Pavement Evaluation and Rehabilitation Assignment Two

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Pavement Evaluation and Rehabilitation Assignment Two

Prepared by: Sifan Mirkena

ID No: R/1062/08
Section: 3
Group: 6
Submitted to: Mr. Firazzar B.
Submission Date: March 30, 2020

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 Pavement Evaluation and Rehabilitation Assignment Two

1. Define pavement roughness, how to quantify? What are the two classes
of equipment’s used to measure roughness?
Answers:
Pavement roughness is an expression of irregularities in the pavement surface that
adversely affect not only ride quality but also vehicle operation cost, fuel
consumption and maintenance costs. RI is a standard quantitative roughness
measure developed at the international road roughness experiment healed in Brazil
in 1982 under the sponsorship of the World Bank.

IRI is defined by the accumulated suspension of a vehicle (m) divided by the

distance traveled by the vehicle during the measurement (miles or kilometers) at a
speed of 80km/h (expressed in m/km).

There are two classes of equipment used to measure roughness:

 Response type: the type of equipment which doesn’t measure
the actual profile of the road but relates the response of the
vehicle to the surface roughness (e.g. Bump integrator).
 Profilometers: devices that measure the true profile of the road
and provide accurate and complete reproductions of pavement
profile.

2. What are the activities to be done in recurrent maintenance and routine

maintenance?
Answers:

Recurrent maintenance: it’s a group of activities that must be implemented on

consecutive periods. This kind of maintenance depends on volume and intensity of
traffic.
The activities to be done in recurrent maintenance are:
- Repairing the cracks

- pot-hole patching

- crack sealing

- filling depressions

Routine maintenance: it’s a group of activities that aims at keeping the road safe
through daily examination by the road control officials on both sides. From economical

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viewpoint, routine maintenance must be interested to prolong the roads life and avoid
the necessity for recurrent maintenance or reconstruction. The activities may include
some immediate and proactive measures.
The activities to be done in routine maintenance are:
- Removal of all obstacles

- The cleaning of the road surface, the mediate, the shoulders, ans
sides road.

- Filling a pot-hole

- Edge patching

- Crack sealing and filling

- Shoulder repair

3. In Ethiopian context road construction projects can be done by

using various mixes of labor and equipment. Then
A. What are the main factors that should be considered to select
the appropriate technology
Answers:

 Site conditions: primary site conditions are:

 types of material to be handled,

 On site physical constraints,

 And hauling distances.

An example that can influence equipment selection soil encountered. The compaction of
clayey soil is done best with a sheep’s foot roller, whereas more sandy soil is best
compacted with a vibratory roller. Physical constraints on site refer to site area and
layout, surface condition, topography, and adjacent neighborhood.

 The nature of the work: Some factors relating to the nature of the work include
payload, the total quantity of work, and the construction schedule. Payload has a
direct relation to the capacity of the equipment selected. For example, the

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particular crane selected must be able to lift the maximum load the work may
require. A higher quantity of work can influence and justify the selection of
higher capacity equipment. Although higher capacity equipment has higher
mobilization and rental costs, the per-unit production costs are lower

 Equipment characteristics: Equipment characteristics are related to equipment

capabilities (capacities and versatility) and costs. Capacity can be in the form of
maximum allowable payload and maximum volume that can be handled. It can
also relate to the power, mobility, or maneuverability of a piece of equipment.
Versatility refers to the degree of applicability of a unit to perform many
different operations. For

B. Discuss the comparison criteria of labor and equipment in

road construction in terms of cost and productivity
parameters.
Answers:
A production rate (productivity) is defined as the number of units of work produced by
a person in a specified time. Production rates may also specify the time in man-hours or
man-days required to produce a specified number of units of work.

i. Quantity of work

Using construction equipment is productive for large project relative to small project.
Using labour for small project is more economical and productive than using
construction equipment.

ii. Type of work and location of projects

Earthwork rates for machines are invariably higher than corresponding rates through
manual labor

Tasks which are too heavy or too delicate for human muscles to do can be done
manually or to do them more economically and much faster.

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 Pavement Evaluation and Rehabilitation Assignment Two

iii. Cost

Using construction equipment reduce the overall construction costs especially for large
contracts

iv. Appropriate administrative and financial procedures:

o Using labour will increase economic condition of workers and Increase the
circulation of the money and the per capital income of the worker
o By using equipment increasing rate of output through work progress with the
best effective and efficient methods

v. Labor availability

In developing country like Ethiopia especially in rural area there is large human
resource. So using labour for small project is more economical and productive than
using construction equipment.

vi. Labor capacity

Construction equipment overcomes many of limitations associated with manual labour,

from its inconsistency- due to weather, attendance, health, socio-economic conditions
and variety of other factor. Equipment can reduce a projects completion time
significantly.

vii. Availability of the required equipment

viii. Time required to complete the work

4. Discuss the possible causes of pavement surface and structural rutting

with the proactive measures to prevent the occurrence of such defects.
Answers:
Possible Causes of pavement surface and structural rutting are:
 Insufficient compaction of HMA layers during construction. If it is not
compacted enough initially, HMA pavement may continue to densify under
traffic loads.

