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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2921152, IEEE
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A Leaf-shaped Triboelectric Nanogenerator for
Multiple Ambient Mechanical Energy Harvesting
Dongdong Jiang, Guoxu Liu, Wenjian Li, Tiaozhao Bu, Yipu Wang, Zhi Zhang, Yaokun Pang, Shaohang Xu, Hang
Yang, and Chi Zhang
Abstract- To meet the great need for distributed and
sustainable power sources, mechanical energy in the environment
is widely used for electricity generation. Based on the coupling
effect of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction,
triboelectric nanogenerator as an innovative energy technology
has advantages of collecting fluctuating amplitude and low-
frequency mechanical energy. In this work, a leaf-shaped
triboelectric nanogenerator has been demonstrated to harvest
multiple ambient mechanical energy. By the characterization
with different mechanical energy sources, the leaf-shaped
triboelectric nanogenerator has been proven as an effective tool
to scavenge wind, vibration and falling raindrop energy.
Furthermore, based on numerous leaf-shaped triboelectric
nanogenerators, a leaf-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator tree
has been developed, which can be used for continuous collection
of environmental mechanical energy at large-scale. This work has
first exhibited a conformal structure for simultaneously
harvesting various mechanical energy, which has bright
potentials in environmental monitoring, Internet of things and
wireless sensor networks.1
I. INTRODUCTION
With the increase of greenhouse gas emissions due to the
combustion of fossil fuels, the rise of earth's surface
temperature has potentially harmful effects on ecosystems,
biodiversity and human livelihoods[1]. Thus, it is urgent to
search sustainable and renewable energy sources. There are
various forms of energy resources in the surroundings, where
mechanical energy is one of the most widely available energy
sources[2]–[8]. Nevertheless, environmental mechanical
energy is featured as irregular amplitude, low frequency,
instability and wide distribution, which limits the collection
and application of ambient mechanical energy[9]–[15]. Hence
the development of new technologies is of great importance
for harvesting environmental mechanical energy.
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
(No. 61874011), Beijing Talents Foundation (2017000021223TD04), Beijing
Nova Program (No. Z171100001117054), and National Key Research and
Development Program of China (2016YFA0202704). (Corresponding author:
Chi Zhang.)
D. Jiang, G. Liu, W. Li, T. Bu, Z. Zhang, Y. Pang, S. Xu, H. Yang, and C.
Zhang are with Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China (e-mail: jingle1020@163.com;
liuguoxu0201@126.com; liwenjian591@163.com; butianzhao@163.com;
zhangzhi@binn.cas.cn; qingdapang@163.com; xsh19930322@foxmail.com;
yanghang@binn.cas.cn; czhang@binn.cas.cn).
Y Wang is with the School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, China (e-mail: yipuwang_whu@163.com).
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Since 2012, based on the second term in the Maxwell’s
displacement current[16]–[19], the newly rising triboelectric
nanogenerator (TENG) has provided an innovative way to
convert mechanical energy into electricity[20]–[23]. Four
fundamental modes of TENG, including vertical contact-
separation mode, lateral-sliding mode, single-electrode mode,
and freestanding triboelectric-layer mode, have been
established[24], [25]. On the basis of different modes, there
are numerous structures of TENG as harvester to collect
mechanical energy in past 6 years[26]–[29]. However, it was
ignored that different forms of mechanical energy exist at the
same place or the structures were restricted[30]–[35]. The
previous works failed to use them effectively for the reason of
isolating different forms of mechanical energy as separate
sources of energy. Therefore, it is very vital to design a
conformal structure device to scavenge different types of
mechanical energy, forming a reusable energy harvesting
system.
In this work, we demonstrate a leaf-shaped triboelectric
nanogenerator (L-TENG) with conformal structure to harvest
multiple ambient mechanical energy. By the characterization
with different mechanical energy sources, the L-TENG has
been proven as an effective tool to scavenge wind, vibration
and falling raindrop energy. Furthermore, a L-TENG tree has
been presented based on numerous L-TENGs, which can be
used for continuous collection of environmental mechanical
energy at large-scale. This work has first exhibited a
conformal structure for simultaneously harvesting various
mechanical energy, which has bright potentials in
environmental monitoring, Internet of things and wireless
sensor networks.
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Structure and Material of the L-TENG
Fig. 1a depicts the sketch of the L-TENG tree for various
mechanical energy collection, which is mainly integrated by
numerous L-TENGs as schematically illustrated in Fig. 1b.
The component of L-TENG featured as conformal structure of
oval shape like a natural leaf is composed of Polyimide (PI),
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamide (PA) and copper
films. In the L-TENG, PI is selected as the framework of the
structure, mainly owing to its high strength, low cast,
lightweight and easy processing[36], [37]. Two copper films
are affixed each side of the framework, called electrode I and
electrode II, respectively. The PTFE and PA films are chosen
as the friction layers covering the electrode I and II,
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Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the L-TENG. (a) Sketch map of the L-TENG tree to harvest multiple ambient mechanical energy. (b) Schematic structure of
the L-TENG component. Insets: SEM image of the PTFE surface with etched nanostructure (scale bar: 5 μm).

