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Introduction: The purposes of this study were to analyze and compare the immediate effects of rapid and slow
maxillary expansion protocols, accomplished by Haas-type palatal expanders activated in different frequencies
of activation on the positioning of the maxillary first permanent molars and on the buccal alveolar bones of these
teeth with cone-beam computerized tomography. Methods: The sample consisted of 33 children (18 girls, 15
boys; mean age, 9 years) randomly distributed into 2 groups: rapid maxillary expansion (n 5 17) and slow max-
illary expansion (n 5 16). Patients in the rapid maxillary expansion group received 2 turns of activation (0.4 mm)
per day, and those in the slow maxillary expansion group received 2 turns of activation (0.4 mm) per week until 8
mm of expansion was achieved in both groups. Cone-beam computerized tomography images were taken
before treatment and after stabilization of the jackscrews. Data were gathered through a standardized
analysis of cone-beam computerized tomography images. Intragroup statistical analysis was accomplished
with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs test, and intergroup statistical analysis was accomplished with analysis of
variance. Linear relationships, among all variables, were determined by Spearman correlation. Results and
Conclusions: Both protocols caused buccal displacement of the maxillary first permanent molars, which had
more bodily displacement in the slow maxillary expansion group, whereas more inclination was observed in
the rapid maxillary expansion group. Vertical and horizontal bone losses were found in both groups; however,
the slow maxillary expansion group had major bone loss. Periodontal modifications in both groups should be
carefully considered because of the reduction of spatial resolution in the cone-beam computerized
tomography examinations after stabilization of the jackscrews. Modifications in the frequency of activation of
the palatal expander might influence the dental and periodontal effects of palatal expansion. (Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop 2013;143:633-44)
C
orrection of the maxillary transverse discrepancy maxillary expansion.15,18 The latter and its variations19
is essential for treatment of various types of have generated less interest in orthodontics compared
malocclusions. Palatal expansion is the most with the first 2 types, which are evaluated and cited
common method used to improve the transverse dimen- more frequently.
sions of the maxilla. Three types of protocol for palatal Rapid maxillary expansion is associated with inter-
expansion are shown in the literature: rapid maxillary ex- mittent high-force systems20 and tooth-tissue-borne
pansion,1-3 slow maxillary expansion,4-17 and semirapid appliances (Haas type).1-3 Slow maxillary expansion is
often associated with continuous low-force systems
a
Private practice, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil. and quad-helix appliances or coil springs.4,5,8-11,15
b
Private practice, Florian
opolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Interestingly, the combination of Haas-type palatal ex-
c
Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, panders and slow maxillary expansion (ie, reduction in
Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
d
Professor, Department of Radiology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, the frequency of activation of the jackscrew) exists but
Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. has been rarely studied.12,16,17 The advantages and
The authors report no commercial, proprietary, or financial interest in the prod- disadvantages of each protocol have been analyzed for
ucts or companies described in this article.
