DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL HARNI

Academic Session 2020-2021

CLASS: IX Subject: Science

Chapter No. 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life
(Part 3)

BY: NEELESH UPADHYAY

 Overview
❖Cell Organelles
▪ Introduction
❖Endoplasmic Reticulum
❖Golgi Apparatus
❖Lysosome
❖Mitochondria
❖Plastids
❖Vacuoles
❖Cell Division: Introduction and Types
❖Extra reference
 Cell Organelles : Introduction
The word “organelle” means “little organ,”
 organelles have specialized cellular functions, just as
the organs of your body have specialized functions.
 Organelles
 Large and complex cells, including cells from multicellular
organisms, need a lot of chemical activities to support their
complicated structure and function.
 To keep these activities of different kinds separate from each
other, these cells use membrane-bound little structures (or
‘organelles’) within themselves.
 Some of these organelles are visible only with an electron
microscope.
 Some important examples of cell organelles which we will
discuss now are: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, mitochondria and plastids and vacuoles
 They are important because they carry out some very crucial
functions in cells.
❖Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of canals made up of membranes that encloses a fluid-filled lumen.

Types:
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Lined with ribosomes and hence, look
rough.
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Does not have any ribosomes and
hence, look smooth.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Functions
❖Golgi Apparatus
 Smooth, flattened sac-like structures called Cisternae stack
together in parallel rows to form Golgi bodies. Golgi Cis face
receives protein from Endoplasmic reticulum and modifies,
packages and stores it.
 It also dispatches proteins in vesicles to various destinations.
 Function of Golgi bodies: The Golgi apparatus are responsible for
the secretion of enzymes, hormones and proteins.
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus: Structure for modification,
packaging and transporting substances
❖ Lysosomes
 Sac-like structures surrounded by single-layered membranes.
 Contain powerful digestive enzymes that can break down all organic
material.(Enzymes are made by RER)
 Acts as a mini digestive system within the cell.
 Functions: Digest damaged cells and a variety of extra- and intra-cellular
material.
 Since they remove cell organelles that are worn out or are not functioning
properly and may even digest the entire cells (that are damaged or dead),
they are also known as Suicidal Bags.
Lysosomes: Different Form
❖Mitochondria
 Rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane.
 The outer membrane is smooth while the inner membrane folds over many
times to form cristae.
 Cristae increase the surface area of the inner membrane by several times.
 Matrix is the fluid inside the mitochondria.
 Function: Act as energy production sites and are hence, known as
the Powerhouses of the Cell.
 Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)
❖Plastids
 Found only in Plant Cells.
 With double-layered membrane, these organelles are found in cytoplasm of
the cells. They are of two types (depending on the colour of the pigment they
contain);
1. Leucoplasts: colourless organelles store starch, oils and protein granules or
other plant
For Example, Starch stores in potato cells.
2. Chromoplasts: These contain different-coloured pigments.
Most important type of chromoplasts is chloroplast which contain green-
coloured pigments called Chlorophyll.
Chloroplasts also contain various yellow and orange pigments in addition to
chlorophyll
 Function of Chloroplast: Chloroplasts are the sites where photosynthesis takes
place. Here, carbon dioxide and water combine in the presence of energy
from the sunlight to produce food.
 Chloroplast
The internal organisation of the Chloroplast consists of
numerous membrane layers embedded in a material
called the stroma.
 Strange /Semi autonomous organelles

Have their own DNA and Ribosomes.

Able to make some of their own proteins.
Eg. Mitochondria
Plastids
❖Vacuoles
 Organelles enclosed by a membrane and filled with fluid.
 Plant cells usually have a large vacuole filled with a liquid called
‘cell sap’. Cell Sap contains dissolved sugar and salts.
 Animal cells may or may not have vacuoles. If they do have
vacuoles, they are much smaller than the ones found in plant
cells.
Functions of Vacuoles
Plant Cells: Keep the cells firm or turgid. They store
various substances (including waste products of the
cell).
Animal Cells: Store food, water, sugar, minerals and
waste products of the cell.
In Amoeba, vacuoles that contain food particles
are also referred to as food vacuoles.
Contractile Vacuole : To expel excess water some
wastes from the cell.
Vacuoles: Store House of the cell
Difference:
Plant cell Animal cell
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Cell Division
New cells are formed in organisms in order to
grow, to replace old, dead and injured cells,
and to form gametes required for reproduction.
 The process by which new cells are made is
called cell division.
 Two main types of cell division:
 Mitosis and Meiosis.
Mitosis
 The process of cell division by which most of the cells
divide for growth is called mitosis.
 In this process, each cell called mother cell divides to
form two identical daughter cells
 The daughter cells have the same number of
chromosomes as mother cell.
 It helps in growth and repair of tissues in organisms.
Mitosis : Equational Division
Meiosis
 Specific cells of reproductive organs or tissues in animals
and plants divide to form gametes, which after
fertilisation give rise to offspring.
 They divide by a different process called meiosis which
involves two consecutive divisions.
 When a cell divides by meiosis it produces four new cells
instead of just two.
 The new cells only have half the number of
chromosomes than that of the mother cells.
Meiosis: Reductional Division
Mitosis Meiosis
Difference : Mitosis and Meiosis
Similarity and Differences At a glance
Extra reference:

Ribosomes : Translation Factory

Centrosome : central Apparatus

Ribosomes : Translation Factory
Centrosome : central Apparatus
Thank You