Fig. 2. Schematic working principle of the L-TENG in the vertical contact-separation mode for harvesting wind and vibration energy.

respectively. The specific manufacturing process of the L-
TENG can be found in the Methods. In addition, to increase
the effective contact area and enhance the hydrophobic
property of the PTFE film surface, nanostructures are
fabricated on the friction surface of the PTFE via inductive
coupled plasma (ICP), as presented in the inset of Fig. 1b.
B. Working Principle of the L-TENG
The working principle of the L-TENG can be explained in
two separate parts, which is based on the coupling effect of
triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. A vertical
contact-separation mode is applied for harvesting wind and
vibration energy, as illustrated in Fig. 2. For conciseness and
the ease of description, only the contact electrification layers
and their corresponding electrodes of two adjacent L-TENGs
are drawn. At original state, two adjacent L-TENGs keep a
certain distance and there is no potential difference between
the electrode I and II since no charge is generated (i). The
impact from the wind or vibration energy will bring the
adjacent L-TENGs into close contact. Given that PA is easier
to lose electrons than PTFE according to the triboelectric
series[38], electrons on the surface of PA film transfer to the
PTFE surface so that equal density of positive and negative
charges is induced on the PA and PTFE surfaces, respectively
(ii). When the impact stops, the contacting surfaces will start
to rebound back due to the elasticity of PI. Because the
electrode I has a lower potential than the electrode II, electrons
will flow from the electrode I to the electrode II through the
outer load (iii). The electron transport lasts until the
triboelectric layers revert to the original position, which means
that electrostatic equilibrium is attained (iv). Afterwards, the

