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 International Journal on Current Trends in Drug Development & Industrial Pharmacy
Vol 2, Issue 2 - 2017
NANOMEDICINE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY:
THE FUTURE OF PHARMACY
SURAJ KUMAR PRAJAPATI*, SWETHA SRIVASTAV*, MANOJ KUMAR MISHRA*

ABSTRACT

Nanomedicine can address many important medical problems by using

nanoscale-structured materials and simple nanodevices that can be
manufactured today, including the interaction of nano-structured materials with
biological systems. Nanoparticles with an even greater range for the early
detection and therapy of brain cancer, using silica-coated iron oxide
nanoparticles with a biocompatible polyethylene glycol coating. The miniscule
size of the particles 20-200 nanometres should allow them to penetrate into
areas of the brain that would otherwise be severely damaged by invasive
surgery. The particles are attached to a cancer cell antibody or other tracer
molecule that adheres to cancer cells, and are affixed with a nanopacket of
contrast agent that makes the particles highly visible during magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI).The particles also enhance the killing effect during the subsequent
laser irradiation of brain tissue, concentrating the destructive effect only on sick
cells unlike traditional chemotherapy and radiation which kills cancerous cells
but also destroys healthy cells. Nanoparticles allow MRI to see a few small brain
tumor cells as small as 50 microns depending on the cancer type, tumor cells can
range from 5-50 microns each and may grow in locations separate from the
tumor site.

KEYWORDS: Nanomedicine, Nanoparticles, MRI, Nanopacket.

INTRODUCTION

Nanomedicine, for the purpose of this document
is defined as the application of nanotechnology
to achieve breakthroughs in healthcare. It
exploits the improved and often novel physical,
chemical and biological properties of materials at
the nanometer scale. Nanomedicine has the
potential to enable early detection and
prevention, and to essentially improve diagnosis,
treatment and follow-up of diseases.

*
Shambhunath Institute of Pharmacy Jhalwa, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh-211012, India.
Correspondence E-mail Id: editor@eurekajournals.com

© Eureka Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved. www.eurekajournals.com

Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology: The Future of Pharmacy
Suraj KP et al.
Figure 1.Introduction of Nanomedicines
NANOPORE
Perhaps one of the simplest medical
Nanomaterials is a surface perforated with holes,
or nanopores. Desaiand Ferrari created what
could be considered one of the earliest
therapeutically useful nanomedical devices [1]
employing bulk micromachining to fabricate tiny
cell-containing chambers within single crystalline
silicon wafers. The chambers interface with the
surrounding biological environment through
polycrystalline silicon filter membranes which are
micro-machined to present a high density of
uniform nanopores as small as 20 nanometres in
diameter. These pores are large enough to allow
small molecules such as oxygen, glucose, and
insulin to pass, but are small enough to impede
the passage of much larger immune system
molecules such as immune globulins and graft-
borne virus particles. Safely ensconced behind
this artificial barrier, immune isolated
encapsulated rat pancreatic cells may receive
nutrients and remain healthy for weeks, secreting
insulin back out through the pores while the
immune system remains unaware of the foreign
cells which it would normally attack and reject.
Microcapsules containing replacement islets of
Langerhans cells: Most likely easily-harvested
piglet islet cells could be implanted beneath the
skin of some diabetes patients. This could
temporarily restore the body’s delicate glucose
© Eureka Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved.
2
control feedback loop without the need for
powerful immuno-suppressants that can leave
the patient at serious risk for infection. Supplying
encapsulated new cells to the body could also be
a valuable way to treat other enzyme or hormone
deficiency diseases [2] including encapsulated
neurons which could be implanted in the brain
and then be electrically stimulated to release
neurotransmitters, possibly as part of a future
treatment for Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s
diseases. The flow of materials through
nonporous can also be externally regulated
[3].The first artificial voltage-gatedmolecular
nanosieve was fabricated by Martin and
colleagues in 1995 experiments with new 3–10
nm silicon-nitride nanopores and investigating
the benefits of adding electrically conducting
electrodes to pores to improve longitudinal
resolution “possibly to the single-base level for
DNA” [4].Nan pore-based DNA sequencing
devices could allow per-pore read rates
potentially up to 1000 bases per second possibly
eventually providing a low-cost high-throughput
method for very rapid genome sequencing.
QUANTUM DOTS AND NANOCRYSTALS
Fluorescent tags are commonplace in medicine
and biology, found in everything from HIV tests to
experiments that image the inner functions of
cells. But different dye molecules must be used
for each color, color-matchedlasers are needed
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 International Journal on Current Trends in Drug Development & Industrial Pharmacy
3 Vol 2, Issue 2 - 2017
to get each dye to fluoresce, and dyecolors tend
to bleed together and fade quickly after one use.
“Quantum dot” nanocrystals have none of these
shortcomings. These dots are tiny particles
Figure 2.Types of nanocrystals
They come in an early unlimited palette of
sharply-defined colors which can be customized
by changing particle size or composition. Particles
can be excited to fluorescence with white light,
can be linked to biomolecules to form long-lived
sensitive probes to identify specific compounds
up to athous and times brighter than
conventional dyes used in many biological tests,
and can track biological events by simultaneously
tagging each biological component (e.g., different
proteins or DNA sequences) with nanodots of as
pecific color. Quantum Dot Corp. the
manufacturer believes this kind of flexibility could
offer a cheap and easy way to screen a blood
sample for the presence of a number of different
viruses at the same time. It could also give
physicians a fast diagnostic tool to detect say the
presence of a particular set of proteins that
strongly indicates a person is having a heart
attack or to detect known cellular cancer markers
[5].On the research front, the ability to
simultaneously tag multiple biomolecules both on
and inside cells could allow scientists to watch
the complex cellular changes and events
associated with disease, providing valuable clues
© Eureka Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved.
measuring only a few nanometers across, about
the same size as a protein molecule or a short
sequence of DNA.
for the development of future pharmaceuticals
and therapeutics. Quantum dots are useful for
studying genes, proteins and drug targets in
single cells, tissue specimens, and living animals.
