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YM Secondary - Ports
YM Secondary - Ports
?? If you can work with secondary ports try the exercise on page 13.
Applicable references for this section are YN on Secondary Ports and NH chapter 7.
You might reasonably observe that what follows is quite a lot of work. ‘Surely we can guess
it accurately enough?’ is a common observation. These days we might also note that tidal
heights can be readily predicted by computer. You are, of course, right and for many
situations a reasonably accurate ‘educated guess’ is good enough.
Computers give us facts but they do not help us to understand questions such as ‘if we
are 20 minutes late can we still cross the shallows between Old Dawson and Inner
Rocque in an offshore gale with high pressure affecting the height of tide at HW +6?
The techniques in this chapter will improve your understanding of secondary ports and
therefore your ability to make valid approximations and reliable calculations.
Approach
Before we go delving into the tide tables let's stop and think for a moment. If we are going to
use the tide tables and curves to get the answers for a secondary port there are going to be
some differences in technique. Here is what we do:
1. Convert the problem to a solvable form - no change in the procedures we learnt earlier.
2. Find the tidal cycle we want to use and extract the STANDARD port times and
heights of tide - no change in procedure.
3. Convert the tide times and heights for the standard port so that they are correct for
the SECONDARY port - this is the only extra step. In effect we are going to create the
secondary port’s tide table for the tidal cycle (flood or ebb) encompassing the time and
date we are interested in.
4. Use the SECONDARY port information with the curve for the STANDARD port.
There is no change to the way that we use the curve - all we are doing is to replace the
standard port data (step 2 above) with the secondary port's data.
It is really very straightforward so let’s take it step by step and then pull it all together with a
worked example.
Secondary port information
?? Open the TA - N at page 86 and find the entry for Dawson Harbour. From the top it
covers:
1. The charts that cover the port - this is useful particularly when planning a passage.
2. The standard port to use – it is Colville. The arrow tells us which way in the TA - N (or
almanac) to go to find the standard port's data.
3. The tidal differences block - this is the key to secondary port calculations.
4. ‘Differences Dawson Harbour' - with more times and heights.
The tidal differences block
This is the heart of the secondary port
process. It contains time information (Figure
2) and height information (Figure 3).
Secondary port times
Time difference These are ‘typical’
HW and LW times for
The section on timing (Figure 2) has two the STANDARD port
Times
parts: HW LW
0100 0700 0100 0700
The upper section relates to the standard port 1300 1900 1300 1900
Differences Dawson Harbour
and gives typical HW and LW times at that BRAYE
-0038 -0014 -0030 -0006
port. These are the TIME
differences for the
secondary port
The lower section relates to the secondary
port. For Dawson it is simple. It tells us that
HW Dawson is somewhere between 38 and
14 minutes earlier than at Colville. It also Figure 2 - Secondary port times
tells us that LW is between 6 and 30 minutes
earlier than at Colville.
?? Contrast this with Sandquay (TA - N page 84) where the differences are much
smaller and where, in practice, we might well ignore them. The reason for this is, of
course, that Sandquay is much closer to Colville and so we might expect the differences
to be much smaller.
We now have the information to allow us to work out (by interpolation) an accurate time
DIFFERENCE for any particular tide.
Before we investigate interpolation let's look at the other half of the tidal differences block
and see what it tells us about height differences. The interpolation techniques we use are
similar, so we can study both at the same time.
Height differences
The upper figures (Figure 3) are the mean
heights for the primary port. The lower ones
are the height difference for the secondary
port for each of the four mean heights. Secondary port heights
These are the
Our requirement is similar to that for time. STANDARD port
mean tidal heights
Given the differences for mean HW and LW MHWS MHWN MLWN MLWS
4.8 3.9 1.4 0.5
at neaps and springs we need to be able to
work out the secondary port's height
differences for any tide. +2.8 -+1.7 +1.0 +0.5
These are the height
Using the data DIFFERENCES for
the SECONDARY port
Let's take the simple case first. At mean The height of MHWS at
Dawson is 7.6m (4.8+2.8)
spring tides and mean neap tides we can very
often simply apply the corrections that are
given. You probably did this on your Day
Figure 3 - Secondary port heights
Skipper course but here is an example for you
to work through.
?? Work out the height and time of HW (around midday) and the following LW at
Dawson on September 7th.v
This is reasonably straightforward but we do need a generalised technique to handle any tide
time and height correctly.
