Tides

 Principles  &  working RAJESH    RAJA    -­‐      CRR

1.    Semi  Diurnal  =    2  High  &  2  Low  >des.

2.  Diurnal                          =    1  High  &  1  Low
3.  Mixed                              =    Mixed  features  of  both  .
4.  STANDARD  PORT  
       a)  Zone  Time  men>oned  in  Standard  port  is  Standard  <me  /  Legal  <me  of  that  Port.
               example:    Zone        -­‐  0530  ,  means      UTC  =  Local  Time  -­‐  0530      or    UTC  +  0530  =  LT
                                                         Zone        +  0230  ,  means    UTC  =  Local  Time  +  0230      or    UTC  -­‐  0230  =  LT
     b)  Daylight  Saving  Times  are  not  accounted  .  If  a  Port  happens  to  have  DST  during  
               par>cular  months,  refer  to  ALRS  Vol  2  and  then  you  will  have  to  Apply  that  on
                 HW  /  LW  >ming  of  that  Standard  Port.
   c)  If  Standard  Port  has  Shallow  Water  Correc<on  listed  in  Part  III  of  ATT  then  Use  SHM.
           Shallow  water  can  distort  the  range  or  period  of  a  >de.
   d)  If  Standard  port's  Dura<on(  <me  )of  >de  is  Not  within  5  to  7  hrs  then  Harmonic  to  be  used
   e)  When  Using  Curves  which  has  Solid  (  Spring  curve  )  &  DoZed/Pecked  (  Neap  curve)
               No  Extrapola<on  should  be  used  ,  but  Interpola>ons  can  be  done.

 f)    Spring  are  during  Sun,  Moon  &  Earth  in  a  Line,  there  will  HW  &  LW  during  this
             day  ,  the  range  of  Heights  between  HW  &  LW  will  be  larger  than  other  days  
           (  Spring  Range  )  .      Pls  note  that  this  has  no  rela>on  to  Spring  Seasons.

 g)  Neap  is  when  Sun  &  Moon  are  in  Quadrature  with  earth  (  90  Deg)  ,  there  will  be  
           HW  &  LW  during  this  day  also  ,  but  range  of  Heights  will  be  lesser  than  other  days
         (  Neap  Range  ).  In  a  Lunar  Month  (  29.5  days  )  we  will  have  2  spring  >des  &  2  Neap  
           >des. Prepared  by  Rajesh  Raja  -­‐    CRR Page  1
  h)    Example  :  in  above  Standard  Port  Curve  of  Galway  ,  there  are  2  curves  ,  one  is
           Solid  curve  for  Spring  Ranges  of  4.5  m  &  other  Pecked  curve  for  Neaps  1.9  m.
   Found  in  ATT  vol  1  ports  of  Europe.
i)    If  any  day  has  range  between  HW  &  LW  =  4.7  m  ,  don’t  Extrapolate,  but  use  same  Solid  
   curve          (  spring  curve  )  for  4.5  m  only.
         Similarly  any  day  range  =  1.8  m  ,  don’t  extrapolate  use  Pecked  line  only.
j)    If  the  range  is  in  between  Spring  &  neap  then  Interpolate.  For  example  it  may  be  2.5  m.
         In  such  case  draw  one  more  curve  propor>onately  in  between  Solid  &  Pecked  line.
k)  Ports  in  ATT  other  volumes  will    have  a  common  Curve  for  all  ports  but  with  3  different
     curves  for  5  hrs,  6  hrs,  7  hrs  >me  range  between  HW  &  LW  .  As  shown  Below.

5.  SECONDARY    PORT
 a)  Secondary  port  may  be  within  the  same  country  or  locality  of  Standard  port  or    May  not  be
 b)  If  Secondary  is  not  within  same  Time  zone  of  Standard  ,  it  will  be  indicated  with  different
           >me  zone,  BUT  do  not  do  any  correc<on  of  Time  zones  in  between  Standard  &  secondary
           Adjustments  have  already  been  made  in  providing  Time  diffrence  between  them.
 c)  Secondary  port  if  Does  Not  have  any  data  listed  in  its  tables  or  No  Standard  Port  alloted  or
         has  Shallow  water  correc<on  ,  then  it  should  be  worked  with  SHM.
d)  Secondary  port  for  Europe  areas  with  above  shown  Curve  will  have  Interpola<on  for  
         Time  differences  also  besides  height  correc>on  as  well.

