Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unbalance Protection of Fuseless, Split-Wye, Grounded, Shunt Capacitor Banks PDF
Unbalance Protection of Fuseless, Split-Wye, Grounded, Shunt Capacitor Banks PDF
3, JULY 2002
I. INTRODUCTION
neutral current transformer being equal. When the current trans- maximum continuous system voltage is important since oper-
former secondary circuits are differentially summed as shown, ating voltages in excess of nominal will result in capacitor over-
the resulting current flowing through the resistor, and therefore voltage without a failure within the bank).
the voltage “seen” by the neutral overvoltage relay will be zero. For this bank, we wish to determine the appropriate over-
voltage relay settings for both the ALARM and TRIP condi-
C. Calculations tions. The unbalance calculations for two shorted series sections
are as follows.
To determine the appropriate settings for the overvoltage
The current flowing through the neutral of the capacitor bank
relay, calculate
due to two shorted series sections is found using (1)
1) the voltage present across the remaining capacitor ele-
ments in a faulted string; kV
kV
2) the resulting voltage developed across the neutral resistor.
The practical approach in determining adequate overvoltage
relay settings is to develop a table for various numbers of
failed series sections. From this table, it will be obvious as to
k
how many failed elements will cause an excessive overvoltage
condition.
Equations (1)–(5) can be used to solve for the quantities
needed to set the overvoltage relay
(1) A
with the neutral current known, the voltage developed across the
(2) neutral resistor can be found using (2)
(3)
(4)
V
(5)
The percent overvoltage experienced by each remaining se-
where ries sections within the faulted string is found using (3)
neutral current, A;
neutral resistance, ;
neutral current transformer ratio;
voltage developed across , ;
system maximum operating voltage, kV;
rated voltage of each capacitor unit (can), kV;
reactive power rating of capacitor can, Mvars; To aid in setting the relay, the calculations should be per-
impedance of capacitor can, ; formed for multiple element failures. The results of these cal-
number of series sections per capacitor can; culations are shown in Table I.
impedance of capacitor element, k ; 1) ALARM Setting
number of series—connected capacitor cans per The results of the calculations indicate that two se-
string; ries sections can be shorted without subjecting the re-
number of shorted series sections in one string. maining series sections in the faulted string to excessive
overvoltage. If the voltage relay has a separate alarm set
point, then it should be set such that the relay will alarm
D. Application Example for one shorted series section. The exact setting is a matter
The example capacitor bank is a 115-kV, 15-Mvar, split-wye, of preference. Allowing for some margin of error is ap-
grounded fuseless bank consisting of two parallel strings of four propriate. An alarm setting of 70–80% of the calculated
series-connected capacitor units per phase (see Fig. 3). Each ca- relay voltage for one shorted element will most likely pre-
pacitor consists of eight series sections of three parallel-con- vent false alarms due to inherent unbalance while assuring
nected elements each. Each capacitor is rated at 16.6 kV and that one shorted series section is detected.
625 kvar. Each capacitor is also rated to withstand a continuous 2) TRIP Setting
overvoltage of up to 110%. The neutral current transformer ratio Two situations must be considered when deriving the
is 25:5 and the neutral resistor is 10 . The maximum contin- trip setting. First, the bank must be removed from ser-
uous power system voltage is determined to be 118 kV (The vice before the remaining series sections in the faulted
HORTON et al.: UNBALANCE PROTECTION OF FUSELESS, SPLIT-WYE, GROUNDED, SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS 701
REFERENCES
[1] F. Karl and M. Jack, “The use of high-reliability capacitor units
with fuses in high-voltage substation banks,” in Cooper Power Sys-
tems. Greenwood, SC: McGraw Edison Power Capacitors.
[2] IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Capacitor Banks, IEEE Std.
string are subjected to an excessive overvoltage condition. C37.99-2000, 2000.
Second, the bank must be promptly removed from ser-
vice if an entire capacitor unit is shorted, e.g., a bushing
flashover or major insulation failure.
From the data in Table I, it is apparent that the remaining Randy Horton (S’95–M’96) was born in Birmingham, AL, in 1973. He re-
ceived the B.S.E.E. degree with specialization in power systems from the Uni-
series sections in the faulted string will be subjected to an ex- versity of Alabama at Birmingham in 1996, and is currently pursuing the M.E.E.
cessive overvoltage condition once three series sections become degree at Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
shorted. However, it should be noted that the failure of two se- He is currently a Protection Engineer at Alabama Power Company, Birm-
ingham. His current technical interests include protection of large capacitor
ries sections will result in nearly 10% overvoltage. Using sound banks, transformers, and HV and EHV transmission lines.
engineering judgement, it seems appropriate in this case to trip Mr. Horton is a registered Professional Engineer in Alabama.
the bank off-line for two shorted elements. Note also that pro-
tection will be provided for a shorted capacitor unit since eight
series sections are effectively shorted for this scenario.
Selecting a trip setting that is greater than the resulting relay Ted Warren received the B.E.E. degree from Auburn University, Auburn, AL,
in 1993.
voltage for one shorted series section, yet less than that for two Currently, he is a Protection Engineer at Alabama Power Company, Birm-
shorted elements will suffice. Again, an exact setting is a matter ingham. He has also worked as a Protection Engineer with Alabama Electric
of preference. Some margin should be considered since a set- Cooperative, and has worked in the industrial automation field.
Mr. Warren is a registered Professional Engineer in Alabama.
ting that is too low, combined with inherent unbalance due to
manufacturer’s tolerances, may result in a false trip. A setting
that is too high, combined with an unexpectedly high operating
voltage, could subject the bank to sustained overvoltage beyond Karl Fender (M’93) received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the
the continuous rating. A setting of 80% of the calculated voltage University of South Carolina, Columbia.
has been used successfully. Currently, he is Manager of Application Engineering at Cooper Power Sys-
tems, McGraw-Edison Power Capacitors, Greewood, SC. He joined Cooper
The unbalance protective relaying scheme will compensate Power Systems in 1993 after five years in the U.S. Navy. He has held several
for system unbalance, and thus is not required to coordinate with positions within Cooper Power Systems in both design engineering and mar-
the clearing of a “close in” line-to-ground fault. Also, since the keting. and is a Member of several capacitor-related IEEE working groups.
bank has no fuses, the unbalance protective relaying scheme is
not required to coordinate with the operation time of an external
fuse. Therefore, a trip time delay of 0.5 s or less is recommended
Steven Harry (S’96–M’01) received the B.E.E. degree and the M.S. degree
[2]; however, longer delays have been used successfully. with a specialization in power systems from Auburn University at Birmingham
For the preceding example, the following relay settings were in 1995 and 2000, respectively.
chosen: He is currently a Protection Engineer at Alabama Power Company,
Birmingham. His current technical interests include power system protection,
switching transients, and substation automation.
Alarm Setpoint V Mr. Harry is a registered Professional Engineer in Alabama.
Alarm Time Delay s
Trip Setpoint V
Trip Time Delay s Charles A. Gross (S’68–M’69–SM’75) received the B.S. degree in physics,
and the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from The University of Alabama,
Tuscaloosa, and the M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri
at Rolla.
IV. CONCLUSION He has extensive academic, industrial, and consulting experience in electric
power engineering, and is the author of the textbook Power System Analysis
Due to its simple design and the invention of the all-film ca- (New York: Wiley, 1986). He is currently Square D Power Professor at Auburn
pacitor unit, the fuseless capacitor bank has become a reliable University.