Building Economics and Sociology –

Bharani Madamanchi - 17091AA043

1. Describe the characteristics of urban and rural communities &
highlight their differences with respect to social, economic, & spatial
characteristics?
A) Rural communities in India:
 Emerged with significant that means a passed from nomadic mode
of collective life of the settled one.
 Generally it is understood to mean a small area with small
population.
 Which follows agriculture not only as an occupation but also a way
of life.
 The village is the oldest permanent community of man.
Features of rural community:
 Community consciousness
 Role of neighbourhood
 Joint family
 Faith in Religion
 Simplicity
Community Consciousness:
 The village dwellers have a sense of unity.
 The relations between the village people are intimate.
 They are personally known each other.
 Their customs, conventions and culture are common.
Role of Neighbourhood:
 Its very importance.
 The village people assists each other and thus they have closest
neighbourhood relations. E.g. they share their sarrows and joys
etc.,,
Joint family:
 In village the joint family system still retains.
 The agricultural occupations requires the cooperation of all the
family members.
Faith in Religion:
 The villages have deep faith in religion and god.
 In agriculture and family activities they starts with worshipping.
Simplicity:
 They are far from the evils of modern civilization.
 They live peaceful life, sincere, hardworking, moral life and
governed by norms.
Characteristics of Indian villages:
 Isolation and Self-Sufficiency
 Peace and Simplicity
 Lack of Conservation
 Poverty and Illiteracy
 Local self-government
Isolation and self-sufficiency:
 The inhabitants of the village had very little do with the people
outside.
 All their essential needs were satisfied in the village itself.
Peace and simplicity:
 Their atmosphere is simplicity, calmness and peace prevailing.
 The villagers led a simple life, eat frugally, dress simply, and live
in mud-walled house completely lacking in the trapping of modern
civilization.
Lack of Conservatism:
 The village are strongly attached to old customs and traditions.
 They love old ways and are less eager to follow the advice of
zealous social reformers regarding their marriage and other
customs. Poverty and illiteracy:
 They are generally poor with a very low income.
 Beside poverty the village people steeped in ignorance and
illiteracy.
Local self-government:
 The village in ancient India enjoyed a considerable measure of
autonomy or self-government.
 The villagers managed their own affairs through the traditional
institutions of panchayat.
Urban community:
 City community/ Civilized society are the terms which are used
synonymously.
 Those places have local authority like municipality and
containment board.
 Other requirements of a minimum population of 5,000 at least
75% of the working population engaged in non-agricultural .
 Large, density and permanent settlement of socially
heterogeneous individuals living place.
 The word ‘urbane’ suggests this way of life; it indicates
fashionable living.
Features of Urban community
 Namelessness
 Homelessness
 Class extremes
 Social Heterogeneity
 Social distance
 Energy and speed
Namelessness:
 They meet and speck without knowing each other’s name.
 A citizen may live for several years in a city and may not know the
names of one-third of the people who live in the same city area.
Homelessness:
 Many low class people pass their nights on platform.
 Even the child does not get any place for play
Class extremes:
 In a city are found the richest as well as poorest people.
 People living in luxury and grand mansions as well as platform.
Social heterogeneity:
 The personal traits, the occupations, the cultural life and the ideas
of the members of the urban community vary wide.
Social distance:
 Social distance is a product of anonymity and heterogeneity.
 The city dwellers feels lonely.
Energy and speed:
 People with ambition work at a tremendous speed, day and night.
 Which others also to work similarly.
Difference between rural and urban communities with respect to
economic characteristics
Rural community
1. Lack of resources is the reason
to give importance to gain
essential requirements of life
2. Bad road system
3. Electricity – limited power
supply
4. Water- wells ponds and rivers
are the source of supply
5. Security- no security is required
6. Education- students rely on text
books for information and prefer
to go to government schools.
Experience staff shortage
7. Job opportunities- less awareness
and lack of resources
8. Economic status-the incident of
poverty line is higher
9. Price of goods – relatively less
10.Occupation- main occupation is
agriculture then comes fishing,
carpentry etc
Urban community
1. In modern times man has won over
nature and extended his power
2.The local transport added to the
population of the city by extending its
boundaries.
3.unlimited power supply
4.direct river extractions and ground
water extractions
5.security is important consideration on
preventing urban crimes
Less likely to experience staff shortage.
Students have access to technology.
Private schools are preferred
More opportunities and abundant
resources
Poverty line is less when compared to
rural community
Relatively high
They are mainly involved in secondary,
tertiary and quaternary industries
Difference between rural and urban communities with respect to
social characteristics
Rural community
1. Marriage system- low age
marriages and marriage between
blood relatives
2. Health- less medical awareness
and resources
3. Gender gap- Women’s place in
the family ,Women’s education,
Employment is given much
priority
4. Technology-less computer
literacy, lack of internet facilities
and sources
5. Family system- joint family
6. It has people that know
themselves very well
7. They have people with same
background
8. They have few social amenities
9. The life is simple and quiet
10.The village dwellers are
connected
Urban community
1. Love marriages and divorces are
increasing. The individual qualities like
education, economic, beauty and
appearance of the marriage partners are
given preference over the old family
status.
More medical awareness and resources
Men and women are treated equally
Abundant sources, internet facilities
Nuclear family
6.They meet and speck without
knowing each other’s name.
7.they have people with different
background
8.They have abundant social amenities
9.It is not simple and quiet
10. Social distance is a product of
anonymity and heterogeneity.
The city dwellers feels lonely.
 Difference between rural and urban communities with respect to
spatial characteristics
Rural community
1. It could be nucleated or
linear settlement
2. They are normally made up
of few buildings
3. Use of locally available
materials and traditional
construction techniques
4. Community Residential and
agricultural fields
5. They have space for
domestic animals in their
site
6. Housing is classified based
on caste
7. Energy and cost efficient
buildings
Urban community
1.These are usually nucleated
settlements
2.They are made up of many
buildings
3.Hitech constructions techniques
and advanced materials
4.Community with commercial ,
industrial and residential area
5.no such space is entertained in
the community
6.people for different background
and caste live in same locality
7.high energy emission and costly
Construction process