The sequence is important
There are times, and Dawson is a good example, when we may need a more accurate
technique. There will also be occasions when our boat is bouncing up and down and we
are tired or sea sick. Dawson is actually an example of a port where the tidal curve is
given for it, although it is a secondary port. More of this later.
A systematic approach helps eliminate errors and speeds up our calculations.
?? Note that YN and NH use a slightly different approach. We think that ours is easier
but, if you get the right answers, any technique is correct.
In this course we teach you how to use a simple pro-forma to work out the secondary port
times and heights in a graphical manner. There are many variations and, if you have a
preferred technique, please use it. We will soon tell you if it does not give the right answers!
Our approach is built around a form (Figure 4) and there is a full size copy on page 7.
?? A number of blank copies have been included with your Form Pack for you to use,
find one now if you have a printed Form Pack or print a few copies before you continue.
The form has three parts:
1. A section where we can note down the problem we are trying to solve.
2. A working or calculation area. We might need
either a flood or an ebb tide and this section caters
for either. It also prompts for conversion to local
time at the right point.
3. An interpolation section where we can work with
very simple graphs to find out the secondary port
corrections to be applied.
Using the interpolation section
Most of the form can be best explained by a worked
example. Before we try to fill it in though we need to
consider the question of interpolation.
We know that the aim is to work out the correct
secondary port differences for any given tidal height
and HW or LW time.
The information we have is slightly different for times
and heights:
Figure 4 - Secondary port form
• For time we are given standard port HW and LW
times and the matching secondary port time differences.
For height we have standard port tidal levels and their matching secondary port height
differences.
Plotting graphs
?? If you can work out suitable scales for a graph you may be able to skip to the next
section on time interpolation on page 8.
The Tidal Prediction Form that we supply has four plotting areas. Each lets you work with a
20 x 20 grid.
?? Find a form now (from your Form Pack) or check the one on page 7.
Figure 5 - Secondary port form
The scale that you use should not affect the answer.
Too small a scale will, however, make your life harder!
Interpolating heights
The process is very similar. The height of HW at Colville in our example is 4.3 m.
The three steps (Figure 7) are:
1. Work out suitable scales.
2. Mark in the correct points on the graph
block and draw a line joining them.
3. Work out the applicable difference for a
HW height of 4.3m. The difference is
+2.2m.
?? You’ve got a choice now - either
follow through the worked example that
follows or have a go with the questions
on page 12.
Worked Example
?? Find a blank tidal prediction form from
your Form Pack and let’s get going.
We will stick with Dawson Harbour because
the differences are big enough that an
‘intelligent’ guess is unlikely to be good Figure 7 - Height
enough. The problem we are going to solve is
this:
‘At what time can I cross the drying rock 0.3m just south of Montague Island to the
north of Dawson Harbour (see TA – N page 87) with 1.0m clearance and a draught of
2.5m during the morning of September 18th on the flood tide? We will work out the
heights and times of HW and LW and then use the right tidal curve to solve the
problem.
The process is outlined below and the answers are on page 10. We suggest that you either try
your hand at each step and then check with our answer or take a peek at the worked Tidal
Prediction Form (Figure 8 on page 11) before you begin.
Important note: The Tidal Prediction Form and curve use some colour to aid clarity. In reality
of course there’s no need to use anything but a pencil.
Step 1 - convert the problem to a solvable form. In other words restate the problem in a way
that we can handle with the tide tables and curves
Step 2 - Find the standard port data and enter it on the Tidal Prediction Form
Step 3 - Create what is in effect the tide table for the secondary port for the date and tidal
cycle(s) of interest. We do this by marking up the graphs with the secondary port data and
then using the differences to modify the standard port times and heights. Either have a go first
or take a quick look at the worked example before you make up your own.
Step 4 - now answer the questions.
Answers to worked example
You will find the completed secondary port form in Figure 8 and the tidal curve in Figure 10.
Step 1 - convert the problem to a solvable form. In other words restate the problem in a way
that we can handle with the tide tables and curves
Answer - we need to find the time during the morning flood on September 24th at which the
height of tide will be 3.8m. (The required depth is 3.5m and we have a charted drying height
of 0.3m so the required height of tide will be 3.8m).
