1.

A six-cylinder, two-stroke marine diesel engine operates at a piston

speed of 1200 rpm. The 5 in. x 5.6 in. engine has an 18:1
compression ratio. If the air intake is at 14.8 psia and 82° F,
determine:

(A) the displacement volume, ft3;

(B) the clearance;
(C) the ideal air inlet volumetric flow rate, ft3/min; and
(D) the mass flow rate for a volumetric efficiency of 85%, lb/min.

p1 = 14.8 psia; t1 = 82° F
V1 13.2
5   5.6 
2
( A) compression ratio    7.5
(A) VD = ft  6  =0.3818 ft 3 V2 1.76
4  12   12 
ft
k 1.4
V   13.2 
1
(B) rV = 1+ ; c =
1
=
1
= 0.0588 (B) p2  p1  1   15    252 psia
c rV -1 17 V
 2  1.76 
252 144  1.76
•
VDN 
0.3188 ft 3 stroke 1200 rev min   pV
T2  2 2   1198 R
(C) V D = = R 53.3
n 1 rev intake stroke  q 352
= 458.16 = 458.2 ft 3 min T3  S  T2   1198  3256 R
cV 0.171

(D)  =
P 
14.8 lbf in2 144 in2 ft 2  
=0.07372 lb 3 RT3 53.3 3256 
= p3    685 psia
RT  53.34 ft-lbf lbm°R   542°R  ft V3 1.76 144 
 
  
k 1
m  V  V D   0.85 458.2 ft 3 min 0.07372 lb ft 3  28.71 lb/min
0.4
V   1 
(C ) T4  T3  3   3256    1454 R
 V4   7.5 
T   1454 
p4  p1  4   15    40.8 psia
2. A diesel engine (in the above EXAMPLE) delivers 200 bhp at a piston  T1   535 
speed of 1200 rpm. If the indicated power is 250 ihp find: (D) qR  cV T4  T1    0.1711454  535   157 Btu lb
wk  net 
(A) engine torque, ft-lbf; (E )  qS  qR  352  157  195 Btu lb
(B) brake mean effective pressure, psi; J
(C) indicated mean effective pressure, psi;
(D) mechanical efficiency, %; and (e) friction power, fhp. qS  qR 195
(g) t    55.4%
 qS 352
 1 1
or t  1  1  55.3%
 rV  7.5
k 1 0.4

2 TN
(A) BHP = 
33,000  M wk  60 0.5 195  60
(h) W k    138 hp;
2  T  1200  J  42.42  42.42
200 
33,000 1 hp = 42.42 Btu min
T= 875.35 in-lb = 875 ft-lbf
PLANc 4. At the beginning of compression an ideal Diesel cycle using air has a
(B) BHP 
33,000  n rev power stroke  pressure of 15 psia, a temperature of 75° F and a specific volume of
13.2 ft3/lb. For a compression ratio of 15 and a heat addition of 352
P = BMEP
Btu/lb,

200 33,000  1 
2
 5      5.6 
 12   4   12  1200   6 
(A) sketch the p-v diagrams for the cycle and then calculate:
    (B) the temperatures and pressures at the end of compression, at
BMEP  12,862 lbf ft 2 = 89 lbf in2 the end of addition of heat and at the end of the expansion
process
PLANc
(C) IHP = (C) the heat rejected, Btu/lb
33,000  n (D) the net work, Btu/lb
P = IMEP (E) the thermal efficiency, %

=
 250 ihp  33,000 ft-lbf hp-min 1 rev power stroke  (F) the horsepower developed by an ideal engine operating on the
 5 12 ft   4   5.6 12 ft  1200 rev min   6  cycle and using 0.5 pound per second of air
2

(G) the thermal efficiency of a cycle having the same initial conditions
IMEP = 16,078 lbf ft 2 = 112 lbf in2 and compression ratio, but with a constant pressure heat addition
BHP 200 89 psi of 500 Btu/lb.
(D) em = = = = 0.794 = 79%
IHP 250 112 psi 
(E) FHP = IHP - BHP = 250 - 200 = 50 fhp 

3. At the beginning of the compression stroke and ideal Otto cycle has
an air pressure of 15 psia, a temperature of 75° F and a specific 
volume of 13.2 ft3/lb. At the end of compression the specific volume is 
1.76 ft3/lb. The heat supplied to the cycle is 352 Btu/lb. Calculate the

following:

A. the compression ratio 
B. the highest temperature and pressure of the cycle

C. the temperature and pressure at the end of expansion of the air
D. the heat rejected, Btu/lb 
E. the net work of the cycle, Btu/lb 
F. the thermal efficiency of the cycle, %

G. the horsepower developed by an ideal engine operating on this
cycle using 0.5 pound of air per second. 
 p1 = 15 psia; v4 = v1 = 13.2 ft3/lb
p1 = 15 psia; 3
v1 = 13.2 ft /lb t1 = 75° F; v1/v2 = 15.0
t1 = 75° F; v2 = 1.76 ft3/lb qS = 352 Btu/lb
qS = 352 Btu/lb
 v1 13.2
(B) v2    0.88 ft 3 lb
rV 15.0 7. Determine the volumetric analysis of a mixture which consists of 56
1.4 percent nitrogen, 12 percent carbon dioxide and 32 percent oxygen as
v 
 15 15 
1.4
p2  p1  1   664.7 psia calculated on a mass basis.
 v2  
p2v2 664.7 144  0.88 
T2    1580 R
R 53.3
p3  p2  664.7 psia M1 M2 M3
 0.56;  0.12;  0.32
Mm Mm Mm
qS 352
T3  T2   1580   1580  1467  3047 R m1  28; m2  44; m3  32
cp 0.24
Mass Analysis Volumetric Analysis
RT3 53.3 3047 
v3    1.697 ft 3 lb V1 0.02000
p3 664.7 144  N2 , 0.56  28  0.02000   61.11% N2
k 1
Vm 0.03273
0.4
v   1.697 
  3047 0.44   1341  R
T4  T3  3   3047  V2 0.00273
v CO2 , 0.12  44  0.00273   8.34% CO2
 4  13.2  Vm 0.03273
T   1341  V3 0.01000
p4  p1  4   15    37.6 psia O2 , 0.32  32  0.01000   30.55% O2
 T1   535  Vm 0.03273
(C ) qR  cV T4  T1   0.171 1341  535   137.8 Btu lb   0.03273
wk  net 
(D)  qS  qR  352  137.8  214.2 Btu lb 8. Calculate the mass of moisture, in pounds, contained in 4000 ft3 of
J
q  qR 214.2 atmospheric air having a temperature of 90° F when the
(E ) t  S   60.9% barometric pressure is 30.12 in. Hg
qS 352


(F ) W k 

wk  M 
214.2 0.5  60
 151.5 hp
(A) if the air is saturated and
J  42.42  42.42 (B) if the relative humidity is 50 percent.
qS ' (C) What is the dew point of the atmosphere of part (B)?
(G) T3 '  T2   1580  2083  3663  R
cp (D) What is the specific humidity of the atmosphere of part (B),
RT3 ' 53.3 3663 R 
grains/lb dry air?
V3 '    2.04 ft 3 lb 
p3 ' 664.7 144 
k 1 0.4
PB = 30.12 in. Hg; t = 90° F
V '  2.04 
T4 '  T3 '  3   3663    1736 R (A) VS  Vg  467.7 ft 3 lb  Steam Tables at 90 F 
 V4 '   13.2 
4000
qR '  cV T4 ' T1   0.171 1736  535   205.4 Btu lb MV   8.55 lb
467.7
qS ' qR ' 500  205.4 294.6
t     58.9% (B) pS  0.6988 psia  Steam Tables at 90 F 
qS ' 500 500
pV   pS   0.5 0.6988   0.3494 psia

5. The mixture of gases shown in Figure has a pressure of one MV 

pVVm

144  0.3494  4000   4.26 lb
atmosphere. Using the volumetric analysis shown in the figure, RV Tm 85.8 550 
calculate the partial pressures of the individual constituents. (C ) dew po int  68.8 F  Steam Tables for 0.3494 psia
(D) PB  0.49130.12   14.79 psia

 V 
4354 pV

 4354 0.3494   105.3 grains lb dry air
pB  pV 14.79  0.3494

1.
 9. Atmospheric air has a temperature (dry bulb) of 80° F and a wet bulb
1 atm = 14.696 psia temperature of 60° F when the barometric pressure is 14.696 psia.
V1 V2 V3 Determine:
=0.7; =0.1; =0.2
Vm Vm Vm
(A) the dew point, °F;
V1
p1 = pm = 14.696   0.7  =10.287 psia (B) the relative humidity, %; and
Vm
(C) the specific humidity, grains/lb dry air.
V2
p 2 = pm = 14.696   0.1 =1.470 psia 
Vm

V3
p 3 = pm = 14.696   0.2  =2.939 psia PB = 14.696 psia; tD = 80° F; tW = 60° F
Vm
( A) P 'S  0.2563 psia (Steam Tables for 60 F )
6. For the mixture shown in Figure, constituent 1 is nitrogen constituent PB  tD  tW  14.696 80  60 
PV  P 'S   0.2563   0.1474 psia
2 is carbon dioxide and constituent 3 is oxygen. Calculate the analysis 2700 2700
(percentage) by mass of the mixture. dew po int  45 F (SteamTables)
(B)PS  0.5073 psia  Steam Tables for 80 F 

PV 0.1474
V1 V2 V3     100  29.1%
 0.7;  0.1;  0.2 PS 0.5073
Vm Vm Vm
(C ) wV 
4354PV

 43540.1474   44.1 grains lb dry air
m1  28; m2  44; m3  32
PB  PV 14.696  0.1474
Volumetric Analysis Mass Analysis
M1 19.6 10. Calculate the enthalpy, Btu/lb dry air, for an atmosphere having a
N2 , 0.70  28  19.6   64.47% N2
Mm 30.4 temperature (dry bulb) of 80° F and a specific humidity of 42.1
M2 4.4 grains/lb dry air.
CO2 , 0.10  44  4.4   14.47% CO2
Mm 30.4
M3 6.4 
O2 , 0.20  32  6.4   21.06% O2  t = 80° F; wV = 42.1
Mm 30.4
  30.4 hg = 1096.4 Btu/lb (Steam Tables at 80° F)

hA = 0.24t + Vhg

= 0.24 80  +
 42.11096.4  = 25.8 Btu lb dry air
7000
11. One hundred pounds of air per minute are to be heated from 60° F 13. Ten pounds of air at a dry bulb temperature of 50° F with a specific
and 55° F wet bulb temperatures to a final temperature of 110°F. humidity of 40 grains/lb dry air are mixed with 25 lb of air having a
There is no change of total moisture during the process. Determine temperature of 85° F and a specific humidity of 90 grains/lb dry air.
the heat required for the process, Btu/min: Calculate:

(A) by the analytical methods developed (A) the specific humidity of the mixture, grains/lb dry air;
(B) by use of the psychrometric chart. Barometric pressure is 29.92 in. (B) the dry bulb temperature, °F; and
Hg. (C) the enthalpy of the mixture, Btu/lb dry air.









PB = 29.92 in. Hg; tD1 = 60° F; tw1 = 55° F

tD2 = 110° F; V1 = V2; M = 100 lb air/min

pB  tD  tw  29.92 60  55  M4 = 10 lb; tD4 = 50° F; V4 = 40 grains/lb dry air

( A) pV  p 'S   0.4359   0.3805 in. Hg abs M2 = 25 lb; tD2 = 85° F; V2 = 90 grains/lb dry air
2700 2700

wV 1 
4354 pV

 4354  0.3805 
 56.1 grains dryair
pB  pV 29.92  0.3805 lb M4 V 4   M2 V 2  M4 V 4   M2 V 2 
(A) V 1  
hA  0.24tD  V hg  0.24tD  V 1061  0.45tD  M1 M4  M2

hA1  0.24tD1  V 1 1061  0.45tD1  10  40   25 90 

V 1   75.7 grains lb dryair
10  25
hA2  0.24tD2  V 2 1061  0.45tD2 
(B) Since the process is adiabatic, and no moisture is gained or lost, the
hA2  hA1   0.24  0.45v1   tD2  tD1  energy balance for the process is as follows:
 0.45 56.1  110  60  12.2 Btu lb dry air H A1  H A2  H A4
  0.24    
 7000  M1  hA1   M2  hA2   M4  hA4 
 
Q12  M  hA2  hA1   100 12.2   1220 Btu min By substitution and the elimination of the quantities M1 and w V 1, the energy
(B)From psychrometric chart , hA1  23.3; hA2  35.6 equation can be solved for t D1. Thus,
  M4  0.24  0.45V 4   tD1  tD 4   M2 0.24  0.45V 2  tD2  tD1 
Q12  M  hA2  hA1   100 35.6  23.3   1230 Btu min
 0.45  40  0.45  90
10  0.24 
7000 
tD1  50   25  0.24  7000  85  tD1 
  
12. One hundred pounds of air per minute at a temperature of 100° F tD1  75.1 F
with a relative humidity of 60 percent are cooled and dehumidified to a (c) hA1  0.24tD1  V 1 1061  0.45tD1 
final temperature of 50° F. Using the psychrometric chart, determine: 75.7 1061  0.45  75.1
 0.24 75.1   29.9 Btu lb dryair
7000
(A) the heat abstracted by the process, Btu/min, and
(B) the moisture removed, lb/min
14. Using the psychrometric chart, determine (a) the enthalpy, Btu/lb of
 dry air, and (b) the specifc humidity, grains/lb dry air, for the mixture
 described in the above example.
 

 

From psychrometric chart:

hA1 = 51.7; V1 = 175.5

hAa = 47.4; Va = 175.5
hA2 = 20.2; V2 = 53.5

M’ = 100 lb air per min

 
M4 = 10 lb; tD4 = 50° F
( A) Q1a  M  hA1  hAa   100 51.7  47.4   430 Btu M2 = 25 lb; tD4 = 85° F
min
 
Qa2  M  hAa  hA2   100  47.4  20.2   2720 Btu
min M4tD 4  M2tD2 10 50   25 85
   tD1    75 F
Q12  Q1a  Q a2  430  2720  3150 Btu M4  M2 10  25
min

Connecting points 4 and 2 with a straight line crossing the
M V 1  V 2  75 F ordinate at point 1, the state point of the mixture,
(B) dehumidification 
7000 then from the chart:
100 175.5  53.5 (A) hA1  29.9 Btu lb dry air
  1.743 lb
7000 min
(B) V 1  75.7 grains lb dry air
15. The heat losses from a group of compartments have been
determined to be 420,000 Btu/hr. Air is furnished to the compartments QD2 = 240,000 Btu/hr; tDA = 83° F; tWA = 71° F
at a temperature of 100° F and leaves the spaces with a temperature tDC = tWC = 45° F; tD2 = 80° F;  = 40%; VD = 51
of 70° F and a relative humidity of 50 percent. Assuming the system to
use 100 percent outdoor air at a temperature of 20° F with 100 From psychrometric chart:
percent relative humidity, determine: V2 = 61 grains/lb dry air
VA = 95; VC = 44 grains/lb dry air
(A) the mass of air which must be circulated, lb/hr; hA2 = 28.9; hAD = 20; hAA = 34.9
(B) the capacity of the preheating coil, Btu/hr; hAC = 17.6 Btu/lb dry air
(C) the capacity of the reheating coil, Btu/hr; and
(D) the water vapor absorbed from the washer, lb/hr. •
•
 QD2 240,000
(A) M = = =27,000 lb hr
hA2 -hAD 28.9-20
 •
M  w V2 -w VD  27,000  61-51
(B) moisture absorbed= = =38.6 lb hr
7000 7000
VD - VC 51 - 44
(C) F = = = 0.1372 lb lb
VA - VC 95 - 44
• •
• 
(D) air through coil = MC = MD - F  MD 
 
•
MC = 27,000 -  27,000   0.1372  = 23,300 lb hr

M C  hAA  hAC  23,300  34.9  17.6 
(E) refrigeration    33.6 tons
60  200 12,000

QDE =420,000 Btu/hr; tDA = 20° F; A = 100%

tDE = 70° F; E = 50%; tDD = 100° F

From psychrometric chart:

hAD = 33.0; hAE = 25.4
hAC = hAB = 20.5; hAA = 7.2 Btu/lb dry air
VC = VE = VD = 55; VA = VB = 16 grains/lb dry air



QDE 420,000
( A) M    55,260 lb hr
hAD  hAE 33.0  25.4
 
(B) Q AB  M  hAB  hAA   55,260 20.5  7.2   735,000 Btu hr
 
(C ) QCD  M  hAD  hAC   55,260 33.0  20.5  690,750 Btu hr
 55,260 55  16 
(D) humidification  M wVC  wVB    308 lb hr
7000

16. For an air-conditioning system such as that described in this article

and illustrated in FIGURE, the freshened air (state A) has dry and wet
bulb temperatures of 83° F and 71° F, respectively, the temperature
leaving the cooling coils (state C) is 45° F, the specific humidity after
remixing is 51 grains/lb dry air and the temperature and relative
humidity leaving the conditioned spaces (state 2) are 80° F and 40
percent, respectively. If the total sensible and latent heat gain from the
spaces is 240,000 Btu/hr, calculate:

(A) the mass of air that must be circulated, lb/hr;

(B) the amount of moisture that can be absorbed from the conditioned
spaces, lb/hr;
(C) the fraction of air that bypasses the cooling coil, lb/lb; (d) the air that
flows through the coil, lb/hr; and
(E) the capacity of the refrigerating plant required for this system, tons.


 g
1. The specific volume of steam at atmospheric pressure and 212° F is (d) p   L
gC
26.80 ft3/lb. Find (A) its density and (B) its specific weight.
1000 kg
   m3  62.4278 lb
kg ft 3
1 1 m 3
A.     0.03731 lbf 16.0185
 26.80 ft
3
ft 3 lb 3
lb ft
g g
B.     32.1740 ft 2 
 gC gC

p  62.4278 lb 3 
ft  32.1740 lbft s  33, 8985 ft



 32.2 ft sec   32.2
1 lbf sec 2
= 0.03731 lb  lbf s2 
ft 3 2 
lbft 
 2116.21 lbf 2
ft
2. If the density of mercury is 13,600 kg/m 3, find (A) its density in lb/ft3
and (B) its specific weight in N/m3. 2116.21 lbf
 (e) p  ft 2  14.6959 lbf
144 in
2 in2
A . Using the appropriate conversion factors ft 2
ρ = (13,600 kg/m3)(0.4535924 kg/lb)-1(0.3048 m/ft)3
5. The difference in height of the water legs in the open manometer
or (13,600 kg/m3)[16.01846 (kg/m3)/(lb/ft3)]-1
shown in the figure A is 20 in. (dimension in y), find the absolute
= 849.0 lb/ft3 pressure at point A in psia. The specific weight of water is 62.4 lbf/cu.
ft.