Reprint requests to: Mauricio Brunetto, Rua Francisco Rocha, 62 Terreo, Curitiba, many years, yet the issue remains unclear and
Parana, Brazil 80420-130; e-mail, m-brunetto@hotmail.com. controversial, since different devices and
Submitted, May 2012; revised and accepted, December 2012. methodologies interfere with the comparisons.6 Despite
0889-5406/$36.00
Copyright Ó 2013 by the American Association of Orthodontists. the polemic, the literature indicates that both protocols
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.12.008 provide maxillary expansion, although slow maxillary
633
634 Brunetto et al
May 2013 Vol 143 Issue 5 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Brunetto et al 635
isotropic voxels. After acquisition, the images were saved of the orange and blue axes was positioned over the
in digital imaging and communications in medicine center of the mesiobuccal root, and the blue line was
(DICOM) format and were built and manipulated in positioned following the direction of the buccolingual
layers of 0.5 mm with OsiriX Medical Imaging 32-bit long axis of the root (Fig 3, A). In the next step, the
software (open source; Pixmeo, Geneva, Switzerland; inclination of the blue line was adjusted in the sagittal
www.osirix-viewer.com). The same operator (M.B.) section so that it passed through the center of the mesio-
made all measurements; he was unaware of the group buccal root about its long axis (Fig 3, B). Finally, in the
to which each patient belonged. coronal section, the position of this tooth was adjusted
The tomographic analysis performed was similar to so that the buccal surface of the root was parallel to
that proposed by Bernd.36 The long axis of the mesiobuc- the tomographic vertical plane (Fig 3, C). The same
cal root of the maxillary first permanent molar served as patterning process was also performed for the maxillary
a reference for the standardization of CBCT slices made left first permanent molar. According to these criteria,
at T1 and T2. For this purpose, the images were initially a standard image was derived in the coronal section
viewed in the multiplanar reconstruction mode of the (Fig 3, D): orthogonal to the axial and vertical plane de-
software. In this mode, there are 3 sections in 3 different scribed by the buccolingual axis of the mesiobuccal root.
windows (each corresponding to each plane of space) and From the standard image in the coronal section,
3 color lines (Fig 2). Each color line relates to the scrolling variables related to the height of the buccal alveolar
of the tomographic cuts in a specific plane of space; eg, bone (NOVC and NOV; Fig 4, Table I) were determined
orange lines refer to the sagittal plane, purple lines refer in full-screen mode. For measurements related to the
to the axial plane, and blue lines refer to the coronal thickness of the buccal bone plate, a vertical line 10
plane. To scroll for tomographic cuts in the sagittal plane, mm long was drawn parallel to the tomographic vertical
the orange line must be moved into the coronal or the ax- plane (Fig 5). The most inferior point of this line was
ial section. The same process is valid for the other 2 lines. superimposed on the buccal cementoenamel junction
The first step of the method was the identification of (CEJ). At this time, a horizontal line was traced perpen-
the furcation region of the maxillary right first perma- dicular to and passing through the highest point of the
nent molar in the axial section, where the buccal roots vertical 10-mm line, determining the measurement of
were slightly separated. In this image, the intersection the CEJ 10 (Fig 6, A; Table I).
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics May 2013 Vol 143 Issue 5
636 Brunetto et al
Fig 3. A, Positioning of the blue line on the axial section following the direction of the buccolingual long
axis of the root; B, adjustment of the inclination of the blue line following the long axis of the mesiobuccal
root by the sagittal section; C, positioning of the buccal surface of the root parallel to the tomographic
vertical plane by the coronal section; D, the standard image derived in the coronal section.
May 2013 Vol 143 Issue 5 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Brunetto et al 637
RESULTS
Means, standard deviations, ranges, and statistical
analyses for each group at T1 and T2 are shown in
Tables II and III. The differences of means and
statistical analyses between groups are presented in
Table IV.
The results demonstrated buccal displacement of the
first permanent molars in both groups. The rapid maxil-
Fig 5. Tracing of the 10-mm line parallel to the tomo- lary expansion group showed significant increases in the
graphic vertical plane. means of DC, DR, and AI (Table II). The slow maxillary ex-
pansion group showed similarly significant modification
of the maxillary right and left first molars (Fig 7, E). The in the same variables, reported in Table III. When we com-
derived image in the coronal section (Fig 7, F) was used pared the results of the 2 groups (Table IV), differences in
to determine the angle AI and measurement DC (Fig 8, B; tooth inclinations were minor in the region of the crowns,
Table I). as shown by the small variation in DC. However, changes
in the furcation area, represented by the variable DR, were
Statistical analysis lower in the rapid maxillary expansion group.
Statistical calculations were performed by using IBM A significant increase in the means related to bone
SPSS software (version 20; SPSS, Chicago, Ill), with a P height was detected in both groups, as demonstrated
value less than 0.05 indicating statistical significance. by measurements NOV and NOVC (Tables II and III).