 Subgrade rutting (e.g., as a result of inadequate pavement structure)

 Improper mix design or manufacture (e.g., excessively high asphalt content,

excessive mineral filler, insufficient amount of angular aggregate particles)

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Ruts caused by studded tire wear present the same problem as the ruts described here,
but they are actually a result of mechanical dislodging due to wear and not pavement
deformation.
The proactive measures to prevent the occurrence of such defects:

 Accurate loading data

 Limit natural sand content

15 to 20% high traffic

20 t0 25% low to medium traffic

 Select proper asphalt grade and content

 Pavement with deeper ruts should be leveled and over laid

5. Assume a new asphalt concrete road is designed to be constructed

in a specified location of OROMIA region and assume you are
assigned as a highway professional Engineer in the project.
 Then discuss the procedures and activities that can be done after clearing
and grabbling up to the surface construction. In terms of construction
procedure, construction material, equipment’s and major taste you may use in
each successive layer.
Answers:
 The procedures and activities that can be done after clearing and grabbling up
to the surface are:-
1) Formwork

Wooden sheets, battens, plywood, fiber hard board, steel plates, angles, rope etc are
generally use for form work.

 Before using formwork, it should free from all type material like as dust, cement.

 To placing the concrete in appropriate depth used 2.5-5cm thick and 3m long
wooden sheeting

 The depth of wooden block must be same as level of slab thick.

 After 24hrs, formwork displaced next length of road.

2) Watering of base

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If the base of the road is dry or construction is taken place during summer seasons, then
watering is done using the sprinkling process, after this concrete should be placed.
3) Construction of joints

 There are three basic joint types used in concrete pavement: contraction,
construction and isolation.

 Except for some isolation joints, all joints provide a means to mechanically
connect slabs. The connection helps to spread a load applied on one slab onto
slabs along its perimeter.

 Where it is necessary to provide transverse and longitudinal joints; there wedge

of woods, metals fix on level of concrete.

 After setting of concrete it should be pull out.

Material mixing and placing of concrete:

Mixer is equipment that mixes the concrete using distinct amount of cement, concrete,
sand and water. There are two type of mixer generally used during construction,

Batch mixer- used for small road construction

Continuous mixer- used for large construction

 If distance is more from site, mix concrete transported at site within setting time.
4) Placing of concrete
Two methods generally used in placing of concrete-
1- Alternate bay method-

Placed the concrete on both side of road alternatively like as 1, 3, 5…part at one side
and 2,4,6… part other side, This method have slow process due to road traffic problems,
2- Continuous bay method-

Construct one side of road regularly, after construction of some part of first side than
construct other side, this method have fast process without no obstruction of traffic
5) Compaction of concrete
Purpose of compaction is that to pull out air from void and make concrete harden.

Compaction done by-

1. Mechanically surface vibrator

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2. Manually hand tempers

After this, Floating, Belting, Screeding or Strike off, Bull floating and Brooming is
done as per requirement for the finishing purpose of concrete pavement to
smoothen the top surface.
6) Curing

After completion of the finishing operations, the surface of pavement shall be entirely
covered with wet hessian cloth, burlap or jute mats

Curing is the process of increasing the hydration of cement, after setting the concrete
curing process done till 14-28 days.
7) Opening of the traffic

Generally after a month, road should be open to traffic, but if we used rapid hardening
cement it take 7 days to open traffic.
 Construction materials used are as follows:
Cement
o Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)

Ordinary Portland cement and high strength ordinary Portland cement are most widely
used for concrete pavements.
o Rapid hardening Portland cement

In general, this cement would be used only where time is a critical factor and the road is
required to be opened to traffic at an earlier date than would be possible if ordinary
Portland cement or high strength ordinary Portland cement is used.
Aggregates

 There are two types of aggregates are used during construction of road i.e. Fine
and Coarse aggregate depending on requirements.

 Maximum size of aggregate should not exceed 1/4th of the pavement slab
thickness.
Water

 Water used in mixing or curing of concrete shall be clean and free from injurious
amounts of oil, salt, acid, vegetable matter or other substances harmful to the
finished concrete.

 Potable waters are generally considered satisfactory for mixing or curing.

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 Equipment’s used

A list of tools, equipment and appliances required for the different phases of concrete
road construction is given below:

 Three wheeled or vibratory roller for compaction purpose

 Shovels, spades and sieving screens

 Concrete mixer for mixing of concrete

 Formwork and iron stakes

 Watering devices – water lorries, water carries or watering cans

 Wooden hand tampers for concrete compaction

 Cycle pump/pneumatic air blower for cleaning of joint

 Mild steel sections and blocks for making joint grooves for finishing purpose

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