EXAMPLE  1  -­‐    for  ATT  Vol  1 mHWs  =  Mean  High  water  Spring
mHWn  =  Mean  HW  neap
Drummore  is  a  Secondary  Port  No.  420 similarly  on  LW  spring  &  Neap

Standard  Port  for  this  is  Liverpool  No.  452

Extract  from  Part  I  of  ATT  for  Liverpool
Extract  of  1  set  of  High  &  low  waters  10th  Apr  1992
Time Ht Time   Ht
HW 0338 8.0 LW 1030 2.4

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 Extract  from  Part  II  of  ATT
Time  Difference Ht  Difference
Liverpool HW HW LW LW mHWs mHWn mLWn mLWs
0000 0600 0200 0800 9.3 7.4 2.9 0.9
& & & &
1200 1800 1400 2000

Drummore +0030 +0040 +0015 +0020 -­‐3.4 -­‐2.5 -­‐0.9 -­‐0.3

Step  1: For  finding  the  >me  difference

HW  at  Liverpool  is  '0338  which  is  between  '0000  &  '0600  hence  direct  interpola>on  gives  
10/6  X  3.6  =  6  min  ,  add  6  min  to  '+0030  =  '+0036  hence  >me  at  Secondary  port  =  '0414

Similarly  for  LW  at  Liverpool  is  1030  which  is  between  '0800  &  1400  ,  interpola>on
5/6  X  2.5  =  2  min,    hence  '0020  -­‐  2  =  '0018
Remember  NO  Extrapola<on  for  TIME  calcula<on

Time  Difference Ht  Difference

Liverpool HW HW LW LW mHWs mHWn mLWn mLWs
0000 0600 0200 0800 9.3 7.4 2.9 0.9
& & & &
1200 1800 1400 2000

Drummore +0030 +0040 +0015 +0020 -­‐3.4 -­‐2.5 -­‐0.9 -­‐0.3

0338 1030
Correc +0036 +0018
HW  Time  0414 1048 LW

STEP  2  : for  finding  Ht  difference

Seasonal  Correc>on  as  given  in  TT    452  =  '-­‐0.1
       420  =  '-­‐0.1
HW LW
Ht  at  Liver  Pool   8.0 2.4
Reverse  the  Sesonal  Corrcn  for  Liverpool  (  Std  Port)
as  <de  ht    includes  seasonal  correc<on  -­‐(-­‐0.1)  -­‐(-­‐0.1)

Ht  at  Liver  Pool  to  used  for  Interpola<on                        = 8.1 2.5

Ht  Difference
mHWs mHWn mLWn mLWs If  Needed  you  can  Extrapolate  for  this  
9.3 7.4 2.9 0.9 heights  

-­‐3.4 -­‐2.5 -­‐0.9 -­‐0.3

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Interpola>on  for  8.1  m  ,    0.9/1.9  X  0.7  =  0.33,  hence  '-­‐2.83
 -­‐  2.83
 -­‐  2.83  
Similarly  for  2.5  ,  0.6/2  X  1.6  =  0.48  ,  hence  -­‐0.78. -­‐0.78

 Ht  of  Drummore    = 5.27 1.72

Applying  Directly    Seasonal  Corrcn  for  Drummore -­‐0.1 -­‐0.1
Final  Height 5.17 metre 1.62
HW  Time  0414 1048 LW

STEP  3  : To  find    Tide  height  in  between  the  >mes  given

For  finding  a  Ht  in  between  use  the  Above  obtained  HW  ,  LW  >me  &  ranges  &
apply  it  using  the  Tidal  Curve  for  that  Standard  Port  as  you  would  have  done  for  
a  normal  Standard  port.