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Fig. 3. Schematic working principle of the L-TENG in the single electrode mode for harvesting raindrop energy.
next impact is applied on the L-TENGs resulting in the
decrease of the separation distance, producing electric
potential difference with reversed polarity and electrons will
flow back from the electrode II to the electrode I in a reversed
direction (v). When the PA and PTFE films are in full contact
with each other, they reach another electrostatic equilibrium
state (ii).
Moreover, the L-TENG in single-electrode mode is applied
to collect raindrop energy, as indicated in Fig. 3. Here, for the
same reason as before, only the PTFE film and the
corresponding electrode are drawn. During the process of
water falling through pipe or air, the water droplets contain
positive tribo-charges because the water droplets rub against
the air according to the previous studies (i)[39]. When the
raindrops with positive charges flow on the hydrophobic
PTFE film, electrons will flow from ground to the electrode
because the electrode I has a higher potential than ground (ii).
The flow of free electrons could last until the potential
difference totally disappears (iii). Once the raindrops slip out
of the surface of the PTFE, a negative potential difference will
be formed between the electrode I and ground, driving
electrons to flow back from the electrode I to ground (iv) until
the initial state (i) is reached.
C. Characteristics of the L-TENGs
The electric output characteristics of the L-TENG are
related to the length and width of oval shape L-TENG (Fig. S1,
Supporting Information). The L-TENGs with different ratios
(Radio = L/W) and the same area are manufactured (Table S1,
Supporting Information), which were labelled as No.1-4. At
the vibration frequency of 1.8 Hz, the output rectified short-
circuit current (ISC), open-circuit voltage (VOC) and peak
power at the optimal matching resistance of each device is
shown in Fig. S2 of the Supporting Information. We can see
that VOC of each number is nearly the same, but ISC and peak
power of No.2 (Radio = 2) are maximum, up to 1.5 μA and
~10 μW, respectively. The reason of the phenomenon is that
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the effective contact-separation area is maximum at the ratio.
The two pieces of leave in a L-TENG are fixed at the root with
a certain separating distance between each other. When W is
larger (the ratio is smaller), the L-TENG cannot fully be
contacted because most of the area of the L-TENG is close to
the fixed end. While when L is larger (the ratio is larger), it
cannot be completely separated because the elasticity of the L-
TENG is limit and most of the area of the L-TENG is far from
the fixed end. Moreover, the relation between the output
performances and different mechanical energy sources is
systematically studied and discussed, as indicated in Fig. 4~6.
Firstly, electric output characteristics at the wind velocity (VW)
range of from 2.5 to 10.0 m/s are measured and the inset in Fig.
4 (b) shows the equivalent circuit of ISC testing. An adjustable
speed fan is used to simulate natural wind in the experiment.
Fig. 4 (The related output waveforms are presented in Fig. S3,
Supporting Information) show ISC, VOC, and the transferred
charges increase quickly with the wind speed increasing,
which is consistent with previous work. ISC is up to about 1.7
μA and a maximal value of VOC is about 138 V at VW = 10.0
m/s. Secondly, the dependence of the electric output
characteristics of the L-TENG on the vibration frequency (FV)
from 1.4 to 2.6 Hz is also explored, as displayed in Fig. 5 (The
related output waveforms are presented in Fig. S4, Supporting
Information). In this part of the experiment, the mechanical
vibration is simulated by a vibration exciter. We can see that
ISC increases rapidly, reaching a saturation value of about 4.3
μA with the increase of vibration frequency. The reason of ISC
saturation phenomenon is that the contact-separation
frequency of the L-TENG increases until the resonance is
reached. Furthermore, we can find that VOC remains almost the
same because the amount of transferred charges via the
external circuit remains unchanged. Finally, electrical signals
are generated when the raindrops flow on the surface of the
PTFE film as previously analyzed. In the experiment, a faucet
is applied to water with some settled flow instead of rainfalls.
The relationship between output characteristics of the
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systematically investigated, as presented in Fig. 7~9. First, the

output performances and the peak power of the L-TENGs are

Fig. 4. Output characteristics of the L-TENG with different wind velocity

(VW). (a) the short-circuit current (ISC) waveform, (b) ISC and open-circuit
voltage (VOC) Insets: Equivalent circuit of ISC testing.

Fig. 7. Output characteristics of the several L-TENGs for harvesting wind

energy. (a) ISC waveform with the number of pieces, (b) dependence of the
Fig. 5. Output characteristics of the L-TENG with different vibration peak power on the resistance of the external load with the number of pieces,
frequency (FV). (a) ISC waveform, (b) ISC and VOC. (c) ISC, VOC and maximum peak power relative to the number of pieces at the
wind velocity of 10.0 m/s.

Fig. 6. Output characteristics of the L-TENG with different raindrop flow

(FR). (a) ISC waveform, (b) ISC and VOC.