The Wilcoxon matched-pairs test determined the intra- Furthermore, these changes had greater intensity in
group statistical analysis between T1 and T2. Intergroup the slow maxillary expansion group (Table IV).
statistical analysis was determined by analysis of The means of CEJ 3 and CEJ 5 decreased between T1
variance (ANOVA) of the differences of means between and T2 in both groups (Tables II and III). CEJ 10 showed
T1 and T2. Mean values between sides were considered a significant reduction in the slow maxillary expansion
for bilateral variables (NOV, NOVC, CEJ 3, CEJ 5, and CEJ group (Table III) and an increase in the rapid maxillary
10). The power of the ANOVA test was also calculated, expansion group (Table II). Statistical analysis between
since the exclusion criteria reduced the sample size to groups (Table IV) indicated significant differences
33 patients. The Spearman correlation test was used to between CEJ 3 ( 0.88 mm in rapid maxillary expansion
detect any linear relationships between the variables. vs 1.36 mm in slow maxillary expansion) and CEJ
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics May 2013 Vol 143 Issue 5
638 Brunetto et al
May 2013 Vol 143 Issue 5 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Brunetto et al 639
Fig 7. Determination of the furcation area of the maxillary first permanent molars: A, note the
unevenness between both furcation areas; B, the purple line in the coronal section is moved to
accomplish leveling of the furcation areas; C and D, the resulting image in the axial section, used for
determination of the DR measurement; E, the blue line positioned in the axial image to pass between
the mesiobuccal and distobuccal roots of the maxillary right and left permanent molars; F, the derived
coronal image, used for determination of the AI angle and the DC measurement.
a jackscrew for rapid maxillary expansion20 and low suggested that approximately 0.5 mm of expansion
continuous forces applied with springs or wires for per week is the maximum rate at which the tissues of
slow maxillary expansion.4,5,8-11,15 The association of the midpalatal suture can adapt.
tooth-tissue-borne appliances and slow maxillary ex- Small samples might increase the standard error of the
pansion has been rarely evaluated; the result is that there mean, tending to accept the null hypothesis even when
is no standard protocol of activation for this procedure. there is a clinically relevant difference. Hence, when apply-
The expansion rate of 0.4 mm per week has been applied ing the ANOVA test for intergroup comparisons, the power
to the slow maxillary expansion group according to the of the analysis was calculated. The results indicated that
rationale that slower rates of expansion allow more the remaining sample was sufficient to not reject the hy-
physiologic changes on tissues6,17,20 as well as the pothesis of difference between treatments for the variables
formation of sufficiently mature bone to maintain analyzed, since the smallest value found (CEJ 10) was
palatal separation.9,14 Furthermore, Proffit et al17 greater than 76%.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics May 2013 Vol 143 Issue 5
640 Brunetto et al
Table II. Means, standard deviations, ranges, and statistical significance at T1 and T2 for the rapid maxillary expan-
sion group
T1 T2
*P \0.05.
Concerning the movement of the maxillary first the palatal grooves of the maxillary right and left first
permanent molars, variations of DR, DC, and AI (Tables permanent molars. The few studies that combined
II-IV) confirm previous findings of displacement and Haas-type expanders with slow maxillary expansion
buccal inclination of these teeth as a result of protocols found lower values than we did for both
rapid maxillary expansion27,33,35,41,42,44,45 and slow distance and intermolar inclination12,16; however,
maxillary expansion.8,12,15,16 Although indicating the these studies used plaster models. On the other hand,
same trend, the values presented here are discrepant Bernd36 reported values of DC (9.26 mm), DR (4.86
with most of the literature. Such variations could be mm), and AI ( 12 ) that were close to those achieved
attributed to differences in samples (size and age),6 in the rapid maxillary expansion group, possibly because
type of appliance,6 amount of activation of the of similarities with our study, including the use of
screw,6,36 methodology,6 type of computerized tomog- a Haas-type palatal expander, the frequency of activa-
raphy,42 settings of the computerized tomography tion in the rapid maxillary expansion procedure, the
device,45 and methodologies of tomographic analyses.8 amount of screw activation (8 mm), and the method of
Rungcharassaeng et al35 achieved increases of less analysis of the CBCT images.