2. a. Define migration.
b. What is the impact of migration on urban centers.
a. Migration :
Migration is a truly global phenomenon, with movements both within
nations and internationally across borders. The world has an
estimated 244 million international migrants (UN DESA, 2016) and
763 million internal migrants (UN DESA, 2013).
Migration is a way to move from one place to another place in order
to live and work. Movement of people from their home to another
city, state or country for a job, shelter or some other reason is called
migration. Migration from rural areas to urban areas has increased in
past few years in India.
Human migration is the movement by people from one place to
another with the intentions of settling temporarily or permanently in
the new location.
The movement is often over long distances from one country to
another , but internal migration is also possible; indeed , this is the
dominant form globally.
There are four variations of migration depending on where the
destination and source are located.
1. Rural – Urban: Traditional rural urban migration exists in India as
villagers seek to improve opportunities and lifestyle. This has
shown a gradual increase, with its share in total migration raising
from 16.5 % to 21.1 % between 1971 and 2001.
2. Urban – Urban: There has been slight increase of urban to urban
migration from 13.6% to 14.7 % over three decades(1971 to 2001).
3. Rural – Rural: According to 2001 census data rural to rural
migration has been the most dominant. In 2001, rural to rural
migration has accounted for 54.7% of total migration.
4. Urban – Rural: It is not that only rural to urban migration is
prevalent. Though unnoticed, the last decade the urban to rural
migration figure stands as 6.2 million people , i.e. approximately
6% of population that moved between 1991 to 2001.
 Durations
The duration for how long a migrant stays at his/her destination is
subjected to personal and economic circumstances and it falls into
three broad categories
1. Temporary/seasonal
2. Semi permanent
3. Permanent
b) Impact of migration on urban centers
▫ Lack of low cost housing
▫ Lack of basic services
▫ Insecurity
▫ Subsequent health problems

Impact on Area of Destination

Positive Negative
Economic
Economic – Increase in remittances leading
– Cheap & surplus labour to
– Closes gaps in skills – – Native unemployment in case
local consumption decreases
– Increased capital and risk
constraints on local production
with reduced investments

– Social Social
– Multi-ethnic society & – Urban services & social
increased tolerance infrastructure under stress
– New services from country of – Xenophobia
origin – Cultural dilution

– Political Political
– Push for inclusive policymaking – Stricter immigration norms
– Integrated development
Negative

Availability & affordability of land and housing units:

Housing consumption of migrants burdens the land and housing markets
for citizens. A housing policy therefore must be cognizant of how
migrant housing can make a city an attractive, competitive and
sustainable place to locate in.
Higher resource consumption & need for improved services :
Migration entails challenges providing utilities and services efficiently,
such as power, telecommunications, clean water and sanitation. Cities
would have to tend to higher per-capita energy and emissions footprints,
improving water supply for sustainable development.
City congestion & population distribution:
Transportation infrastructure, roads and trunk infrastructure of a city
directly impact regional population density, and affect overall population
distribution and congestion in the city. This, in turn, plays a pivotal role
in integrating the diverse cultural and ethnic population of the city.
Redirection of public funds for adequate health & educational facilities:
A growing migrant population would require large investments in social
infrastructure and divert resources from directly productive assets.
Limited resources make it difficult to provide education and healthcare
to the entire population, affecting the quality of these services.
▫ Lack of low cost housing
▫ Lack of basic services
▫ Insecurity
▫ Subsequent health problems
Rural - urban migration pull factors attract people to the cities.
▫ There are better job opportunities.
▫ There are higher income and higher living standards.
▫ There are better educational and medical facilities.
Problems in urban areas due to migration
▫ Unemployment
▫ Housing
▫ Slums and squatter settlements
▫ Transport
▫ Water supply and sanitation
▫ Water pollution and Air pollution
▫ In adequate provision for social infrastructure