L-TENG and the different raindrop flows (FR) range of from

12 to 24 ml/s is also investigated, as indicated in Fig. 6 (The
related output waveforms are presented in Fig. S5, Supporting
Information). It is obvious that both ISC and VOC have an
evident increase as the raindrops flow increases. The increase
of electric output performances should be attributed to the
increase of raindrops with triboelectric charges. Additionally,
the output performances of the L-TENG are also measured
when the raindrops flow on the PA film, as presented in Fig.
S6 of Supporting Information. The maximum ISC of the L-
TENG with PA as the triboelectric layer is 0.45 μA, which is
much smaller than the maximum ISC (3.4 μA) of the L-TENG
with PTFE. The reason of this phenomenon is that PTFE film
with nanostructures is hydrophobic and PA is more difficult to
gain electrons than PTFE as previous mentioned in Fig. 2.
To improve the total ISC of the L-TENGs, the L-TENGs
components are electrically connected in parallel. In order to
further understand the output performances of the L-TENGs,
the relation between the electric output and the number of
components with different mechanical energy sources is
Fig. 8. Output characteristics of the several L-TENGs for harvesting
vibration energy. (a) ISC waveform with the number of pieces, (b)
dependence of the peak power on the resistance of the external load with the
number of pieces, (c) ISC, VOC and maximum peak power relative to the
number of pieces at the vibration frequency of 2.2 Hz.
respectively measured with different number of pieces at a
constant wind velocity (VW) of 10.0 m/s (Fig. 7). As shown,
when the piece number varies from 2 to 5, ISC increases
rapidly while VOC decreases slightly. The reason of VOC
reduction should be that it is difficult for L-TENGs to
synchronize contact-separation and the distance of contact-
separation decreases. To further investigate the instantaneous
peak power of the L-TENGs in different pieces, we connect

