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REMINDER FOR MUSLIM STUDENTS TESTING FOR HARDENED CONCRETE OBJECTIVES OF LECTURE At the end of the lecture, students should be able to
“Understand the types of destructive testing
method and non destructive testing for measuring hardened concrete properties composite areas” Introduction Construction material is tested: a) To ensure the QUALITY of the material b) To minimize the maintenance cost c) To spare or reduce the involved parties in the construction from facing problem at later stage There are 2 types of concrete test that is: a) Destructive test b) Non Destructive test DESTRUCTIVE TEST Can be done for testing : a) Compression strength concrete - Cube test b) Tensile strength of concrete - Direct Tension Test - Split-Cylinder Test - Flexural Test c) Flexural Strength Cube Test Concrete cube testing is a primary quality compliance check on the specified design characteristic compressive strength of concrete mix supplied to the site. Concrete cube is prepared by placing 3 layer of concrete in the mould Each layer is compacted using rod for 35 times Then it is cured in a tank of water for 7, 14 and 28 days. On the 7th day, cube will be taken out for compressive strength test. Cube must be oiled before placing the concrete
Cube subjected to water curing
Compression test Tensile Strength Tensile strength of concrete should be high enough to resist cracking from shrinkage and temperature changes. It can be measured using the following test a) Direct Tension Test b) Split-Cylinder Test c) Flexural Test Normally tensile strength is assessed using flexural or split-cylinder test. SPLIT CYLINDER TEST (ASTM 496) 1. A cylinder specimen of minimum 2-in. (50mm) dia, placed with it’s axis in a horizontal plane. 2.Then it is subjected to a uniform load along the length of the specimen. Front Elevation Side Elevation Of The Cylinder LOAD 3.Logically, the load will split to 2 parts (P), so the tensile strength can be calculated as ft = 2P / Πld l = length of the cylinder d = diameter of the cylinder
4. The type and shape of coarse aggregate
particles also affect the tensile strength. 5. Split Cylinder Test to determine the tensile strength of concrete by splitting cylinders of the concrete in a compression testing machine. Cylinder before testing Split Cylinder Test After Split Cylinder Test FLEXURAL TEST 1. Most common method for measuring the tensile strength of concrete 2. A concrete beam with span length equal to 3 times the beam depth ( the length of the beam should be at least 2 in. (50mm) larger than the span) is subjected to 3rd point loading (ASTM C78-94). 3. This produces tensile stresses at the bottom of the beam and compressive stresses at the top. Since concrete is weaker in tension than compression, the specimen fails where it breaks into 2 following the formation of a nearly vertical crack called a flexural crack, near the section of maximum moment. Flexural Test NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST • Normally carried out: 1. Periodically to evaluate the performance of building 2. To gather information on old building in order to ascertain the methods of repair or to demolish 3. To ascertain the strength of concrete if cube tests failed. Types of NDT Rebound Hammer / Schmidt Hammer Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Penetration Method Pull Out Test X-Rays Profometre Rebound Hammer Test Known as Schmidt hammer test Can be used to determine the in-place compressive strength of concrete within a range of 1500 – 8000 psi (10-55MPa) Useful in the assessment of uniformity of concrete within a structure This is test can be used to establish whether the rebound number has reached a value known to correspond to the desired strength Measure the distance of rebound of a spring-loaded plunger after it struck a smooth concrete surface. A quick and simple mean of checking concrete uniformity Results of the test can be affected by factors such as smoothness of concrete surface, size, shape, rigidity of speciment, age & moisture condition, type of coarse aggregate & the carbonation of the surface. Schmidt Hammer Rebound hammer test Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity It uses measurement of the speed of ultrasonic pulses through the concrete through the concrete to correlate concrete strength to standard strength. Allows the determination of compressive concrete strength and location of cracks. It will identify non homogenous condition in the structure such as honeycomb, voids & cracks. This test also can assist in determining sizes of cracks Among the factors that could effect this test are: a) surface smoothness b) travel path of the pulse c) temperature effect on the pulse velocity d) moisture content e) presence of steel reinforcing bars f) age of concrete Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test Penetration Resistance Test The Windsor probe is generally considered to be the best means of testing penetration. It consists of a powder-actuated gun or driver ,hardened alloy probes, loaded cartridges, a gauge for measuring penetration of probes & other related equipment. A probe is driven into the concrete by means of a precision powder charge. Depth of penetration provides an indication of the compressive strength of the concrete. This apparatus provides a quick means of determining the relative strength and quality of concrete This test also useful in determining whether formwork can be removed. Designed for in-place testing of compressive strength and quality. Can be performed on slabs, floors, ceilings, curved surfaces and pavements Cost of the test is higher than hammer test. This test is likely to be preferable to drilling small-diameter cores. Pull Out Test This is a test which measures, by means of a special tension jack, the force required to pull out a previously cast-in-metal insert with an enlarged end. This test is superior to the rebound hammer and to penetration resistance test because a larger volume and greater depth of concrete are involved in the pull out test. Profometre Base on magnetic field principle for measurement of cover thickness, numbers of reinforcement, location of reinforcement and stirrups. Able to locate reinforcing bars and measures concrete cover. Test using profometre Other Tests Radiography using gamma rays or high energy X-rays to detect voids Radiometry to measure density Surface penetrating radar to detect voids, cracks and delaminations Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it