Quantum dots are being investigated as chemical
sensors for cancer cell detection. gene expression
studies gene mapping and DNA [6] microarray
analysis immune cytochemical probes
intracellular organelle markers live cell labelling
medical diagnostics and drug screening SNP
(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) genotyping
vascular imaging and many other applications.
Quantum dot physics has been studied
theoretically and computationally using time-
dependent density functional theory and other
method.
FULLERENESAND NANOTUBES
Soluble derivatives of fullerenes such as C60 have
shown great utility as pharmaceutical agents.
These derivatives, many already in clinical trials
have good biocompatibility and low toxicity even
at relatively high dosages. Fullerene compounds
may serve as antiviral agents (most notably
against HIV [7], where they have also been
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Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology: The Future of Pharmacy
Suraj KP et al.
investigated computationally, antibacterial
agents (E. Coli [8], Streptococcus [9],
Mycobacteriumtuberculosis.10etc.), photodynamic
antitumor and anticancer therapies, antioxidants
and anti-apoptosis agents which may include
treatments for amyotrophic laterals clerosis (ALS
or Lou Gehrig’s disease)and Parkinson’s disease.
Figure 3.Nanoparticle- based carriers
NANOSHELLSAND MAGNETIC NANOPROBES
Unlike carbon fullerenes, the slightly largernano
shells are dielectric-metal nanospheres with a
core of silica and a gold coating, whose optical
resonance is a function of the relative size of the
constituent layers. The nanoshells are embedded
in a drug-containing tumor targeted hydrogel
polymer and injected into the body. The shells
circulate through the body until they accumulate
near tumor cells. When heated with an infrared
laser, the nanoshells (each slightly larger than a
polio virus) selectively absorb the IR frequencies,
melt the polymer and release their drug payload
at a specific site. Nanoshells [11] offer advantages
over traditional cancer treatments: earlier
detection, more detailed imaging, fast non-
invasive imaging, and integrated detection and
treatment. This technique could also prove useful
in treating diabetes. Instead of taking an injection
of insulin, a patient would use a ball point-pen-
© Eureka Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved.
4
Single-walled and multi-walled carbon nano
tubes are being investigated as biosensors for
example to detect glucose ethanol hydrogen
peroxide selected proteins such as immune
globulins and as an electrochemical DNA
hybridization biosensor [10].
size infrared laser to heat the skin where the
nanoshell polymer had been injected.
The heat from nanoshells would cause the
polymer to release a pulse of insulin. Unlike
injections, which are taken several times a day,
the nanoshell-polymer system could remain in
the body for months. Nanospectra is conducting
animal studies at the MDAnderson Cancer Centre
at the University of Texas, specifically targeting
micro metastases, tiny aggregates of cancer cells
too small for surgeons to find and remove with a
scalpel. Varying the thickness of the metal shell
allow precise tuning of the color of light to which
the nanoshells respond; near-infrared light
penetrates whole blood very well, so it is an
optimal wavelength for whole blood
immunoassay. Successful detection of sub-
nanogram-per-millilitre quantities of
immunoglobulin was achieved in saline, serum,
and whole blood in10-30 min.
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 International Journal on Current Trends in Drug Development & Industrial Pharmacy
5 Vol 2, Issue 2 - 2017
An alternative approach pursued by Triton Bio-
Systems is to bond iron nanoparticles and
monoclonal antibodies into nanobioprobes about
40nanometers long. The chemically inert probes
are injected and circulate inside the body,
whereupon the antibodies selectively bind to
tumor cell membranes. Once the tumor (whether
visible or micro metastases) is covered with
bioprobes after several hours, a magnetic field
generated from a portable alternating magnetic
field machine (similar to a miniaturized MRI
machine) heats the iron particles tomore than
170 degrees, killing the tumor cells in a few
seconds. Once the cells are destroyed, the body’s
excretion system removes cellular residue and
nanoparticlesa like. Test subjects feel no pain
from the heat generated. Triton Biosystems plans
to start designing human tests and ask the FDA
for permission to begin human clinical trialsin
2006.
TARGETED NANOPARTICLESANDSMART
DRUGS
Multi-segment gold/nickel nanorods are being
Figure 4.Type of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems
Other antibody-linked agents [14] are being
investigated such as the alpha-emitting actinium-