 
9.81 m 2

B.
g
 
gC m
 13,600 kg 3
1.0 kg m
s


Starting from point A, and writing an equation of equilibrium through
N  s2
the manometer:
  133.4 kN 3
m
pA  p  gas leg  p  water leg  p(atm)  0
.
3. A pressure gauge connected to a turbine inlet reads 400 psi. A p  gas leg is a negligible numerical quantity
vacuum gauge connected in the exhaust trunk of the same turbine 20
reads 28.0 in. Hg. The barometer reads 30.1 in. Hg. Find: (A) the p  water leg    L;   62.4 lbf ; L  20 in.  ft
ft 3 12
absolute pressure at the turbine inlet, psia, and (B) the absolute
lbf 20
pressure in the turbine exhaust trunk, in. Hg abs. p  62.4 x ft  104 lbf 2
ft 3 12 ft
 104
p   0.72 lbf 2 ( psi )
(a) 1 in. Hg = 14.7/29.92 = 0.491 psi 144 in
30.1 in. Hg = 30.1 x 0.491 = 14.8 psi p(atm)  14.7 psi (assumed since atmospheric pressure
p = 14.8 + 400 = 414.8 psia is not specifically given)
p A  p  water leg  p(atm)  0.72  14.7  15.42 psia
(b) p(gauge) = 28.0 in. Hg
p(atm) = 30.1 in. Hg
p(abs) =p(atm) – p(vac) 6. In the differential manometer shown in the figure B, points A and B are
p(abs) = 30.1 – 28.0 = 2.1 in. Hg abs at the same height. The mercury used as a manometric fluid stands 9
inches higher in the B leg than in the A leg (y = 9 in.). Find the
difference in pressure between points A and B in psf. Specific weight
4. In the barometer shown in figure C, the mercury level in the vertical of mercury is 849 lbf per cu. ft.
tube is exactly 760 mm above the mercury level in the reservoir (y =
760 mm). The following data also apply: “water” and “mercury” can be 
considered to be incompressible fluids having densities of 1000 kg/m3 Writing the equilibrium equation starting from point A,
and 13,595.1 kg/m3, respectively. The standard local acceleration of
pA   (y in. water )    y in. Hg   pB  0
gravity is equal to 9.80665 m/s2 or 32.1740 ft/s2. Find the barometric
pressure in: pA  pB   (y in. Hg)    y in. water 
(a) in. Hg
9
(b) ft H2O p water    L  62.4   46.8 lbf 2
(c) pascals, Pa(N/m2) 12 ft
(d) lbf/ft2 9
p  Hg    L  849   636.8 lbf 2
(e) psi (lbf/in2) 12 ft
pA  pB  636.8  46.8  590 lbf
ft 2
1.
7. In the figure, what is the difference in potential energy per pound mass
of fluid at B and at A?

 
g
A. L = y = 7 60 mm = 0.76 m = 76 cm P.E.  Z ft lbf
gC lb
L = 76 cm/(2.54 cm/in) = 29.9213 in. Hg
g
P.E.B  ZB  30 ft lbf
B. ρ1 = 1000 kg/m3 (water) gC lb
ρ2 = 13,595.1 kg/m3 (mercury) g
P.E.A  Z A  10 ft lbf
g g gC lb
p  1L1  2L2
gC gC P.E.B  P.E.A  30  10
  13,595.1   1 in.   1 ft   20 ft lbf
L1  2 L2  
1  76 cm   2.54 cm   12 in  lb
 1000    
 33.8985 ft H2O 8. Steam is flowing in a pipe at a velocity of 100 ft per sec. What is the
associated kinetic energy per pound of steam flowing?
g
C. p   L 
gC
V2 ft lbf
 9.80665 m  K.E 
 s2  0.76 m  2gC lb

 13,595.1 kg/m3 
kg 
m 
 1.0  gC  32.2 lbft ; V  100 ft
 N  s2  lbf sec2 sec
 101,325 N 2  101.325 kPa 100
2

m K.E.   155.3 ft lbf

  32.2
2 lb
 14. Find the temperature, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy and
9. The work delivered by a turbine is 400 Btu per lb of steam supplied entropy of saturated saturated steam at a pressure of 1 in. Hg
when the steam flow is 20,000 lb per hour. Find: absolute.
(a) the specific work in ft·lbf/lb
(b) the power delivered in hp 
(c) the power delivered in kW Saturated steam p = 1 in. Hg abs = 0.491 psia

Entering Table 2, an interpolation between 0.48 and 0.50 psia
wk12
(a)  400 Btu
J lb is indicated.
wk12  400  778  311,200 ft lbf t = 78.32 + (11/20)(79.56 – 78.32) = 79.00° F
lb

20,000 lb
(b) M  20,000 lb 
hr 60 min Interpolation could be continued in Table 2 in the same manner for the
remaining quantities. But there is a convenient shortcut thanks to the
1 hp  2545 Btu  33,000 ft lbf
hr min saturation temperature turning out to be a whole number. Simply enter
 Table 1 with 79° F. Then:
Wk 
wk12 υg = 652.7 ft3/lb
M   20,000  400  8  106 Btu
J J hr ug = 1036.7 Btu/lb
6 hg = 1096.0 Btu/lb
8  10
  3143 hp sg = 2.0384 Btu/lb·°R
2545
or
15. Find the temperature, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy and

Wk 
20,000 entropy of saturated steam at 850 psia.
 M wk12   311,200  103.73  106 ft lbf
J 60 min
6 
103.73  10
  3143 hp
33,000 Saturated steam 850 psia
Using Table 2 and interpolating between 840 and 860 psia:
(c) 1 kW  3413 Btu  1.341hp t = 524.01 + ½ (526.76 – 524.01) = 525.39° F
hr

W k  8  10 Btu 6
 3143 hp υg = 0.540 – ½ (0.5400 – 0.5264) = 0.5332 ft3/lb
hr

8  106 
3143 or υg = ½(0.540 + 0.5264) = 0.5332 ft3/lb
Wk   2344 kW or W k   2344 kW
3413 1.341 ug = 1114.1 – (0.5/2) =1113.9 Btu/lb
hg = 1198.0 – 0.3 = 1197.7 Btu/lb
10. In a certain non-flow process, the internal energy decreases 20 or hg = 1197.4 + 0.3 = 1197.7 Btu/lb
Btu/lb, and 77,800 ft·lbf/lb of work is done on the substance. Find the sg = 1.4106 – ½(1.4106 – 1.4080) = 1.4093 Btu/lb·°R
heat added or abstracted.

 16. The pressure and temperature of steam in a line are determined to
be 65 psia and 298° F. Since these data are inconclusive, a sample of
u2  u1     20 Btu ;wk12     77,800 ft lbf this steam is passed through a separating calorimeter and 0.5 lb of
lb lb
water is collected in 5 minutes. From orifice data the rate of flow of the
wk12
u1  q12  u2  dry vapor is found to be 0.4 lb/min.
J Find (A) the quality, (B) the specific volume, (C) the entropy, (D) the
wk12 enthalpy and (E) the internal energy of the steam in the line.
q12  u2  u1 
J
77,800 
 20      120 Btu  abstracted 
778 lb
mass of dry vapor MDV MDV
( A) x   
mass of mixture MM MDV  MH2O
11. In another non-flow process involving 2 kg of working substance MH2O  0.5 lb
there is no heat transferred, but the internal energy increases 5000 MDV  0.4 lb  5 min  2.0 lb
joules. Find the work done on or by the substance, J/kg. min
2.0
x   0.8  80%
 2.0  0.5
(B) m  1  x   1  0.8  0.2
  mf  xhg
q12  0; U2  U1  5000 J; M  2 kg Extracting values for 298F from Table 1 or for 65 psia
5000 from Table 2 :
u2  u1   2500 J
2 kg   0.2  0.017  0.8  6.657  5.329 ft
3

lb
wk12  q12  u2  u1      2500 J (on) (c) s  sg  ms g  1.6380  0.2  1.2035  1.3973 Btu
kg lbR
(d) h  hg  mh g  1179.6  0.2  911.9  997.2 Btu
12. At a pressure of 100 psia and 400° F, the specific volume of steam is lb
4.934 ft3/lb, and the specific enthalpy is 1227.5 Btu/lb. Find the internal (e) u  ug  mu g  1099.5  0.2  832.1  933.1 Btu
lb
energy at the given state, Btu/lb.
17. Steam at 210 psia and 386° F has an enthalpy of 1173 Btu/lb as

determined by a throttling calorimeter.
3
p  100psia;   4.934 ft ; h  1227.5 Btu Find (A) the quality and (B) the specific volume of this steam.
lb lb
p p 
hu ; u h
J J
p  210 psia; t  386F ; h  1173 Btu
100  144  4.934 lb
u  1227.5   1136.2 Btu From Table 1 for t  386 F :
778 lb
p  210.06 psia; hg  1200.0 Btu
lb
13. Find the pressure, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy and From Table 2 for p  210 psia :
entropy of saturated water at 300° F. t  385.97 F ; hg  1200.0 Btu
lb
hg  h
 (a) h  hg  mh g ; m
h g
From Table 1 for 300° F:
Using either table, h g  839.9 and h g  1200.0
p = 66.98 psia
1200.0  1173
υf =0.017448 ft3/lb Then, m  0.032
839.9
uf =269.52 Btu/lb x  1  m  1.000  0.032  0.968  96.8%
hf =269.73 Btu/lb (b)   g  m g    
sf =0.43720 Btu/lb·°R
 For Table 1 for 386 F :
g  2.183;   0.018443
3
  2.183  0.032(2.183  0.018)  2.114 ft
lb
From Table 2 for 210 psia :
g  2.184; f  0.018443
3
  2.184  0.032(2.184  0.018)  2.115 ft
lb

18. Find (a) the superheat and (b) the enthalpy of steam at 900 psia and
535° F.


p = 900 psia; t = 535° F
(a) S.H. = t – tsat = 535 – 532.12 =2.88° F
(b) h = 1193.6 for 900 psia and 530° F 
h = 1204.8 for 900 psia and 540° F p1 = 600 psia; p2 = 1 psia
t1 =740° F; s1 = s2
Then, for t = 535° F
h = 1193.6 + ½(1204.8 – 1193.6) = 1199.2 Btu/lb
From Table 3:
For points that fall midway between tabulated values, as h1 = 1373.7
frequently occurs, calculation is simplified by adding the two s1 = s2 = 1.6067
appropriate entries and dividing by 2, as follows:
h = (1193.6 + 1204.8)/2 = 1199.2 Btu/lb From the Mollier Chart entering with s2 and p2:
2. h2 = 897
h1 – h2 = 1374 – 897 = 477 Btu/lb
19. For steam at 600 psia and 850° F, find (a) the superheat, (b) the
specific volume, (c) the internal energy, (d) the enthalpy and (e) the
entropy.
23. Steam initially at 10 psia and a quality of 90% drops to a pressure of
 2.5 psia in a non-flow reversible constant volume process. Show the
process on p-v and T-s coordinates and find:
p = 600 psia ; t = 850° F (a) the final quality
(a) tsat = 486.33 (b) the heat transferred, Btu/lb
S.H. = t – tsat =850 – 486.33 = 363.67° F
(b) At 840° F, υ = 1.2353 and at 860° F, υ = 1.2577
At 850° F, υ = (1,2353 + 1.2577)/2 = 1.2465 ft3/lb
(c) u = (1292.7 + 1301.2)/2 = 1297.0 Btu/lb
(d) h = (1429.8 + 1440.9)/2 = 1435.4 Btu/lb
(e) s = (1.6517 + 1.6601)/2 = 1.6559 Btu/lb·°R

20. In a steam propulsion plant, feed water leaves the feed heater and
enters the main feed pump at 270° F and a gauge pressure of 35 psi.
Find for the water: (a) the specific volume, (b) the internal energy, (c)
the enthalpy and (d) the entropy.

 (a) p1  10 psia; x1  0.9; m1  0.1
p = 35 + 14.7 = 49.7 psia; t = 270° F 1  2
(a) υƒ = 0.017170 ft3/lb 1  x1g  m1 
(b) uƒ = 238.82 Btu/lb
From Table 2 :
(c) hƒ = 238.95 Btu/lb
(d) sƒ = 0.39597 Btu/lb·°R 1   0.9  38.42   0.1  0.02   34.58
p2  2.5 psia; 2  1  34.58
21. Water from the feed pump in the earlier example enters the boiler at 146.40  135.79
1200 psia and 275° F. Find the enthalpy of the feed water. g   141.10 (interpolating)
2
3.
   0.016267 (by eye)

2    34.58  0.02
p = 1200 psia; t = 275° F x2    0.245  24.5%
g    141.10  0.02
Compressed liquid ----- Use Table 4
wk12
(b) u1  q12  u2  Equation Non-flow
At 1000 psia: J
wk12 2
t = 250° F; h = 220.61   pd  0 since 1  2
t = 300° F; h = 271.46 J 1

t = 275° F; h = (220.61 + 271.46)/2 = 246.04 Then q12  u2  u1

p1  10 psia; m1  0.1
At 1500 psia: u1  ug  m1u g  1072.2  0.1  911.0  981.1
t = 250° F; h = 221.65
t = 300° F; h = 272.39
t = 275° F; h = (221.65 + 272.39)/2 = 247.02 p2  2.5psia; x2  0.245
At 1200 psia: 100.81  103.85
u   102.33
t = 275° F; h =264.04 + (2/5)(247.02 – 2
246.04) 953.1  951.0
4. u   952.05
h = 246.04 + 0.39 = 246.43 Btu/lb 2
u2  u  x2 u g
 102.33  (0.245  952.05)  335.6
22. Steam is admitted to a turbine at 600 psia and 740° F, and exhausts
q12  u2  u1  335.6  981.1     645.5 Btu (abstracted)
to a condenser at a pressure of 1 psia. Assuming the process to be lb
isentropic, sketch the process on T-s and h-s coordinates and find the
drop in enthalpy, Btu/lb.
24. Four pounds of steam initially dry and saturated expand
isentropically in a non-flow process from an initial pressure of 275 psia
to a final pressure of 125 psia. Show the process on p-v and T-s
coordinates and find:
A. the final quality
B. the work done, Btu



(a) p1  275 psia  saturated vapor ; s1  s2

From Table 2
s1  1.5192  s2 ; u1  1117.5
p2  125psia
sg  s2 1.5853  1.5192
m2    0.061
s g 1.0893
x2  1  m2  1  0.061  0.939  93.9%
wk12
(b) u1  q12  u2 
J
2
q12  
1
Tds  0 sin ce s1  s2
wk12
Then  u1  u2
J
u2  ug  m2 u g
 1108.8  0.061  793.3   1060.4
wk12
 1117.5  1060.4  57.1 Btu (by )
J lb
M  4lb
Wk12 wk12
M  4  57.1  228.4 Btu (by)
J J
1. One pound of air (consider here a perfect gas ) with an initial
temperature of 200F is allowed to expand without flow between
pressures of 90 and 15 psia. Which of the three processes, pv =
c, pvk = c or pv1.5 = c will produce the maximum work with
minimum heat supplied.