magnitude (6.66 mm) in the distance and inclination The variable DC demonstrated significant and similar
(6.64 ) of the maxillary right and left first permanent increases in both groups (Tables II and III). DR showed
molars, possibly due to the smaller amount of opening a larger increase and the AI angle had less reduction in
of the expansion screw, on average 4.96 mm, against the slow maxillary expansion group (Tables III and IV).
the standardized 8 mm in this study. Investigating the DR and AI variations denoted greater displacements of
dental effects of slow maxillary expansion with CBCT, the vestibular region of root furcation and a lower
Corbridge et al8 observed an increase of only 6.5 mm, inclination of teeth, indicating the predominance of
probably because they used a different appliance bodily movement of the first permanent molars in the
(quad-helix), and measurements were made between slow maxillary expansion group. It is probable that in
May 2013 Vol 143 Issue 5 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Brunetto et al 641
Table III. Means, standard deviations, ranges, and statistical significance at T1 and T2 for the slow maxillary expan-
sion group
T1 T2
*P \0.05.
Table IV. Differences of means between T1 and T2 for Table V. Systematic error analysis (ICC)
both groups and statistical analysis
Variable ICC 95% CI
Rapid maxillary Slow maxillary NOV 0.99 0.98-0.99
expansion group expansion group NOVC 0.96 0.93-0.98
(n 5 17) (n 5 16) CEJ 3 0.96 0.93-0.98
CEJ 5 0.96 0.93-0.98
Variable T2-T1 SD T2-T1 SD P
CEJ 10 0.95 0.90-0.97
NOV (mm) 0.75 0.72 2.94 1.74 0.0004* DR 0.97 0.91-0.98
NOVC (mm) 0.78 0.72 3.28 1.68 0.0000* DC 0.95 0.91-0.98
CEJ 3 (mm) 0.88 0.28 1.36 0.44 0.0082* AI 0.99 0.97-0.99
CEJ 5 (mm) 0.60 0.25 1.49 0.39 0.0000*
CEJ 10 (mm) 0.77 0.76 1.81 0.74 0.0000*
DR (mm) 4.85 1.31 6.39 1.12 0.0011* interpretation can invalidate the use of DR for the
DC (mm) 9.26 2.05 9.02 1.70 0.7194 measurement of the pattern of buccal displacement
AI ( ) 12.88 9.35 7.87 6.80 0.9050 of the root. However, variations of AI and CEJ 10 still
*P \0.05. support different types of movement of anchor teeth
between the groups.