based “nanogenerator” molecules that use
internalizing monoclonal antibodies to penetrate
the cell and have been shown, in vitro,
© Eureka Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved.
explored by Leong’s group at Johns Hopkins
School of Medicine [12] as tissue-targeted
carriers for gene delivery into cells that “can
simultaneously bind compacted DNA plasmids
and targeting ligands in a spatially defined
manner” and allow “precise control of
composition, size and multi functionality of the
gene-delivery system.” The nanorods are electro
deposited into the cylindrical 100 nm diameter
pores of an alumina membrane, joining a 100 nm
length gold segment and a 100 nm length nickel
segment. After the alumina template is etched
away, the nanorods are functionalized by
attaching DNA plasmids to the nickel segments
and transfer in, a cell-targeting protein, to the
gold segments, using molecular linkages that
selectively bind to only one metal and thus
impart biofunctionality to the nanorods in a
spatially defined manner. Targeted radio immune
therapeutic agents [13] include the FDA-
approved “cancer smart bombs” that deliver
tumor killingradio active yttrium (Zevalin) or
iodine (Bexxar) attached to a lymphoma-targeted
(anti-CD20) antibody.
tospecifically kill leukemia, lymphoma, breast,
ovarian, neuroblastoma, and prostate cancer cells
at becquerel (picocurie)levels with promising
preliminary results against advanced ovarian
cancer in mice [15].
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Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology: The Future of Pharmacy
Suraj KP et al.
Figure 5.Nanogenerators against advanced ovarian cancer in mice
However, drug specificity is still no better than
the targeting accuracy of the chosen antibody,
and there is significant mistargeting, leading to
unwanted side effects. Enzyme-activated drugs,
first developed in the 1980s and still under active
investigation separate the targeting and
activation functions or instance an antibody
directed enzyme-triggered prod rug cancer
therapy is being developed by researchers at the
University of Gottingen in Germany. This targeted
drug molecule turns lethal only when it reaches
cancer cells while remaining harmless inside
healthy cells. In tests, mice previously implanted
with human tumors are given an activating
targeted enzyme that sticks only to human tumor
cells, mostly ignoring healthy mouse cells. The
antitumor molecule is injected. In its activated
state, this fungal-derived antibiotic molecule is a
highly-strained ring of three carbon atoms that is
apt to burst open, becoming a reactive molecule
that wreaks havoc among the nucleic acid
molecules essential for normal cell function. But
the molecule is injected as a prodrug–an
antibiotic lacking the strained ring and with a
sugar safety-catch. Once the sugar is clipped off
by the previously positioned targeted enzyme,
the drug moleculere arranges itself into a three-
atom ring, becoming lethally active. Notes
chemist Philip Ball.16 “The selectivity of the
damage still depends on antibody’s ability to
hook onto the right cells, and on the absence of
other enzymes in the body that also activate the
© Eureka Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved.
6
prodrug.” A further improvement in enzyme-
activated drugs are “smart drugs” [17] that
become medically active only in specific
circumstances and in an inherently localized
manner. Other stimulus-responsive “smart”
hydrogels are being studied, including a hydrogel
composite membrane co-loaded with insulin and
glucose oxidase enzyme that exhibits a twofold
increase in insulin release rate when immersed in
glucose solution [18], demonstrating “chemically
stimulated controlled release”.
THE PROSPECT OF NANOMEDICINE
From this simple analogy of body-and-mind to
car-and-driver, it might at first appear that the
advent of nanomedical technology will confirm
and strengthen the traditional dualist conception
of the body. But closer inspection reveals that the
analogy is at best incomplete, and at worst
deeply flawed. This is because mind, first being
necessarily embedded in physical structure and
relying upon that structure for its faithful
execution, and second, this physical structure
now being manipulated at the molecular level,
enters also into the purview of our mechanic.
Both car and driver may be modified in the shop.
Speaking allegorically, it is as if the driver, after
getting his car a tune-up, emerges from the shop
no longer favoring chocolate but enjoying vanilla
instead, or now preferring jazz over classical, the
opposite of before. Such psychological changes
may be either volitional or emergent. Until the
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 International Journal on Current Trends in Drug Development & Industrial Pharmacy
7 Vol 2, Issue 2 - 2017