 P1 = 359 kPa abs P2 = 1373 Kpa
 T1 = 326 K V3/V2 = 2.0
R = 287 J/kg.K

 RT1 (287)(326)
(A) V    0.2606 m3 /kg
 P1 359 x 103
 k 1
T2  P2  k
 
T1  P1 
P1 = 90 psia P2 = 15 psia
1.4 1
T1 = 660R  1373  1.4
Process 1-2 isentropic(reversible adiabatic, n = k ) T2  326     478.3K
 359 
1 – 2’ isothermal ( T = C, n = 1.0)
1 – 2” polytropic , n = 1.5 R(T2 ) 287  (478.3)
V2    0.100 m3 /kg
P2 1373 (103 )
Work Done: V  1
(A) Work Isothermal Process: P3  P2  2   1373     686.5kPa(abs)
 V3  2
w k12' RT1  P1  53.3(660)  90  Btu
     81 lb
 ln    ln  T3  T2  478.3K
J J P
 2 778  15  V3  2V2  2  0.100   0.200 m3 / kg
(B) Work Isentropic Process:
T4 = T1 = 326 K
k 1 1.4 1
T2  P2  k  15  1.4 k 1.4
   T2   660     396R  T  k 1  326 1.4 1
T1  P1   90  P4 = P4  4   686.5    179.5 kPa
T
 3  478.3 
Wk12 P2V2  P1V1 R(T2  T1 ) 53.3(396  660) Btu
=       45.2 R(T4 ) 287  (326)  0.5212 m3 /kg
J J(1  k ) J(1  k ) 778(1  1.4) lb V4  
P4 179.5 (103 )
V 
(C) Work Polytropic Process: n = 1.5 (B) qs = P2 V2 ln  3  = 1373   0.100  ln  2  = 95.17 kJ/kg
n 1 1.5 1  V2 
P  n
 15 1.0
T2 '  T1 '  2   660    363R V   0.5212 
P
 1  90  (C) qR = P4 V4 ln  4  = 179.5   0.5212  ln   = 64.85 kJ/kg
 V1   0.2606 
Wk12 P2 ' V2 ' P1 ' V1 ' R(T2 ' T1 ') 53.3(363  660) Btu
=       40.7 (E) w k(net)  qs  qR  95.17  64.85 = 30.32 kJ/kg
J J(1  n) J(1  n) 778(1  1.5) lb

3. Calculate the available energy in Btu/lb for a Carnot cycle with a

source temperature of 3460R, a sink temperature of 520R and an
Heat Transfer:
energy supply as heat of 100 Btu to one pound of a working
(A) Isothermal Process: substance. Then calculate the reduction of available energy,
wk12 ' Btu/lb, for a similar Carnot cycle in which all conditions remain the
q12  u2 ' u1 '  0  81 Btu/lb     81 Btu/lb
J same as before except that the working substance is limited to a
(B) Isentropic Process: maximum temperature of 1960R.
q  0(by definition) 
(C) PolytropicProcess: 
wk12 ' w ' T1 = 3460 R
q12 '  u2 ' u1 '  C v T2 ' T1   k12 T1’ = 1960 R
J J
To = 520R
= 0.171 363  360   40.7
Qs = 100 Btu/lb (aBCb or aB’C’c)
=  50.8  40.7 = (-)10.1 Btu/lb

2. One kilogram of a perfect gas (air) is used as a working

substance in a Carnot power cycle. At the beginning of isentropic
compression, the temperature is 326K and the absolute pressure
is 359 kPa. The absolute pressure at the end of the isentropic
compression is 1373 kPa. For this cycle, the isothermal
expansion ratio (v3/v2) is 2.0. For the cycle, calculate :
(A) The pressures, temperatures and specific volumes at each
process termination point.
(B) The heat supplied, kJ/kg
(C) The heat rejected, kJ/kg
(D) The net work done by the T-s and p-v area method
(E) The thermal efficiency, %


 
For the heat addition process B-C: In this non-flow system the non-flow energy equation will apply to
q q 100 Btu each phase of the liquid involved. By writing the equation separately
ds  and sC  sB  s   0.0289
T T1 3460 lb.R for each fluid and equating through the heat transferred terms, a heat
Btu balance is formed.
Unavailable Energy = To  S BC  520  0.0289  = 15
lb
A.E.  qs  To  S   100  15 = 85 Btu/lb
From :Equation:
qs  qR T1  To q T
 and 1 - R  1  o
qs T1 qs T1
T   520 
qR  qs  o   100    15 Btu/lb
 T1   3460 
wk
 qs  qR  100  15  85 Btu/lb
J
for 100 Btu supplied to one pound of substance at 1960R rather than
3460R:
q 100
Sc ' SB '  s 
T1 ' 1960
 0.0510 Btu/lb.R A. ) Ms  h1 ' h2   Mw  h2  h1 
(1)(1150.5 - h2 )  9(h2  28.08)
Unavailable energy = To  S B ' C ' = 520(0.0510) = 26.5 Btu/lb
h2 = 140.32 Btu/lb
Reduction in A.E. = 85 - 73.5 = 11.5 Btu/lb
t2 = 172.4F
4. Using the same source and receiver temperatures as in the B.) 1 (s2  s1 ')  0.25113  1.7567  1.5056 Btu/R
above example (3460 R and 520R ) , assume first that 100 Btu of C.) 9 (s2  s1 )  9(0.25113  0.05555)  1.7602 Btu/lb
energy as heat supplied reversibly to a cycle such as a34b and
D.) Net entropy change for system = (+) 1.7602 - 1.5056 = (+) 0.2546 Btu/R
3460R. The entropy change for heat addition is:

 6. In an ideal steam cycle, heat is added at a constant pressure of

200 psia. Water entering the boiler has an entropy of 0.0555
Btu/lb.R, and steam leaving the superheater has an entropy of
Q34 100 1.7395 Btu/lb.R. Superheated steam temperature is 1500F, and
S4  S3    0.0289 Btu/lb.R
T3 3460 heat added is 1744.5 Btu/lb ( equals h2 – h1 ). Heat rejection is
carried out in a condenser at a constant temperature of 60F.
Average temperature of the combustion gases in the boiler
furnace is 300F. Calculate:
A. The available energy of combustion gases with respect to
the sink temperature of 520R, Btu/lb
B. The available energy of an ideal cycle receiving its energy at
the constant source temperature equal to the superheated
steam temperature, Btu/lb
C. The available energy of the ideal steam cycle, Btu/lb
D. The mean effective temperature of the working substance
during heat receipt in the original steam cycle, degree F


s1 = s4 = 0.0555 Btu/lb.R
s2 = s3 = 1.7395 Btu/lb.R
P2 = P1 = 2000 psia
t2 = 1500F t3 = t4 = 60F
t2’ = combustion temperature
= 3000 F
qs = 1744.5 Btu/lb

From the diagram it is clear that (SB – S1 ) = (S4 – S3). Therefore,

the unavailable portion of Qs is:

U.A.E. = T1 (SB – S1) = 520 ( 0.0289) = 15 Btu

Now assume the same quantity of heat is added reversibly, but at a

constant temperature of 1960R. The resulting cycle are is
represented by a26c on the figure, and the change in entropy is:

Qs 100
S6  S2    0.0501 Btu/lb.R
T2 1960

The unavailable portion, as determined by To(S) is:

U.A.E. = T1 ( S7 – S1 ) = T1 (S6 – S2) = 520 ( 0.0510) = 26.5

5. In a perfectly insulated cylinder and piston arrangement, 1 pound

of saturated steam at 212F is to be mixed with 9 pounds of water
at 60F. The entire heat exchange process is to take place at
standard atmospheric pressure. Calculate the following:

A. The final temperature of the mixture:

B. The change in entropy of steam, Btu/R.
C. The change of entropy of the water, Btu/R
D. The net change of entropy of the system, Btu/R
 3. The internal diameter of a boiler generating tube is 4 in. and the
1. The first stage of a 50% reaction groups receives steam with a wall thickness is 0.375 in. In operation the external surface film
coefficient is 26 Btu/hr·ft2·°F, the internal film coefficient is 1700
negligible approach velocity at a pressure of 300 psia with a
Btu/hr·ft2·°F and a 0.375 in. thickness scale having a conductivity
temperature of 520F. The available energy to the stage is 10 of 0.6 Btu/hr·ft2·°F is deposited on the inner surface of the tube.
Btu/lb, the fixed blade efficiency is 96%, the velocity coefficient for The metal conductivity is 26 Btu/hr·ft2·°F, the furnace gas
the moving row is 0.88, the reactive effectiveness is 90%, and the temperature is 2100° F and the temperature of the water is 500° F.
relative inlet and absolute exit velocities are 146 ft/s and 160 ft/s, Calculate:
respectively. Assume the stage efficiency is the same as the
combined blade efficiency and calculate the following: (A) the overall coefficient of heat transfer for the clean tube,
Btu/hr·ft2·°F;
(B) the overall heat transfer coefficient including the effect of the
(A) The steam velocity leaving the fixed blades, ft/s
scale, Btu/hr·ft2·°F, and
(B) The relative exit velocity from the moving blades, ft/s
(C) the external tube surface temperature before and after the
(C) The stage work, Btu/lb
scale has formed.
(D) The combined blade efficiency, %
(E) The enthalpy of the steam entering the succeeding stage,
Btu/lb for complete velocity carryover 1.
2.

3.
4.
P0 = 300 psia t o = 520°F (AE)st  10 Btu/lb 5.
en = 0.96 ; Cm = 0.88 ; eR = 0.90 6.
Vr1  146 ft/s V2 = 160 ft/s 7.
8.
 AE st 10
(A)  AE n   AE R    5 Btu/lb
2 2
V1   2gc J en  AE n
  2  32.2  778    0.96  5  = 490 ft/s

 Vr2   Cm Vr2 
2 2

(B) = = eR  AE R 
2gc J 2gc J
r1=1.625 in.; r2 = 2.0 in.; r3 = 2.375 in
 Cm Vr1    2g c J  eR  AE R
2
Vr2  t gas = 2100° F; t water = 500° F

 0.88 146     2 32.2 778   0.90 5 

2
 h1= 1700; h2 = 26 Btu hrg ft 2 g°F
k tube = 26; k scale = 0.6 Btu hrg ftg°F
 492 ft/s
L
rt = r2 + = 2.0 + 0.1875 = 2.1875 in.
2
(C)
 wk  =
V 1
2
 
- V2 2 + Vr2 2 - Vr12  rS = r1 +
L
= 1.625 + 0.1875 = 1.8175 in.
J 2gc J 2

=
 490  - 160   +  492 - 146   = 8.69 Btu/lb
2 2 2 2

(A) For clean tube:

2  32.2  778  1 1 r r 1
  3 2 
 w k st 8.69 U  r2 
h1   kt  
 rt  h2
(D) ecb = = = 0.869 = 86.9%
J  A.E.st 10  r3   r3 
1 0.375 1
 w k st  v 2 2 
 2.0 
 
 2.1875  26
h 2 = ho  
J  A.E.st 2g c J 1700   2.375  12  26   2.375 
   
160   0.0007  0.0013  0.0385  0.0405
2

h2 = 1269.4 - 8.7 -  1260.2 Btu/lb

2  32.2  778  U
1
 24.69 Btu hr  ft 2  F  external area 
0.0405
2. To illustrate the effect of tip leakage, it is assumed that 5 percent (C ) For tube and scale (R' = resistance/ft 2 area):
of the steam supplied to the stage of the above example, flows L 1
R'scale  R'1  
past the stage without performing useful work. Assume there are  rS   r1 
no other stage losses and calculate: k   h1  
 r3   r3 
A. the stage work, Btu/lb
0.375 1
B. the stage efficiency, %    0.0691
 1.8125   1.625 
C. the reheat due to leakage, Btu/lb 12  0.6   2.375  1700  2.375 
D. the actual enthalpy entering the succeeding stage for complete    
velocity carryover, Btu/lb R'total  0.0691  0.0013  0.0385  0.1089
1 1
U    9.18 Btu hr ft 2 F
 R 'total 0.1089
(D) For clean tube:
 R '2   0.0385 
h0  1269.4 Btu lb ;  A.E.st  10 Btu lb t     t1  t2     2100  500   1521 F
 R 'total   0.0405 
wk st
 8.69 Btu lb ; h2  1260 Btu lb tube surface temperature  2100  1521  579 F
J
wk st For tube with scale:
( A)  0.95 8.69   8.26 Btu lb  R '2   0.0385 
J t     t1  t2     2100  500   566 F
wk st R '
 total   0.1089 
8.26
(B) st    82.6%
J  A.E.st 10 t surface of tube = 2100  566  1534 F
(C ) leakage reheat  8.69  8.26  0.43 Btu lb
(D) hx  1260.2  0.43  1260.6 Btu lb
4. A steam condenser with a net heat transfer area of 23,500 ft 2 has 6. The following is an ultimate analysis of a typical naval fuel oil, ash
a design value of U of 486 Btu/hr·ft2·°F for a log mean temperature and moisture free:
difference of 32.4 and a design operating pressure of 2.5 in. Hg Carbon = 0.8663 lb
abs. The water consumption at rated capacity is not to exceed Hygrogen = 0.1127 lb
40,500 gpm with a temperature rise of 18.3°F. Measured Oxygen = 0.0019 lb
temperatures of fresh water at this flow rate during an acceptance
Nitrogen = 0.0028 lb
test were 71.5°F and 90°F at entrance and exit, respectively, and
the average condenser pressure was 2.45 in. Hg abs. Assuming Sulfur = 0.0163 lb
no subcooling of the condensate, calculate the overall heat 1.0000 lb
transfer coefficient established by the acceptance test, and Calculate the following for “complete” or “theoretical” combustion
compare this with the manufacturer’s design value given above. with air, in pounds per pound of fuel:

A. oxygen required from air

B. nitrogen required from air
C. air required
D. water formed from combustion
E. carbon dioxide formed
F. total mass of flue gases


Fuel constituents Pounds of O2 required from air
 pounds per pound per pound of fuel constituent

Twater (entering) = 71.5° F; tleaving = 90° F

C = 0.8663 0.8663(2.667) = 2.3104
Psteam = 2.45 in. Hg abs
water quantity = 40,500 gpm H = 0.1127 0.1127(8.000) = 0.9016
Anet = 23,500 ft2 O = 0.0019 reduces external O2 = -0.0019
m’ = (40,500)(8.34)(60) = 20.27 x 106 lb/hr N = 0.0028 inert = 0.0000
S = 0.0163 0.0163(1.00) = 0.0163
 lb O2 required from air = 3.2264

Q  20.27  106  1 90  71.5  375  10 6
Btu hr
36.5  18 A. oxygen required = 3.2264 lb/lb fuel
m   26.2 F
36.5 B. nitrogen from air = 3.2264 (0.768/0.232)
ln
18 = 10.6805 lb N2/lb fuel

Q 375  106 C. air required = 3.2264 + 10.6805
U    609 Btu hr  ft 2  F
A m 23, 500 26.2 = 13.9069 lb air/lb fuel

Element + Oxygen = Combustion product

5. An exhaust gas regenerator (counter-flow heat exchanger) for a C 0.8663 + 2.3104 = 3.1767 lb CO2/lb fuel
marine gas turbine handles 1.8 kg kg/sec of air from its H 0.1127 + 0.9016 = 1.0143 lb H2O/lb fuel
compressor and heats it by means of 1.88 kg/sec of hot exhaust
O 0.0019 + --------- = ------------------------------
gas. Exhaust gas enters the regenerator at 593° C and leaves at
310° C. Compressed air enters the regenerator at 266° C. For this N 0.0028 + 0.0000 = 0.0028 lb N2/lb fuel
temperature range a constant pressure specific heat for the S 0.0163 + 0.0163 = 0.0326 lb SO2/lb fuel
exhaust gas may be estimated at 1090 J/kg·C. Assume no heat Σ = 4.2264 lb combustion products per lb fuel
transfer other than between the regenerator fluids. Calculate:
D. water from combustion = 1.0143 lb/lb fuel
A. the energy exchanged as heat by the two fluids, kJ/sec
E. carbon dioxide formed = 3.1767 lb/lb fuel
B. the air temperature leaving the generator, C
C. the log mean temperature difference for the exchanger, C F. total mass of flue gases = 4.2264 + 10.6805
= 14.9069 lb/lb fuel


t1 in = 266° C; t2 out = ?; Ma’ = 1.8 kg/sec 7. Calculate the following quantities in pounds per pound of fuel for
t3 in = 593° C; t4 out = 310° C; Ma’ = 1.88 kg/sec combustion with 50 percent excess air using the same fuel
 
analysis as in the example of the preceding article:
(A) Q  M g c pg  t  g  1.88 kg s  1090 J kg  C  283 C 
A. oxygen supplied from air
 579.92 kJ s B. nitrogen accompanying oxygen
   
(B) Q a  Q g ; M a c pa  t a  M g c pg  t g C. air supplied
D. water formed from combustion
 
E. carbon dioxide formed
M a c pa  t2  t1 a  M g c pg  t3  t4 g
F. total mass of flue gases

Q 579920
t2  t1   266   586.6 C

1.8 1005 
M a c pa 
  2  t4  t1    t3  t2 
(C)  m  1  Fuel constituents Pounds of O2 required from

ln 1 t  t1 
ln 4 per pound of fuel
2 t3  t2 

310  266   593  586.6   19.5 C
C = 0.8663 0.8663(2.667) = 2.3104
44 H = 0.1127 0.1127(8.000) = 0.9016
ln
6.4 O = 0.0019 reduces external O2 = -0.0019
N = 0.0028
S = 0.0163 0.0163(1.00) = 0.0163
1.0000 3.2264
 Mols of Constituent Mol wt. Mass per mol Percent
per mol of flue gas flue gas mass
A. oxygen supplied with 50% excess air = 1.5(3.2264)
4.84
= 4.8396 lb/lb fuel CO2 0.11  44 = 4.84 = 16.17%
29.94
0.56
CO 0.02  28 = 0.56 = 1.87 %
B. nitrogen from air = 4.8396(0.768/0.232) = 16.0207 lb/lb fuel 29.94
C. air supplied = 4.8396 + 16.0207 = 20.8603 lb/lb fuel 1.44
O2 0.045  32 = 1.44 = 4.81%
29.94
23.10
Element + Oxygen = Combustion product N2 0.825  28 = 22.40 = 77.15%
29.94
C 0.8663 + 2.3104 = 3.1767 lb CO2  = 29.94  =100.00%
H 0.1127 + 0.9016 = 1.0143 lb H2O
O 0.0019 + (Appears = 1.6132 lb O2 (Excess O2 = 0.5 x 3.2264) (A) mass of dry flue gas per lb of fuel:
with other CF 0.8700 lb gas
MG =   16.69
constituents) 12 12 12 12
44
CO2 
28
CO
44
 0.1617  
28
 0.0187 
lb fuel
N 0.0028 + 0.0000 = 0.0028 lb N2/lb fuel
(B) mass of air actually supplied:
S 0.0163 + 0.0163 = 0.0326 lb SO2/lb fuel
 N2   0.7715 
Σ = 4.2264 lb combustion products per lb fuel  0.768   CF   0.768   0.8700 
MA        16.77
lb air
12 12 12 12
44
CO2 +
28
CO
44
 0.1617  
28
 0.0187 
lb fuel
D. water formed = 1.0143 lb/lb fuel
(C) air required for ideal combustion of one pound of fuel:
E. carbon dioxide formed = 3.1767 lb/lb fuel carbon 0.8700(11.49) = 9.9963 lb of air for carbon
F. total mass of flue gases = 5.8396 + 16.0207 hydrogen 0.1200(34.48) = 4.1376 lb air for hydrogen
= 21.8603 lb flue gases/lb fuel sulfur 0.0020(4.31) = 0.0086 lb air for sulfur
14.1425 total air required, lb

