References within its cell coverage.

For M users per cell and a voice activity

factor a, the total same-cell interference power is:
Telecommunications Industry Association: ‘APCO Project 25
Vocoder Description’, version 1.4, 1 November 1995 Isc = a ( M - 1)s (1)
KOSINTZEV, I., and RAMCHANDRAN, K.:‘Robust image transmission
over energy-constrained time-varying channels using
multiresolution joint source-channel coding’, IEEE Trans. Signal
Process., 1998, 46, (4), pp. 1012-1026
TROUTMAN, J.L.: ‘Variational calculus and optimal control:
optimization with elementary convexity’ (Springer-Verlag, 1996),
2nd edn.
zAHIR, S.B.: ‘Combined source-channel coding: panorama of
methods’. CNES Workshop on Data Compression, Toulouse,
France, 13-14 November 1996
FAVARDIN, N.: ‘On the performance and complexity of channel
optimized vector quantizers’, IEEE Trans. Inf Theory, 1991, 31,
(I), pp. 155-160

Other-cell interference and reverse link

capacity of high altitude platform station
CDMA system
Y.C. Foo, W.L. Lim, R. Tafazolli and L. Barclay Fig. 2 HAPS interference geometry
The othercell interference factor for the reverse link of a power
controlled, high altitude platform station (HAPS) code division Other-cell interference (Ioc): We let (i, J] denote the ith mobile in
multiple access (CDMA) system is evaluated. It is shown that a thejth interfering cell, and BS, denote the base station serving the
HAPS CDMA system provides a reverse link capacity jth interfering cell. Mobile (i, J] is located at a distance rij away
improvement of at least 14% over a ground-based CDMA system.
from the centre of its serving cell and from the centre of the
reference cell. As mobile (i, 1) is power controlled by BS,, it trans-
Introduction: In a code division multiple access (CDMA) system, mits a power of:
reverse link capacity is limited by interference contributed by users
in the same cell and in other cells. The other-cell interference is
normally expressed as a factor of the same-cell interference. The
other-cell interference factor for power controlled, ground-based This mobile, at the same time, will produce an interference power
CDMA systems has been derived in [l]. In this Letter, we evaluate at BSo equal to:
the other-cell interference factor and the reverse link capacity of a
power controlled, high altitude platform station (HAPS) CDMA
system.

E-800 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
angle off boresight, deg
1363/11
Fig. 1 Mask of HAPS antenna radiation pattern
System model: We consider a HAPS carrying a CDMA communi-
cations payload, positioned at an altitude of 22km above the serv-
ice area, and kept stationary at a nominal fined point in the
stratosphere by means of an appropriate station-keeping mecha-
nism. We neglect the effect of the earth‘s curvature, and assume
that a phased array antenna onboard the HAPS illuminates the
service area with equally sized circular cells of radius R. The
antenna radiation pattern used for cell projection conforms to
specifications proposed in [2], which assumes a 60dB/decade roll
off. The mask of the phased array antenna radiation pattern hav-
ing a maximum main lobe gain (G,) of 36.7dB is shown in Fig. 1.
The gain at cell boundaries is taken to be -13dB with respect to
G,. We assume that M mobile users are uniformly distributed in
each cell, giving a user density of p = M/7cRz users/cell. Perfect
power control is employed, ensuring that signals from all mobiles
in a given cell amve at the receiver of the serving base station with
the same power, S.
Same-cell interference (Isc): We consider a reference cell located
at the nadir of the platform, served by a reference base station
(BSo),as shown in Fig. 2. With perfect power control, the refer-
ence base station receives the same power, s, from all mobiles
where lii and lo,iiare the distances from the mobile to BS, and BS,,
respectively. and b,iidenote the shadowing in dB corresponding
to these two paths. p is the path loss exponent. G(yrii) and G(V~,~)
are the normalised receiving antenna gains in dB evaluated at the
angles under which the mobile is seen from BSj and BSo, respec-
tively. A typical phased array antenna deployed on a H A P S has
an aperture of -13m [2]. As the dimensions of the phased array
antenna are negligible compared to the height of the HAPS plat-
form, the angle p between Zii and lo,ijis very small, implying that
the signal propagating from the mobile to both base stations (BSj
and BSo) traverses almost the same path and distance and is thus
subjected to approximately the same shadowing. We hence
approximate lii L- lo,ii, cii The total interference power
received by the reference base station from N adjacent cells each
having user density p can then be approximated by:
= ( a M S ) f N Iscf (6)
where f is defined as the other-cell interference factor.
Reverse link capacity: The received Edr, on the reverse link is
given by
S
-
Eb -
- - Rb
(7)
Io h€+hZ+e
w w w