3. a. Discuss how society’s needs get reflected in its built form with
examples of sketches /diagrams .
b. Write short notes on Nature of urban community , slums,
urbanization.
a. Buildings, essentially social and cultural products, are influenced
by the ideas, values, beliefs, activities, relationships and forms of
the social organizations that they sustain. Society produces
buildings, and the buildings, although not producing society, help
to maintain many of its social forms
▫ It is more than obvious that buildings and the entire built
environment are essentially social and cultural products.
▫ Buildings result from social needs and accommodate a variety of
functions: social, political, economic, religious and cultural. Their
size, appearance, location, and form are governed not simply by
physical factors but by a society's ideas, it's forms of economic and
social organizations, it's distribution of resources and authority, its
activities, and the beliefs and values, which prevail at any one
period of time.
▫ As changes in the society occur, so too does change in its build
environment. New building types emerge as old ones become
obsolete. Some buildings are modified, extended and take on
different functions; others may simply disappear.
▫ Society produces its buildings, and the buildings, although not
producing society, help to maintain many of its social forms.
Example of building influencing society:
Cultural impact of building in society :the parthenon:
“Ancient Greek art emphasized the importance and accomplishments
of human beings. Greek art was meant honor the gods, but the gods
were created in the image of humans. Art and architecture were a
tremendous source of pride for citizens and could be found in various
parts of the city” as this building became a symbol copied in many
other countries
“In this building the Greeks incorporated a fundamental principle of
their culture: arête. To the Greeks, arête meant excellence and
reaching ones full potential. Arete now means “excellence of any
kind” or “moral virtue”

Economic impact of buildings

Example Taj mahal
Tourism also gives boost to the sale of handicrafts including clothes,
leather goods , marbles role of contributing towards the economic
activities
b. i) Nature of urban communities in Indian society
The nature of urban society as represented in thoughts of urban
theorists of modern city greatly has contrasting indifferences in their
views.
Urban community is something which an individual thought as an
area with high density of population and an area with the availability
of basic requirements, an area of good resources. The area has lot of
opportunities of employment and such an area which can be
considered as life giving for luxurious desires of human or individual.
The word urban community has many meanings, the term community
only denotes two conditions
Physical conditions:
▫ Power
▫ Space
▫ Market and
▫ Cultural practices
Social conditions:
▫ Country of origin
▫ Religion
▫ Family
▫ Education
▫ Language
▫ Health
▫ Recreation
ii) Slums:
A slum for the purpose of census, has been defined as residential
areas where dwellings are unfit for human habitations by reasons of
dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and design of such
buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of street, lack of
ventilation, light or sanitation facilities.
Why do urban slums exist?
The existence of slums is caused and sustained by a number of forces,
including rapid rural to urban migration, insecure tenure,
globalization. Rural to urban migration amplifies slum formation
because city planning and management systems are unable to
effectively manage the considerable population influx.
According to data provided in parliament, Maharashtra, Uttar
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have the largest slums.
Factors responsible for the formation of slums:
▫ Rapid industrialization
▫ Population growth
▫ Lack of zoning
▫ Decentralization
▫ Lack of education
▫ Poverty
▫ Repair and maintenance
▫ Inadequate powers
Effects of slum on town life:
▫ Unhealthy conditions due to lack of conditions
▫ Absence of socio-cultural life
▫ Increase in crime rate
▫ Increase in population, noise and environmental impact
▫ Overload on services
iii)Urbanization: is an increase in percentage of urban population in
country.
Rural - urban migration pull factors attract people to the cities.
▫ There are better job opportunities.
▫ There are higher income and higher living standards.
▫ There are better educational and medical facilities.
Push factors drive people to leave rural areas.
▫ There is unemployment due to farm mechanization.
▫ There are low income and lower living standards.
▫ There are in adequate educational and medical facilities.
▫ There are in adequate farm lands, crop failure and famine.
▫ There are poverty, debt and hard farm life.
Urbanization in India:
It is taking place at a faster rate. Population residing in urban areas in
India, according to 1901 census was 11.4%. This increased to 28.53%
according to 2001 census and crossing 30% as per 2011 census,
standing at 31.16 % according to a survey by UN state of world
population report in 2007, by 2030, 40.73% of country’s population
may be extended to reside in urban areas.
Problems of urbanization
▫ Unemployment
▫ Housing
▫ Slums and squatter settlements
▫ Transport
▫ Water supply and sanitation
▫ Water pollution and Air pollution
▫ In adequate provision for social infrastructure
Consequences of urbanization
▫ Rapid rise in urban population, in India , is leading to many
problems like increasing slums , decrease in standard of living in
urban areas, also causing environmental damage.
▫ The influx of workers in urban areas increases competition for
jobs, houses, school facilities etc.
▫ The distribution of population is un even in India.
▫ In an unregulated labour market, increase in supply leads to
lowering of wages.
▫ Brings about diversity in culture and life style.
▫ Immigrants are willing to do unskilled jobs.