8. An analysis of the flue gases of a combustion process, percent by Since the fuel contains 0.006 pound of oxygen, assume the hydrogen combines
volume, is as follows: with it and reduces the external oxygen required:
 lb O2   lb air  
4.1376       4.1376  0.006   4.31
CO2 = 10.0%; CO =2.0%; O2 = 8.0%; N2 = 80.0%  lb fuel   lb O2  
  4.1117 lb air for hydrogen
Then, ideal combustion of one pound of fuel requires
 14.1425  0.0259  14.1166 lb air/lb fuel
(D) % excess air:
16.77  14.12
 18.8%
Consti - Volume Mol wt. Percent mass 14.12
tuent fraction of constituent
mols CO2 lb lb CO2 4.40 The following data were observed during an oil-fired boiler test:
CO2 0.10  44 = 4.40 = 14.71 1. Duration of test 1 hr
mol gas mol mol gas 29.92
2. Steam delivered by boiler 200,000 lb
mols CO lb lb CO 0.56 3. Average steam temperature at
CO 0.02  28 = 0.56 = 1.87
mol gas mol mol gas 29.92 superheater outlet 760° F
mols O2 lb lb O2 2.56 4. Average steam pressure at
O2 0.08  32 = 2.56 = 8.56 superheater outlet 600 psia
mol gas mol mol gas 29.92
5. Feed water temperature 240° F
mols N2 lb lb N2 22.40
N2 0.80  28 = 22.40 = 74.86 6. Feed water pressure 700 psia
mol gas mol mol gas 29.92 7. Fuel fired (dry basis) 15,385 lb
lb gas 8. Flue gas temperature leaving
 = 29.92  =100.00 last heat transfer passage 450° F
mol gas
9. Dry bulb temperature of air
supplied for combustion 80° F
lb gas 10. Wet bulb temperature of air
Apparent molecular weight o f gas mixture = 29.92
mol gas supplied for combustion 70° F
1545 ft lbf 11. Barometric pressure at test
R for the mixture =  51.64 location 29.92 in. Hg
29.92 lb°R
12. Temperature of fuel supplied
to burners 80° F
A fuel oil has the following analysis on an ash-and-moisture-free 13. Ultimate analysis of fuel on an as-fired basis:
basis and yields, on burning, the following Orsat analysis: Carbon 0.8095 lb/lb fuel
Hydrogen 0.1143 lb/lb fuel
Fuel analysis, Nitrogen 0.0048 lb/lb fuel
Sulfur 0.0143 lb/lb fuel
lb/lb fuel Orsat Analysis
Oxygen 0.0095 lb/lb fuel
C = 0.8700 CO2 = 11.0 % Moisture 0.0476 lb/lb fuel
H = 0.1200 CO = 2.0 % Ash 0.0000 lb/lb fuel
N = 0.0020 O2 = 4.5 % 1.0000 lb fuel
S = 0.0020 N2 = 4.5 % 14. Volume analysis of flue gases in percent (Orsat):
O = 0.0060 CO2 = 11.34%
CO = 00.71%
O2 = 5.06%
Calculate:
N2 = 82.89%
A. the mass of dry flue gas, lb/lb fuel 100.00%
B. the mass of air actually supplied, lb/lb fuel 15. Higher heating value of fuel is 19,500 Btu/lb “dry” fuel.
C. the air required for ideal combustion, lb/lb fuel
D. the percent excess air supplied Calculate an energy balance for the tested boiler.

 
As-fired basis Dry basis
Carbon 0.8095 0.8500 lb/lb
Hydrogen 0.1143 0.1200 lb/lb
Nitrogen 0.0048 ÷ (1 – 0.0476) = 0.0050 lb/lb
Sulfur 0.0143 0.0150 lb/lb
Oxygen 0.0095 0.0100 lb/lb
Moisture 0.0476 1.000
 Flue Gas Analysis: (17.1) A boiler consumes 16,800 pounds of feul/hr when producing
Percent Mol wt. Pounds per Percent 210,000 lb of steam per hour at 620 psia and 800 deg F from
volume dry 100 mols gas mass feed water at 650 psia and 800F from feed water at 650 psia
498.96 and 300F. The heating value of fuel is 18,500 Btu/lb and the
CO2 = 11.34  44 = 498.96 = 16.62
3001.68 furnace volume is 1250 ft3 . Calculate :
19.88
CO = 0.71  28 = 19.88 = 0.66
3001.68
161.92 (A) The boiler Capacity (in mB/hr) Ans: 238.6 mB/hr
O2 = 5.06  32 = 161.92 = 5.40
3001.68 (B) The factor of evaporation Ans: 245,700 lb/hr
2320.92 (C) The equivalent evaporation Ans: 1.17
N2 = 82.89  28 = 2320.92 = 77.32
3001.68 (D) The furnace heat-release rate, Btu/hr.ft3
 = 3001.68  =100.00 Ans: 248,600 Btu/hr,ft3
(E) The boiler efficiency, % Ans: 76.8%
Energy balance:
(1) Energy absorbed by water and steam in boiler, Btu per pound of dry fuel: (17.2) A fuel oil has the following ultimate analysis ash and moisture
200, 000
Q1  MS  h2  h1   1385.1  209.9  * free:
15, 385
Carbon = 0.85 lb
= 13 1175.2   15, 277.6 Btu lb fuel (dry)
Hydrogen = 0.14 lb
* where h2 at 600 psia and 760 F = 1385.1 Btu lb
Oxygen = 0.00 lb
h3 at 700 psia and 240 F = 209.9 Btu/lb
Nitrogen = 0.01 lb
(2) Energy loss to dry flue gases, Btu per pound dry fuel:
Sulfur = 0.01 lb
Q2  MG c p t2  t1   17.65 0.24   450  80 
1.00 lb
 1567.32 Btu/lb dry fuel
For complete combustion with air, calculate the following in pounds
CF 0.8500
where MG   per pound of fuel:
12 12 12 12
44
CO2 +
28
CO
44
 0.1662  
28
0.0066  (A) Oxygen required from air Ans: 3.32
= 17.65 lb dry gas/lb fuel (B) Nitrogen accompanying oxygen from air Ans: 10.98
c p  0.24 (average specific heat of flue gases) (C) Air required Ans: 14.30
t1  entering air temperature = 80 F (D) Water formed from combustion of hydrogen Ans: 1.176
t2  leaving flue gas temperature = 450 F (E) Carbon dioxide formed Ans: 3.23
(3) Energy loss due to moisture from burning hydrogen, Btu per pound (F) Total mass of flue gases Ans: 15.30
of dry fuel:
9H 9 12  (16.2) Air at 45F (DB) and 41F (WB) is heated and humidified to
Q3 
100
 h4  h3   100 1265.0  48.1 72F (DB) and 59F (WB). To what temperature should the air
= 1314.25 Btu/lb dry fuel be heated before humidification?
where H = percent hydrogen in 1 lb dry fuel Ans: 64F
h4 = 1265.0 (Table 3, Steam Tables at 1 psia and 450 F)
h3 = hf at 80 F = 48.1 Btu/lb (16.3) Air is to be conditioned from td = 39F and  = 80% to td =
(4) Energy loss to moisture accompanying one pound dry fuel: 74F and  = 70%.
MM 0.0476
Q4   h  h3   1  0.0476 1265.0  48.1
1  MM 4
(A) To what temperature should the air be heated before
humidifying F? Ans:102.5F
= 0.05 1216.9   60.85 Btu/lb dry fuel (B) How much moisture in grains is added during
In spite of calculating on the dry fuel basis, account must be taken of the moisture humidification ? Ans: 61 grains/lbda
accompanying the fuel as fired:
MM  mass of moisture in 1 lb of fuel as received = 0.0476 lb (15.1) It is desired to produce a mixture of helium and hydrogen
MM which will have a specific heat of 1.0 Btu/lb.F at constant
 0.05 lb of moisture/lb dry fuel
1  MM volume . What must be the volumetric percentage of helium?
(5) Energy loss to moisture in air supplied for combustion: Gas Cv
Q5  M A MW  h4  h5   17.77 0.0134  1265.0  1096.6  Helium 0.750
= 40.1 Btu/lb dry fuel Hydrogen 2.440
N2  0.7732 
CF    0.8500  Ans: 74.2%
0.768  0.768 
where MA  
12 12 12 12
44
CO2 
28
CO
44
0.1662   28 0.0066  (15.2) A gaseous mixture has the following mass analysis:H2 ,
10%; CO2 , 5% ; N2 , 85%, Cp for common gases at room
= 17.77 lb air supplied/lb dry fuel
temperature : O2, 0.217; H2 3.42; N2, 0.247; CO, 0.243; CO2,
N2 , CO2 , CO = percents by mass in flue gases
0.205. Find the:
MW = 0.0134 lb moisture/lb dry air (from psychrometric chart at 80 F
dry bulb and 70 F wet bulb) (A) specific heat at constant pressure, Ans: 0.562 Btu/lb.F
h5  1096.6 Btu/lb (enthalpy of superheated steam at 80 F, read most
easily from Mollier Chart; partial pressure has relatively small (B) volumetric analysis, % H2 = 61.4%,CO2 =1.4%,N2 = 37.2%
effect on enthalpy at this temperature evidenced by practically
(C) Partial pressure of N2 is psia if the barometer is standard
horizontal 80 F line on chart)
and the mixture is at barometric pressure: Ans: 5.47 psia
(6) Energy loss to incomplete combustion, Btu per pound of dry fuel:
 CO 
 10,100 
Q6  CF  (15.3) A tank contains air at 50 psia. Air maybe assumed to consist
 CO2  CO  of 79.1 percent of N2 and 20.9% O2 by volume. Calculate:
0.71 (A) the partial pressure due to the oxygen, Ans:10.45 psia
= 0.85 10,100   505.84 Btu/lb dry fuel (B) the partial pressure due to the nitrogen, psia.
11.34  0.71
Ans: 39.55 psia
CO2 , CO = volume percentages from Orsat analysis of flue gases
CF  0.8500 lb carbon/lb dry fuel (15.4) A mass analysis of gases in a compartment shows the
10,100 = Btu loss/lb of carbon burned to CO rather than to CO2 following: O2 , 20 lb; N2 , 140 lb; CO2 , 15 lb; H2O, 4 lb. Find
(7) Energy loss to radiation and unaccounted-for losses: the volumetric analysis of the gases, %.
Q7  H.H.V .  (Q1  Q2  Q3  Q4  Q5  Q6 ) . Ans. O2 = 10.10% ; N2 = 80.81 %; CO2 = 5.50 % ;
H2O = 3.59%
 19, 500  15, 277.6  1567.3  1314.3  60.8  40.1  505.8 
 19, 500  18, 765.9  734.1 Btu/lb dry fuel (15.6) Given, for atmospheric air: temperature, 82F; barometric
pressure, 29.92 in. Hg; partial pressure of water vapor ,
0.3632 psia. What is the dew point temperature?
. Ans. 70 F
(15.7) A room 14 ft x 16 ft x 10 ft contains atmospheric air at 72F.
The partial pressure of the water vapor in air is 0.2140 psia.
Barometer is standard. Calculate :
(A) the mass of dry air in the room, lb; Ans: 164.7 lb
(B) the mass of water vapor in the room Ans: 1.51 lb
(C) the dew point temperature Ans: 55F
.
(15.13) For atmospheric air, given: dry bulb temperature, 85F ; wet
bulb temperature , 70F; barometer , standard. The air cooled at
constant pressure to 50F. Using psychrometric chart, calculate:
(A) the water vapor condensed Ans: 32 grains
(B) the heat rejected Ans: 13.7 Btu/lbda
(14.1) A heat exchanger receives oil having specific heat of 0.45
Btu/lb and a temperature of 160F at the rate of 40,000 lb/hr. Fresh
water at an initial temperature of 160F at the rate of 40,000 lb/hr.
Fresh water at an initial temperature of 60F flows through the
apparatus at the rate of 120,000 lb/hr. Assume unlimited heat
transfer area and calculate :
(A) the common temperature which the fluids will reach under
parallel flow, F. Ans: 73F
(B) the heat transferred by the heat exchanger
Ans:1,560,000 Btu/hr
(12.5) In a 50% reaction stage, the carryover velocity from the
preceding stage is 55 m/s, the stage available energy is 50 kJ/kg, the
fixed blade (nozzle) efficiency is 0.94 and the fixed blade velocity
coefficient is 0.90. Find the velocity of the steam leaving the fixed
blades, m/s.
Answer: 222.4 m/s
(12.6) In the turbine stage with 30% reaction, the steam enters the
moving blades with relative velocity of 350 ft/s , the stage available
energy is 25 Btu/lb, the reactive effectiveness is 0.90 and the moving
blade velocity coefficient is 0.92. Find the relative velocity of the
steam leaving the moving blades, ft/s.
Answer: 665 m/s
(12.7) Steam enters a 50% reaction stage in a low pressure turbine
with negligible carryover velocity at 12 psia and a moisture content of
0.06. The steam leaves the fixed blades with a velocity of 670 ft/s.
The relative velocities entering and leaving the moving blades are
230 ft/s and 670 ft/s respectively. The steam at exit from the moving
blades has an absolute velocity of 230 ft/s and a pressure of 9.0 psia.
Assume the combined blade efficiency and the stage efficiency are
equal and find the
(A) stage work Ans: 15.8 Btu/lb
(B) the available energy to the stage Ans: 19.2 Btu/lb
(C) the combined blade efficiency Ans: 82.3%

(12.8) The rotative speed of a high pressure turbine at full power is

(14.3) Calculate the heat transfer area required by a parallel flow oil
cooler which removes 1,524,000 Btu/hr from the oil while cooling it
from 160F at inlet to 75F at discharge, when the cooling water
temperatures are 60F and 72.7F, respectively. U for the heater is
52 Btu/hr-ft2.F.
Ans: 1132 ft2
(13.1) Calculate the rate of heat flow, in Btu/hr, through a 10-in wall
of solid concrete which is 20 ft long by 8 ft high. The thermal
conductivity of concrete is 0.10 Btu/hr.ft.F, the external surface
temperature is 5F and the internal surface temperature is 45F.
Ans: 7680 Btu/hr
(13.2) For the wall of the previous problem , the outside film
coefficient is 6.0 and the inside is 1.5 Btu/hr.ft 2.F, the outside air
temperature is - 3F and the inside air temperature is 77F. Calculate
(A) the overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr.ft 2.F
Ans: 0.60 Btu/hr.ft2
(B) the rate of heat flow through the wall
Ans: 7680 Btu/hr
(12.1) In a simple impulse stage, the blade speed is 150 m/s and the
nozzle angle is 18 degrees. The velocity of the steam leaving the
nozzle is 320 m/s. The bucket entrance and exit angles are both 33
degrees. The bucket velocity coefficient is 0.89. Find the:
(A) relative velocity of entering the buckets; Ans: 184 m/s
(B) relative velocity of leaving the buckets Ans: 163.8 m/s
(C) total change of velocity relative to and in the direction of motion
of the buckets; Ans: 291.7 m/s
(D) the bucket work, kJ/kg Ans: 43.75 kJ/kg
(E) the absolute exit velocity Ans: 90.1 m/s
(12.2) Steam enters the buckets of a simple impulse wheel at an
absolute velocity of 1200 ft/s and leaves with an absolute velocity of
245 ft/s. The relative entering velocity is 640 ft/s, and the relative exit
velocity if 540 ft/s. Determine:
(A) available energy to the buckets Ans: 22,360 ft-lbf/lb
(B) the bucket loss , ft-lb/lb Ans: 1830 ft-lb/lb
(C) the unused kinetic energy in the leaving jet Ans: 930 ft-lb/ft
(D) the bucket work Ans: 19,600 ft-lb/lb and 25.2 Btu/lb
(E) the diagram efficiency Ans: 87.7%
(F) Power developed by the bucket s if steam is supplied at the
rate of 5000 lb/hr Ans: 49.5 hp
(12.3) Steam enters the nozzles of a simple stage with negligible
velocity of 190 psia and 500 F. The velocity of the steam leaving the
nozzles is 1175 ft/s, and the stage pressure is 140 psia. The steam
leaves the bucket s with an absolute velocity of 300 ft/s and an
enthalpy of 1245.5 Btu/lb. Assume the stage efficiency is equal to the
nozzle-bucket efficiency and that there is negligible velocity carryover
to the next stage. Find :
6000 rpm. The first stage is of the simple impulse configuration, and
the nozzles receive steam at 900 pisa and 900F with negligible
velocity. The pitch diameter of the first stage buckets is 30 inches
and the nozzle angle is 17 degrees. Find these conditions
(A) Blade speed Ans: 785 ft/s
(B) The ideal blade speed-steam speed ratio Ans: 0.478
(C) The corresponding absolute (“sprouting”)
Velocity of the steam leaving the nozzles Ans: 1642 ft/s
(D) The enthalpy drop across the nozzles assuming an
isentropic process. Ans: 53.8 Btu/lb
(E) The entropy and enthalpy of the steam leaving the nozzles
and its estimated pressure and temperature from the
Mollier Chart. Ans: S = 1.6257 Btu/lb
Ans: h = 1398.1 Btu/lb
Ans: P = 620 psia
Ans: T = 790F
(8.15) A split-shaft gas turbine has its power unit receiving 140 lb/s
combustion products at 45 psia and 1600 R. Exhaust temperature
and pressure for the power turbine are 1245R and 0.20 in Hg
gauge. Barometric pressure is 29 in. Hg absolute, while the ambient
temperature is 59F. Using air tables determine:
(A) isentropic turbine outlet temperature, R Ans: 1194R
(B) the isentropic turbine work, Btu/lb Ans: 106 Btu/lb
(C) the actual turbine work, Btu/lb Ans: 92.9 Btu/lb
(D) the isentropic turbine efficiency, % Ans: 87.7%
(E) the turbine internal power, hp Ans: 18,400 hp
(8.16) A split-shaft gas turbine has its power turbine supplied with
150 lb/sec of gas at 50 psia and 1100 F and exhausts the gas from
the power turbine at 16 psia and 800F, respectively. The power
turbine exhaust is led through a counter-flow regenerator where the
gas temperature is lowered another 40F. The compressor pressure
ratio is 12, and the inlet conditions are 14.6 psia and 60F.
Compressor discharge temperature is 740F. Using air tables
calculate:
(A) The power turbine efficiency % Ans: 74.5%
(B) The compressed air temperature leaving the
regenerator, F Ans: 780F
(C) the regenerator effectiveness, Btu/lb Ans: 66.7%
(8.17) A Brayton cycle aircraft gas turbine engine has an axial flow
compressor which provides a pressure ratio of 10 to 1. Material
design conditions limit the temperature of the working substance
entering the turbine to 2200F. The engine is designed to handle 90
lb of air /sec at static conditions and 120 lb/sec at a flight speed of
400 knots when sea level ambient pressure and temperature are 15
psia and 530R, respectively. Estimate:

(A) the available energy to the stage, Btu/lb Ans: 29.8 Btu/lb (A) the sea level static thrust, lbf Ans: 7300 lbf
(B) the nozzle efficiency Ans: 92.5% (B) the thrust , lbf Ans: 7559 lbf
(C) the nozzle reheat Ans: 2.2 Btu/lb (C) the propulsive efficiency, % for a flight speed of 400 knots
(C) the blade reheat Ans: 3.2 Btu/lb at sea level . (1 knot = 1.69 ft/s) Ans: 40%
(D) the exit reheat Ans: 1.8 Btu/lb
(E) the enthalpy of steam entering the next stage Ans: 1247.3 Btu/lb
(F) the stage work Ans: 1247.3 Btu/lb
(G) the diagram efficiency of the buckets Ans: 82%
(H) the nozzle-bucket efficiency. Ans: 75.8%
 (E) h2 '= h1 - KE = 1234.4 - 148.5 = 1085.9 Btu/lb
(8.17) A Brayton cycle aircraft gas turbine engine has an axial flow
hg - h2 ' 1174.4  1085.9
compressor which provides a pressure ratio of 12 to 1. Material m2 ' =   9.58%
design conditions limit the temperature of the working substance hfg 924.2
entering the turbine to 2000F. The engine is designed to handle 90 2 '= g  m2 'fg  8.518  0.0958(8.501)  7.704 ft 3 /lb
lb of air /sec at static conditions and 120 lb/sec at a flight speed of
500 knots when sea level ambient pressure and temperature are 15 '
4 M2 4(60.1)(7.704)
psia and 530R, respectively. Estimate: dexit   144 
(A) the sea level static thrust, lbf Ans: 6635 lbf V  60    2727 
(B) the thrust , lbf Ans: 6045 lbf dexit = 0.720 in.
(C) the propulsive efficiency, % Ans: 51%
(D) cycle thermal efficiency , % for a flight speed of 500 knots
at sea level . (1 knot = 1.69 ft/s) Ans: 55.8%
/2
When equipped for after burning, nozzle inlet temperature is limited rexit
rthroat
to 2500R. Assuming all stated performance parameters remain
constant, estimate:
L
(E)the thrust, lbf and Ans: 9180 lbf
(F) the thermal efficiency, % Ans: 44.5%   r - r
(f) tan   = exit t
2 L
A converging-diverging nozzle receives steam at a pressure of 380 r r 0.362 - 0.25
L  exit t = = 1.05 in.
psia with temperature of 480F and expands it to a pressure of 50   0.1051
psia. Assuming the velocity coefficient of 0.98 for the tan  
2
supersaturated throat condition and an overall nozzle efficiency of
92 percent, calculate the following:
11-1 Air enters an ideal converging-diverging at a pressure of 73.5
psia with temperature of 1400F and negligible approach velocity/.
A. The actual throat velocity , ft/s Ans: 1582 ft/s
For isentropic expansion to an exit pressure of 14.7 psia, calculate:
B. The mass rate of flow for a throat diameter of 0.50 in
Ans: 60.1 lb/min
C. The actual kinetic energy available at the nozzle exit (A) The temperature of the air leaving the nozzle F
Ans: 148.5 Btu/lb Ans: 714F
D. The actual nozzle exit velocity, ft/sec (B) The kinetic energy of the air leaving the nozzle, Btu/lb
Ans: 2727 ft/sec Ans: 164.6 Btu/lb
E. The required nozzle exit diameter, inches and (C) The velocity of the air leaving the nozzle.
Ans: 0.720 in. Ans: 2870 ft/s
F. The length of the divergent section of the nozzle, in inches, for
an included angle of 12 degrees between nozzle sides. 11-2 The pressure of the air entering the ideal convergent nozzle is
Ans: 1.05 in. 73.5 psia, the temperature is 1400F and the velocity of approach is
 negligible. The nozzle discharges against a pressure of 14.7 psia.
What is the nozzle exit velocity when expansion in the nozzle exit is
From: Steam table: At P = 380 psia and temperature of 480F. isentropic, ft./sec?
h1 = 1234.4 Btu/lb
S1 = 1.5220 Btu/lb.R Answer: 1930 ft/sec
Pt = Pc = 0.55P1 = 0.55(380) = 209 psia
11-3 Air enters a convergent-divergent nozzle having stagnation
sg - s t 1.5427 - 1.5220 conditions of 65C and 285 kPa. The Mach number of the throat is
st(ideal) = s1 ; m = = = 2.08%
sfg 0.9941 0.77. For isentropic expansion through the nozzle, calculate:

ht(ideal)  hg  mhfg  1199.9   0.0208  840.3  = 1182.4 Btu/lb (A) The throat pressure, kPa Ans: 192.5 kPa
(B) The throat temperature, K Ans: 302.2 K
(A) Vt = Cn Videal  223.38Cn h1  htideal (C) The throat velocity m/s Ans: 268.3 m/s
= 223.8  0.98  1234.4  1182.4 = 1582 ft/s 11-6 Air enters a diffuser of a jet engine with a velocity of 1800 ft/s
relative to the aircraft. The intake pressure is 1.05 psia and intake
cn 
2 temperature is - 70F. Assuming isentropic compression in the
(B) enozzle ' =  (0.98)2  0.96
diffuser, calculate:
h1 - ht actual = en'  h1 - hideal   0.9604(1234.4  1182.4) (A) The sonic velocity at the inlet condition Ans: 968 ft/s
(B) The inlet mach number Ans: 1.86
= 49.9Btu/lb
(C) Stagnation temperature Ans: 659.8R
hactual = h1 - 49.9 = 1234.4 - 49.9 = 1184.5 Btu/lb (D) The stagnation pressure Ans: 6.61 psia
hg - htactual 1199.9-1184.5
mtactual = = =1.83% 5-4 Steam leaves the boiler at 600 psia and 750F at the rate of
hfg 840.3 75,000 lb/hr through the main steam line, which has a cross sectional
area of 0.322 ft2. Find the velocity of the steam in the lin, ft/s
actual = g  mtfg  2.194  0.0183  2.176 
Answer: 73.3 ft/s
= 2.154 ft 3 / lb 5-5 Steams leaves the boiler at 6550 kPa absolute and 510 C at the
0.1964 2 rate of 45,400 kg/hr through the main steam line, which has cross
At = ft sectional area of 0.030 m2. Determine the velocity of the steam in the
144
line ., m/sec. The specific volume of the steam is 0.0525 m3/kg.
A V 0.1964(1582)  60  Answer: 22.1 m/sec
m' = t t = = 60.1 lb/min
t (144)(2.154)
5-6 An air compressor takes in 50 ft3/ min of air at 14.7 psia and
60F. The air is discharged at 100 psia and 260F. Find:
sg  s2ideal 1.6589  1.5220
(C) s2ideal  s1; m2    10.97% (A) Mass flow rate Ans: 3.82 lb/min
sfg 1.2476 (B) Volume flow rate at the discharge Ans: 10.18 ft3/min
h2ideal = hg - m2hfg = 1174.4 - 0.1097(92.4) = 1073.0 Btu/lb 5-7 Steam enters the first stage nozzles of a large turbine with
KEactual = h1- h2' = en (h1  h2 ' ) = 0.92(1234.4-1073) = 148.5 Btu/lb negligible velocity at a pressure of 540 psia and a temperature of
800F. The pressure at the nozzle exit is 220 psia. If the process is
(D) Vactual = V2 '= 223.8 h1 - h2' isentropic ; find:
(A) The final enthalpy Ans: 1302 Btu/lbs
ft (B) The kinetic energy at exit Ans: 1081 Btu/lb
= 223.8 148.5 = 2727
2 (C) The velocity at the exit Ans: 2327 ft/s
A mass of 1.0 kg is moving at a velocity of 5 m/s. Determine the
m'5 =
1000 1164.3   (104,000)  218.9   (100,000)  48.1   5000  68.1
kinetic enegy on a unit mass basis: 1178.7 - 218.9 
A. In SI Unit, J/kg m'5 = 19,566 lb/hr
B. In Engineer’s unit, ft-lb
Inserting this result into the mass balance equation gives:
Solution:
V2 m’4 = m’1 + m’3 + m’5 – m’2
(A) KE =
2gc m’4 = 100,000 + 5000 + 19,566 – 1000
1  1 N.s2  2 m2
=    5  2 = 12.5 J/kg m’4 = 123,566 lb/hr
2  kg.m  s
 J   1.0 kg   778 ft-lbf  A Rankine regenerative steam cycle employs two stages of steam
(B) KE =  12.5  
kg   2.205 lb   1055 J 
extraction for feed water heating. Boiler pressure and temperature
 are 1200 psia and 1050 F respectively. Saturated steam at
ft-lb f condenser pressure has a temperature of 79 F.
= 4.182
lbm
Calculate the following :
(A) The optimum extraction pressures to the nearest pound per
Steam has a value of internal energy u = 1171.9 Btu/lb at a square inch.
temperature of 500F and pressure of 150 psia. Determine the (B) The mass of steam removed from the turbine at each
values of the above in their SI equivalences. extraction point, pounds per pound of throttled steam
(C) Pump work (Btu/lb)
(D) The heat supplied to the cycle, Btu/lb
Solution: (E) The heat rejected by the cycle, Btu/lb
Internal Energy (SI) (F) The turbine work, Btu/lb throttled steam
(G) The net cycle work, Btu/lb throttle steam
 2.326 kJ/kg  3 (H) The thermal efficiency of the cycle, %
u = 1171.9 Btu/lb   = 2.726 x 10 kJ/kg
 1.0 Btu/lb 
Pressure (SI)
 101.325 kPa  3
P = 150 psi   = 1.034x10 kPa
 14.7 psia 
The Universal Gas Constant:
ft-lbf J
R = 1545  8314
lbmol R kgmol .K

Dearating feed water heater similar to the fig shown operates at 30

psia shell pressure with the following flow rates and properties:

No ITEM Flow Rate Temp. Enthalpy

(lb/hr) (F)
1 Condensate (liquid) 100,000 80.00 49.10
2 Vent (Vapor) 1,000 250.34 1164.3
3 Drains (liquid) 5,000 100.00 68.1
4 Feed ( liquid) ? 250.34 218.9
5 Exhaust Steam ? 280.00 1178.7

Determine the exhaust steam flow rate required to operate the heater
under these conditions. What quantity of boiler feed will be available
from the heater (lb/hr) ?

  m'h in   m'h out  Energy Balance

m'1h1 + m'3h3 + m'5h5 = m'2h2 + m'4h4
  m' in   m' out  Mass Balance
m'1 + m'3 + m'5 = m'2 + m'4
Since m’4 is a function of m’5, a direct solution is achieved by solving
the mass balance equation explicitly for m’4 and then substituting that
the mass balance equation explicitly for m’5 as the only unknown, its
magnitude may be determined:

m’4 = m’1 + m’3 + m’5 – m’2

m'1h1 + m'3h3 + m'5h5 = m'2h2 + (m'1+m'3 +m'5 - m'2 )h4

m'5  h5 - h4  = m'2h2 + (m'1+m'3 - m'2 )h4  m'1h1  m'3h3
m'2h2  (m'1+m'3 - m'2 )h4  m'1h1  m'3h3
m5 
h5 - h4 
In a PWR nuclear plant, the primary loop coolant water, pressurized 
to 2000 psia, enters the reactor at 500F and leaves at 600F. It 
then enters the steam generator (boiler) section at the same
temperature where energy in the form of heat is transferred to the 
secondary loop. The secondary loop operates on simple Rankine 
cycle without regenerative feed heating or any external heat supply. 
Steam leaves the boiler at 420 psia with a moisture content of 1 %
and enters the turbine at the same conditions. The condenser 
pressure is 2 psia. The pressure of the water leaving the feed pump 
and entering the steam generatot is 500 psia. The flow rate in the 
steam plant (secondary ) side is 500,000 lb/hr. Assuming no losses
other than the pressure drop in the steam generator given above, 
find: 

(A) The required heat exchange rate in the steam generator,
Btu/hr, 
(B) The primary coolant flow rate necessary to satisfy the heat 
transfer rate of part (A) 
(C) The heat supplied , Btu/lb
(D) The heat rejected, Btu/lb 
(E) The thermal efficiency, % 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 










 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 





  
A large turbine receives steam at the throttle at 560 psia and 800F 
at the rate of 100 lb/sec. The pressure after the throttle is 500 psia. 
At the exhaust flange the absolute pressure is 1.5 in of mercury, the
steam velocity is 1000 ft/sec and the moisture content is 10% . Find: 

A. The availability energy to the turbine, Btu/lb 
B. The throttling loss, Btu/lb
C. The leaving loss, Btu/lb 
D. The enthalpy at the exhaust point, Btu/lb 
E. The internal turbine work, Btu/lb 
F. The internal engine efficiency
G. Other internal losses not 
accounted for by (b) and (c) above, Btu/lb 
H. The internal power developed, hp 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A Rankine regenerative steam cycle employs two stages of steam
extraction for feed water heating. Boiler pressure and temperature
are 1200 psia and 1050F, respectively. Saturated steam at
condenser pressure has a temperature of 79F. Sketch the cycle on
T-S coordinates and calculate:
A 60-kW auxiliary generator operates with dry saturated steam at
200 psi. It has three nozzles; one is always open, and the other two
are fitted with manually operated nozzle control valves. With both
nozzle control valves closed, the capacity of the machine is 30 kW.
Speed control is obtained by use of a throttle valve actuated by the
mechanical governor. At quarter load, the pressure in the steam
chest is 115 psia when both hand valves are closed. At the same
load with both hand valves open, the chest pressure becomes 62
psia referred to an exhaust pressure of 2.4 psia, find for this load
condition:

 A. The throttling loss which must be accepted for control purposes

B. The additional and unnecessary throttling loss if both hand nozzle

valves are inadvertently opened.











A. The optimum extraction pressure to the neared pound per

square inch
B. The mass of steam removed from the turbine at each
extraction point, pounds of throttle steam
C. Pump work, Btu/lb
D. The heat supplied to the cycle, Btu/lb
E. The heat rejected by the cycle , Btu/lb throttle steam
F. The turbine work, Btu/lb throttle steam
G. The net cycle work, Btu/lb throttle steam
H. The thermal efficiency on the cycle, %


Turbine A receives steam at the throttle at 850 psia and 940F and
exhausts to the condenser at 0.70 psia; the throttle steam flow is
164,000 lb/hr. Turbine B receives steam at 620 psia and 900F,
exhausting at 1.0 psia, and the throttle steam flow is 187,000 lb/hr.
Under the stated conditions, both turbines deliver 30,000 shaft
horsepower with mechanical efficiency of 96%. Find:

A. The water rate, the heat rate , the shaft engine efficiency and the
internal engine efficiency for the turbine A
B. The same quantities for turbine B










1. A refrigerating plant for an air-conditioning system removes From: Freon table Attached :Appendix
10,000 Btu/min from the air. The plant circulates 170 lb of
P1= P2 = 26.51 psia P3 = P4 = 107.9 psia
refrigerant/min and the internal power delivered by its
compressor is 60 horsepower. The refrigerant evaporation t 2 = 14F t 4 = 77F
temperature is 40F, and its condensation temperature is S2  S3  0.17317 Btu/lb ; h2 = 80.04 and h3 = 91.13 Btu/lb
100·F. Calculate :

A. the capacity of the plant, tons;
B. the refrigerating effect, Btuflb; A. RE = h2 - h1 = 80.04 - 25.56 = 54.48 Btu/lb
C. the coefficient of performance of the actual plant; and
D . the coefficient of performance of the equivalent Carnot cycle. heat absorbed 200xCapacity 50(200)
B. m' =    183.6
RE RE 54.48
 C. Wnet = h3 - h2 = 91.13 - 80.04 = 11.09 Btu/lb
RE h -h 54.48
heat absorbed(Btu/min) 10,000 D. COP = = 2 1 = = 4.91
A. Capacity = = = 50 tons Wnet h3 - h 2 11.09
200 Btu/min-ton 200
heat absorbed(Btu/min) 10, 000 E. Wnet/ton =
m'freon-12   Wnet  x 60
=
183.6 x 11.09 x 60
 0.96
B. RE = = = 58.8 Btu/lb 2545 x capacity 2545 x 50
mass of Refrigerant (lb/min) 170
Wnet (Hp)(2545 Btu/Hp-min) 60 x2545 F. QR   m'freon-12  ( h3 - h4 ) = 183.6 (91.13 - 25.56) = 12,040 Btu/min
C.  = = 14.97Btu/min 
J mass of Refrigerant x 60 170(60)
G. PD =
m'freon-12  2   where :   1.516 ft 3 /lb
2
J x RE 58.8 Capacity
COP = = = 3.93
Wnet 14.97
PD =
183.6  1.516  = 5.57 ft 3 /min.ton
T (40  460) 50
D. COPcarnot = L   8.33
TH -TL (100  460)  (40  460)