ELECTRONICS LETTERS 26th October 2000 Vol. 36 No. 22 1881

where Eb is the signal energy per information bit, Zo is the total based system without shadowing, the HAPS system has approxi-
noise plus interference power spectral density, Rb is the informa- mately 14.4% higher capacity. Its capacity gain is approximately
tion bit rate, W is the spread spectrum bandwidth and 02 is the 33.3% when contrasted with a ground-based system with shadow-
thermal noise power. Substituting eqns. 1 and 6, we obtain the ing.
following expression for the capacity:
Conclusion: In this work, we have shown that the other-cell inter-
ference factor,f, for a H A P S CDMA system is lower than that for
a ground-based CDMA system. With the improvement in factorf,
where Gp = WIRbis the processing gain.
HAPS CDMA systems are expected to support higher capacity in
contrast to ground-based CDMA systems.
0.156
0 IEE 2000 24 July 2000
0.155 Electronics Letters Online No: 20001316
DOZ: 1O.I049/el:20001316
L 0.154
b Y.C. Foo, W.L. Lim, R. Tafazolli and L. Barclay (Mobile
3 0.153 Communications Research Group, Centre for Communication S y s t e m
+ Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United
0.152 Kingdom)
a,
0.151 E-mail: Y .Foo@eim.surrey.ac.uk
d
- 0.150 References
8
& 0.149
5 1 K.I.:‘CDMA cellular engineering issues’, ZEEE Trans. Veh.
KIM,
0.148 Technol., 1993, 42, pp. 345-350
0.147 2 ITU: ‘Revised technical and operational parameters for typical
IMT-2000 terrestrial systems using high altitude platforms stations
0.146
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0
and CDMA radio transmission technologies’. International
number of tiers Telecommunication Union Document 8-1/307-E, March 1999
3 VITERBI, A.J., VITERBI, A.M., and ZEHAVI, E.: ‘Other-cell interference
in cellular power-controlled CDMA’, ZEEE Trans. Commun., 1994,
Fig. 3 Other-cell interference factor against number of tiers 42, pp. 1501-1504
0 G,,, = 32.3dB
0 G,,, = 36.7dB
A G,,, = 45.1dB

100

80
Signal quality estimation algorithm
= 60 S. Gunaratne, P. Taaghol a n d R. Tafazolli
8
2Y2 40 An improved signal quality estimation algorithm, applicable to
p 20
CDMA-based mobile communication systems, is proposed. The
algorithm estimates the EdNo at the receiver end by operating on
350 the despread symbols of the received in-phase (I) and quadrature
Z 300
n (Q) channels. The improvement in performance is obtained by the
5
250 addition of a smoothing filter to the existing algorithm. The
= 200 performance of the algorithm is compared initially in a Gaussian
150
channel and then in a time-varying channel that emulates fast
fading.
100

%.O 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
Eb/lO,dB
b handover and dynamic channel allocation in mobile communica-
Fig. 4 Reverse link capacities of HAPS and ground-based CDMA
tems
a G = 128 (IS-95), a = 3/8, S/r$ = -1dB
b $ = 480 (UMTS), CI = 3/8, S/o: = -1dB
0 BAPS
0 ground-based (without shadowing)
A ground-based (with shadowing)
Results: The value Off is Computed numerically for the three typi-
cal values of G, recommended in [2]. For 100 tiers of interfering
cell%f is found to be 0.1620, 0.1628 and 0,1644 for G, = 45.7,
36.7 and 32.3dB, respectively. The results for the first 20 tiers Of
cells are plotted in Fig. 3. Note that the other-cell interference is
largely contributed by the first four tiers of surrounding cells. For
ground-based CDMA systems without shadowing, the other-cell
interference factor, f, was found to be 0.33 for p = 4 [1]. For
ground-based CDMA systems with shadowing,f was found to be
0.55 for p = 4 and lognormal shadowing standard deviation =
8dB [3].
We compute the reverse link capacities for f = 0.1628 (HAPS
system), f = 0.33 (ground-based system without shadowing) and f
= 0.55 (ground-based system with shadowing). Fig. 4 shows the
plots of the reverse link capacities against EdIo for processing
gains of 128 (IS-95) and 480 (UMTS). Compared to a ground-
1882
9.5 10 Introduction: Signal quality estimation (SQE) is important for
radio resource management algorithms such as power control,
tion systems. Research has shown that in CDMA-based systems,
SP-
SIR (signal-to-interference plus noise ratio) based power control
schemes have the potential for higher system performance com-
pared to absolute signal strength based measurements [l]. How-
ever, little information is available in the public domain on the
topic of SQE itself. Many works on radio resource management
assume perfect SIR estimation while some acknowledge the inade-
quacy of this assumption. In this Letter, we demonstrate an
improved EdN, estimator based on an algorithm that was pro-
posed in [2]. n e performance comparison is made both in a s a -
t i o n q (Gaussian) channel and in a t h e - v a q h g the
latter emulating the universal mobile telecommunication system
(UMTS) pameters for wideband CDMA (W-CDMA).
Algorithm: The EdNo estimate at the output of the CDMA corre-
lator for a QPsK modulated system is given by
_
Eb - P? + P $
-- (1)
No 21(k)
where pI and pQ are the mean of the (m) despread symbols for the
Z and Q channels, and given by eqns. 2 and 3, respectively; Z(k) is
the long-term interference+noise measurement for the kth itera-
tion and the factor of 2 denotes the spectral efficiency of QPSK.
Hence
ELECTRONICS LETTERS 26th October 2000 Vol. 36 No. 22