 21.01 5.41 8.24 0

Three dimensional three component Kaimal turbulent wind field (10 mins sample)
Normal sea state with irregular waves defined using Jonswap spectrum
Wave height taken as the expected Hs conditioned on mean wind speed
Normal current model as defined in section 6.4.2.4. of IEC 61400-1 ed3
 3. Exercise – Extreme Cases

Design load case: 1.4

Operating condition: Power production
Wind condition: Extreme coherent gust with change of direction (ECD)
Sea condition: Normal wave height, normal current model, MSL
Type of analysis: Ultimate
Partial safety factor for fatigue: Normal

Description of simulations:

Wind conditions Wave conditions

Gust speed Direction

Vhub (m/s) Wave height Wave period Yaw error
(m/s) change (deg)
14a 11.4 15 62.50 2.97 6.58 0

Steady wind with speed and direction transient (rise time=10s)

60s simulation
Transients occur 15s into simulation
Regular waves
Wave height taken as the expected Hs conditioned on mean wind speed
Normal current model as defined in section 6.4.2.4. of IEC 61400-1 ed3
 3. Exercise – Extreme Cases

Design load case: 1.6a

Operating condition: Power production Severe Sea State:
Wind condition: NTM
Sea condition: Severe Sea State, normal current model
Type of analysis: Ultimate • The severe sea state model associates
Partial safety factor for fatigue: Normal a severe sea state with each wind
speed in the range corresponding to
Description of simulations: power production
Wind conditions Wave conditions • For all wind speeds, the unconditional
Mean wind
I long (%)
Sign. Wave Peak
Yaw error extreme significant wave height,
speed (m/s) height (m) spectral per.
1.6a 11.4 19.86 11.5 15.48 0 Hs50, with a recurrence period of 50
1.6b 20 16.48 11.5 15.48 0 years may be used as a conservative
value
Severe sea state with irregular waves defined using Jonswap spectrum
Normal current model as defined in section 6.4.2.4. of IEC 61400-1 ed3
3. Exercise – Fatigue Cases
Design load case: 1.2
Operating condition: Power production
Wind condition: NTM, Vin< Vhub < Vout
Sea condition: Normal Sea State, no currents
Type of analysis: Fatigue
Partial safety factor for fatigue: 1

Description of simulations:

Wind conditions Wave conditions

Mean wind Longitudinal Significant Peak
speed (m/s) (mid turbulence Wave height spectral Bin Hours/year
bin) intensity (%) (m) period (s)
1.2a 6 26.93 2.13 7.96 4 -- 8 2994.10
1.2b 10 20.96 2.57 8.02 8 -- 12 2539.55
1.2c 14 18.4 2.93 8.29 12 -- 16 1289.93
1.2d 18 16.98 3.46 8.35 16 -- 20 428.93
1.2e 22 16.07 6.66 12.70 20 -- 24 96.61

Three dimensional three component Kaimal turbulent wind field (10 mins sample)
Turbulence intensity for NTM calculated from formula in section 6.3.1.3. of IEC 61400-1 ed3.
Normal sea state with irregular waves defined using Jonswap model.

No current
 3. Exercise – Fatigue Cases

Design load case: 6.4

Operating condition: Idling Idling:
Wind condition: NTM
Sea condition: Normal Sea State, no currents
Type of analysis: Fatigue PCMode: 0
Partial safety factor for fatigue: 1 TimGenOn: 9999.9
BlPitch(1): 90
Description of simulations: BlPitch(2): 90
BlPitch(3): 90
Wind conditions Wave conditions
Mean wind RotSpeed: 0,1
Sign. Wave Peak
speed (top of I long (%)
height (m) spectral per.
Bin Hours/year IndModel: NONE
bin)
6.4a 2 57 2.30 8.18 0--4 1400
6.4b 26 15.46 11.52 17.20 24--28 15

Three dimensional three component Kaimal turbulent wind field (10min sample)
All blades at idling pitch angle
Turbulence intensity for NTM calculated from formula in section 6.3.1.3. of IEC 61400-1 ed3.

Normal sea state with irregular waves defined using Jonswap spectrum.
3. Postprocess
MLife
MExtremes

Blade Lifetime DELs at Zero Mean without Goodman Correction for various S/N Curves
n_ref 8378718.607 RootMxc1 RootMyc1 RootMzc1
L_Ult 2.5000E+004 2.5000E+004 1.0000E+003
L_MF 0.0000E+000 0.0000E+000 0.0000E+000
4 1.4524E+004 2.6133E+004 3.6238E+002
5 1.2965E+004 2.5007E+004 3.4730E+002
6 1.2056E+004 2.4374E+004 3.4138E+002
m
7 1.1477E+004 2.3969E+004 3.3923E+002
8 1.1090E+004 2.3689E+004 3.3889E+002
9 1.0825E+004 2.3486E+004 3.3949E+002
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