4. An air compression refrigeration system is to have an air

2. A r e f r i g e r a t i n g plant circulates 23 lb Freon-12 per
minute and is assumed to operate on a cycle similar to that
of the figure . The pressure in the evaporator coil is 50 psia,
the temperature of the Freon-12 entering the compressor is
50" F, the pressure in the condenser is 120 psia and the
temperature of the liquid refrigerant entering the
expansion valve is 86F. Calculate or determine:
A. the evaporation temperature, • F;
pressure of 100 psia in the brine tank and an allowable air
temperature increase of 60F. For standard vapor
compression cycle temperatures of 77F entering the
expansion cylinder and 14 F entering the compression
cylinder, calculate:
A. the coefficient of performance;
B. the mass of air circulated per ton of refrigeration;
C. the required piston displacement of the compressor
cylinder, neglecting volumetric efficiency.
PRESSUR

B. the condensation temperature, F; P

C. the refrigerating effect, Btu/lb; 
D. the capacity of the plant, tons; T
 P=C 
E

E. the power required to compress the Freon-12, hp; and P=C

F. the coefficient of performance.
. P S=C  P=

S=C S= C
 
C
 P=C   P=C

V
S
 


h T4 = 77 + 460 = 537R T2 = 14 + 460 = 474R

 T2 - T1 = 60F T1 = 474 - 60 = 414R

Since: Processes 3-4 and 1-2 are constant pressure:
Use:Attached Figure k 1
P3 P4  P4  k T4 T
h4 = h1 = 27.72 Btu/lb h2 = 84.24 Btu/lb  and   = = 3
P2 P1  P1  T1 T2
S2 =S3 =0.17187 h3 =91.31 Btu/lb
T   537 
T3 = T2  4  = 474   = 615°R
See Attached Appendix:  T1   414 
Cp  T2 -T1 
A. Evaporation temperature = 38.3F
B. Condensation temperature = 93.4 F
60
A. COP = = = 3.33
C. RE = h2 – h1 = 84.24 – 27.72 = 56.52 Btu/lb Cp  T3 -T4  - Cp  T2 - T1   615-537  - 60
B. RE - Cp  T2 -T1  = 0.24(60) = 14.4 Btu/lb
m'(RE) 23(56.52)
D. Capacity ' = = = 6.5 tons 200 Btu/min.ton
200 200 m'air = =13.9 lb/min.ton
m'  h3 - h2  23  56.52  14.4 Btu/lb
E. Wnet = = = 3.83 Hp m'RT2
42.42 42.42 C. Piston Displacement = V2 =
P2
RE h -h 84.24 - 27.72
F. COP = = 2 1 = = 7.99 13.9(53.3)(474)
Wnet h3 - h2 91.31 - 84.24  = 24.4 ft 3 /min.ton
144 x 100
3. A cooling plant using Freon-12 as the refrigerant is to have
a capacity of 50 tons when operating on the refrigerant
rating cycle. For this ideal plant cycle determine:

A. the refrigerating effect, Btu/lb;

B. the rate of Freon-12 circulation, lb/min;
C. the net work required per:pound of Freon-12 circulated,
Btu/lb;
D. the coefficient of performance;
E. the power required per ton of refrigeration, hp/ton;
F. the heat rejected by the condenser, Btu/min; and
G. the compressor piston displacement, ft3/min·ton of
refrigeration.
.
5. A simplified line diagram and TS plot for one section of a 7. Calculate the horsepower required per ton of refrigeration
cooling system for a large aircraft are shown below. When it produced by the reversal of a Carnot cycle having a thermal
is used for cooling on the ground, the following Fahrenheit efficiency of
temperatures are experienced at the numbered points on the
diagrams: A. 50 percent;
B. 25 percent; and
C. 12.5 percent.
T
3 1
Answers: (A) 4.71 hp; (B) 1.57 hp; (C) 0.673 hp
4
2 8. A refrigerating plant for an air-conditioning system is to have a
capacity of 10 tons and a coefficient of performance of 2.50
5 when operating With a refrigerating effect of 61.4 Btu/lb of
refrigerant. Calculate :
A. the refrigerant flow rate, lb/min;
S B. the work done on the refrigerant by the compressor, Btu/lb
C. the compressor internal horsepower, hp; and
D. the rate of heat rejection from the system, Btu/min.
point 1 2 3 4 5
Answers: (A) 32.6lb/min; (B) 24.6 Btu/lb; (C) 18.9 hp; (D) 2800
t (• F) Btu/min
342 142 252 145 35
For a situation where the air flow rate through the system 9. A refrigeration system has a capacity of 25 tons and rejects heat
is 65 lb/min, specific heat of the air is assumed constant at the rate of 6560 Btu/min. Calculate:
and the compressor and expander processes are assumed (A) the rate of heat absorption by the refrigerant, Btu/min;
isentropic, calculate: (B) the power required as input to the system, Btu/min; and
(C) the coefficient of performance for the system.
(A) the heat transferred to the atmospheric air supply,
Btu/min;
Answers: (A) 5,000 Btu/min; (B) 1560 Btu/min; (C) 3.2
(B) the power developed by the expander, hp; and
(C) the heat transferred from auxiliary power unit compressor 10. A modified Rankine refrigerating cycle operates with an
bleed, expressed in tons of refrigeration. evaporator pressure of 21.4 psia and a condenser pressure of
141 psia. Refrigerant is Freon-12 circulating through the
 system at 30 lb/min. Liquid refrigerant at 141 psia and 100"
F enters the expansion valve, and surerheated vapor at 21.4
A. Q1-4 =m'Cp  t1 - t 2    t 3 - t 4   psia and 5" F enters the compressor.
= 65(0.24)  342 - 142    252 - 145   Calculate:

= 4789.2 Btu/min (A) the refrigerating effect, Btu/lb;

m'  h4 - h5 
65(0.24)(145 - 35) (B) the plant capacity in tons of refrigeration;
B. Wnet = = = 40.45 hp (C) the power required to compress the refrigerant, hp; and
42.42 42.42 (D) the plant coefficient of performance.
Q 4789.2
C. REFRIG = 1-4 = = 23.95 tons
200 200 Answers: (A) 47.86 Btu/lb; (B) 7.18 tons; (C) 10.66 hp; (D) 3.17

11. In an ideal (reversed Joule cycle) air-refrigerating system

6 . An ideal Freon-12 refrigerating system has a capacity of 50
tons. The condenser pressure is 180 psia, and the Freon-
12 temperature leaving the condenser is 120° F. The
pressure leaving the expansion valve is 44 psia, and the
temperature of the Freon-12 leaving the succeeding coil is 40°
F. Circulating water enters the condenser at a temperature
of 100° F and leaves it at 1 1 5  F. Determine:
A. the mass of Freon-12 circulated, lb/hr;
B. the compressor power for isentropic compression, Btu/hr
C. the heat capacity of the system, Btu/hr
D. the mass of water circulated through the condenser and
heating system, lb/hr
E. the useful heat furnished per Btu of compressor work (heating
performance ratio)
the temperature of the air entering the compression
cylinder is 50F, the temperature entering the after-cooler
is 160° F. and the temperature entering the brine tank is
0F. Calculate:
(A) the temperature of the air leaving the after-cooler
(B) the coefficient of performance;
(C) the mass of air which must be circulated per ton of
refrigeration, lb/min.
Answers: (A) 99F (B) 4.54 (C) 16.7 lb/min


See Freon-12 table s attached Appendix/Figure:

h1 = h4 = 36.16 Btu/lb h2 = 83.03 Btu/lb

S2 = S3 0.17142 Btu/lb h3 = 94.31 Btu/lb
12,000 x capacity
'
A. m =
h2 -h1
12,000(50)
= = 12,800lb/hr
83.03-36.16
B. Compressor Power = m'Wnet '
= m'  h3 - h2  = 12,800(94.31-83.03)
= 144,400 Btu/hr
C. Heating Effect : QR = h3 - h4
= 94.31 - 36.16 = 58.15 Btu/lb
Heat Capacity = HC = m'(RE)
= 12,800(58.15) = 744,300 Btu/hr
HC 744,300
D. mcirculating water = = = 49,620 lb/hr
C  t out - tin  1(115  100)
HC 744, 300
E. Heating Performance =   5.15
Compressor Power 144, 400
 CNS 04
MDSP/MESL
 (A) p1  14.7 psia; T1  50  460  510 R; M = 900 lb/min
1. In an ideal Brayton cycle, air enters the compressor at 15 psia and
p2  162 psia; T2a  648  460  1108R
75˚ F. The temperature of the air at turbine inlet is 1600˚ F. For

maximum theoretical net work, find 
MRT1  900  53.3 510 
(A) the temperature of the air leaving the compressor, F; (B) V    11,557 ft 3 / min
(B) the pressure ratio;
p1 14.7 144 
 k 1 / k  1.4 1 /1.4 
(C) the net work, Btu/lb; and p   162 
(D) the thermal efficiency. (C ) T2S  T1  2   510    1012.4
 p1   14.7 
If the end conditions remain unchanged but the pressure ratio is
C 
wkS

c p T2S  T1


1012.4  510
 0.84 or 84%

increased to 15, find:
(E) the net work, Btu/lb, and (f) the thermal efficiency.
S
wka c p T2a  T1 1108  510 
 (D) HPS  M c p (T1  T2S )




900  0.24 510  1012.4      2558 hp (on)
P1 = 15 psia T3 = 1600 + 460 = 2060 R
42.42
T1 = 75 +460 = 535 R
 

(E) HPa  M c p T1  T2a
(A) T2  T1T3  535  2060  1050 R = 590 F

900 0.24 510  1108      3045 hp (on)
 k / k 1
 1.4 / 0.4 
p T   1050  42.42
(B) rp  2   2     10.6
p1  T1   535 
Wk  max 
(C )
J

=c p T3  T1  2 T1T3  4. A 2 kW centrifugal compressor operates with suction conditions of
100 kPa abs and 25˚ C. The pressure ratio for the unit is 3 and

= 0.24 2060 + 535 -2 535  2060  118.9 Btu/lb  C  0.70 Determine:
S

(D) t max work   1  T1 / T3  1  535 / 2060  0.49  49% (A) the discharge pressure,
(B) the discharge temperature (actual), and
(E ) rp  15
(C) the work inpt per kg f air.
 k 1 / k   k 1 / k 
  rp  ; T2  T1  rp 
T2
T1 
0.4 /1.4
T2  535(15)  1160 R p 
(A) rp   2  ; p2  rp p1
TT
T4  1 3 
535  2060
 950 R  p1 
T2 1160 p2  3  100 kPa = 300 kPa abs
wk
 c p T3  T4   c p T1  T2  (B) discharge temperature:
J  k 1 / k 
T2S P  0.4 /1.4 
= 0.24(2060 - 950) + 0.24(535 -1160)  2 ; T2S  298  3   407.9 K
= 266.4 - 150.0 = 116.4 Btu/lb
T1  P1 

(f) t 
wk 116.4
  0.539  53.9% or

wk a  c p T1  T2a  c p T1  T2S / CS   
qs 216.0
T2a 

T1 CS  1  T2S  
298 0.7  1  407.9
 455 K
1 1
t  1   k 1 / k 
 1  53.9% C 0.7
15
0.4 /1.4 
 rp 
S

(C) compressor work:

C 
wkS

c p T1  T2S  
2. Determine : S
wka c p T1  T2a  
(A) the best intercooler pressure and
(B) the work required per kilogram of air for an ideal two-stage wk a 

c p T1  T2S   1.0048 298  407.9      157.8 kJ/kg
compressor operating between a suction pressure of 105 kPa abs C S
0.70
and a discharge pressure of 1260 kPa abs. The suction 2.
temperature is 25˚ C. 5. A split shaft gas turbine has a power turbine rated at 15,000
1. internal horsepower. Typical operating conditions for the unit are:
 compressor inlet 14.5 psia and 60˚ F; compressor discharge 174
p1 = 105 kPa abs ; p2 = 1260 kPa abs psia and 716˚ F; compressor turbine inlet 171 psia and 1630˚ F;
t1 = tA = tB = tE = 25˚ C and power turbine exhaust 14.8 psia and 760˚ F. The compressor
(A) best intercooler pressure: turbine at the above rating has an 85 percent isentropic turbine
p1  p1  p2  105  1260  363.7 kPa abs efficiency. For these rated conditions,
(A) sketch the T-s diagram for the cycle, and then calculate:
(B) work of ideal cycle: (B) the compressor isentropic efficiency, %
  k 1 / k   (C) the compressor turbine discharge pressure and temperature,
p 
Wk t  2c pT1 1   i   psia, ˚R
  p1  
(D) the power turbine isentropic efficiency, %
 1.4 1 /1.4  (E) the compressor turbine power output, hp
 363.7 
=  2 1.0048 25  273  1     (F) the cycle thermal efficiency
  105  
    255.2 kJ/kg fuel 3’
Combustion
Chamber 3
3. An axial flow compressor discharges 900 lb/min of air. Inlet 2
conditions are 14.7 psia and 50 F, while the actual discharge Power Output
conditions are 162 psia and 648˚ F. For the process: compressor Turbine
(A) sketch the T-s diagram and then calculate
(B) the capacity, ft3/min
Compressor 4
(C) the isentropic compression efficiency 1 From
Turbine to
(D) the isentropic compression power, hp atmosphere atmosphere
(E) the actual compression power, hp
Split Shaft Open Brayton Cycle

(A) TS Diagram
 6. A split-shaft gas turbinehas a power turbine rated at 15,000
internal horsepower. Typical operating conditions for the unit are:
compressor inlet, 14.5 psia and 60˚ F; compressor discharge, 174
psia and 716˚ F; compressor turbine inlet, 171 psia and 1630˚ F;
and power turbine exhaust, 14.8 psia and 760˚ F. The compressor
turbine has an 85% isentropic turbine efficiency at the above
power rating.
(A) Sketch the T-s diagram for the cycle; then, using the Air
Tables, calculate:

(B) the compressor isentropic efficiency, %

(C) the compressor turbine discharge pressure and temperature,
psia, ˚R
(D) the power turbine isentropic efficiency, %
(E) the compressor turbine power output, hp
(F) the cycle thermal efficiency, %

 
p1 = 14.5 psia T1 = 60 + 460 = 520˚ R p1 = 14.5 psia T1 = 60 + 460 = 520˚ R
p2 = 174 psia T2a = 716 + 460 = 1176˚ R p2 = 174 psia T2a = 716 + 460 = 1176˚ R
p3 = 171 psia T3 = 1630 + 460 = 2090˚ R p3 = 171 psia T3 = 1630 + 460 = 2090˚ R
p4 = 14.8 psia T4a = 760 + 460 = 1220˚ R p4 = 14.8 psia T4a = 760 + 460 = 1220˚ R

(A) TS - Diagram
k 1 0.4
p  k
 174  1.4
(B) T2S  T1  2   520    1056.6 R
 p1   14.5 
isentropic compressor work T2S  T1
C  
S
actual copressor work T2a  T1
1057.6 - 520
=  0.8195  82.0%
1176 - 520
 
(C ) W k12   W k33a '

   
 
M c p T1  T2a   M c p T3  T3a '
T3a '  T1  T2a  T3  520  1176  2090  1434 R
actual turbine work
t 
S
isentropic turbine work
T3  T3 '
 0.85
T3  T3S '
 T3  T3a '  (B) From the Gas Tables:
T3'S  T3   
 0.85  State T h pr u vr
 2090  1434  1 520 124.27 1.2147 88.62 158.58
 2090     1318 R
 0.85 
k p   174 
 T3 '  k 1 pr2  pr1  2   1.2147    14.576
p3 '  p3  S   p1 S  14.5 
 T3 
1.4
 1318  0.4 State T h pr u vr
p3' = 171    34.06 psia 2S 1048 252.95 14.584 181.11 26.62
 2090 
(D) For the power turbine:
k 1 0.4
P  k  14.8 1.4 isentropic compression work h < T2S > - h <T1 
T4S  T3a '  4   1434    1130 R C  
P '
 3   34.06  S
actual compression work h  T2a  h  T1 
actual expansion work
 tS 
isentropic expansion work State T h pr u vr
T3 ' T4a 1434  1220 2a 1176 285.20 22.28 204.59 19.556
 tS  a   70.4%
T3a '  T4S 1434  1130
252.95  124.27
(E ) For the power turbine: C   0.7996  80.0%
S
285.20  124.27
 
W k  M c p (T3a ' T4a ) or
 

M 

15,000  42.42   12,389 lb/min
(C) W k12   W k33' a

0.240  1434  1220  State T h pr u vr

For the compressor turbine: 3 2090 529.75 208.06 386.48 3.721

 
 
W k  M c p T3  T3a '  
M h  T1  h  T2a     M h  T3  h  T3'a  
Wk 

12,389 0.240 2090  1434   45,980 hp (by) or h  T3'a   h  T1  h  T2a  h  T3'a 
42.42

 
  = 124.27 - 285.20 + 529.75 = 368.82
P = W k  M c p T2a  T1

P=
12,389 0.240 1176  520   45,980 hp (by)
State T h pr u vr
42.42 3’a 1499 368.91 55.71 266.14 9.967
(F) Thermal efficiency:

t 
wk33a ' wk3 4 ' wk12a
a a

wk3 4 '
a a


c p T3a ' T4a 
q23 q23 c T
p 3  T2a 
t =
1434 - 1220   0.234  23.4%
 2090 - 1176 
 T3a '  1499 R 
actual expansion work Tamb= Ta = 530˚ R M = 116 lb/sec
t  S T3 = 2000˚ R Va = 850 ft/sec
isentropic expansion work
pa = 15 psia
h < T3 > - h <T3a ' 
  0.85
h  T3  h  T3S ' 
h  T3  h  T3a ' 
h  T3S '   h  T3  
0.85
529.75  368.91
 529.75 
0.85
 340.53
State T h pr u vr
3’S 1391 340.55 41.84 245.20 12.315

 pr 3 '   41.84 
p3 '  p3  S   171    34.39 psia
 pr 3   208.06 
p   14.8 
(D) pr4  pr 3 '  4   55.71    23.98
 p3' S  34.39 
a