late 20th century, human progress was measured
almost exclusively in terms of externalities. Food
was gathered then manufactured. Shelters had
no running water, then gained outhouses, then
indoor plumbing. Natural lighting and campfires
gave way to candles, then oil lamps, then electric
illumination. Finger-counting yielded first to the
abacus, then the mechanical adding machine, and
finally to the digital computer. But throughout all
of history, the human body itself has remained
largely untouched by progress.
We have always regarded our bodies, evolved by
natural selection, as fundamentally inviolate and
immutable subject perhaps to various natural or
traumatic degradations, but rarely to any
significant intrinsic improvement on the
timescale of human civilization. Now we are set
to embark upon an era in which our natural
physiological equipment may for the first time in
history become capable of being altered,
improved, augmented, or rendered more
comfortable or convenient, due to advances in
medical technology. The physical human body
may be one of the last bastions of “naturalness”.
It will also be one of the last elements in our
common worldview to be modernized. Our
subjective experience of reality will shift by subtle
degrees.
For instance, all objective information about our
physical surroundings has traditionally arrived in
the conscious mind via the various natural senses
such as hearing, sight, and smell. In the
nanomedical era, machine-mediated sensory
modalities may permit direct perception of
physical phenomena well removed from our
bodies in both time and space, or which are
qualitatively or quantitatively inaccessible to our
original natural senses. Perception will gradually
expand to incorporate nonphysical phenomena
including abstract models of mental software,
purely artificial constructs of simulated or
enhanced realities and even the mental states of
others. Such new perceptions will inevitably alter
the way our minds process information.

