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REMINDER FOR MUSLIM STUDENTS
 TESTING FOR
HARDENED CONCRETE
 OBJECTIVES OF LECTURE
 At the end of the lecture, students should be
able to

“Understand the types of destructive testing

method and non destructive testing for
measuring hardened concrete properties
composite areas”
 Introduction
 Construction material is tested:
a) To ensure the QUALITY of the material
b) To minimize the maintenance cost
c) To spare or reduce the involved parties in
the construction from facing problem at
later stage
 There are 2 types of concrete test that is:
a) Destructive test
b) Non Destructive test
 DESTRUCTIVE TEST
 Can be done for testing :
a) Compression strength concrete
- Cube test
b) Tensile strength of concrete
- Direct Tension Test
- Split-Cylinder Test
- Flexural Test
c) Flexural Strength
 Cube Test
 Concrete cube testing is a primary quality
compliance check on the specified design
characteristic compressive strength of concrete
mix supplied to the site.
 Concrete cube is prepared by placing 3 layer of
concrete in the mould
 Each layer is compacted using rod for 35 times
 Then it is cured in a tank of water for 7, 14 and
28 days.
 On the 7th day, cube will be taken out for
compressive strength test.
 Cube must be oiled before placing
the concrete

Cube subjected to water curing

Compression test
 Tensile Strength
 Tensile strength of concrete should be high
enough to resist cracking from shrinkage
and temperature changes.
 It can be measured using the following test
a) Direct Tension Test
b) Split-Cylinder Test
c) Flexural Test
 Normally tensile strength is assessed using
flexural or split-cylinder test.
  SPLIT CYLINDER TEST (ASTM 496)
1. A cylinder specimen of minimum 2-in.
(50mm) dia, placed with it’s axis in a
horizontal plane.
2.Then it is subjected to a uniform load along
the length of the specimen.
Front Elevation
Side Elevation Of The Cylinder LOAD
3.Logically, the load will split to 2 parts (P), so
the tensile strength can be calculated as
ft = 2P / Πld
l = length of the cylinder
d = diameter of the cylinder

4. The type and shape of coarse aggregate

particles also affect the tensile strength.
5. Split Cylinder Test to determine the tensile
strength of concrete by splitting cylinders of
the concrete in a compression testing machine.
Cylinder before testing
Split Cylinder Test
After Split Cylinder Test
FLEXURAL TEST
1. Most common method for measuring the
tensile strength of concrete
2. A concrete beam with span length equal to 3
times the beam depth ( the length of the beam
should be at least 2 in. (50mm) larger than the
span) is subjected to 3rd point loading (ASTM
C78-94).
3. This produces tensile stresses at the bottom of
the beam and compressive stresses at the top.
 Since concrete is weaker in tension than
compression, the specimen fails where it
breaks into 2 following the formation of a
nearly vertical crack called a flexural crack,
near the section of maximum moment.
Flexural Test
NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST
• Normally carried out:
1. Periodically to evaluate the performance of
building
2. To gather information on old building in
order to ascertain the methods of repair or
to demolish
3. To ascertain the strength of concrete if
cube tests failed.
 Types of NDT
 Rebound Hammer / Schmidt Hammer
 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
 Penetration Method
 Pull Out Test
 X-Rays
 Profometre
 Rebound Hammer Test
 Known as Schmidt hammer test
 Can be used to determine the in-place
compressive strength of concrete within a range
of 1500 – 8000 psi (10-55MPa)
 Useful in the assessment of uniformity of
concrete within a structure
 This is test can be used to establish whether the
rebound number has reached a value known to
correspond to the desired strength
 Measure the distance of rebound of a
spring-loaded plunger after it struck a
smooth concrete surface.
 A quick and simple mean of checking
concrete uniformity
 Results of the test can be affected by factors
such as smoothness of concrete surface,
size, shape, rigidity of speciment, age &
moisture condition, type of coarse aggregate
& the carbonation of the surface.
Schmidt Hammer
Rebound hammer test
 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
 It uses measurement of the speed of ultrasonic
pulses through the concrete through the
concrete to correlate concrete strength to
standard strength.
 Allows the determination of compressive
concrete strength and location of cracks.
 It will identify non homogenous condition in
the structure such as honeycomb, voids &
cracks.
 This test also can assist in determining sizes
of cracks
 Among the factors that could effect this test
are:
a) surface smoothness
b) travel path of the pulse
c) temperature effect on the pulse velocity
d) moisture content
e) presence of steel reinforcing bars
f) age of concrete
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test
 Penetration Resistance Test
 The Windsor probe is generally considered to
be the best means of testing penetration.
 It consists of a powder-actuated gun or driver
,hardened alloy probes, loaded cartridges, a
gauge for measuring penetration of probes &
other related equipment.
 A probe is driven into the concrete by means
of a precision powder charge.
 Depth of penetration provides an indication
of the compressive strength of the concrete.
 This apparatus provides a quick means of
determining the relative strength and quality
of concrete
 This test also useful in determining whether
formwork can be removed.
 Designed for in-place testing of compressive
strength and quality.
 Can be performed on slabs, floors, ceilings,
curved surfaces and pavements
 Cost of the test is higher than hammer test.
 This test is likely to be preferable to drilling
small-diameter cores.
 Pull Out Test
 This is a test which measures, by means of a
special tension jack, the force required to
pull out a previously cast-in-metal insert
with an enlarged end.
 This test is superior to the rebound hammer
and to penetration resistance test because a
larger volume and greater depth of concrete
are involved in the pull out test.
 Profometre
 Base on magnetic field principle for
measurement of cover thickness, numbers of
reinforcement, location of reinforcement and
stirrups.
 Able to locate reinforcing bars and measures
concrete cover.
Test using profometre
 Other Tests
 Radiography using gamma rays or high energy
X-rays to detect voids
 Radiometry to measure density
 Surface penetrating radar to detect voids,
cracks and delaminations
Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it