Step 2 - Find the standard port data and enter it on the Tidal Prediction Form
Answer - see the Tidal Prediction Form - yours should be the same and note that we are using
zone time not summer time at this stage. The secondary port differences are based on zone
time so it would be wrong to convert HW and LW times to summer time now - we do it later.
Step 3 - Create what is in effect the tide table for the secondary port for the date and tidal
cycle(s) of interest. We do this by marking up the graphs with the secondary port data and
then using the differences to modify the standard port times and heights. Either have a go first
or take a quick look at the worked example before you make up your own.
Answer - Mark up each of the graphs with the standard port data (see TA - N page 40) and
Dawson differences. The worked example shows you how the end result should look. Don’t
worry if your graphs use different units. There’s no harm in this but as a general rule we tend
to use the biggest no. of squares per unit that makes sense. There’s no need to start a scale at
zero by the way and nor does it matter if your lines slope the opposite way if you have
reversed any of the scales.
We should also be careful about being over precise. These graphs are good examples. We
only need to work to the nearest minute and 0.1m.
The graph may imply that we can work to a greater degree of precision but, in the real
world, working to the nearest minute or tenth of a metre is unrealistic since many
external events (wind, pressure etc.) will affect the actual height of tide.
There is no point in trying to be more precise on a theory course; tempting though it
may be!
The graphs are used to work out the differences and the ultimate aim is to produce Dawson’s
HW and LW times and heights. We correct for Summer time as a last step if necessary and
the form prompts you for this.
Step 4 - now answer the questions.
Answer – Use the Dawson heights and times on the correct tidal curve. In this case it will be
Dawson since there is a tidal anomaly. Normally it would be the curve for the standard port
which is Colville in this example.
Using the Dawson curve we find (Figure 9) we find that the height of tide reaches 3.8m at 3h
20m AFTER low water (04:23) so we can cross the rock at about 07:45. It is slightly
judgemental because this curve has three lines depending on the range so your answer might
be a little different from ours – perhaps that is why the skipper wanted a metre clearance!
Out of interest we worked it out using the Colville curve since this is a very easy mistake to
make with this type of port. The answer (Figure 10) is that we could cross the rock at HW
(09:28) minus 3h 0m or 06:00. Quite a difference. If you look at Figure 9 again you can work
out whether the boat would have crossed the rock at 06:00. The answer is that she would but
the clearance would have been around 0.5m or a bit less.
Figure 8 - Worked secondary port example
Figure 9 - Using the Dawson curve
i
A SECONDARY port is one for which information is available that RELATES it to a standard port.
ii
No it will be covered by 0.2m so will not be visible though its presence could well be indicated by surface
turbulence and waves.
iii
Height of tide at MLWN is shown as 2.4m and 1.0 at MLWS for Old Dawson. With a least depth of 0.9m in the
channel our boat could not pass though at MLWS by 0.1m but can easily cross the shallow area at MLWN.
iv
A secondary port is one for which the TIMES and HEIGHTS of the tides are known RELATIVE to a standard
port. The tidal curve for the standard port and the tidal times and heights for the secondary port are used to solve
the tidal problem for the secondary port.
v
Standard port data is HW 11:58 UT, 4.8m. LW is 18:24 and 0.4m. Range is 4.4m on the ebb so is near enough
mean springs. HW Dawson will be near enough to 11:20 UT (12:20 summer time) and LW will be 18:18 UT
(19:18 summer time). Height of HW will be 7.6m and height of LW will be 0.9m.
vi
Think back to the time data (Figure 2) and the standard values for the standard port. They are given in ZONE
time. If you use summer time then you will introduce an error in working out the secondary port time
differences by using a time that is an hour later than it should be.
vii
Tricky one. You could use two squares per hour or you could add a square and use three squares per hour.
viii
We can guess this one with no problems. LW Sandquay will be at 07:02 summer time with a height of 1.0m.
.HW time is 13:05 and height of 4.6m. We guessed the interpolation here. With a difference of 0.9m (4.8 – 3.9)
between the standard port heights and 0.5m for the differences (0.4 + -1) it is near enough to say that for each
0.2m of standard port height we get a difference of 0.1m. On this basis the difference for a height of 4.4m will
be 0.2m.
ix
LW 06:59 summer time (difference of – 9 minutes) and 1.5m (difference of either + 0.7 or +0.8m) HW 12:39
summer time (difference of – 35 minutes) and 6.7m (difference of +2.3m).
x
In working terms at HW –3h 20minutes or 09:19 summer time.