Figure 6.Prospect of Nanomedicine

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Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology: The Future of Pharmacy
Suraj KP et al.
NANOROBOTICS
The nanorobots are invisible to naked eye, which
makes them hard to manipulate and work with.
Techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are
being employed to establish a visual and haptic
interface to enable us to sense the molecular
structure of these nano scaled devices. Virtual
Reality (VR) techniques are currently being
explored in nano-science and bio-technology
research as a way to enhance the operator’s
perception (vision and haptics) by approaching
more or less a state of ‘full immersion’ or
‘telepresence’. The development of nanorobots
or nano machine components presents difficult
fabrication and control challenges. Such devices
will operate in microenvironments whose
physical properties differ from those
Figure 7.Nanorobotics with their components
Nanorobots with completely artificial
components have not been realized yet. The
active area of research in this field is focused
more on molecular robots, which are thoroughly
inspired by nature’s way of doing things at nano
scale. Mother Nature has her own set of
molecular machines that have been working for
centuries, and have been optimized for
performance and design over the ages. As our
knowledge and understanding of these numerous
© Eureka Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved.
8
encountered by conventional parts. Since these
nano scale devices have not yet been fabricated,
evaluating possible designs and control
algorithms requires using theoretical estimates
and virtual interfaces/environments. Such
interfaces/simulations can operate at various
levels of detail to trade-off physical accuracy,
computational cost, number of components and
the time over which the simulation follows the
nano-object behaviors. They can enable nano-
scientists to extend their eyes and hands into the
nano-world and also enable new types of
exploration and whole new classes of
experiments in the biological and physical
sciences. VR simulations can also be used to
develop virtual assemblies of nano and bio-nano
components into mobile linkages and predict
their performance [19].
machines continues to increase, we now see a
possibility of using the natural machines, or
creating synthetic ones from scratch, using
nature’s components. This chapter focuses more
on molecular machines and explores various
designs and research prevalent in this field. The
main goal in the field of molecular machines is to
use various biological elements - whose function
at the cellular level creates motion, force or a
signal-as machine components. These
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 International Journal on Current Trends in Drug Development & Industrial Pharmacy
9 Vol 2, Issue 2 - 2017

components perform their preprogrammed
biological function in response to the specific
physiochemical stimuli but in an artificial setting.
In this way proteins and DNA could act as motors,
mechanical joints, transmission elements, or
sensors. If all these different components were
assembled together in the proper proportion and
orientation they would form nano devices with
multiple degrees of freedom, able to apply forces
and manipulate objects in the nanoscale world.
The advantage of using nature's machine
components is that they are highly efficient and
reliable.

Figure 8.Bio nanorobotics- a truly multidisciplinary field

Nanorobotics is a field which calls for GOLD NANOPARTICLES

collaborative efforts between physicists,
chemists, biologists, computer scientists,
engineers and other specialists to work towards
this common objective.(Figure 8) details the
various fields which come under the field of bio
nanorobotics (this is just a representative figure
and not exhaustive in nature) [20].
Currently this field is still evolving, but several
substantial steps have been taken by great
researchers all over the world and are
contributing to this ever challenging and exciting
field.
Gold nanoparticle materials are currently being
investigated aspromising agents for medical
imaging [21] and therapeutics. Oversea trials
have been conducted with informed consent and
regulatory approval in 4 patients with head and
neck tumor at4.5 mL/kg of 100 optical density
(OD) solution (21 mg/kgnanoshells infused).
Subsequent patients (4 head and neck,19
prostate) have been dosed at 7.5 mL/kg of 100
OD solution(35 mg/kg nanoshells infused). No
adverse effects related to device exposure have
been seen.