T h pr u vr
State
1220 296.1 25.53 212.78 17.700
4a
State
1200 291.30 24.01 209.05 18.514
4S
actual expansion work h < T3a ' > - h <T4a 
t  
S
isentropic expansion work h  T3a '  h  T4S 
368.91  296.41
  0.934  93.4%
368.91  291.30
Ram compression:
V2 V2
(E) For the power turbine: ha  a  h1  1  h1  0
2gC J 2gC J
 
 
W k  M h  T3a '  h  T4a  or Va2
 h1  ha

M
15,000 42.42  8,780 lb/min
2gC J
368.91  296.41 Va2
 c p T1  Ta 
2gC J
850 
2
For the compressor turbine:
 0.24 T1  530 
 

W k  M h  T3  h  T3a '   or 2 32.2 778 
T1  590 R

M
8,780  529.75  368.91 k
 42.42 
1.4
 T  k 1  590  0.4
p1  pa  1   15    21.8 psia

T
 a  530 
M  33,300 hp (by) or

 
 
W k  M h  T2a  h  T1  Compressor:
8780  285.20  124.27  p2  12p1  261.6 psia
 k 1
42.42 p  k 0.4
 T2  T1  2   590 12 1.4  1200 R
W k  33,300 hp (by)  p1 

(F) Thermal Efficiency: h2 + q23 = h3

Combustor:
wk 33a ' wk3 4 ' wk12a wk3 4 '
t  a a
 a a

q23 q23 q23 = h3 – h2 = cp(T3 – T2)

h < T3a ' > - h <T4a  = 0.24 (2000 – 1200) = 192.0 Btu/lb
 p3 = p2 = 261.6 psia
h  T3  h  T2a 
368.91  296.41 Turbine:
  29.6%
529.75  285.2
wk 34
h3 = h4 +
7. A turbojet engine is equipped with a 12-stage, axial flow J
compressor having a mechanical compression pressure ratio of 12 wk 34
to 1. The engine is designed to handle 90 lb of air per second = h3 - h4
J
under sea level static conditions and 116 lb of air per second at a
wk(turbine) wk(compressor)
flight velocity of 850 ft/sec at sea level. Material design =
considerations limit the temperature of the working substance J J
entering the turbine to 2000˚ R at 7950 rpm. The ambient thus; h2 - h1 = h3 -h4
temperature and pressure are 15 psia and 530˚ R. Cp (T2 - T1 ) = Cp ( T3 -T4 )
(A) Estimate the thrust, propulsive efficiency and thermal T4  T3  (T2  T1 )
efficiency of the engine, assuming all processes to be ideal and
the engine frictionless, for a flight velocity of 850 ft/sec at sea level. T4 = 2000 - (1200 - 590)  1390R
k
(B) When the above engine is equipped for afterburning, the 1.4
 T  k 1  1390  0.4
nozzle inlet temperature is 2500˚ R. Assuming all of the stated P4 = P3  4   261.6   = 73.2 psia
performance parameters remain constant, estimate the thrust with  T3   2000 
afterburning for a flight velocity of 850 ft/sec at sea level.





Nozzle:
k 1 0.4
V42 Vj2 P  k
 15 1.4
h4   hj  Tj  T4  j   1390   
2gC J 2gC J  P4   73.2 
Vj2
 h4  hj = Cp (T4 -Tj ) Tj  883.7 R
2gC J
Vj  2gc JC p (T4  T j )
 2(32.2)(778)(0.24)(1390  883.7)
Vj = 2467 ft/s
Thrust;
116
F t=
M
gc
Vj  Va   32.2 2467  850  = 5825 lbf
Propulsive Efficiency:
2 2
p    51.3%
Vj  2467 
1 1 
Va  850 
Thermal Efficiency:
 
qR = Cp Tj - Ta = 0.24(883.7 - 530) = 84.9 Btu/lb
q -q q 84.9
th = s R = 1 - R = 1 - = 55.8%
qs qs 192

Part (b)
k-1 0.4
 P'  k  15 1.4
Tj '  T4'  j   2500     1589R
P
 4  73.2 
Vj ' = 2gc JC p (T4 ' T j ')
 2(32.2)(778)(0.24)(2500  1589)
Vj ' = 3309 ft/s
116
Ft =
M
V ' Va   32.2
gc j
3309  850 = 8860 lbf
1. At the beginning of compression an ideal dual combustion cycle  2   1 
r  r    147.72    12.310
using air has a pressure of 15 psia, a temperature of 75F and a 2 1

 1 S  12 
specific volume of 13.2 ft3 per pound. For a compression ratio of
12 and a heat addition of 176 Btu/lb at constant volume and 176 State T h pr u vr
Btu/lb at constant pressure. Calculate the following: 2S 1391 340.55 41.84 245.20 12.315

(A) The pressures and temperatures at the end of isentropic T2s  1391R
compression
(B) The pressure and temperature at the end of each heat P   41.84 
P2s  p1  r 2   15    467.8 psia
addition process  Pr 1 S  1.3416 
(C) The temperature at the beginning of heat rejectionR (B) u T3  u T2  q23  245.20  176  421.2
(D) the heat rejected, Btu/lb
(E) the net work, Btu/lb T h pr u vr
State 3
(F) The thermal efficiency, % 2253 575.53 283.0 421.09 29.49
(G) The horsepower developed by an ideal engine operating on
the cycle using 0.50 lb of air per second. T3  2253R
 T   2253 
P3 = P2  3   467.80    757.7 psia
P1 = 15 psia 5  1  13.2 ft 3 / lb  2
T  1391 
T1  75F 1/2 = 12.0 P4 = P3 = 757.7psia
Heat Added: h T4  h T3  q34  575.53  176  751.53
176 Btu/lb at constant volume State T h pr u vr
176 Btu/lb at constant pressure 4 2866 751.54 774.9 555.08 1.3700
See Figure: T4  2866R
k  T4  13.2  2866 
  4  3    1.40 ft 3 /lb
(A) P2  P1  1   15(12)1.4 = 15(32.4) = 486 psia  T3  12  2253 
 2 
k 1    13.2 
  (C ) r 5  r 4  5   1.3700    12.92
T2  T1  1   535 12    1.4 
0.40
 1446R  4

 2 T h pr u vr
q 176 State 5
1367 334.31 39.16 240.60 12.931
(B ) T3  T2  23  1446   2475R
Cv 0.171 T5  1367R
T   2475  P   39.16 
P3 = P2  3  =486   =832 psia P5  P4  r 5   757.7    38.3 psia
 T2   1446  P
 r4   774.9 
P4 = P3  832 psia (D) qR  u T5  u T1
q 176  240.60  91.19  149.41Btu / lb
T4  T2  34  2475   3208R
Cp 0.24 w k (net )
(E)  qs  qR  352  149.41  202.59 Btu/lb
 T  13.2  3208  J
(C) 4  3  4    1.426 ft 3 / lb q  qR 202.59
 T3  12  2475  (F) et  s =  57.6%
qs 352
k 1
 
0.40
 1.426  202.59(0.50)(60)
T5  T4  4   3208    1317R (G) w k '   143 hp

 5  13.2  42.42
(D ) qR  Cv T5  T1   0.1711317  535  = 134 Btu/lb 3. A boiler produces 250,000 pounds of steam per hour at 1200 psia
w(net) and 1050 F from feed water entering the boiler at 1500 psia and
(E)  qs  qR  352  134  218 Btu/lb 300F. Fuel oil having a higher heating value of 18,000 Btu/lb is
J
q  qR 218 supplied to the burners at a rate of 20,500 lb/hr. Furnace volume is
(F) e t  s   61.9% 1500 cubic feet. Calculate:
qs 352
'
218(0.5)(60) (A) Boiler capacity, MB/hr
(G ) w k   154.2 hp
42.42 (B) Factor of Evaporation
(C) Equivalent Evaporation, lb/hr
2. At the beginning of compression an ideal dual combustion cycle (D) Furnace heat-release rate, Btu/hr.ft3
using air has a pressure of 15 psia, a temperature of 75F and a (E) Boiler efficiency, %
specific volume of 13.2 ft3 per pound. For a compression ratio of

12 and a heat addition of 176 Btu/lb at constant volume and 176
from: Steam Tables
Btu/lb at constant pressure. Calculate the following (using air
table): hsteam = 1528.9 Btu/lb
h for water = hf 300 Fand 1500 psi = 272.39 Btu/lb
(A) The pressure and temperature at the end of isentropic
(A) Capacity = 250,000(1528.9 - 272.4) = 314.1mB/hr
compression
(B) The pressure and temperature at the end of each heat h - h 1528.9 - 272.4
(B) FE = out in = = 1.295
addition process hfg 970.3
(C) The temperature at the beginning of heat rejection process
(D) Equivalent Evaporation =1.295(250,000)
(D) the heat rejected, Btu/lb
(E) the net work, Btu/lb  323,750 lb/hr
(F) The thermal efficiency, % 250,000(18,000)
(G) The horsepower developed by an ideal engine operating on (D) Furnace heat release rate =
1500
the cycle using 0.50 lb of air per second.
 = 246,000 Btu/hr.ft 2
20,500(1528.9-272.4)
Note: This solution is based on table attached with (E) eboiler   85%
interpolation to the nearest degree.  20,500 18,000 
P1 = 15 psia 1  13.2 ft 3 / lb
T1  75F 1 / 2  12.0
Heat Added: 176 Btu/lb at constant volume
176 Btu/lb at constant pressure

State T h pr u vr
1 535 126.78 1.3416 91.19 147.72
4. A Rankine steam power cycle operates with steam at 600 psia and (A) NA = 240 rpm
850 F from the boiler and a condenser pressure of one inch of (SHP)A = 35,000hp
mercury absolute. Sketch the cycle on h-s and T-s coordinates and
em = 0.95
determine for the cycle:
SHP 35,000
IHP A = = =36,840hp
(A) Enthalpies for the steam leaving the boiler, leaving the em 0.95
turbine, leaving the condenser and leaving the pump, Btu/lb (MLHP)A =IHP-SHP=36,840-35,000=1840hp
(B) The pump work, Btu/lb 2
N 
2
(C) Heat supplied , Btu/lb  122 
(MLHP)B =(MLHP)A  B  =1840   =475hp
(D) Heat Rejected, Btu/lb  NA   240 
(E) Net work, Btu/lb
(F) The turbine work, Btu/lb (B) SHP=4750, MLHP=475,
(G) The thermal efficiency, % IHP=4750+475=5225
(H) The average temperature of heat receipt as determined by the SHP 4750
heat added divided by the change of entropy during addition em = = = 0.909 = 90.9%
IHP 5225
of heat, F
(C) Refer to figure 9-10: P1 = 1250 psia ; t1  940F ; Pa=0.70psi
h1 = 1462.6 ; s1 = sa = 1.5994
ha = 876.0
(A.E.)t = h1 - ha = 1462.6 - 876 = 586.6 Btu/min
wk  shaft  2545 xSHP 2545 x 4750
 = = 376 Btu/lb
J m' 32150

ees 
 Wshaft   376  0.641  64.1%
J(A.E.)t 586.6
(wk )t 2545 xIHP 2545 x 5225
(D )   = 413.6 Btu/lb
J m' 32150
wk t 413.6
eei    0.705  70.5%
J ( AE )t 586.6
ees 64.1
eei    0.705  70.5%
em 90.9

from: Steam Tables and Mollier Chart;
6. In a simple impulse stage, steam leaves the nozzles with a velocity
h1 = 49.4 (from table 4)
of 1200 ft/s. The nozzle angle is 15 deg. Assume the bucket
h2 = 1435.4 ; s2 =1.6559 entrance and exit angles are to be the same and that the bucket
h3 = 890 velocity coefficient is 0.88. The wheel speed is 580 ft/s, and steam
h4 = 47.1 ; s 4 = 0.09146 = s1 is supplied to the turbine at the rate of 6000 lb/hr. Find
w k (pump)
(B) = h1 - h4 = 49.4 - 47.1 = 2.3 Btu/lb (A) The required bucket entrance angle for the given conditions
J (B) The bucket work, ft-lb/lb and Btu/lb
(C) qs = h2 - h1 = 1435.4 - 49.4 = 1386.0 Btu/lb (C) The power developed in the buckets, hp
(D) qR = h3 - h4 = 890 - 47.1 = 842.9 Btu/lb (D) The available energy to the buckets, ft-lb/lb and Btu/lb
(E) The diagram efficiency.
(E) Net Work = qs - qR  1386.0  842.9 = 543.1 Btu/lb
(F) Turbine Work = h2  h1  1435.4  890.00 = 545.4 Btu/lb 
q  qR 1386.0  842.9 Refer to Fig. 12-2:
(G ) e t  s   39.2%
qs 1386.0 V1 = 1200 ft/s  = 15
output Wturbine  Wpump 545.4 - 2.3 Vb = 580 ft/s Cb  0.88
et  = = = 39.2%
input qs 1386.0 1   2
q
 s  460 
1386.0
 460  426F V1 sin  1200 sin15
(H) t AV (A) tan 1  
s 1.5644 V1 cos   Vb 1200 cos15  580
1 =  2  28.2
5. A geared turbine propulsion unit delivers 35,000 shaft horsepower
at full power with a shaft speed of 240 rpm. The mechanical V cos   Vb 1200 cos15  580
Vr1  1  = 657.1 ft/s
efficiency of the unit under this conditions is 95%. At 122 rpm the cos 1 cos 28.2
unit delivers 4750 shp, receiving steam at the throttle at 1250 psia Vr2  Cb Vr1 = 0.88(657.1) = 578.2 ft/s
and 940F at the rate of 32,150 lb/hr and exhausting to a condenser
580  657.1cos 28.2  578.2cos 28.2 
(B)  wk b 
at 0.7 psia. Assuming the mechanical losses vary as the square of
the rotative speed, find the 122-rpm condition: 32.2
A. The estimated mechanical loss, hp  Btu 
B. The mechanical efficiency,%  wk b  19,610 ft-lb   = 25.2 Btu/lb
C. The shaft engine efficiency,%  778 
D. The internal engine efficiency, % (C) Wk ' =m'(w k )  where : m '= 6000 lb/hr = 100 lb/min
 100(19,610)
Wk ' = 100(19,610) = = 59.4 hp
 33,000
or:Alternate Solution:
6000 x 25.3
Wk ' = 6000 x 25.2 Btu/hr =  59.4 hp
2545
V12 (1200)2
(D) (A.E.)b =  = 22,360 ft-lb/lb
2g c 2(32.2)
22,360
or: ( A.E )b = = 28.74 Btu/lb
778
(w k )b 19,610
(E) eb    0.877  87.7%
 A.E.b 22,360
7. Steam enters a simple impulse bucket wheel with an absolute V22
velocity of 450 m/s and a relative velocity of 270 m/s. It leaves the D) h2' = h2 
2g c J
blades with relative velocity of 230 m/s and an absolute velocity of
 350 
2
105 m/s. Find: = 1184.7  = 1187.1 Btu/lb
2  32.2  778 
(A) The bucket velocity coefficient (E) P2 ' = 140 psia
(B) The available energy, kJ/kg
h g - h 2' 1193.8  1187.1
(C) The bucket loss, kJ/kg m2 ' =   0.77%
(D) The unused kinetic energy at exit, kJ/kg hfg 868.7
(E) The diagram efficiency.