the rapid maxillary expansion group, the large amount of The type of movement of the first molars resulting
force generated and suddenly directed to the crowns of from palatal expansion was also investigated by
the first molars caused greater inclination of the teeth, Rungcharassaeng et al.35 The absence of correlation
whereas in the slow maxillary expansion group, a slower between their weekly mean rate of activation for the
rate of activation associated with the anchorage set by jackscrew (0.83 mm, compatible with the values of
the structural rigidity of the palatal expander resulted in rapid and slow maxillary expansion described in litera-
lower tooth inclination. Nevertheless, the higher ture) and the variable related to dental inclination (DIA)
inclination of the alveolar process in the rapid maxillary associated with the higher values of dental tipping
expansion group compared with the slow maxillary from studies with continuous low-force systems
expansion group, observed in another study,46 might (quad-helix or coil springs) led those authors to specu-
also have contributed to the amount of inclination of late that the type of movement of the first molars
the maxillary first permanent molars. might be more affected by the force delivery system
In the rapid maxillary expansion group, the T2 (spring or jackscrew) rather than the activation proto-
examinations were taken at 21 to 28 days into treat- col. In contrast, we detected differences in the inclina-
ment, whereas for the slow maxillary expansion group, tion of the first molars as a result of the activation
the examinations were obtained between 141 and 148 protocol. These conflicting data possibly relate to the
days. This difference of 120 days might be enough to fact that the slow maxillary expansion group followed
permit dental movement through the alveolar housing a specific protocol, with 2 weekly activations, whereas
in the slow maxillary expansion group. Therefore, Rungcharassaeng et al evaluated the mean rate of ex-
higher variations of the DR measurement in the slow pansion of a rapid maxillary expansion procedure,
maxillary expansion group might also be related to which although compatible does not represent a specific
a major degree of orthodontic movement. This slow maxillary expansion protocol.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics May 2013 Vol 143 Issue 5
642 Brunetto et al
Measurements CEJ 3 and CEJ 5 are located near the CBCT the dental and periodontal effects of slow maxillary
occlusal edge of the alveolar bone crest; therefore, these expansion in patients treated with Haas-type expanders.
are more directly influenced by changes in the vertical Therefore, direct comparisons between the slow maxillary
alveolar bone. CEJ 10, on the other hand, is located in expansion group and the literature were not possible.
an apical area that most likely experienced little influence All measurements were correlated to examine possi-
from vertical alveolar bone changes as a result of treat- ble linear relationships. The negative correlations
ment. Hence, the mean variation of CEJ 10 was associ- between measurements CEJ 3 at T1 and NOV at T2 in
ated with the measurement of inclination of the root both groups, as well as between CEJ 5 at T1 and NOV
regions of the maxillary right and left first permanent and NOVC at T2 for the slow maxillary expansion group,
molars. The significant increase in CEJ 10 in the rapid indicate that the greater the bone thickness at the begin-
maxillary expansion group (Tables II and IV) can be ning of treatment, the lower the vertical bone loss at the
interpreted as a greater inclination in the region of the end of therapy. Importantly, these results agree with the
roots of the maxillary first permanent molars, whereas results of Garib et al.34
the significant decrease in the slow maxillary expansion Patients in the slow maxillary expansion group
group (Tables III and IV) might represent greater bodily suffered major periodontal consequences (Table IV); 9
movement of those teeth, confirming the variations in patients had signs of dehiscence. Of this total, 6 had
DR and AI. CEJ 3 reduced to zero, and 3 had both CEJ 3 and CEJ
Rapid maxillary expansion33-36,47 and slow maxillary 5 reduced to zero. The full effect of orthodontic treat-
expansion8 procedures have been shown to be related to ment on the periodontium might not be readily notice-
the loss of buccal alveolar bone height and thickness of able10; however, changes of such magnitude would
the anchorage teeth. The same changes represented by probably be discernable clinically, but that was not
variations in NOV, NOVC, CEJ 3, and CEJ 5 were observed in our sample. The highest rates of periodontal
observed in both groups of this study (Tables II-IV). bone loss, which occurred in the slow maxillary expan-
However, there are considerable variations when sion group, can be attributed to the greater bodily move-
comparing the literature with the rapid maxillary ment of the first permanent molars combined with lower
expansion group. Differences between samples,6 meth- flexion of the alveolar processes and the possibility of
odologies,6 types of computerized tomography,42 tomo- major orthodontic movement in the slow maxillary
graphic device settings,45 and evaluated tomographic expansion group. All of these 3 factors facilitate the
slices8 might have contributed to such variations. A approximation of the roots to the buccal alveolar
study using conventional computerized tomography bone, allowing the onset of periodontal changes.