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Fig. 9. Output characteristics of the several L-TENGs for harvesting
raindrop energy. (a) ISC waveform with the number of pieces, (b)
dependence of the peak power on the resistance of the external load with the
number of pieces, (c) ISC, VOC and maximum peak power relative to the
number of pieces at the raindrop flow of 24 ml/s.
Fig. 10. Equivalent circuit diagram for capacitor charging and real-time
LED by L-TENG tree.
different resistances as external loads to the L-TENGs. As
displayed in Fig. 7b and 7c, the instantaneous power (P=UI)
reaches the largest value of about 4 μW, 10 μW, 17 μW and
22 μW at a load resistance of 70 M with the L-TENGs in 2, 3,
4 and 5 pieces, respectively. Second, the output performances
of the L-TENGs with different number of pieces are also
tested at a constant vibration frequency (FV) of 2.2 Hz, as
illustrated in Fig. 8. ISC increases almost linearly from 4.3 to
18.7 μA as the number of pieces from 2 to 5. The peak power
of the L-TENGs with 5 components is maximized at ~ 0.36
mW at the matched resistance of 80 MΩ, as shown in Fig. 8b
and 8c. Third, the electric output of the integrated devices is
investigated at a raindrop flow (FR) of 24 ml/s, as indicated in
Fig. 9. The L-TENGs which work in the single-electrode
mode are horizontally placed in sequence and then electrically
connected in parallel. Under the raindrop flow of 24 ml/s, ISC
increases quickly to reach 18 μA when the L-TENGs
components rise. The maximum peak power of the L-TENGs
with 4 components is about 0.35 mW at the matched
resistance of 70 MΩ (Fig. 9b).
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Fig. 11. The L-TENG tree is used for capacitor charging under different
ambient mechanical energy (testing at VW = 10.0 m/s, FV = 2.6 Hz, FR = 24
ml/s, respectively). (a) the charge curves of a 4.7 μF capacitor, (b) the
voltage of the charged capacitor with different capacitance values in 60 s.
Fig. 12. The L-TENG tree is used to power up 50 LEDs by harvesting
different ambient mechanical energy. (a) the current waveform of ~50 LEDs,
(b) the voltage and peak current of ~50 LEDs
40
30
ISC (μA)
20
10 Wind Energy
Vibration Energy
0 Raindrop Energy
0 2 4 6 8 10
Day
Fig. 13. The stability experiment of the L-TENG tree for 10 days.
D. Application of the L-TENGs
In order to achieve large-scale collection of various
environmental mechanical energy, an L-TENG tree with
realistic structure and beautiful appearance has been
developed, which is based on multitudinous L-TENGs. Each
L-TENG is rectified and electrically connected parallelly and
the whole L-TENG tree output is used for capacitor charging
and real-time light-emitting diode (LED), as presented in Fig.
10. As displayed in Fig. 11a, under a constant wind velocity,
vibration frequency or raindrop flow, the corresponding
voltage of ~ 4.8 V, 7.5 V, 11.3 V can be generated and stored
in a 4.7 µF capacitor. Fig. 11b shows that the electric energy
collected in 60 s from different kinds of ambient mechanical
energy is stored in different capacitors. The voltage of
capacitor decreases rapidly as the capacitance values of
external load capacitor increase from 2.2 µF to 220 µF.
Moreover, the current and voltage of about 50 LEDs placed in
the shape of “TENG” are measured, as shown in Fig. 12. The
currents are ~9 µA, 30 µA, 20 µA at VW = 10.0 m/s, FV = 2.6
Hz, FR = 24 ml/s, respectively. The voltages basically keep
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Fig. 14. The exhibition of L-TENG tree as a power source for lighting, billboard and decoration through harvesting wind, vibration, and raindrop energy.
stable at ~105 V, which equals the forward voltage drop of
LEDs. The ISC of the total L-TENG tree is measured while the
L-TENG tree continuously scavenges wind, vibration and
falling raindrop energy for 10 days, which shows the excellent
stability and durability, as illustrated in Fig. 13. Furthermore,
in order to prove its applicability, the L-TENG tree is
practically utilized in different applications. The L-TENG tree
is applied to collect vibration energy and produces electric
energy to power up about 180 white LEDs for lighting (Movie
S1, Supporting Information). In Movie S2 of Supporting
Information, it is demonstrated that the L-TENG tree converts
wind energy into electrical energy and light up “TENG”
billboard formed by LEDs. In addition, the L-TENG tree can
harvest the falling raindrop energy and turn it into electricity
to light up about 90 LEDs placed with the lantern pattern for
decoration, as shown in Movie S3 of Supporting Information.
These results suggest that the L-TENG tree could be designed
as an energy harvester as presented in Fig. 14, which the L-
TENG tree for ambient mechanical energy harvesting is used
as a sustainable power source for lighting, billboard and
decoration.
III. CONCLUSION
In summary, it has been demonstrated that the L-TENG
which work in dual mode can simultaneously collect wind,
vibration and raindrop energy. with the nanostructure
modification of the PTFE surface, the L-TENG generates ISC
up to 3.4 µA and VOC up to 106 V, correlating to an
instantaneous output power of 0.05 mW. The output
performances of the L-TENG are presented to greatly increase
with the number of pieces. An L-TENG tree based on
numerous L-TENGs has been fabricated, which has shown the
excellent stability and durability for harvesting various
ambient mechanical energy. Furthermore, the energy harvester
based on the L-TENG tree has been demonstrated in different
ambient environments. This work has provided a conformal
structure for simultaneously harvesting multiple ambient
mechanical energy, showing potential applications of L-TENG
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tree in environmental monitoring, Internet of things and
wireless sensor networks.
IV. METHODS
A. Fabrication of the Nanostructures on the PTFE Film
Surface
First, the 80 μm thick PTFE film was cleaned with alcohol
and deionized water in an ultrasonic cleaner and was dried in a
drying cabinet for 30 min. Before being etched, a thin layer of
gold particles was deposited on the PTFE film as the mask. To
create the nanostructure on the surface of PTFE, three gases,
including O2, Ar and CF4 were imported in the ICP chamber
with the flow of 10.0, 15.0 and 40.0 sccm, respectively. One
power source of 440 W was applied to generate the large
density of plasma and the plasma ions were accelerated by
another power source of 120 W.
B. Fabrication of the L-TENG and the L-TENG Tree
The framework of L-TENG is 125 μm thick PI film. First,
50 μm thick copper film was cut into oval shapes. Second, two
oval shape copper films with copper wires were symmetrically
attached to each side of the PI film, serving as the electrodes.
Third, one side was covered by a piece of PTFE (80 μm thick)
with nanostructures on the surface and the other was sheathed
by 80 μm thick PA film. At last, in order to avoid electric
leakage, the blade was deflected outward by 5mm along the
shape of the copper foils and L-TENG was formed. The L-
TENG tree is fabricated based on numerous L-TENGs.
C. Characterization and Measurement
The electrical characteristics of the L-TENGs are measured
by an electrometer (Keithley 6514 System Electrometer). A
cold field emission scanning electron microscope (SU8020)
was used to observe the surface morphology of the PTFE film.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
D. Jiang, G. Liu, and W. Li contributed equally to this work.
The authors thank Junqing Zhao, Xianpeng Fu, Wenbo Liu,
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Chunlong Fang and Youchao Qi for TENGs fabrication and
applications demonstration.
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