9. The first stage of a 50% reaction groups receives steam with a
V1 = 450 m/s Vr2 = 230 m/s negligible approach velocity at a pressure of 300 psia with a
Vr1 = 270 m/s V2 = 105 m/s temperature of 520F. The available energy to the stage is 10
1   2 Btu/lb, the fixed blade efficiency is 96%, the velocity coefficient for
the moving row is 0.88, the reactive effectiveness is 90%, and the
Vr2 230
(A) Cb    0.85 relative inlet and absolute exit velocities are 146 ft/s and 160 ft/s,
Vr1 270
respectively. Assume the stage efficiency is the same as the
combined blade efficiency and calculate the following:
V12 (450)2 x10 3
(B) (A.E.)b =  = 101.25 kJ/kg
2g c 2 (A) The steam velocity leaving the fixed blades, ft/s
(B) The relative exit velocity from the moving blades, ft/s
Vr12  Vr22  270    230 
2 2
(C) The stage work, Btu/lb
(C) bucket loss   x10 3  10 kJ/kg
2g c 2 (D) The combined blade efficiency, %
(E) The enthalpy of the steam entering the succeeding stage,
V2 2 105  x10
3 2

(D) KE 2 
Btu/lb for complete velocity carryover
 = 5.51 kJ/kg
2g c 2


(E) eb 
V1
2
 
 V2 2  Vr 12  Vr 2 2  P0 = 300 psia t o = 520°F (AE)st  10 Btu/lb
V 2 en = 0.96 ; Cm = 0.88 ; eR = 0.90
1
Vr1  146 ft/s
 450    270    0.847  84.7%
V2 = 160 ft/s
 105    230 
2 2 2 2

eb 
 450   AE st
2
10
(A)  AE n   AE R    5 Btu/lb
w k b  AE  b losses 101.25  10  5.51 2 2
or : eb     84.7% V1   2gc J en  AE n
 AE b ( AE )b 101.25
  2  32.2  778    0.96  5  = 490 ft/s

 Vr2   Cm Vr2 
2 2

8. The impulse stage of a turbine receives steam at 220 psia with a (B) = = eR  AE R
temperature of 420F when the stage pressure is 140 psia. Under 2gc J 2gc J
these conditions the available energy to the stage is 38.5 Btu/lb,  Cm Vr1    2g c J  eR  AE R
2
Vr2 
the nozzle-bucket efficiency is 85% and the absolute blade
 0.88 146     2 32.2 778   0.90 5 
2
entrance and exit velocities are 1350 f/s and 350 ft/s respectively. 
Assume the stage efficiency is equal to the nozzle-bucket
 492 ft/s
efficiency and calculate:

(A) The enthalpy of the steam after isentropic expansion to the

(C)
 wk  =
V 1
2
 
- V2 2 + Vr2 2 - Vr12 
stage pressure, Btu/lb
J 2gc J
(B) The enthalpy of the steam entering the blades, Btu/lb
(C) The enthalpy of the steam leaving the blades
(D) The enthalpy of the steam leaving the stage if there is =
 490  - 160   +  492 - 146   = 8.69 Btu/lb
2 2 2 2

negligible carryover velocity, Btu/lb 2  32.2  778 

(E) The state of the steam leaving the stage, pressure (psia) and
moisture (%) for the conditions postulated (D) above
 w k st 8.69
(D) ecb = = = 0.869 = 86.9%
 J  A.E.st 10
  w k st  v 2 2
h2 = ho  
Refer to Fig. 12-2: J  A.E.st 2g c J
P0 = 220 psia t o = 420°F
160 
2

 AE st = 38.5 Btu/lb h2 = 1269.4 - 8.7 -  1260.2 Btu/lb

2  32.2  778 
P1 = P2 = P2' = 140 psia
nozzle-bucket efficiency = 85%
V1 = 1350 ft/s ; V2 = 350 ft/s 10. A solid brick wall separates two rooms. The surface temperature
on one side of the wall is 50C, the surface temperature on the
(A) ha = ho - (AE)st = 1219.8 - 38.5 = 1181.3 Btu/lb opposite side is 15C, k for the brick is 1.32 W/m.C and the wall is
20 cm thick. Calculate the heat transfer for a wall surface are of 10
1350 
2
V1 m2:
(B) h1  ho   1219.8  = 1183.4 Btu/lb
2g c J (2)(32.2)(778)
 w k st 
(C) = emeb  AE st = 0.85(38.5) = 32.7 Btu/lb
J
 w k st  V2 2 t a  50C ; t b  15C
h2  ho  
J 2gc J A = 10 m2 ; k = 1.32 W/m.C ; L =0.20 m
 350 
2
kA  ta  t b  (1.32)(10)(50  15)
= 1219.8 - 32.7 - = 1187.1 Btu/lb Q=  = 2310 W
2  32.2  778  L 0.20
11. A typical furnace side wall is constructed of a 1-in layer of 1 1 LP La Lm 1
diatomaceous earth insulating block, and 2 ½ in high temperature =    +
U r   
r r  r  h
insulating brick faced with 4 ½ in. Firebrick with a 1/8-in steel h1  1  k p  p  k a  a  k m  m  2
casing. Average values of thermal conductivities are:  4
r  4
r  4
r  r4 
diatomaceous earth insulating block, 0.063; insulating brick, 0.62 ;
1 1 0.30
firebrick, 4.0; and steel casing 26 Btu/hr.ft.F. Average film = 
U  1.45   1.60 
coefficients are 3.0 and 2.2 Btu/hr.ft.2F for inner and outer surface
films, respectively. The wall area is 50 ft2 , the average gas
 40    12  26   4.25 
 4.25   
temperature is 2100F and the ambient air temperature is 100F.
1.50 1.0 1
Calculate :   +
 2.42   3.73  1.2
(A) heat transfer coefficient, U, for this furnace wall, and
12  0.08    12  0.04   4.25 
(B) the heat transferred by the wall because of the conduction.  4.25   
(C) Calculate the temperature at the interface between the
insulating brick and diatomaceous insulating block.
U = 0.1659 Btu/lb.ft 2 F(external area)
'
 2 r4 
(B) Q  UA  t1  t 2   U  x  (t 1 t 2 )
  12 
(A) k fb = 4.0 ; k IB = 0.62; k DE = 0.063  2  4.25  
k s = 26 Btu/hr.ft.F Q =  0.1659   180   (800  100)  46,516 Btu/hr
 12 
h1 = 3.0 ; h2 = 2.2 Btu/ft 2.hr.F
1 1 L fb LIb LDE LS 1 13. Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient for tubular heat
=     + exchanger wherein the liquid carried in the tubes is heated by
U h1 k fb kIb k DE k s h2
steam which surrounds them. The tubes are 5/8 in. Admiralty
1 1 4.5 2.5 1 0.125 1 metal with a wall thickness of 0.049 in. The steam surface film
=     
U 3.0 12  4  12  0.62  12  0.063  12  26  2.2 coefficient is 1250 Btu/hr.ft2.F and the liquid surface film
coefficient is 20 Btu/hr.ft2.F.
U = 0.394 Btu/hr.ft 2 .F 
'
(B) Q  UA  t1  t 2   (0.394)(50)(2100  100) 

Q = 39,400 Btu/hr h1=20; h2 =1250 Btu/hr.ft 2.F

(C) for parallel Surfaces; A = A 1= A FB = A IB r2 = 0.3125 in. ; r1 = 0.2635 in; k = 70 Btu/hr.ft.F
0.333 0.094 0.336 2.54 r1 + r2 0.2635 + 0.3125
R1= ; RFB = ; RFB = ; Rt = rt = = =0.288
A1 A FB A IB A 2 2
1 1 L 1
t1 = 2100F and t 2 = 100F =  +
U  r1   rt  h2
 R + RFB + RIB  h1   k t  
t to interface =  1   t1  t 2   r2   r2 
 Rt  1 0.0490 1
A  0.333 + 0.094+ 0.336  =  + = 0.0602
 0.2635   0.288  1250
= 
A   2100  100   600F  20    12  70   0.3125 
2.540   0.3125   
Temperature at interface = 2100 - 600 = 1500F 1
U = = 16.61Btu/ hr.ft 2 .F
0.0602
12. A high temperature steam line is covered with two successive
layers of insulation. The layer in contact with the pipe is 1 ½ in
thickness of asbestos for which k is 0.08 Btu/hr.ft.F. The asbestos 14. In the first stage of gas turbine, air enters a group of nozzles at
is covered with a 1-in thickness of magnesia insulation, which has 1200 F and leaves at 950F. The entering velocity, ft/s is
a value of 0.04. The internal pipe diameter is 2.90 in., the pipe wall negligible.
thickness is 0.30 in and k for the pipe is 26 Btu/hr.ft.F. The steam A. Find the kinetic energy; Btu/lb.
temperature is 800F, and the internal surface film coefficient is 40 B. The velocity of air leaving the nozzle.
Btu/lb.ft2 .F, while the ambient outer temperature is 100F and the 
outer surface film coefficient is 1.2.Calculate : V22
(A) KE2   h1  h2 ; where: h1- h2 = Cp (T1-T2 )
(A) the value of U based upon the external area of magnesia 2g c J
covering, KE2 = Cp (T1 - T2 ) = 0.24(1660 - 1440) = 60 Btu/lb
(B) the heat loss from the steam for a length of 180 feet of pipe,
Btu/hr V22
(B)  h1  h2  Cp (T1-T2 )
2g c J

h1 = 40 V2  2gc JCp T1  T2   2  32.2  778  0.24  250  = 1734 ft/s
ka = 0.08
t1 = 800F 15. A propulsion turbine receives steam at the throttle at 875 psia
and 940F at the rate of 100,000 lb/hr. After an irreversible
2 expansion process, the steam exhausts from the turbine at a
h2 = 1.2 Btu/hr.ft .F
km = 0.04 pressure of 0.60 psia with a moisture content of 10%.Assume
t2 = 200 F difference between the entrance and exit kinetic energies is
negligible and find:
A. Work done, Btu/lb.
kp = 26 Btu/hr.ft.F
B. The power developed, hp
x = 180 ft length

r2 - r1 1.75-1.45
(A) rp = pipe mean radius = = = 1.60 in. P1 = 875 psia ; t1 = 940F
 r2   1.75 
ln   ln  1.45  P2 = 0.60 psia ; m2  0.10
 r1   
from:steam tables: h1 = 1475.6 and
r3 - r2 3.25 -1.75
ra = pipe asbestos radius = = = 2.42 in. h2 = 1098.6 - 0.1(1045.4)=994.1
 r3   3.25 
ln   ln  1.75  w
 r2    (A) k12 =  h2 - h1  = 1475.6 - 994.1 = 481.5 Btu/lb
J
r4 - r3 4.25 -3.25
rm = mean magnesia radius = = = 3.73 in. m'wk12 10,000(481.5)
 r4   4.25  (B) W'k12    18,920 hp
ln   ln   2545 2545
 r3   3.25 
1. A propulsion turbine receives steam at the throttle at 875 psia and P2  P1
 A TH  ;
940F at the rate of 100,000 lb/hr. After an irreversible expansion 
process, the steam exhaust s from the turbine at a pressure of
1 g 32.2
0.60 psia with a moisture content of 10%. Assume the difference where:  =   = = 58.82 lb f /ft 3
between the entrance and exit kinetic energies is negligible and  1  gc 0.017(32.2)
find: 144 1200-29.8 
TH = = 2864.8 ft
58.82
(A) The work done, Btu/lb
(B) The power develop, hp '
M TH  g 125,000(2864.8)(32.2)

B  WHP   = 180.9 hp
550g c 3600(550)(32.2)
P1 = 875 psia m2  0.10 WHP 180.9
(C) BHP = = = 301.5 hp
T1  940F P2 = 0.60 psia ep 0.60
From Steam Table: (D) Interpolating in Table 4 of the steam tables with:
h1  1475.6 Btu/lb s1 = s2  0.36772 and P2 = 1200 psia
h2  1098.6  (0.10)(1045.4)  994.1 h2 = 222.30
wk wk12
(A) 12 = h1 - h2 = 1475.6 - 994.1 = h1 - h2  218.59  222.30 = (-) 3.17Btu/lb
J J
= 481.5Btu/lb wk12(actual) wk12(isentropic) (-) 3.17
(E) = = = (-) 6.18 Btu/lb
(B) M' = 100,000 lb/hr ; 1 hp = 2545 Btu/hr J J  epump  0.60
M'  wk12  10,000(481.5) wk12
Wk12 '   = 18,920 hp (F) h 2 = h1 - = 218.59 + 6.18 = 224.77 Btu/lb
2545J 2545(1) J
Entering Table 4 and interpolating between 1000 and 500 psi gives:
2. A boiler receives feed water at 1200 psia and 250F and delivers t h
steam from the superheater at 900 psia and 950F. Find the heat 250C 221.03
added, Btu/lb. Refer to Fig. 5-3
300C 271.83
 224.77 - 221.03
t = x 50  3.68
P1 = 1200 psia t1 = 250F 271.83 - 221.03
t 2 = 250 + 3.7 = 253.7F
P2 = 900 psia t 2 = 950F
q12 = h2 - h1
2 5. A water cooled reciprocating air compressor takes in air at 15 psia
From Table 4: h1 = 220.61 + (1.04) = 221.0
5 and 60F and discharges it at 60 psia and 200F. Heat is removed
From Table 3: h2 = 1480.5 Btu/lb in the amount of 21.4 Btu/lb. Assume steady flow conditions and
q12 = 1480.5 - 221 = 1259.5 Btu/lb the work done, Btu/lb.

3. If, in the preceding example, the feed water entering has a velocity 
of 3 m/s and the steam leaving the super heater has a velocity of
P1 = 15 psia T1 = 40+ 460 = 520R
50 m/s. Find:
P2 = 60 psia T2 = 200 + 460 = 660R
(A) The additional heat required to accommodate the change in q12 =  -  21.4 Btu/lb
kinetic energy across the boiler, J/kg wk12
= q12 + h1 - h2
J
(B) The percentage error introduced by neglecting the kinetic
where :  h1 - h2   Cp T  0.24(520  660)  33.6
energy change.
wk12
= -21.4 - 33.6 =  -  55 Btu/lb (on)
 J
V22 -V12 (50)2  (3)3 6. A sample of steam is removed from a steam line where the
(A) q12 = h2 - h1 -   1245 J / kg
2gc 2(1) pressure is 215 psia and passed through an Ellison throttling
calorimeter. The calorimeter thermometer reads 250 F and the
 Btu   J / kg 
(B)q12 =  1259.2 = 2930 x 10 3 J/kg barometer is standard. Find for the line steam:
lb   Btu / lb 
2326

1245.5 x 100 A. The enthalpy
Error =  0.043% B. The quality
2930 x 103
C. The entropy
D. The temperature to the nearest whole degree
4. Saturated water at 250F enters a centrifugal main feed pump and 
is discharges at 1200 psia. The pump efficiency is 60% and the 
delivery rate is 125,000 lb/hr. Find:
P1 = 215 psia
(A) The total head developed by the pump, ft
(B) The water horsepower, WHP P2 = 14.696 psia T2 = 250F
(C) The brakepower, BHP (A) from table 3:
(D) The ideal (isentropic) pump work, Btu/lb h2 = 1168.8
(E) The actual pump work, Btu/lb
(F) The estimated temperature of the water at discharge. h1 = h2 = 1168.8 Btu/min  throttling(h=constant)
 (B) from table 2 for 215 psia: h g  1200.3; hfg  838.1
 h1  hg - m1hfg
t1 = 250F (sat.water) ; P1 = 29.8 psia hg - h1 1200.3  1168.8 31.5
1  0.017001 ft 3 / lb ; P2  1200 psia  m1     0.0376
hfg 838.1 838.1
h1  218.59 Btu/lb ; epump  60% x1 = 1 - m1 = 1 - 0.0376 = 0.9624 = 96.24%
M'=125,000 lb/hr (C) s1  sg  m1sfg
V1  V2 ; Z1  Z2  1.5403  0.0376(0.9887)  1.5031 Btu/lb.R
(D) t1  387.97  388F
7. In a lube oil cooler, oil enters at 140F and leaves at 100F, at the 
rate of 400 lb/min. The cooling medium is sea water , which enters 
at 60F. The average specific heat of the oil is 0.50 Btu/lb.F and the
salt water is 0.94 Btu/lb.F. If the flow of the sea water is at the rate 
of 500 lb/min, find the overload discharge temperature. 



t1 = 40°F t 2  100F t 3  60F

M'A = 400 lb/min; C A = 0.50 Btu/lb.F

M'B = 500 lb/min; CB  0.94 Btu/lb.F 
M'A  h1 - h2   M'B  h4 - h3  Btu / min 
M'ACA  t1 - t 2   M'BCB  t 4 - t 3  Btu / min M'o = 60,000 lb/hr
400  0.50  140-100  Co  0.50 Btu/lb.F
 t4 - t3  = = 17
500  0.94  A = 258 ft 2
 t4 - 60  = 17  t 4 = 77°F A. Q' = M'oCo  t1  t 2   (60,000)(0.50)(145  120)
= 750,000 Btu/hr
8. Steam enters the condenser of propulsion plant at 0.50 psia and a   55  45
quality of 89 percent at the rate of 100,000 lb/hr and with a velocity m  1 2   49.8F
of 1000 ft/s. It leaves the condenser hotwell as saturated liquid  1   55 
ln   ln  45 
without any change in pressure but a velocity of 10 ft/s. The salt  2   
water inlet ( injection ) temperature is 70F and the discharge
(overboard ) temperature is 85F. Sea water has a specific heat of
0.94 Btu/lb.F and a density of 64 lb/ft3 . The injection and
overboard velocities are substantially equal. Calculate the
following:

(A) The rate at which energy is extracted from the condensing

steam as heat,
(B) The flow of sea water required, gallons per minute (gpm)




 B. For parallel flow:
 Q'  750,000 Btu/hr
 U = 58.4Btu/hr-ft 2  F
   70  30
m  1 2   47.2F
  1   70 
ln   ln  
 2   30 
P1 = P2  0.50 psia t 3  70F
Q' 750,000
m1  1  0.89  0.11 t 4  85F A=  = 272 ft 2
Um  58.4  47.2 
V1  1000 ft/s CB  0.94 Btu/lb.F
V2  10 ft/s B = 64 lb/ft 3 10. A steam superheater has a net heat transfer area of 1620 ft 2
and a design capacity of 221,000 lb of steam/hr when receiving
M' A = 100,000 lb/hr ; 1 ft 3 = 7.481 gal saturated steam at 650 psia and discharging at 850F with a
pressure drop if not of not more than 25 psi and through heater.
V22  V12 The design heat transfer coefficient is 30 Btu/hr.ft2.F. In operation
(A) q12 = h2 - h1 
2g c J of superheater receives 220,000 lb of saturated steam per hour at
a pressure of 650 psia and discharges against a pressure of 630
h1  1096.2  0.11 (1048.6)  980.9 Btu/lb
psia with a temperature s at entrance and exit are 2100F and
h2  47.7 1430F, respectively. Calculate the operating heat transfer
10   1000  coefficient using counter flow log mean temperature difference.
2 2
Btu
q12 = 47.7  980.9 + =    953.2
2  32.2  778  lb 

100,000  953.2 
M'A q12 =    1,588,700 Btu/min
60
(b) (-)Q'12  Q '34  M 'B xCB  t 4  t 3 
Q '34 1,588,700
M'B   = 112,670 lb/min
CB  t 4  t3  0.94(85  70)
gal  M ' 
flow, (gpm) = 7.481  
ft 3   B
7.481112,670  
 = 13,170 gpm
64

9. A counter-flow lubricating oil cooler with a net heat transfer area of
258 ft2 cools 60,000 lb of oil per hour from a temperature of 145F 
at inlet to 120F at discharge. The temperatures of the cooling
water are 75F and 90F respectively, and the specific heat of the oil 
is 0.50 Btu/lb.F. Calculate:
Q '   Ms  hs    220,000 1434.2  1203.1  51x10 6 Btu / hr
A. The value of the overall heat transfer coefficient under these
operating conditions, Btu/hr.ft2F, 1250  935
m   1085F
B. and the required area for a parallel flow device having the  1250 
ln  
same capacity under identical operating conditions.  935 
Q' 51x106
U   29 Btu / hr ft 2F
A 1620 1085 