© Eureka Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved. www.eurekajournals.com

Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology: The Future of Pharmacy
Suraj KP et al.
DIFFERENT TYPE GOLD NANOPARTICLES
Figure 9.Types of gold nanoparticles
The unique physical and electromagnetic
properties of gold nanoparticles, including ease
of functionalization, control of size and shape,
optical resonance, and relative inertness of gold
in the body, allow for a multitude of potential
applications ranging from diagnostic imaging,
drug delivery vectors [22] and exogenous
absorbers for thermal ablation of tumors. One of
the most promising gold nanoparticle for medical
applications, gold nanoshells, is currently being
used in clinical investigations of the ablation of
solid tumors in head and neck and prostate
cancers. Gold nanoshells are solid spherical
particles, approximately 155 nm in diameter, with
a layer of 5000 molecular weight polyethylene
glycol (PEG) covalently bound to the surface to
increase circulation time in the blood [23-24].The
spherical particle has an approximately120 nm
core of silica upon which a thin gold shell has
been deposited. This dielectric core/metal shell
structure determines the optical extinction
properties of the particle, which is principally at
near infrared (NIR) wavelengths [25]. The spheres
are metabolically inert and thus evaluated as
medical devices. Traditional energy-based tissue
ablation techniques (high powered lasers,
radiofrequency, microwave, focused ultrasound)
rely upon the transduction of the energy source
by the natural components of human tissue, and
there is little discrimination between normal and
tumored tissue. Accordingly, tumor ablation is
© Eureka Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved.
10
dependent upon the placement of the energy
applicator. In contrast, nanoparticle-based
ablation attempts to use an exogenous material,
the nanoparticle, to transduce the energy and
direct the ablation. In these nanoparticle-based
therapies, the objective is to provide a more
specific ablation of the tumor and spare normal
tissue.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MANUFACTURING AND CHARACTERI-
ZATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES
Nanoshells were fabricated under clean
conditions in a class 1000 clean room. Nanoshell
fabrication was based on the method of
Oldenburg et al.[26] Briefly, gold colloids 1 to 3
nm in diameter were prepared using the method
of Duff and Baiker [27]. Aminated spherical silica
particles 120 + 12 nm in diameter (Precision
Colloids, LLC, Cartersville, CA) were exposed to
the gold colloid solution forming gold colloid
nucleation sites on the silica core. The gold seed
sites were then further reacted with hydrogen
tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4) in the presence of
formaldehyde. This caused the surface colloid to
grow and coalesce, ultimately forming a complete
metalshell. Finished particles possessed a 12- to
15-nm-thick shell that resulted in an optical
absorption peak between 780 and 800 nm.
Thiolated PEG (SH-PEG; Laysan Bio, Arab, AL) was
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 International Journal on Current Trends in Drug Development & Industrial Pharmacy
11
then assembled onto nanoshell surfaces by
combining 1 mmol/L SH-PEG and nanoshells in a
ratio of 1.5 mL/mL in deionizedH2O for 12 hours
followed by diafiltration to remove the excessSH-
PEG. Particles were then suspended in 10%
trehalose solution\ to create an iso-osmotic
solution for injection and concentrated by
tangential flow filtration to an extinction of 100 +
5OD (at 800 nm) to reduce the infused fluid
volume. The nanoshellsolution was passed
through a 0.45-nm filter and filledinto iv bags. For
the rat and canine in vivo studies, the nanoshell
solution was terminally sterilized by e-beam
irradiation. The concentration of nano shells in
Figure 10:A.Illustration of the nanoshell particle geometry B. Representative TEM of PEGylated silica gold
nanoparticle and particle sizedistribution as measured by TEM
REQUIRED RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE
Nanomedicine is a very special area of
nanotechnology, because: It is an extremely large
field ranging from in vivo and in vitro diagnostics
to therapy including targeted delivery and
regenerative medicine. It has to interface
nanomaterials (surfaces, particles, etc.) or
analytical instruments with “living” human
material (cells, tissue, body fluids).
“Nanotechnologies in cancer”. Each centre or
node should already have: excellence in one area
of nano-technology (surfaces, particles, analytics,
integrated systems, etc.), a biological and/or
medical research centre and hospital, and (most
importantly) companies, which have access to
and knowledge of the relevant markets.
© Eureka Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Vol 2, Issue 2 - 2017
the 100 OD solution was measured using neutron
activation analysis (NAA) to assess the amount of
gold in the solution.41Particle size and size
distribution were measured using transmission
electron microscopy (TEM)and dynamic light
scattering (DLS) using a Malvern ZetaSizer
(Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK).
The presence of bacterial endotoxin was
determined by Pyrogent 80 gel clot assay(0.0625
EU/mL sensitivity; Lonza, Allendale, NJ).
Osmolarity ofthe final solution was measured
using a Vapro vapor pressureosmometer
(Wescor, Logan, UT).
In fact, a few technological/ clinical centres will
have to specialise on the transfer of nanomedical
systems from the bench to the patient's bed-the
“clinicalisation” of the nanomedical devices-to
take into account its specificities. Testing
patient's bio-samples on nanobio-analytical
systems, implanting an in vivo nanobio device or
injecting a nano - tech based drug carrier require
a specific environment in dedicated clinics as
close as possible to nanotechnology centres,
which is not currently found in the usual
university hospitals. These places will also be key
support facilities for joint training of medical
doctors and technology developers. Upgrading
and combining these places therefore is crucial
for effective market oriented envelopments in
Nano biotechnology, because speed is the most
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Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology: The Future of Pharmacy
Suraj KP et al.
critical key factor of success for bringing nano
medical devices or methods to the market in a
competitive situation.
EDUCATION AND TRAININGS REQUIRED
Due to its novelty, no dedicated education
programme in Nanomedicine exists in Europe at
present, with the exception of a few regional
initiatives. Besides education of students, training
of industry and clinical personnel is needed at all
levels from the nurse to the physicians or the
surgeons. Tutorial courses and practical training
are essential to enable penetration of
nanotechnology into medical applications. For
these purpose physicians, pharmacists, and
biologists have to be trained in Nanomedicine
related technological research whereas
physicists, nanotechnologists, and engineers have
to be trained in biological/ clinical methods.
Training of medical personnel in technological
units is a good way to facilitate the adoption of
technology in routine operation in hospitals and
clinics.
Other molecules besides oligonucleotides can be
attached to the titanium dioxide scaffolding, such
as navigational peptides or proteins, which, like
viral vectors, can help the nanoparticles home in
on the cell nucleus. This simple nanocrystal
nanodevice might one day be used to target
defective genes that play a role in cancer,
neurological disease and other conditions,
though testing in a laboratory model is at least
two years away.
CONCLUSION
The assessment procedures for medical devices
and medicinal products both appear suitable for
coping with the challenges of this new
technology. While the medical devices system is
likely to be able to cope with it effectively with
relatively few amendments in a short time, the
system for pharmaceutical products might
© Eureka Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved.
12
require more extensive work. However, this
should not delay patients' access to innovative
medicines since there are procedures in place for
guiding the applicants from the early stages of
the development of their products even in
absence of specific guidelines. A need for
improved collaboration between regulators
responsible for Medical Devices and Medicinal
Products is strongly perceived, as integration of
competences might be required for complex
nanotechnology based products.
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