EXAMPLE  1  -­‐    for  ATT  Vol  2  &  3

Time  Difference Ht  Difference

Mina  Al HW LW mHWs mHWn mLWn mLWs
Ahmadi 2.7 2.2 1.5 0.5

Ras  al   +0002 +0022 -­‐1.0 -­‐0.8 -­‐0.3 0

Khali

Step  1: For  finding  the  >me  difference

Directly  apply  the  above  >me  difference  for  HW  &  LW  in  Secondary  port  &
No  interpola>on  needed.

STEP  2  : for  finding  Ht  difference

a) Apply  Reverse  Seasonal  Corrcn  to  Standard  port  Ht,
b) Use  this  value  to  Interpolate  or  Extrapolate  from  Part  II,
c) Apply  Seasonal  corrcn  of  Secondary  Port  to  find  final  Ht  at  Secondary  port

STEP  3  :
For  finding  a  Ht  in  between  use  the  Above  obtained  HW  ,  LW  >me  &  ranges  &
apply  it  using  the  General  Tidal  Curve  for  this  volume    as  you  would  have  done  for  
a  normal  Standard  port.

NOTE  : If  the  >me  range  lies  in  between  5  &  6  hrs  or  in  between  6  &  7  hrs
draw  an  approximate  propor>onal  curve  in  between  with  pencil  and  proceed  to
find  the  ht.

SEE  Next  Diagram

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 -­‐7  hrs -­‐6  hrs -­‐5  hrs +5  hrs +6  hrs +7  hrs
Typical  curves  for  ATT  vol  outside  Europe  for  Different  Dura>on  of  Tide
5  hrs,  6  hrs,  7  hrs

Example  :          Tidal  Time  Range  is  5.5  Hrs Time    range  is  6.3  hrs

MAX Draft + UKC = Charted Depth + Height of Tide

Causes Of Tide

The 2nd diagram below shows the Earth rotating within a body of water, the
shape of which has been drawn out by the gravitational effects of the
Moon and Sun. It shows an observer at point A at High Water, as the
Earth rotates the observer will notice the sea level falling to Low Water
just over 6 hours later. After nearly 12.5 hours the tide will have risen
to High Water again, the cycle continues going through the next Low
Water at just over 18.5 hours and back to High Water again at about
24 hours and 50 minutes.

SEE  Next  Diagram

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 Problems with Height Clearence

1. All the Depths on charts are refferred with CHART DATUM ( CD ) which is Lowest
Astronomical Tide ( LAT ), but even then tides can go below CD in some ports
which will be mentioned as Negative Ht of tide.
The ht of tide is also always from CD.

2. Similar to Depths , the Charted Heights of Bridge, Lighthouse etc are always
referred with Mean High Water Springs ( MHWS ), in some cases if specifically
mentioned it may refer to Highest Astronomical Tide ( HAT ) .
All the Height, Air Draft problems should be done with reference to MHWS only ,
NOT In reference with CD or Height of Tide.

MAX Air Draft + Ht Clearence = Charted Ht + MHWS - Ht of Tide

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                                    UKC  +  Drag  +  Air  Drag  +  Height  Clearence  =  CD    +  MHWS    +  Charted  Height  Above  MHWS

Height
Clearence Charted  Height  above  MHWS

MHWS
Air
Drag

                             MHWS

Waterline                    WL
Height  of
   Drag            CD Tide

Charted  Depth
Observed UKC
Depth
Sea  Bed

1. Draft + UKC = Observed Depth = CD + Ht of Tide

2. Air Draft + Height Clearence = Charted Ht + MHWS - Ht of Tide

3. MHWS itself is a Height of tide , similar are MHWN,MLWN,MLWS,HAT.

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 Co -Tidal Chart

Indicating coincidence of high tides or low tides or relating to a line that passes
through each location on a coastal map where tides occur at the same time of day.

The arrowheads show the main direction of the tidal stream. The lines mark the
points where the high water time is the same. The numbers give the time of High
tide in hours before or after high tide at Dover.

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