found greater reductions in bone height (3.8 mm) in CBCT technology has many advantages compared
the first molars,34 and another study found smaller with conventional radiographic imaging38 and comput-
reductions in alveolar bone thickness (0.3-0.5 mm) of erized tomography.39,48,49 A recent study showed that
the same teeth in subjects treated with rapid maxillary periodontal bone height and thickness can be
expansion and hyrax-type expanders.33 Other investiga- measured quantitatively with great precision by using
tions with different tomographic analysis methodologies CBCT images.49 Despite this, certain characteristics and
observed more pronounced vertical (2.92 and 3.3 mm, limitations of CBCT technology, particularly in the eval-
respectively)35,47 and horizontal (1.24 mm)35 bone loss. uation of the alveolar bone, are neither fully established
Nevertheless, 1 study evaluated adults treated with nor understood.45,49,50 The ability to differentiate
hyrax-type expanders and surgically assisted rapid max- between 2 distinct objects close to each other defines
illary expansion.47 Bernd36 observed bone loss of 0.5 the spatial resolution of CBCT images; this becomes
mm in thickness. Despite the similarities between important in small measurements, such as the
Bernd's study and ours, the individual characteristics alveolar buccal bone.8,50,51 Spatial resolution has
of the samples represented by differences in the initial a multifactorial nature and can be affected by variations
ranges and means of measurements possibly contributed in shading, signal-to-noise ratio, field of view, and voxel
to the discrepancies. size.45,50,51 Voxels smaller than 0.3 mm can provide
The slow maxillary expansion protocol was tested in better average spatial resolution for adequate
animals,9,14 and, when tested in patients, a quad-helix ap- visualization of the buccal bone.50 Another important
pliance8,10,15 or coil springs4,11,13 were commonly used. factor that directly influences spatial resolution is metal
Only 2 investigations related slow maxillary expansion artifacts. Surrounding structures of metal orthodontic
procedures to Haas-type palatal expanders, although braces and bands can be misrecognized or not correctly
without any periodontal or radiographic examination.12,16 reconstructed by CBCT units; thus, spatial resolution can
Ours is the first study to quantitatively assess by means of be compromised in this area.50
May 2013 Vol 143 Issue 5 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Brunetto et al 643
Images acquired in this study used voxels of 0.25 permanent molars and on the modifications of the buccal
mm; however, the palatal expanders were not removed alveolar bones of these teeth, it can be concluded that the
at the T2 examinations. This implies a reduction of null hypothesis was rejected for the following reasons.
spatial resolution influencing the display of images
1. The tested rapid and slow maxillary expansion
and resulting in a much more limited ability to distin-
procedures caused significant buccal displacement
guish between the root portions of the teeth and the
of the maxillary first permanent molars, with
buccal bone plates. Hence, in patients of the slow
a significant difference in the degree of inclination
maxillary expansion group with suggestive images of
between the groups. The rapid maxillary expansion
dehiscence, a thin buccal alveolar bone layer probably
group had higher inclinations, and the results
remained; however, its correct visualization might not
suggest greater bodily movement of the teeth in
have been achievable because of variations in spatial
the slow maxillary expansion group.
resolution. This might be related to the absence of
2. Loss and reduction of height and thickness of bone
clinical signs of periodontal alterations in the patients
were detected in both groups, with greater intensity
of this group. In any case, these subjects probably had,
and significance in the slow maxillary expansion
to some extent, periodontal sequelae to the anchorage
group. These modifications should be carefully
teeth of the palatal expander that can make them
considered because of the reduction of the spatial
more susceptible to periodontal problems in the long
resolution in CBCT examinations at T2.
term, as a result of traumatic brushing, periodontal dis-
3. Changes in the frequency of activation of the palatal
ease, or occlusion trauma.10
expander might influence the dental and periodon-
The buccal displacement of the maxillary first perma-
tal effects of maxillary expansion treatment.
nent molars, with a consequent increase of inclination
and alveolar bone loss, should be regarded as a constitu-
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May 2013 Vol 143 Issue 5 American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics